TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Understanding the Anomalous Corrosion Behaviour of 17% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel in Laboratory CCS-Environment—A Descriptive Approach JF - MDPI Clean Technologies N2 - To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions CO2 is compressed and sequestrated into deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage CCS). The corrosion of injection pipe steels is induced when the metal is in contact with CO2 and at the same time the geological saline formation water. Stainless steels X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with approximately 17% Cr show potential as injection pipes to engineer the Northern German Basin geological onshore CCS-site. Static laboratory experiments (T = 60 ◦C, p = 100 bar, 700–8000 h exposure time, aquifer water, CO2-flow rate of 9 L/h) were conducted to evaluate corrosion kinetics. The anomalous surface corrosion phenomena were found to be independent of heat treatment prior to exposure. The corrosion process is described as a function of the atmosphere and diffusion process of ionic species to explain the precipitation mechanism and better estimate the reliability of these particular steels in a downhole CCS environment. KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion mechanism KW - CCS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545700 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020014 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 257 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Mohring, Wencke A1 - Hesse, René A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Stephan-Scherb, C. T1 - Early material damage in equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in mixed oxidizing/sulfiding hot gas atmosphere JF - Advanced engineering materials N2 - The challenges to use more varied fuels at medium and high temperatures above 500 °C need to be addressed by tuning the materials toward a better resistance against increased corrosion. As a first step the corrosion processes need to be better understood, especially in the case of the unavoidable and highly corrosive sulfur-based gases. Herein, oxidation/sulfidation of an equimolar CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy is studied at an early stage after hot gas exposure at 600 °C for 6 h in 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar. The oxidation process is studied by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and supported by thermodynamic calculations. It is found that the sulfur does not enter the bulk material but interacts mainly with the fast-diffusing manganese at grain boundary triple junctions at the alloy surface. Submicrometer scaled Cr–S–O-rich phases close to the grain boundaries complete the sulfur-based phase formation. The grains are covered in different Fe-, Mn-, and Cr-based spinels and other oxides. KW - High entropy alloy KW - Sulfiding KW - Corrosion KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543495 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101573 SN - 1527-2648 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, R. A1 - Féron, D. A1 - Mills, D. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - de Graeve, I. A1 - Dugstad, A. A1 - Grassini, S. A1 - Hack, T. A1 - Halama, M. A1 - Han, E.-H. A1 - Harder, T. A1 - Hinds, G. A1 - Kittel, J. A1 - Krieg, R. A1 - Leygraf, C. A1 - Martinelli, L. A1 - Mol, A. A1 - Neff, D. A1 - Nilsson, J.-O. A1 - Odnevall, I. A1 - Paterson, S. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Prošek, T. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Revilla, R. I. A1 - Ropital, F. A1 - Schweigart, H. A1 - Szala, E. A1 - Terryn, H. A1 - Tidblad, J. A1 - Virtanen, S. A1 - Volovitch, P. A1 - Watkinson, D. A1 - Wilms, M. A1 - Winning, G. A1 - Zheludkevich, M. T1 - Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society JF - Materials and corrosion N2 - A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion costs KW - Corrosion protection KW - Preventive strategies PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554801 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 73 IS - 11 SP - 1730 EP - 1751 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-55480 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid T2 - Proceedings EUROCORR 2022 N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion, which would be expected to happen in the extremely high Chloride concentration. Detailed analysis using EDS line scan shown the slow diffusion of Chloride, suggesting why pitting did not happen after 20 weeks. To mimic the passivated steel surface, the steel coupon was passivated in simulated pore solution having pH 13.5 for 42 days. The passivated coupon was further exposed to NGB solution for 28 days. Electrochemical characterization was performed along the exposure processes to reveal the change in impedance, indicating the corrosion resistance of steel casing/mortar interface. T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - CCS PY - 2022 SP - 859 EP - 865 PB - European Federation of Corrosion AN - OPUS4-55622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Mohring, W. A1 - Hesse, René A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Stephan-Scherb, C. T1 - Early Material Damage in Equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in Mixed Oxidizing/Sulfiding Hot Gas Atmosphere N2 - The challenges to use more varied fuels at medium and high temperatures above 500 °C need to be addressed by tuning the materials towards a better resistance against increased corrosion. As a first step the corrosion processes need to be better understood, especially in the case of the unavoidable and highly corrosive sulfur-based gases. In this work oxidation/sulfidation of an equimolar CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy is studied at an early stage after hot gas exposure at 600 °C for 6 h in 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar. The oxidation process is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and supported by thermodynamic calculations. It is found that the sulfur does not enter the bulk material but interacts mainly with the fast-diffusing manganese at grain boundary triple junctions at the alloy surface. Sub-micrometer scaled Cr-S-O rich phases close to the grain boundaries complete the sulfur-based phase formation. The grains are covered in different Fe, Mn and Cr based spinels and other oxides. T2 - Priority Programme (Schwerpunktprogramm) Compositionally Complex Alloys - High Entropy Alloys (SPP CCA - HEA) CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 12.07.2022 KW - High entropy alloy KW - Corrosion KW - Sulfiding KW - Cantor alloy KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Mohring, W. A1 - Hesse, René A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Stephan-Scherb, C. T1 - Early Material Damage in Equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in Mixed Oxidizing/Sulfiding Hot Gas Atmosphere N2 - The use of more and more varied fuels implies an increased list of criteria that need to be addressed when choosing a material for a combustion chamber and its supply pipes. The materials must be very resistant against corrosion, especially when the process takes place at temperatures above 500°C. In this work the influence of SO2 on the surface of the “Cantor alloy” is investigated. T2 - HEA-Symposium "Potential for industrial applications" CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 12.05.2022 KW - High entropy alloy KW - Corrosion KW - Sulfiding KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Corrosion Effects on Materials Considered for CC(U)S Applications N2 - Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv) Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a) Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion). For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - EFC Webinar CY - Online Meeting (Chongqing, China) DA - 18.05.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 quality KW - CO2 KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - Pipeline PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion despite very high concentration of Cl in NGB. EDS element line scan analysis of the 20-week-exposed metal/mortar coupon showed Chloride distribution, which still not reached the metal/mortar interface, explaining no pitting was observed. It was confirmed that FeCO3 cannot protect the steel surface in CO2 saturated NGB. To verify the protective possibility of passivation happened on casing steel/mortar interface, simulated pore solution was synthesized and used to passivate the steel for 42 days. OCP and EIS confirmed the formation of passive layer. The 42 day passivated layer was broken during the first minute of exposure in CO2 saturated NGB. However, due to high concentration of Ca2+, a new carbonate CaCO3 dense layer was formed, increased the corrosion resistance of steel surface. T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - CO2 KW - Mortar PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -