TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Böhm, L. A1 - Heyde, B. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Fate of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sewage sludge carbonisates and ashes – A risk assessment to a thermochemical phosphorus-recycling process JF - Waste Management N2 - In the near future, phosphorus (P) recycling will gain importance in terms of decreasing primary resources. Sewage sludge (SSL) is an adequate secondary P-resource for P-fertilizer production but it is also a sink for heavy metals and organic pollutants. The present study is an investigation on thermochemical P-recycling of SSL. Various temperatures and amendments were tested regarding their performance to remove heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and simultaneous increase of the plant-availability of P. The investigations were carried out on two types of SSL originating from wastewater treatment plants with chemical P-precipitation and enhanced biological P-removal, respectively. The results show that thermochemical treatment with chlorine donors is suitable to remove the majority of heavy metals and that a combination of a gaseous chlorine donor (HCl) and sodium additives leads to both high heavy metal removal and high plant availability of P. Furthermore, plant experiments Show that almost all investigated thermochemical treatments can significantly reduce the bioavailability and plant uptake of heavy metals. Furthermore, PAHs are secondarily formed during low-temperature treatments (400–500 ° ), but can be significantly reduced by using sodium carbonate as an additive. KW - Fertilzer KW - Pollutant KW - Phosphorus PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.027 SN - 0956-053X VL - 78 SP - 576 EP - 587 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-45341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Mallow, O. A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Combined disc pelletisation and thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash JF - Waste Management N2 - An environmentally friendly and cost efficient way for the management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash represents its thermal co-treatment together with combustible waste. However, the safe introduction and storage of MSWI fly ash in the waste bunker is challenging and associated with severe problems (e.g. dust emissions, generation of undefined lumps and heat in case of moistened MSWI fly ash). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of pelletisation as a pretreatment of MSWI fly ash. In particular, MSWI fly ash was characterised after sampling, pelletisation and thermal treatment and the transfer of constituents to secondary fly ash and flue gas was investigated. For this purpose, MSWI fly ash pellets with a water content of about 0.15 kg/kg and a diameter of about 8 mm have been produced by disc pelletiser and treated in an electrically heated pilot-scale rotary kiln at different temperatures, ranging from 450°C to 1050°C. The total contents of selected elements in the MSWI fly ash before and after thermal treatment and in the generated secondary fly ash have been analysed in order to understand the fate of each element. Furthermore, leachable contents of selected elements and total content of persistent organic pollutants of the thermally treated MSWI fly ash were determined. Due to the low total content of Hg (0.7 mg/kg) and the low leachate content of Pb (<0.36 mg/kg), even at the lowest treatment temperature of 450°C, thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets can be classified as nonhazardous waste. However, temperatures of at least 650°C are necessary to decrease the toxic equivalency of PCDD/F and DL-PCB. The removal of toxic heavy metals like Cd and Pb is significantly improved at temperatures of 850°C, 950°C or even 1050°C. The observed metal removal led to relatively high contents of e.g. Cu (up to 11,000 mg/kg), Pb (up to 91,000 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 21,000 mg/kg) in the secondary fly ash. This metal enriched secondary fly ash might represent a potential raw material for metal recovery (e.g. via acidic leaching). Due to the high content of total dissolved solids observed in the leachate of thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets, a wet extraction procedure is suggested to enable its safe disposal at non-hazardous waste landfills. KW - MSWI fly ash KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.020 SN - 0956-053X VL - 73 SP - 381 EP - 391 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-44481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Schulenburg, F. A1 - Bartmann, U. A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Michalik, K. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Optimisation of a Pyrometallurgical Niobium and Tantalum Recyling Process with on-line-LIBS N2 - Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes. The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system. First results of this joint research project will be presented including on-line-LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. T2 - European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress (EMPRC 2018) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Process control KW - Tantalum KW - In-situ analysis KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - IWA Publishing, T1 - Wastewater as a resource: From rare earth metals to phosphorus T2 - Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future N2 - Wastewater contains a diverse array of organic and inorganic compounds and its complex composition strongly depends on the location and the connected dischargers. However, municipal wastewater as a carrier of feces and urine generally contains considerable amounts of the main nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The latter is in the focus of the discussions about the recovery potential of wastewater due to the relatively high mass flows of phosphorus in wastewater and the finite nature and decreasing quality of phosphate rock reserves. But due to the presence of the whole periodic table of elements, wastewater might contain further valuable components of interest for recovery including those defined as critical raw materials by the European Commission. Phosphorus and most of the other critical raw materials are fixed in the sewage sludge and after incineration in the sewage sludge ash (SSA). This is accompanied by high concentration factors from wastewater via sludge to ash. However, the mass fractions of the majority of elements in sewage sludge are comparable to those of the earth crust, indicating no relative enrichment. Nevertheless, enrichment factors of 100 or higher are given for phosphorus, copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, tin, lead and the platinum group elements indicating an anthropogenic input. An economic value of sewage sludge was estimated to $460,-/t calculated on the basis of the respective market prices for high purity elements – a theoretical value. A German survey of sewage sludge ashes showed that the mass fractions and the mass flows of most of the elements present in SSA are probably too low for an economic recovery. In most cases the mass flows are rather small compared to the imports and the chemical forms are not suitable for recovery. An exception is phosphorus that is present in high mass fractions up to 13% and that bears a high substitution potential. If the application of P-recovery technologies lead to a further concentration of valuable elements e.g. as by-products in side streams of the process, it would probably make also the recovery of other elements of economic interest. KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-78040-835-4 SN - 978-1-78040-836-1 SN - 978-1-78040-954-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408361 SP - 241 EP - 252 PB - IWA Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-45679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plasterboards N2 - During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites. Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted. This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process. T2 - IV International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 11.10.2018 KW - Environmental evaluation KW - CDW processing KW - Gypsum PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-48079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hermann, P. A1 - Kästner, B. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Hoehl, A. A1 - Ulm, G. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Air and chlorine gas corrosion of different silicon carbides analyzed by nano-Fourier-transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy JF - Corrosion Science N2 - The present study shows the potential of high-resolution imaging and nano-Fourier-transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy for corrosion science. The protective oxidation layers of different chlorine-gas treated silicon carbides (SiCs) were characterized with these techniques. A nitrified SiC showed the highest resistant strength against chlorine corrosion at 1000 °C compared to the other SiCs. Nano-FTIR spectroscopy with a lateral resolution below 40 nm detected differences in the crystallinity of the bulk-SiC and in the transitional region to the protective layer. Furthermore, high-resolution imaging provides deep insight in the interfacial layer between bulk-SiC and the protective oxidation layer on sub-micrometer scale. KW - Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy KW - Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - Corrosion KW - Silicon carbide KW - Chlorine PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.12.002 SN - 0010-938X VL - 131 SP - 324 EP - 329 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-43648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Rivard, C. A1 - Wilken, V. A1 - Muskolus, A. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Performance of secondary P-fertilizers in pot experiments analyzed by phosphorus X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy JF - Ambio N2 - A pot experiment was carried out with maize to determine the phosphorus (P) plant-availability of different secondary P-fertilizers derived from wastewater. We analyzed the respective soils by P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to determine the P chemical forms that were present and determine the transformation processes. Macro- and micro-XANES spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical state of the overall soil P and identify P compounds in P-rich spots. Mainly organic P and/or P adsorbed on organic matter or other substrates were detected in unfertilized and fertilized soils. In addition, there were indications for the formation of ammonium phosphates in some fertilized soils. However, this effect was not seen in the maize yield of all P-fertilizers. The observed reactions between phosphate from secondary P-fertilizers and cofertilized nitrogen compounds should be further investigated. Formation of highly plant-available compounds such as ammonium phosphates could make secondary P-fertilizers more competitive to commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers with positive effects on resources conservation. KW - Phosphorus KW - Pot experiments KW - Secondary P-fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Soil KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-433782 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0973-z SN - 0044-7447 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 62 EP - 72 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-43378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stahl, E. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - ASHES-nutrient recycling from the thermo-chemical processing of waste bagasse and straw - Clips from a German-Brazilian collaborative research project N2 - The challenge of the project ASHES is focused on the recycling of nutrients from residues of thermochemical processing of by-products of sugar cane industry (bagasse/straw) in Brazil to increase the energy efficiency of thermal conversion and to enable the recycling of process ashes as fertilisers. Dry lignocellulosic biomass (straw, bagasse) are combusted, gasified and subsequently combined with post-thermochemical treatment in the AshDec process to increase the plant availability of phosphorus. Different fertilizer formulations are granulated/pelletized and tested regarding their storage/handling characteristics. T2 - Biomass Ash 2018 CY - Kopenhagen, Denmark DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Bagasse KW - Nutrient KW - Recycling PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from wastewater - Developments and perspective in Germany N2 - A new sewage sludge ordinance was set in force in Germany in 2017 that makes phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge mandatory. The technological possibilities for P-recovery from waste water, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash were presented. T2 - International Workshop Nutrient Stewardship & Next-Generation Fertilisers CY - Heron Island, Australia DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Schulenburg, F. A1 - Bartmann, U. A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Michalik, K. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Optimisation of a Pyrometallurgical Niobium and Tantalum Recyling Process with on-line-LIBS T2 - Proceedings / EMPRC 2018, European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress N2 - Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes. The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system. First results of this joint research project will be presented including LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. T2 - European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress (EMPRC 2018) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - On-line analysis KW - Tantalum KW - Niobium KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-940276-84-1 SP - 347 EP - 362 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-47040 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -