TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as a novel tool for the characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils and sludges N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively in the past because of their inert chemical character and resistance to degradation by environmental influences. Since the beginning of their commercial use, PFAS have been widely exposed to the environment by application of PFAS in consumer products or as foaming agent in firefighting foams, thus several cases of contaminated soils sites have been reported. Since the number of known PFAS already exceeds 4700, their characterization and direct analysis is challenging given the current available techniques. Here, we introduce the novel fluorine (F) K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as a tool to analyze PFAS and inorganic fluorine compounds in contaminated soils and sewage sludges. While F K-edge bulk-XANES spectroscopy provide us information on the overall fluorine bonding in a sample micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in combination with F K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy can also detect minor fluorine compounds and PFAS hotspots in investigated soils and sludges. Additionally, we used the combustion ion chromatography (CIC) to analyze the total amount of all PFAS as a sum parameter (extractable organic fluoride: EOF) in soils and sewage sludges. During combustion in the CIC, the PFAS in the sample get destroyed at temperatures of approx. 1000 °C and converted in inorganic fluorides that subsequently gets quantified by ion chromatography. Thus, for the first time we successfully combined F K-edge XANES spectroscopy and CIC as analytical tools to detect and quantify PFAS contaminants in soils and sewage sludges. T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2021 KW - Sewage sludge KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Soil KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik - CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich N2 - Gastvortrag auf der 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen über Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik und den CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich. T2 - 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen CY - Online meeting DA - 18.02.2021 KW - PFAS KW - Analytik KW - CIC KW - HR-GF-MAS KW - Summenparameter PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52148 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian T1 - Wet treatments of fine bottom ash for the recovery of metals N2 - In Europe, nearly 19 Mt/y of bottom ash (BA) are produced. Of this quota, only 46 %wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. For the coarser fractions, the main obstacle to BA being used as recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. For the fine BA fractions, usually underexploited and landfilled, it is estimated that up to 0.95 Mt/y of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are not recovered in Europe. During the workshop, the key results of BASH Treat project will be presented: the results of 2 industrial tests performed in BA treatment plants in Germany and Sweden; a novel dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA coarse particles; a wet process for the recovery of heavy metal compounds from the fine fraction; a technical-economic assessment of the EU potential for the optimization of BA management. T2 - Crete 2021, 7th International Conference on Industrial & Hazardous Waste Management CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2021 KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery KW - Design of experiments PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rieger, J. A1 - Colla, V. A1 - Matino, I. A1 - Branca, T. A. A1 - Stubbe, G. A1 - Panizza, A. A1 - Brondi, C. A1 - Falsafi, M. A1 - Hage, J. A1 - Wang, X. A1 - Voraberger, B. A1 - Fenzl, T. A1 - Masaguer, V. A1 - Faraci, E. L. A1 - di Sante, L. A1 - Cirilli, F. A1 - Loose, Florian A1 - Thaler, C. A1 - Soto, A. A1 - Frittella, P. A1 - Foglio, G. A1 - di Cecca, C. A1 - Tellaroli, M. A1 - Corbella, M. A1 - Guzzon, M. A1 - Malfa, E. A1 - Morillon, A. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Peters, K. A1 - Snaet, D. T1 - Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe N2 - The steel industry is an important engine for sustainable growth, added value, and high-quality employment within the European Union. It is committed to reducing its CO2 emissions due to production by up to 50% by 2030 compared to 1990′s level by developing and upscaling the technologies required to contribute to European initiatives, such as the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and the European Green Deal (EGD). The Clean Steel Partnership (CSP, a public–private partnership), which is led by the European Steel Association (EUROFER) and the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP), defined technological CO2 mitigation pathways comprising carbon direct avoidance (CDA), smart carbon usage SCU), and a circular economy (CE). CE ap-proaches ensure competitiveness through increased resource efficiency and sustainability and consist of different issues, such as the valorization of steelmaking residues (dusts, slags, sludge) for internal recycling in the steelmaking process, enhanced steel recycling (scrap use), the use of secondary carbon carriers from non-steel sectors as a reducing agent and energy source in the steelmaking process chain, and CE business models (supply chain analyses). The current paper gives an overview of different technological CE approaches as obtained in a dedicated workshop called “Resi4Future—Residue valorization in iron and steel industry: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe” that was organized by ESTEP to focus on future challenges toward the final goal of industrial deployment. KW - Circular economy KW - Steelmaking residues KW - Clean steel PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530350 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081202 VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 1202 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-53035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Fiore, S. T1 - Material flow, economic and environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash recycling potential in Europe N2 - In 2018 municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in Europe produced nearly 19 Mt of bottom ash (BA); only 46 %-wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. This work was based on the inventory of BA across Europe, and on the hypothesis to achieve complete BA valorisation through two assumptions: treating 100% BA and minimizing the loss of valuable fractions due to technical limitations of state-of-the-art processes in comparison to advanced innovative processes. The research involved three phases: characterization of potential secondary raw materials (metals and mineral fraction) currently lost from untreated (the surplus compared to treatment capacity) and unrecovered BA (the fine fraction) through material flow analysis; environmental assessment (energy balance and net GHG emissions) of complete BA valorisation; investigation of the economic feasibility of complete BA Valorisation through state-of-the-art technologies. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt Mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. The energy balance and GHGs emissions required by the treatment of the currently untreated and unrecovered fractions of BA resulted in energy and GHGs emissions savings. Economic profitability was driven by iron and copper recycling and avoided landfill fees. Profitability was achieved by two thirds of considered countries (average values: NPV 83 M€, ROI 20%, payback time 11 years) with BA mass flow exceeding 0.02 Mt. KW - Bottom ash KW - Circular Economy KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128511 SN - 0959-6526 VL - 317 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Investigation of PFAS Contaminated Solid Matrices by Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC) - Development of EOF and AOF as Sum Parameters in Environmental Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoralkyl surfactants (PFAS) are industrially produced surface chemicals used in daily applications that have gained public and political attention due their unnaturally high appearance in drinking water, nourishments and soils.[1] Their chemical structures exhibit both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, leading to a highly inert and persistent character.[2] Various PFAS have shown to be bioaccumulative in plants and animals, and some have been characterized as highly toxic when ingested.[3] When exposed to the environment, PFAS slowly get mobilized by natural water resources, leading to contamination of large areas of soil and natural water sources.[4] While PFAS contamination of drinking water has been investigated intensively, perfluoralkyl contamination of soils has been rarely examined as of yet. At the same time, an increasing amount of PFAS contamination sites are being discovered worldwide, calling for a sophisticated strategy towards analytical characterization.[5] Since the number of known PFAS already exceeds 4700, the established sum parameters like extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) are key elements to fully survey the impact of exposure.[6] Simultaneously, innovative soil remediation strategies are required to contain environmental destruction and to minimize further spreading of contaminants.[7] Addressing these challenges requires suitable analytical devices that are capable of mobilizing PFAS in the solid as well as in the liquid phase. The use of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) enables analysis of both immobile and volatile PFAS and allows the detection of both total fluorine (TF) and EOF or AOF of a given soil or aqueous sample. Based on preliminary results, the clean-up of a PFAS contaminated matrix is monitored via EOF detection over time. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of urea (CH₄N₂O) as fluoride scavenger with the aim to improve the separation of inorganic and organic fluorine and therefore, to improve AOF accuracy. The presented findings can be contributive with regard to future AOF/EOF sum parameter development and application. T2 - Eurosoil 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 23.08.2021 KW - PFAS KW - Sum parameter analyis KW - Combustion ion chromatography PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53195 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Current challenges on PFAS analytics N2 - Several thousand PFAS are in circulation and the current challenge lies in detection of these compounds. Wheter environmental contamination occurs via industrial emission or direct PFAS exposure, as through the use of AFFF fire fighting foams. Wheter PFAS need to be detected in consumer products or agricultral soil, or wheter human and wildlife exposure to PFSA needs to be evaluated, suitable analytical methods are required to identifiy the target class within a hugh variety of matrices. At the same time it is critical to detect trace amounts of compounds within various matrices, we want to make sure that we consider very volatile and mobile species, simultaneously want to assure that we do not overlook less and insoluble compounds. We require methods that allow both single and multi target analysis and want to have an ideal overview with the help of sum parameters. T2 - Workshop - Advancements of Analytical Techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2021 KW - PFAS KW - PFAS analytics KW - EOF/AOF PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - EI-GEO (S&T CALL 2017), Environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems N2 - 2021 marks the 10th anniversary of the first ERA.Net RUS joint call for European-Russian STI cooperation projects. Pooling the resources of more than 20 European and Russian funding agencies, more than 150 projects were funded with an estimated budget of about € 60 million. Being even larger than many thematic ERA.NETs, the ERA.Net RUS Plus has been the biggest and most successful regional ERA.NET so far. Indicating a strong demand for scientific cooperation, the smaller-scale projects funded within the ERA.Net RUS (Plus) calls perfectly complement Russian participation in the EU Framework Programmes. Not least of all, the ERA-Net RUS calls are examples of successful collaboration at a time when cooperation in other fields is complicated by the politically challenging situation. These calls contributed to keeping the communication channels open. Against this background a dedicated event in late 2021 highlighted what has been achieved within the first decade of the initiative. The project EI-GEO coordinated by BAM was selected as best practice project. The presentation displays the main results of the project and discusses the key success factors. T2 - ERA.Net RUS: Celebrating ten years of multilateral European-Russian Research and Innovation cooperation CY - Online meeting DA - 09.12.2021 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Coastal protection KW - European research area PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 51, Heft 2 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2021 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Gebührenverordnung KW - Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529061 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 71 EP - 110 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52906 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Beschleunigte Alterung von Geotextilien zur Ermittlung von Materialeigenschaften N2 - Geokunststoffe werden im Wasserbau häufig eingesetzt, beispielsweise bei Maßnahmen für den Küstenschutz oder in Ballastschichten für Windenergieanlagen. Eine zunehmende Anwendung von Geokunststoffen wird aufgrund der Ausweitung der Offshore-Windenergieerzeugung und des Schutzes auf steigende Wasserspiegel und extremere Wetterbedingungen infolge des Klimawandels beobachtet. Die Anwendung von Geokunststoffen in Wasserbauprojekten bietet zwar verschiedene wirtschaftliche und technische Vorteile, wurde jedoch kürzlich in Frage gestellt, da sich diese Materialien während ihrer Lebensdauer verschlechtern und langfristig gefährliche Auswirkungen auf die aquatische Umwelt haben können, insbesondere als Ursprung von Kunststoffabfällen oder als Quelle / Senke für Chemikalien wie Weichmacher und Stabilisatoren, die bei der Herstellung von Geokunststoffen verwendet werden, um deren Leistung zu verbessern. Der Vortrag geht auf diese Bedenken ein. T2 - Geotextilien im Wasserbau CY - Online Meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Wasserbau KW - Geotextilien KW - Beschleunigte Alterung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash – leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Due to its large mineral fraction, incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration is an interesting raw material that can be used for road construction or to produce secondary building materials. However, leaching chloride, sulfate, and potentially harmful heavy metals may cause problems in using IBA in civil engineering. Investigating leaching behavior is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of IBA applications. Various test procedures are available for that purpose. In the present study, a long-term leaching test of a wet-mechanically treated IBA was performed in a lysimeter for almost six years. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. At the beginning of the lysimeter test, the Sb and V concentrations were low, but after approximately one year of operation at an L/S ratio of around 0.8 L/kg, a steady increase was observed. It was shown that this increase is the result of low Ca concentrations due to the formation of CaCO3. With the data, the solubility products from Ca-antimonate and Ca-vanadate were calculated. The unusual leaching behavior of Sb and V should be kept in mind when considering field scenarios and evaluating the impact on the environment. KW - Bottom ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534317 DO - https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15115 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 16 SP - 75 EP - 81 PB - CISA CY - Padua AN - OPUS4-53431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Lisec, Jan T1 - Leaching and transformation of film preservatives in paints induced by combined exposure to ultraviolet radiation and water contact under controlled laboratory conditions N2 - Stormwater from urban areas can transport biocidally active substances and related transformation products from buildings into the environment. The occurrence of these substances in urban runoff depends on the availability of water, and on ultraviolet radiation exposure that causes photolytic reactions. In a systematic laboratory study, painted test specimens were exposed to either ultraviolet radiation, water contact, or a combination of both. Leaching of the biocidally active substances carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and selected transformation products of terbutryn and diuron were observed under various exposure conditions. Remaining concentrations of these substances in the paint were quantified. It was demonstrated that the distribution of active substances and transformation products in eluates and in the coatings themselves differs with exposure conditions. Strategies for environmental monitoring of biocide emissions need to consider the most relevant transformation products. However, environmental concentrations of biocidally active substances and transformation products depend on earlier exposure conditions. As a consequence, monitoring data cannot describe emission processes and predict expected leaching of biocidally active substances from buildings if the data are collected only occasionally. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - UV radiation KW - Water contact PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532114 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172390 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 13 IS - 17 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Ratte, M. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products: inter-laboratory test with DSLT and percolation test eluates in an aquatic biotest battery N2 - Background A European inter-laboratory test with 29 participating laboratories investigated whether a battery of four ecotoxicological tests is suitable for assessing the environmental compatibility of construction products. For this purpose, a construction product was investigated with the dynamic surface leaching test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-2) and the percolation test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-3). The eluates were produced centrally by one laboratory and were tested by the participants using the following biotests: algae test (ISO 8692), acute daphnia test (ISO 6341), luminescent bacteria test (DIN EN ISO 11348), and fish egg test (DIN EN ISO 15088). As toxicity measures, EC50 and LID values were calculated. Results Toxic effects of the eluates were detected by all four biotests. The bacteria test was by far the most sensitive, followed by the algae test and the daphnia test; the fish egg test was the least sensitive for eluates of both leaching tests. The toxicity level of the eluates was very high in the bacteria, daphnia, and algae test, with lowest ineffective dilution values of LID = 70 to LID = 13,000 and corresponding EC50 values around or even below 1 volume percent. The reproducibility (approximated by interlaboratory variability) of the biotests was good (< 53%) to very good (< 20%), regardless of the toxicity level of the eluates. The reproducibility of the algae test was up to 80%, and thus still acceptable. Conclusion It can be confirmed that the combination of leaching and ecotoxicity tests is suitable to characterize with sufficient reproducibility the environmental impact posed by the release of hazardous substances from construction products. KW - Inter-laboratory test KW - Construction products KW - Leaching tests KW - Ecotoxicity tests KW - Grouts PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529198 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00514-x VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 75 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-52919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Wie naturnah simulieren die Elutionsverfahren? N2 - Die Untersuchung altlastverdächtiger Flächen umfasst viele einzelne Schritte von der Probenahme über die Probenvorbehandlung bis hin zur eigentlichen Analyse, die zur Ergebnisunsicherheit beitragen. Beim Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Bewertungsmaßstäben, um Entscheidungen zur Bewertung von Altlasten zu treffen, sind diese Faktoren zu berücksichtigen. Die Rolle von verschiedenen Unsicherheitskomponenten wird mit Blick auf Elutionsverfahren diskutiert. T2 - Messen, schätzen und bewerten – Theorie und Praxis der Altlastenbewertung: Online-Altlastenseminar des LLUR CY - Online meeting DA - 27.09.2021 KW - Altlasten KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - BBodSchV KW - Ergebnisunsicherheit PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53623 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Diskussion aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM N2 - Das Jahr 2020 war vor allen Dingen von der Pandemie geprägt, die alle Bereiche des Lebens und Arbeitens beeinflusst hat und immer noch beeinflusst. Dies hat sich auch auf verschiedene Maßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit zugelassenen Produkten ausgewirkt. In diesem Zusammenhang sollen die Punkte kurz aufgeführt werden. Des Weiteren soll aufgezeigt werden, wie bei der Bearbeitung der Richtlinien, der Zulassungstätigkeit und Beurteilung der Produkte an der BAM und im Fachbeirat vorgegangen wird. Darüber hinaus soll noch einmal kurz auf die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase eingegangen werden. Am Ende sollen verschiedene aktuelle Fragestellungen des Fachbeirat aufgezeigt werden. T2 - 17. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2021 KW - Deponie KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52213 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Auer, G. A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling N2 - One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band. KW - Blast-furnace sludge KW - Selective chlorination KW - Zinc chloride PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 402 IS - 123511 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Thermochemische Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen - Phosphorrückgewinnung mit dem AshDec Prozess N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind. Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet. T2 - VDI.TECHNIK.TALK.ONLINE CY - Online meeting DA - 11.11.2021 KW - Phosphor KW - Recycling KW - Ashdec PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54325 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Reductive treatment of steel making slags to produce a hydraulic binder and crude iron N2 - Steelmaking slags are a by-product of steel production, that are currently used primarily in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering. In this use, the iron bound in the steelmaking slags (< 30 wt.%) is lost. Recovery of iron from steelmaking slags is possible by thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid steelmaking slags causes iron oxides to be reduced to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. The chemical composition of the mineral phase is thus adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the mineral alite, the most important component of Portland cement, is formed. This way, crude iron can be recovered, and at the same time a hydraulic binder can be produced. This process, however, is uneconomical due to the high temperatures required (~1800 °C). In the current project, the process is to be adapted so that the reduction of liquid steelmaking slag can be carried out at ~1600 °C. The chemical composition is to be modified in such a way that the melting temperature of the slags as well as their viscosity are in a technically suitable range and still a product with good cementitious properties is obtained. T2 - LithiumDays CY - Online meeting DA - 06.12.2021 KW - BOFS KW - Portland Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-56081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Ehm, J.H. T1 - Schwankungen der P-Gehalte in Klärschlämmen im Kontext der Klärschlammverordnung N2 - Ab 2029 gilt für alle Kläranlagen in Deutschland eine Pflicht zur Rückgewinnung von Phosphor (P) aus Klärschlamm. Ausgenommen sind nur Anlagen mit Schlämmen mit weniger als 20 g P/kg bezogen auf die Trockenmasse (TM). Für eine Überprüfung der Phosphorschwankungen im Klärschlamm wurden neun verschiedene Kläranlagen ausgewählt mit Phosphorgehalten nahe der "Rückgewinnungsgrenze" von 20 g/kg TM. Der entwässerte Klärschlamm dieser Anlagen wurde monatlich beprobt und auf seinen Phosphorgehalt geprüft. Die Phosphorschwankungen betrugen je nach Anlage zwischen 4 % und 13 % (relative Standardabweichung), im Mittel rund 7 %. T2 - KlärschlammTage CY - Online Meeting DA - 09.06.2021 KW - Phosphor KW - Klärschlamm KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Abwasserbehandlung KW - Klärschlammverordnung PY - 2021 SP - 102 EP - 108 PB - Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e. V. (DWA) CY - Hennef AN - OPUS4-52839 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -