TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Balzer, B T1 - „Auffällige große Streifen“ im Schwingbruch N2 - Die „auffälligen großen Streifen“ sind von echten Schwingstreifen nur sehr schwer zu trennen, weil sie parallel zu den Schwingstreifen verlaufen und meistens ebenfalls nicht sehr groß sind. Die im Labor getesteten Proben zeigten, dass diese großen Streifen zusammen mit Verreibungen auftraten und „tire tracks“ („Reifenspuren“) verursachten. Dies wurde durch eine hochauflösende REM-Untersuchung bestätigt, die „tire tracks“ auf den „großen Streifen“ zeigte. Ein weiterer Hinweis ist die Änderung des R-Werts von -1 auf 0,1, was zu einer Bruchfläche ohne große Streifen und „tire tracks“ führt. T2 - Treffen der AG Fraktographie im Gemeinschaftsausschuss Rasterelektronenmikroskopie in der Materialprüfung CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2021 KW - Fractography KW - Fracture surface KW - SEM KW - REM KW - Fraktographie KW - Schwingstreifen KW - Fatigue PY - 2021 UR - https://dgm.inventum.de/widget/preview/45d8c33d-622b-43e2-8459-ba783394a723/611d133ebdac0611d133ebdac1 AN - OPUS4-53796 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraus, David A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Transverse damage in glass fiber reinforced polymer under thermo-mechanical loading N2 - In this study, the thermomechanical damage behavior of a glass fiber reinforced polymer material is investigated. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in a wide temperature range. Quasi-static experiments with neat resin, unidirectional and multidirectional laminates are performed as well as fatigue experiments in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. This study focusses on the matrix damage due to fiber-parallel loading. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve. KW - Composite KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymer KW - Thermo-mechanics KW - Fatigue KW - Damage KW - Temperature PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527462 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100147 SN - 2666-6820 VL - 5 SP - 100147 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Thermo-mechanical fatigue of glass fiber reinforced polymer N2 - Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials in practical applications have to endure cyclic mechanical loading in a wide temperature range (e.g. aircraft applications, automotive, wind turbine blades). In this study the static strength and fatigue behavior of GFRP was investigated in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. Therefor the coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in this temperature interval. The inverse laminate theory was extended and used to calculate the inter fiber-failure effort for a virtual UD-layer according to the layer wise strength approach. The experimentally determined results are compared with the micro-mechanical model according to Krimmer, which has been enhanced to include the effect of temperature and fiber-perpendicular failure modes. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve, as it was similar done for the fatigue behavior of CFRP and GFRP to very high load cycles at room temperature. T2 - ICFC8 - The 8th International Conference on the Fatigue of Composites CY - Online meeting DA - 23.06.2021 KW - Glass fibre reinforced plastics KW - Fatigue KW - Thermo-mechanical-loading PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago T1 - Comparison of the fatigue behavior of wrought and additively manufactured AISI 316L N2 - Additively Manufactured (AM) parts are still far from being used in safety-relevant applications, mainly due to a lack of understanding of the feedstock-process-propertiesperformance relationship. This work aims at providing a characterization of the fatigue behavior of the additively manufactured AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and a direct comparison with the fatigue performance of the wrought steel. A set of specimens has been produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and a second set of specimens has been machined out of hot-rolled plates. The L-PBF material shows a higher fatigue limit and better finite life performance compared to the wrought material, accompanied by an extensive amount of cyclic softening. T2 - Fatigue Design 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2021 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - AM KW - 316L KW - Fatigue KW - High Cycle Fatigue KW - Low Cycle Fatigue PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh T1 - Fully-reversed fatigue behavior of scarf joint repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications N2 - Due to manufacturing imperfections which can propagate to damage under in-service loads, wind turbine rotor blades, made primarily of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), often fail significantly before their design life. To enable a quick and cost-effective return to service, localized repairs can be executed by technicians in the field, directly accessing the blades by suspended roping. Scarf joint repairs, shown to be highly efficient with a smooth load transition across angled joint walls and a restored aerodynamic profile, are the focus of this study. The damage mechanisms of these structures were examined under fully-reversed mechanical cyclic loading with a load ratio R = -1, which was made possible on the coupon scale by a custom designed anti-buckling support. The number of cycles to failure were compared across load levels. While the scarf joint ratio was held constant at 1:50, known from industry and literature to be a good compromise between restored mechanical properties and repair size, the layup sequence was varied between small-to-large and large-to-small. Hereby the effect of the presence of resin pockets and fiber orientation mismatch between the parent and repair structure on the failure mechanism as well as fatigue strength of ±45° GFRP scarf joint repair structures was studied. Strain development across the joint length was measured to assess stiffness degradation in addition to the fatigue strength recovery of scarf joint structures with respect to pristine reference specimens. Grayscale analysis was used to monitor the damage state leading to fracture across the specimens. Post-mortem fractography analysis with light microscopy described the global failure mechanisms as well as local damage distribution within the structure, all of which provided insight to critical variables in scarf joint GFRP structures under fully-reversed mechanical cyclic loading, allowing for the tailoring of such repairs on wind turbine blade shells for maximum restoration of service life. T2 - 20th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM20) CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2022 KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers KW - Scarf repairs KW - Fatigue PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker ED - Vassilopoulos, A. P. ED - Michaud, V. T1 - Fully-reversed fatigue behavior of scarf joint repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications N2 - To enable a quick and cost-effective return to service for wind turbine blades, localized repairs can be executed by technicians in the field. Scarf repairs, shown to be highly efficient with a smooth load transition across angled joint walls and a restored aerodynamic profile, are the focus of this work. The failure mechanisms of these structures were examined under quasi-static tensile and fully-reversed cyclic loading. While the scarf ratio was held constant at 1:50, the repair layup was varied between large-to-small and small-to-large. The effect of the presence of resin pockets and the fiber orientation mismatch between parent and repair material on the restored strength of BIAX ±45° glass fiber reinforced polymer scarf joint structures was studied. T2 - 20th European Conference on Composite Materials CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2022 KW - Fatigue KW - Scarf repairs KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569646 UR - https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/298799 SN - 978-2-9701614-0-0 VL - Vol. 5 - Applications and structures SP - 195 EP - 201 PB - Composite Construction Laboratory (CCLab) CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-56964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Prolonging structural integrity—Fatigue of scarf repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications N2 - The influence of scarf repair variables on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structures is examined for the application of wind turbine blade shell repairs. Reference shell specimens are tested under fully-reversed cyclic loading to understand the fatigue behavior of the sub-component structure within a range of in-service loads, to which shell specimens with a scarf joint repair are compared. A fatiguesuperior repair material is shown to improve the fatigue behavior of the repaired structures compared to the reference specimens. In separating layup and geometry, damage development is examined on the subcomponent scale for a structural understanding of a scarf repair using in-situ digital image correlation-based strain field measurements as well as passive thermography. Within scarf repair variables, the geometry is shown to play a larger role than layup in the fatigue performance of the repaired structure. KW - Polymer–matrix composites KW - Fatigue KW - Joints/joining PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107419 SN - 1359-835X VL - 167 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Azevedo do Nascimento, A. A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Diniz Melo, J. D. A1 - Cysne Barbosa, A. P. T1 - Fatigue behavior of self-healing glass fiber/epoxy composites with addition of poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) N2 - The interest in repair technologies for polymer composites has increased significantly over the last decades, due to the growing use of these materials in structural applications. In this study, poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) was used as self-healing agent to glass fiber/epoxy composite. Materials with EMAA contents of 2 wt% and 5 wt% were manufactured using Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and the effects of the healing agent on the properties were investigated using tensile tests and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Results show slight variation of properties, which was more pronounced as the content of EMAA increased. In addition, the healing efficiency was investigated through fatigue tests and the addition of higher content of EMAA increased the number of cycles to failure after the healing activation cycle. KW - Fatigue KW - Glass fiber-epoxy composites KW - Self-healing KW - Smart materials PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569661 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107863 SN - 0142-9418 VL - 117 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Nielow, Dustin T1 - Einfluss fertigungsbedingter Imperfektionen auf die Schwingfestigkeit von FKV-Schalenstrukturen in Sandwichbauweise N2 - Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) weisen häufig nach wenigen Jahren, lange vor dem Erreichen der prognostizierten Lebensdauer von 20 bis 30 Jahren Risse in der Blattschale auf. Die Folge sind aufwendige Reparaturen am installierten und schwer zugänglichen Rotorblatt und der kostenintensive Nutzungsausfall durch den Stillstand der WEA. Als mögliche Initiatoren für die Schäden in der Blattschale der Rotorblätter gelten fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen. Für die Untersuchung des Einflusses dieser Imperfektionen auf das Ermüdungsverhalten der Rotorblätter wurde an der BAM (Bundesanstalt für Mate-rialforschung und -prüfung) ein Prüfstand für statische und zyklische Versuche von Schalensegmenten im intermediate scale entwickelt und betrieben. Die untersuchten Schalensegmente in Sandwichbauweise sind der Rotorblattschale von WEA im Hinblick auf die Strukturmechanik, die eingesetzten Halbzeuge, den Laminataufbau und dem eingesetzten Fertigungsverfahren ähnlich. Als Imperfektionen wurden verschiedenen Variationen von Lagenstößen in die Hautlagen und Schaumstöße mit Breitenvariation in den Stützkern reproduzierbar eingebracht. Die Überwachung des Schädigungszustandes während der Schwingversuche unter realistischen Lastszenarien erfolgt über eine kombinierte in situ Schädigungsüberwachung mittels passiver Thermografie und Felddehnungsmessung. Mit den durchgeführten Schwingversuchen und der begleitenden Überwachung des Schädigungszustandes ließen sich die Schadensinitiation und die signifikante Herabsetzung der Lebensdauer durch die eingebrachten Imperfektionen zweifelsfrei nachweisen und entsprechende Konstruktionshinweise für die betriebssichere Auslegung von Sandwichstrukturen ableiten. N2 - Wind turbines often exhibit cracks in the blade shells after only a few years in service, significantly before their expected 20 to 30 year design lifespan. This leads to complicated repairs on difficult to reach rotor blades, and can cause a cost-intensive standstill of the turbine. A possible source of these defects in the rotor blade shells are the imperfections which occur during production. In order to investigate the effect of these imperfections on the fatigue behavior of rotor blades, a test rig was developed at the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) upon which intermediate scale static and cyclic-fatigue testing could be performed. The complementary sandwich shell specimens developed and investigated with the test rig are representative of the outer shell of wind turbine rotor blades in terms of materials and manufacturing processes, as well as structural mechanics. The specimens were built with reproducible imperfections, including laminate overlaps in the face sheets and gaps of varying size in the foam core. The damage condition was monitored during cyclic-fatigue testing under realistic load cases using a combination of in-situ passive thermography and strain field measurement. The cyclic testing and parallel non-destructive structural health monitoring of the shell specimens showed the imperfections to significantly influence the damage initiation and decrease the component service life. The results can be used accordingly as recommendations for operationally more reliable design of sandwich structures. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 170 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Windenergie KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Betriebsfestigkeit KW - Komponentenprüfung KW - Renewable ernergy KW - Wind energy KW - Intermediate scale KW - Composites KW - Fatigue PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546701 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 170 SP - 1 EP - 178 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54670 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Kraus, David T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten von Glasfaser-Kunststoff-Verbunden unter thermomechanischer Beanspruchung N2 - Die Werkstoffgruppe der Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (FKV) hat sich aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Leichtbaueigenschaften unter anderem im Sportgerätebau, in der Luft- und Raumfahrt und in der Windenergieindustrie etabliert. Die so hergestellten Strukturen sind in der Regel nicht nur mechanischen Belastungen, sondern auch thermischen Lasten in einem breiten Temperaturspektrum ausgesetzt. Dennoch ist die Auswirkung des Temperatureinflusses bei einer Kombination von thermischer und mechanischer Last auf die Lebensdauer von Strukturen aus FKV bisher nur wenig untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von Temperaturen zwischen 213 K und 343 K auf einen Glasfaser-Epoxidharz-Verbund experimentell untersucht. Das Material wird in diesem Temperaturbereich eingehend charakterisiert: Es werden sowohl die thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von Faser- und Matrixwerkstoff als auch die des Verbundes ermittelt. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Schädigungsentwicklung im quasi-statischen Lastfall sowie unter schwingender Ermüdungsbeanspruchung bei verschiedenen FKV-Mehrschichtverbunden analysiert. Basierend auf den experimentellen Daten wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Schädigung und der Anstrengung der Matrix innerhalb der Einzelschicht demonstriert. Die Matrixanstrengung wird mithilfe eines mikromechanischen Modells unter Berücksichtigung der thermomechanischen Eigenspannungen analytisch berechnet. Bei Querzugbeanspruchung kann gezeigt werden, dass eine Vorhersage der Schädigung in Abhängigkeit der Volumenänderungsenergie innerhalb der Matrix getroffen werden kann. Mithilfe des Konzepts der Matrixanstrengung ist eine Vorhersage der Lebensdauer des Werkstoffs unter schwingender Ermüdungsbeanspruchung in Abhängigkeit der Einsatztemperatur möglich. N2 - Due to their superior lightweight properties, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are well established in various fields, such as sports equipment, aerospace or wind energy structures. These structures are not only subjected to mechanical loads, but also to a broad spectrum of thermal environments. However, the impact of temperature on the fatigue life of thermomechanically loaded FRP structures is barely investigated to-date. In the scope of this work, the influence of temperatures in a range of 213 K to 343 K on a glass fiber reinforced epoxy polymer is experimentally examined. An extensive thermo-mechanical characterization of the static properties of the material is performed. The neat resin and Fiber material are investigated, as well as the composite. In addition, the impact of thermal loads on the damage evolution under quasi-static as well as cyclic fatigue loading is investigated for different multi-angle laminates. Based on the experimental data, a correlation is shown between damage and matrix effort of the unidirectional layer. The matrix effort is calculated according to a micromechanical model considering thermal residual stresses. Particularly under transverse loading, the damage Evolution can be predicted as a function of the dilatational strain energy of the matrix. Using the concept of the matrix effort presented in this work, a prediction of the fatigue life of the investigated material at different ambient temperature conditions can be performed. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 169 KW - Ermüdung KW - Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund KW - GFK KW - Schädigung KW - Thermomechanik KW - Fatigue KW - Composite KW - Glas fibre reinforced polymer KW - Damage KW - Thermomechanics PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530253 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 169 SP - 1 EP - 164 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53025 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -