TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion and Fatigue of Heat Treated Martensitic Stainless Steel 1.4542 used for Geothermal Applications JF - MATTER - International Journal of Science and Technology N2 - During capture and storage technology (CCS) as well as in geothermal energy production Steels need to withstand the corrosive environment such as: heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer and CO2-partial pressure. 1.4542 shows unusual corrosion phenomena, but is still sufficiently resistant in corrosive environments. To better understand its behaviour differently heat treated coupons of 1.4542 and for comparison X20Cr13 and X46Cr13 were kept in the artificial brine of the Northern German Basin at T=60 °C. Ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in water saturated supercritical CO2 and CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer Environment was applied. Fatigue tests were performed via push-pull tests with a series of 30 specimens from 150 MPa to 500 MPa (sinusoidal dynamic test loads, R=-1; resonant frequency ~ 30 Hz). FeCO3 and FeOOH are corrosion products also after dynamic corrosion tests. Martensitic microstructure offers good corrosion resistance in geothermal environment. The S-N-curve showing no typical fatigue strength and very steep slopes of possible fatigue strength for finite life. Possible influencing artefacts, such as Al-inclusions could not be correlated to early rupture despite specimens containing inclusions at the fracture surface and cross section reached lower number of cycles. Applied potential proofed to enhance fatigue life tremendously. KW - High Alloyed Steel KW - Pitting KW - Corrosion Fatigue KW - Corrosion KW - Endurance Limit PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503765 DO - https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.138158 SN - 2454-5880 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 138 EP - 158 PB - Global Research and Development Services Publishing CY - Rajasthan, India AN - OPUS4-50376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The role of surface texture on the corrosion fatigue behavior of high alloyed stainless steel exposed to saline aquifer water environment JF - International journal of materials science and engineering N2 - Corrosion fatigue specimen with different surfaces (technical surfaces after machining and polished surfaces) of high alloyed martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 (1.4043) and duplex stai nless steel X2CrNiMoN22 3 2 (1.4462) were compared at load amplitudes from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the N orthern German Basin at 98 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO 3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness . At high stress amplitudes above 275 MPa technical surfaces (P50% at σa 300 MPa=5 × 10 5 ) resulted in more cycles to failure than polished (P50% at σa 300 MPa=1.5 × 10 5 ). The greater slope coefficient for technical surfaces k = 19.006 compared to polished surfaces k =8.78 demonstrate s earlier failure at given stress amplitude σa . KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse SN - 2315-4527 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - IAP - International Academy Publishing CY - San Bernardino, CA AN - OPUS4-50365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Effect of CO2, atmosphere and pressure on the stability of C35CrMo17 stainless steel in laboratory CCS-environment N2 - During carbon sequestration the CO2-induced corrosion of injection pipe steels is a relevant safety issue when emission gasses are compressed into deep geological layers. The reliability of the high alloyed steel X35CrMo17 suitable as injection pipe for the geological onshore CCS-site (Carbon Capture and Storage) in the Northern German Basin, is demonstrated in laboratory experiments in equivalent corrosive environment (T = 60 °CC, p = 1–100 bar, aquifer water, CO2-flow rate of 9 L/h, 700–8000 h exposure time). Corrosion kinetics and microstructure were characterized and compared to other potential injection pipe steels (42CrMo4, X46Cr13, X20Cr13 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4). T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 21.10.2018 KW - Steel KW - Supercritical CO2 KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - CO2-storage PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Gröber, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The Role of Surface Texture on the Corrosion Behavior of High Alloyed Steel Exposed to Saline Aquifer Water Environments N2 - Coupons of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 that may be used as injection pipe with 16% Chromium and 0.05% Carbon (1.4542, AISI 630) were exposed for 3000 h to CO2-saturated saline aquifer water similar to the conditions in the Northern German Basin at ambient pressure and 60 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness. Corrosion rates for polished and technical surfaces were below 0.005 mm/year compared to corrosion rates of 0.035 mm/year after shot peening. T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 21.10.2018 KW - High alloyed steel KW - Pitting KW - Surface KW - Roughness KW - CO2 PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kratzig, Andreas A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Interaction of Oxidizing and Reductive Components in CO2 Streams with Transport Pipeline Steel X70 at High Pressure and Low Temperature T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference Melbourne 21-26 October 2018 (GHGT-14) N2 - Specific amounts of oxidizing and reductive impurities as well as some moisture were added to dense phase CO2 to replicate CO2 streams from sources in a CCS pipeline network. Due to the moisture content being only 50 ppmV no visible acid condensation took place. To simulate stress conditions at the inside pipeline surface due to fluid pressure (10 MPa) specimens were preloaded using a load frame. Experiments conducted at 278 K and at 313 K revealed the highest corrosion rate at lower temperature. Corrosive effect of impurities was strongest applying mixed atmosphere, containing oxidizing and reductive components, closely followed by CO2 streams with pure oxidizing character. By far, the lowest corrosion rate (10x lower) resulted from reductive atmosphere. In general, at constant temperature and pressure the CO2 stream composition strongly influences the morphology, thickness and composition of the corrosion products. Applying oxidizing or mixed impurities, iron hydroxides or oxides (e.g. goethite, hematite) occur as dominating corrosion products, capable to incorporate different amounts of sulfur. In contrast, using reductive atmosphere very thin corrosion layers with low crystallinity were developed, and phase identification by XRD was unfeasible. SEM/EDX analysis revealed the formation of Fe-O compounds, most likely attributed to the oxygen partial pressure in the system induced by CO2 (≥0.985 volume fraction) and volatile H2O. In addition to the surface covering corrosion layer, secondary phases had grown locally distributed on top of the layer. These compounds are characteristic for the applied atmosphere and vary in number, shape and chemical composition. T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference (GHGT-14) CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 21.10.2018 KW - CCS KW - CO2 Corrosion KW - Pipelines PY - 2019 UR - https://ssrn.com/abstract=3365756 VL - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-49711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Abschlussbericht des Projektteils CLUSTER - BAM: Werkstoffauswahl und Festlegung von Obergrenzen für Verunreinigungen in variierenden CO2-Strömen auf Grund von realitätsnahen Korrosionsexperimenten - FKZ 03ET7031C - im Projektverbund CLUSTER: Auswirkungen der Begleitstoffe in den abgeschiedenen CO2‐Strömen unterschiedlicher Emittenten eines regionalen Clusters auf Transport, Injektion und Speicherung N2 - Nachdem im Verbundprojekt COORAL das Hauptaugenmerk auf überkritisches CO2 gelegt wurde, d. h. Transport über kurze Strecken bei erhöhter Temperatur, wurde in CLUSTER ein größeres lokales Transport-Netzwerk betrachtet, bei dem CO2 bei geringeren Temperaturen, also vorwiegend im flüssigen Zustand transportiert wird. Wurden in COORAL die CO2-Ströme von Kohlekraftwerken untersucht, ging es in CLUSTER zusätzlich um die Emissionen von relevanten Industrien, deren CO2-Emissionen nicht ohne Weiteres vermieden werden können. Aufgrund der Erfahrungen in COORAL konnte eine Auswahl von kommerziellen Werkstoffen getroffen werden, die für einen konkreten Einsatz für CCS zur Verfügung stünden. Die gemischten und fluktuierenden CO2-Zusammensetzungen sind bei geeigneten Begrenzungen der Begleit¬stoffe im CO2 bezüglich Korrosionsvorgänge beherrschbar. Die Machbarkeit eines lokalen CCS-Clusters erscheint daher gegeben, soweit dies die Anlagen für Kompression, Transport und Injektion betrifft. KW - CCS KW - Korrosion KW - CO2-Speicherung KW - Pipelines PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 67 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50249 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chandra, K. A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Wollschläger, N. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Microstructural investigation using advanced TEM techniques of inner ocide layers formed on T92 steel in oxyfuel environment JF - Corrosion Science N2 - T92 steel was oxidized at 650 °C for 1000 h in dry and wet oxyfuel gases. The microstructure of inner oxide layer was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy on thin lamellas of oxide cross-sections. The oxides were composed of fine equiaxed grains and separated into Fe-rich and Cr-rich regions. Fe-rich regions were wustite and iron sulphide while Cr-rich regions consisted of Fe-Cr spinel with different stoichiometries. Precipitates of (W,Mo)-rich oxides were formed within the oxide scale and beneath the oxide/alloy interface. Often iron sulphide and (W,Mo)-rich oxide were surrounded by Cr-rich spinel. KW - Steel KW - STEM KW - High temperature corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - Internal oxidation PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.12.008 SN - 0010-938X SN - 1879-0496 VL - 148 SP - 94 EP - 109 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Gröber, A. A1 - Simkin, Roman A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Influence of Surface Quality on the Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of High Alloyed Steels Exposed to Different Saline Aquifer Water Environment JF - MATTER - International Journal of Science and Technology N2 - Coupons of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with different surface roughness that may be utilized as injection pipe with 16% Chromium and 0.05% Carbon (1.4542, AISI 630) were exposed for 3000 h to CO2-saturated saline aquifer water simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin at ambient pressure and 60 °C. Additionally, corrosion fatigue experiments (ambient pressure, technically clean CO2, saline aquifer water of Stuttgart Aquifer) were performed using specimen of X46Cr13 (1.4043, AISI 420C) with regard to the influence of the roughness of technical surfaces on the number of cycles to failure at different stress amplitudes. Specimen of Duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-3-2 (1.4462) for corrosion fatigue experiments were provided with technical surfaces after machining as well as polished surfaces. Results were obtained at load amplitudes ranging from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the Northern German Basin at 98 °C. The main precipitation phases on the surface as well as within pits reveal carbonates or hydroxides such as siderite (FeCO3) and ferrous hydroxide goethite (FeOOH) independent of the original surface roughness. Corrosion rates for polished and technical surfaces were below 0.005 mm/year compared to corrosion rates of 0.035 mm/year after shot peening. Specimen with technical surfaces tested at high stress amplitudes (>275 MPa) lasted longer (cycles to failure: P50% at Sa 300 MPa=5x105) than specimen with polished surfaces (cycles to failure: P50% at Sa 300 MPa=1.5x105). This behavior is emphasized by the slope coefficient (technical surfaces k = 19.006, polished surfaces k=8.78) meaning earlier failure for polished at high stress amplitude Sa. Although rather low scatter ranges (technical surface: TN=1:1.35, polished surface: TN=1.1.95) indicate no change in failure mechanism it may be assumed that at low stress pitting is the initiating crack growth process whereas at high stress amplitudes the formation of micro cracks is reason for crack propagation and failure. KW - High Alloyed Steel KW - Pitting KW - Surface KW - Roughness KW - Corrosion Fatigue PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503772 DO - https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.115137 SN - 2454-5880 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 115 EP - 137 PB - Global Research and Development Services Publishing CY - Rajasthan, India AN - OPUS4-50377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, A. A1 - Dymek, S. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion behaviour of Ni-Cr-Mo-W coatings in environments containing sulfur N2 - The ferritic steel 13CrMo4-5 due to good properties with relation to attractive price is frequently use in power plants industry. According EN10028-2 this steel can be used up to 570 °C because of its creep behavior but its corrosion resistance limits the use frequently to lower temperatures, depending on gas temperature and slag formation. The corrosion test were performed in environment containing mixture of gases like: O2, COx, SOx and ashes, with elements e.g. Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al. Exposure time was respectively 240 h, 1000 h and 4500 h in temperature 600 °C. The oxide scale on the 13CrMo4-5 steel was significant thicker than for In686 coating and the difference increase according for longer exposure time. The microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the oxide scales were investigated by means of a light microscope, the electron scanning and transmission microscopes (SEM,TEM) equipped with the EDS detectors. T2 - Gordon Research Conference CY - New London, New Hampshire, USA DA - 21.07.2019 KW - High temperature KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Laser cladding KW - Inconel 686 KW - Aggressive environment PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Midtlyng, Jan A1 - Schlitte, I.-V. A1 - Escoda de Pablo, S. T1 - Corrosion of VM12 SHC in Salt melt N2 - Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides are discussed as heat storage media and are characterized by their low price and high availability. Disadvantages are a high corrosion rate and formation of Cr6+ ions in the melt, as observed in various binary chlorine salt melts. In our work the system NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 is considered. The storage capacity in this salt system is between 2 and 3 MWh per 10 t salt, depending on composition, melting temperature and working temperature. At the same time the system offers a eutectic line, which allows a high variance of the composition and possibly different corrosion rates can be observed. Corrosion tests in melts were carried out and the corrosion layers investigated. The tests with chloride melts on 12% Cr steel show an inner corrosion zone of up to 40 µm depth after 96 hours. The corrosion mechanisms and potential solutions are discussed. T2 - EUROCORR 2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Salt melt KW - Corrosion KW - VM12 SHC PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Daum, Werner A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Nitsche, Michael A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Evans, Alexander T1 - Additive manufacturing at the BAM: We focus on Safety JF - Advanced Materials and Processes N2 - In Germany, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is addressing challenges in the implementation of additive manufacturing on the industrial landscape for safety-critical applications. KW - Process development KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - In-situ Process Monitoring KW - Non-destructive Materials KW - Characterisation KW - Safety KW - Fatigue KW - Environment KW - Standardisation PY - 2019 UR - https://static.asminternational.org/amp/201910/22/ SN - 0882-7958 VL - 177 IS - 7 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - ASM International CY - Materials Park, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-49780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -