TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, Frank A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte (Teil II): Anwendung eines Adapters und vereinfachtes Bewertungsverfahren T1 - Further Development of the Odour Measurement Method for Building Products (Part II) N2 - Zur Weiterentwicklung der Probenpräsentation wurde ein Adapter entwickelt, der Emissionsprüfkammer und Bewertungstrichter miteinander verbindet und dadurch eine der direkten Messung vergleichbare Geruchsbewertung ermöglicht. Die analytischen Messungen zeigen, dass es kaum Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Probenluft in der Kammer im Vergleich zum Probenbehälter gibt. Bei den olfaktorischen Messungen kam es jedoch bei der Bewertung der Probenluft mit Hilfe des Adapters zu Minderbefunden. Anschließende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beim Ausschalten des Geräts Umgebungsluft über den Trichter in den Adapter strömt und zu einer Verdünnung der Probenluft führt. Um dies zu vermeiden, werden derzeit weitere Messungen durchgeführt. Eine weitere Versuchsreihe wurde durchgeführt, um den Messaufwand bei der Bewertung der empfundenen Intensität zu reduzieren. Die entwickelte „größer-oder-kleiner/gleich“ Abfrage kann hier hilfreich sein. Die Untersuchungen im Luftqualitätslabor und im Rahmen eines Ringversuches mit verschiedenen Laboren, zeigen, dass die Abfrage in fast allen Fällen zu den gleichen Ergebnissen führt, wie die normgerechte aber aufwendigere Ermittlung der empfundenen Intensität mithilfe des Vergleichsmaßstabes. N2 - For technical improvement of sample presentation an adapter was developed to connect the emission test chamber with the evaluation funnel and thus enabling a more direct measurement. The analytical measurements demonstrate that the air has a very similar composition sampled at the funnel or in the emission test chamber. The results of the olfactory measurements show overall that the intensities determined using the adapter are often reported as lower. Further investigations have shown that air backflow via the funnel into the sample container of the adapter may be the cause. This has to be avoided in future. Another experimental series was carried out to reduce the measurement effort of evaluation of perceived intensity. Here application of the developed ‘greater than, or less than/equal to’ survey could be helpful. The results of the measurements in the air quality lab and in the frame of a round robin test indicate, that the survey leads to the same evaluation as the more complex determination of perceived intensity with standard method. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - VOC-Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertungsverfahren PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549875 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 82 IS - 3-4 SP - 83 EP - 89 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-54987 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte T1 - Further development of the odour measurement method for building products N2 - Bauprodukte und Einrichtungsgegenstände für Innenräume, wie Bodenbeläge und Wandpaneele, sollen das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit der Raumnutzerinnen und -nutzer nicht durch das Ausdünsten von Geruchsstoffen stören. Mit der Geruchsprüfung nach ISO 16000-28 „Innenraumluft - Bestimmung der Geruchsstoffemissionen aus Bauprodukten mit einer Emissionsprüfkammer“ wird der Produktgeruch zu einer messbaren Größe. So kann z. B. die empfundene Intensität, also die Stärke eines Geruchseindruckes, mit Hilfe eines Vergleichsmaßstabes von Probandinnen und Probanden ermittelt werden. Im hier vorgestellten Projekt werden Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung der Methode vorgestellt, um im Ergebnis die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse weiter zu verbessern. Dabei werden vor allem das Probenpräsentationssystem und die Bewertungsmethodik für die empfundene Intensität bei der Bewertung von Bauprodukten gemäß AgBB-Schema betrachtet, da diese einen wesentlichen Einfluss haben. N2 - Emissions or odours occurring from building products and furnishings for interiors, like floor coverings or wall panels, should not have a negative impact on well-being or health. Odours can be measured applying the standard ISO 16000-28 „Indoor air - Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers” It describes among other procedures the assessment of perceived intensi-ty with comparative scale by a group of panellists. In the study presented here, proposals for further technical development of the methodology are discussed to increase the reproducibility of measurement results. The sampling procedure and evaluation method of perceived intensity are investigated in particular because they have a major influence at the assessment of construction products applying the procedure of the Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - Emissionen KW - Bauprodukte KW - VOC PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527458 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 81 IS - 3-4 SP - 151 EP - 155 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-52745 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Volatile organic compounds from building products - Results from six round robin tests with emission test chambers conducted between 2008 and 2018 N2 - Emission testing of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials and products is commonly based on emission test chamber measurements. To ensure the comparability of results from different testing laboratories, their measurement performance must be verified. For this purpose, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) organizes an international proficiency test (round robin test, RRT) every two years using well-characterized test materials (one sealant, one furniture board, and four times a lacquer) with defined VOC emissions. The materials fulfilled the requirements of homogeneity, reproducibility, and stability. Altogether, 36 VOCs were included of which 33 gave test chamber air concentrations between 13 and 83 µg/m3. This is the typical concentration range to be expected and to be quantified when performing chamber tests. Three compounds had higher concentrations between 326 and 1105 µg/m3. In this paper, the relative standard deviations (RSD) of BAM round robin tests since 2008 are compared and the improvement of the comparability of the emission chamber testing is shown by the decrease of the mean RSD down to 28 % in 2018. In contrast, the first large European interlaboratory comparison in 1999 showed a mean RSD of 51 %. KW - Construction product KW - Emission test chamber KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Proficiency testing KW - Rround robin test KW - VOC emission PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526139 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12848 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 2049 EP - 2057 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-52613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Volatile organic compounds from building products - Results from seven proficiency tests with emission test chambers conducted between 2008 and 2021 N2 - Emission testing of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials and products is commonly based on emission test chamber measurements. To ensure the comparability of results from different testing laboratories their measurement performance must be verified. For this purpose, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) organizes an international proficiency test every two years using well-characterised test materials (one sealant, one furniture board and four times a lacquer) with defined VOC emissions. The materials fulfilled the requirements of homogeneity, reproducibility, and stability. Altogether, 41 VOCs were included of which 37 gave test chamber air concentrations between 10 and 98 µg/m³. This is the typical concentration range to be expected and to be quantified when performing chamber tests. Four compounds had higher concentrations between 250 and 1105 µg/m³. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of BAM proficiency tests since 2008 are compared and the improvement of the comparability of the emission chamber testing is shown by the decrease of the mean RSD down to 23% in 2021. In contrast, the first large European interlaboratory comparison in 1999 showed a mean RSD of 51%. T2 - Proficiency Testing in Analytical Chemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine CY - Windsor, United Kingdom DA - 25.09.2023 KW - Proficiency Test KW - VOC-Emission KW - Chamber-test PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - VOC-Sampling inside display cases with focus on BEMMA evaluation N2 - Museum display cases aim to protect art and cultural goods not only from theft and vandalism, but also from dirt and dust. An often-heard argument within a call for tender of new display cases is that there should be no emission inside of the display case. This is nearly impossible for new ones especially when they must also fulfill the requirement of an air change rate of less than 0.1 per day. For example, constructions or decorations in exhibition spaces, storage containers in depot rooms, and exhibition display cases release volatile substances that might lead to irreversible changes or, under certain circumstances, damage to the stored or displayed objects. In Germany beneath the well-established Oddy-test also the BEMMA procedure is used to evaluate the construction materials. For larger amounts of display cases control measurements of VOCs at the end of construction or buildup is quite common. However, what is necessary to measure the air inside of display cases. What are the circumstances when the display cases were closed before the test period? Is it possible to organize a clean environment for reliable measurements. How comparable are the resulting VOCs with results from BEMMA test and control measurement at the end. The BEMMA procedure should include a further VOC-test at 60 °C. What are the benefits of this enlargement. Mainly materials that have a high potential to store VOCs inside of the material in combination with a less permeable surface should be evaluated stricter than others. T2 - IAQ 2024 The International Conference on Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - New York, USA DA - 18.11.2024 KW - Emission KW - Air quality KW - Display cases KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klinge, A A1 - Mönig, J A1 - Ziegert, C A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Röhlen, U A1 - Rauscher, S A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E T1 - upMIN 100 – upcycling of mineral construction and demolition waste to substitute natural aggregates in earthen building materials N2 - The construction sector is one of the most resource-intensive sectors in Germany and is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions. Around 517 million tons of mineral raw materials are required annually for the construction of buildings in Germany. At the same time, mineral construction waste was the largest material flow at 229.3 million tons (2020). The rates of construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling have increased since 2000, especially for mineral waste. Nevertheless, the majority of recycled aggregates are used in technically largely unregulated applications (e.g. road construction). This downcycling leads to a loss of valuable resources for technically and economically valuable applications. The upMIN 100 research project is investigating the question of whether and to what extent recycled CDW is suitable as an additive an binder in earthen building materials. The focus is placed on grain sizes of < 2 mm, which are currently predominantly landfilled, as there are at present no regulations for their use in building products. The soil matrix of earthen building materials however, naturally contains of different grain sizes, whith < 2mm – 0,063 for aggregates and < 0.063 mm as a binder. Therefore, the focused grain sizes (sand, clay and silt) could have a high usage potential. In order to enable the use of CDW, the technical feasibility must be ensured, quality requirements for source materials (e.g. threshold values for pollutants in terms of health and environmental compatibility and hazardous substances) and permissible proportions of recycled aggregates must be defined. Two different building material developments (earth blocks and -plaster)were used to assess both, the technical feasibility as well the pollutant content of the recycled aggregate and its final emissions into the indoor air. For both materials two mixtures could be established, that also meet the mechanical specifications according to the DIN standard, such as the compressive strength. A method was developed to design material mixtures with a high amount of CDW that comply with the defined limit values. The mixtures reached a recycling rate of 28 % with high mechanical properties and 70 % with minimum strength requirements. KW - Mineral waste KW - Upcycling KW - Earthen building product KW - Circular construction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652831 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1554/1/012084 SN - 1755-1307 VL - 1554 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-65283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klinge, Andrea A1 - Mönig, Julian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Ziegert, Christof A1 - Röhlen, Ulrich A1 - Roswag-Klinge, Eike T1 - upMIN 100 – upcycling MINeralischer Bau- und Abbruchabfälle zur Substitution natürlicher Gesteinskörnungen in Lehmbaustoffen T1 - upMIN 100 – Upcycling mineral construction and demolition debris as a substitute for natural aggregates in earth building materials N2 - Um zukünftig die Entnahme von Primärrohstoffen und die Deponierung von geeignetem Bodenaushub zu vermeiden, wurde im Forschungsvorhaben «upMIN100» der Einsatz von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen < 2 mm in Lehmbaustoffen untersucht. Diese Korngrößen aus Rezyklaten, die je nach Ausgangsstoffen und Produkt 5 – 70 % des fertigen Baustoffs ausmachen, waren zum Zeitpunkt des Projektstarts in den gültigen Lehmbaustoff-Normen DIN 18945 – 18948 nicht zugelassen, da diese als Zusatzstoffe nur natürliche Gesteinskörnungen nach DIN EN 12620, Mehl aus mörtelfreien Ziegeln sowie Blähperlit etc. nach DIN EN 13055-1 und als Bindemittel nur Baulehm aus natürlichen Vorkommen vorsahen. Um den Einsatz von rezyklierten Bau- und Abbruchabfällen für Lehmbaustoffe in der Norm zu ermöglichen, mussten daher die technische Durchführbarkeit, Qualitätsanforderungen an Ausgangsstoffe (z.B. Schadstoffgrenzwerte in Bezug auf Gesundheits- und Umweltverträglichkeit) sowie zulässige Anteile der Rezyklate geregelt werden. Aktuelle Sortier- und Aufbereitungsmethoden wurden im Hinblick auf die technische sowie die wirtschaftliche Machbarkeit überprüft und auf eine mögliche Optimierung untersucht. Um Fragen zur technischen Machbarkeit beantworten zu können, wurde im Vorhaben die exemplarische Entwicklung von zwei wiederverwendbaren Lehmbaustoffen (Lehmstein, Lehmputzmörtel) angestrebt, um zukünftig sowohl das Abfallaufkommen als auch die Rohstoffinanspruchnahme zu reduzieren. Zum einen sollten die Zuschläge bis zu 100% aber auch das natürliche Bindemittel Ton zu 80% – 100% substituiert werden. Der Machbarkeitsnachweis für beide Entwicklungen wurde in Form eines Prototyps mit einem Technologie-Reifegrad 4–5 (TRL 4–5) erbracht. N2 - To avoid the extraction of primary raw materials and the landfilling of suitable excavated soil in the future, the use of recycled aggregates < 2 mm in earth building materials was investigated in the “upMIN 100” research project. These grain sizes from recycled materials, which make up 5–70 % of the finished building material depending on the source materials and product, were not permitted in the applicable earth building material standards DIN 18945–18948 at the time the project started, as these only allow natural aggregates in accordance with DIN EN 12620, flour from mortarfree bricks and expanded perlite etc. as additives in accordance with DIN EN 13055-1 and only building clay from natural sources as a binder. For the use of recycled construction and demolition waste for earth building materials in the standard, the technical feasibility, quality requirements for source (e. g. limit values for harmful substances in terms of health and environmental compatibility) and permissible proportions of recyclates had to be regulated. Current sorting and processing methods were reviewed in terms of technical and economic feasibility and examined for possible optimisation. To ascertain the technical feasibility of the use of recycled construction demolition waste for earth building materials, the project developed two reusable earth building materials (earth blocks, clay plaster mortar) as examples of both waste reduction and of the use of raw materials in the future. On the one hand, up to 100 % of the aggregates and 80–100 % of the natural binder clay should be substituted. The proof of concept for both developments was provided in the form of a prototype with a technology readiness level 4–5 (TRL 4–5). T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Recycled aggregates KW - Earthen building materials KW - Contaminants KW - Reuse KW - Resources PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-62612 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Klinke, A. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Mönig, J. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E. A1 - Röhlen, U. A1 - Ziegert, C. T1 - Upcycling mineralischer Bau- und Abbruchabfälle (upMIN 100) N2 - Der Bausektor ist einer der ressourcenintensivsten Sektoren in Deutschland und ist für 40 % der CO2-Emissionen verantwortlich. Für den Bau von Gebäuden werden in Deutschland jährlich rund 517 Millionen Tonnen mineralische Rohstoffe benötigt. Gleichzeitig stellen mineralische Bauabfälle mit 229,3 Millionen Tonnen (2020) den größten Stoffstrom dar. Die Quoten des Baustoffrecyclings sind seit 2000 gestiegen, insbesondere bei mineralischen Abfällen. Dennoch wird der Großteil der recycelten Gesteinskörnungen in technisch weitgehend ungeregelten Anwendungen (z.B. Straßenbau) eingesetzt. Durch dieses Downcycling gehen wertvolle Ressourcen für technisch und wirtschaftlich wertvolle Anwendungen verloren. Das Forschungsprojekt upMIN100 geht der Frage nach, ob und inwieweit sich rezyklierte mineralische Bau- und Abbruchabfälle als Zusatzstoff in Lehmbaustoffen wie Lehmputzen und Lehmsteinen eignen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Korngröße < 2 mm, die derzeit überwiegend deponiert wird, da es derzeit keine Vorschriften für den Einsatz in Bauprodukten gibt. Um den Einsatz von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen zu ermöglichen, müssen die technische Machbarkeit sichergestellt, Qualitätsanforderungen an die Ausgangsmaterialien (z.B. Grenzwerte für gesundheits- und umweltrelevante Schadstoffe und gefährliche Substanzen) und zulässige Anteile an rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen definiert werden. Um negative Auswirkungen auf die Gebäudenutzer zu vermeiden, wurden die entwickelten Baumaterialien auf die in den mineralischen Abfällen enthaltenen Schadstoffe sowie auf Emissionen in die Innenraumluft geprüft. Außerdem sollen die aus mineralischen Abfällen hergestellten Lehmbauprodukte frei von Schadstoffen sein, um eine Rückführung in die Umwelt zu ermöglichen. Nach der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (EBV) entspricht dies dem Kriterium BM-0. KW - Mineralische Baustoffe KW - Baustoffrecycling KW - Lehmbaustoffe PY - 2024 SN - 1868-0097 SP - 1 EP - 150 AN - OPUS4-61820 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Neuhaus, T. A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca Skadi A1 - Colakoglu, Irem A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Towards a multi-VOC emission reference material with temporally constant emission profile for QA/QC of materials emission testing procedures N2 - Emission reference materials (ERMs) are sought after to further control and improve indoor air quality. The impregnation of porous materials with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising approach to produce ERMs. Different VOCs were used to impregnate various porous materials (mainly zeolites, activated carbons and a metal organic framework). The influence of different methodological parameters and material properties were studied to optimize the impregnation procedure and to find the best material/VOC combination. The impregnation procedure remains quite irreproducible, nevertheless, very good ERM candidates were identified. Two materials (zeolite 4 and AC 1 impregnated with n-hexadecane) showed a very stable emission over 14 days (<10 % change). Another material (AC 1 impregnated with toluene) showed a declining emission profile but with a very good in-batch reproducibility and a storage stability of up to 12 months. KW - Emission reference material KW - Porous materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Emission test chamber KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - EN 16516 PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612238 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143437 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 366 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-61223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -