TY - CONF A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Effect of Ectoine on DNA: Mechanisms of Interaction and Protection N2 - The compatible solute ectoine is a versatile protectant synthesized by many prokaryotes. It is used as an osmolyte helping microorganisms to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. In addition, ectoine acts as a stabilizer and protects proteins, membranes and whole cells against detrimental effects such as freezing and thawing, drying and high temperatures. Its protective effect is explained by the preferential exclusion model, which postulates that ectoine does not directly interact with biomolecules but is excluded from their surface. Interestingly, details on the interaction of ectoine with DNA are still unknown. Therefore, we studied the influence of ectoine on DNA and the mechanisms by which ectoine protects DNA against ionizing radiation. To emulate biological conditions, we used a sample holder comprising a silicon chip with a Si3N4 membrane, which allows for electron irradiation of DNA in aqueous solution. Analysis by atomic force microscopy revealed that without ectoine, DNA was damaged by irradiation with a dose of 1,7 +/-0,3 Gy. With ectoine, DNA remained undamaged, even after irradiation with 15 Gy. Simulations with dsDNA and ectoine in water revealed a preferential binding of the zwitterionic ectoine to the negatively charged DNA. According to the simulations, binding of ectoine will destabilize dsDNA. Destabilizing is probably caused by the transition of B-DNA to A-DNA and will reduce the DNA melting temperature, which was experimentally proven. The preferential binding provides a stable ectoine shell around DNA, which allows ectoine to reduce OH-radicals and electrons near the DNA and thereby mitigating the damaging effect of ionizing radiation. T2 - Halophiles 2019 CY - Cluj-Napoca, Romania DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Ectoine KW - Ionizing radiation KW - Preferential binding PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schütter, Jan A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Effect of surface topography and chemistry on the attachment of bacteria on solid surfaces N2 - Microbiologically induced corrosion due to bacterial biofilms causes several problems in industrial systems, technical applications and in medicine. Prior to the formation of a biofilm on a substrate, planktonic cells attach on the surface. Hence, the properties of the surface play a key role in biofilm formation and are of great importance for the development of strategies to prevent bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. This project aims at clarifying to which extent surface micro-/nanostructuring and chemical functionalization affects bacterial attachment and whether a synergistic combination of the two can be used to control bacterial adhesion. To answer these questions, model surfaces with regular patterns of 5-10 micrometers in size have been prepared, which provide distinct zones differing in terms of their chemistry or nano-roughness. This was achieved by micro contact printing of self-assembled monolayers with different functional groups and deposition of patterned ZnO nanorod arrays for studying the effect of surface chemistry and morphology, respectively. Typical contrasts studied were combinations of positively/negatively charged, hydrophobic/hydrophilic or flat/rough. The attachment behavior of bacteria on tailored surfaces were studied in a flow chamber as a function of time. The strain Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 was chosen as a model organism. DNA-intercalating dyes such as Syto9 have a high affinity to adsorb on ZnO nanorods. To overcome this limitation a genetic modification was performed by introducing a gene which expresses a green fluorescent protein in P. fluorescens SBW25 enabling the quantitative evaluation of the flow chamber studies by means of fluorescence microscopy. Further analysis of the attachment behavior was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy. The presentation will summarize the results of our systematic study on the role of individual parameters on bacterial attachment and highlight synergistic combinations, showing an inhibition or enhancing effect. As the investigations with model substrates enable a precise control of the surface parameters, this approach can be applied to different microorganisms and material systems to achieve a correlative description of bacterial adhesion on solid surfaces. T2 - Eurocorr2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Microbial KW - Corrosion KW - MIC KW - Nanorods PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Elastomere und TPE – Gut für die Umwelt? – Kreislaufwirtschaft und Normung vereinen N2 - Der Vortrag fasst Projekte an der BAM mit Hinblick auf Elastomere und Umweltthemen zusammen. T2 - DIN Workshop: Elastomere und TPE – Gut für die Umwelt? – Kreislaufwirtschaft und Normung vereinen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 08.08.2019 KW - Mikroplastik KW - Reifenabrieb KW - Sportböden PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Emission Testing for Indoor Products N2 - The chemical emissions from products are tested by means of emission test chambers under defined conditions (climate, loading, air change rate). The standard method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is the sampling onto Tenax-tubes followed by thermal desorption (TDS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The EU-LCI list includes some very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) and some VOC for which there are limitations when using the standard method. For VVOC additional sampling is required using stronger absorbers like Carbotrap or multi-bed adsorption tubes. The analysis of VVOC also requires a different GC oven program and a different column for the separation. For the determination of formaldehyde and other low boiling aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, propenal) DNPH-cartridges are used which are extracted with acetonitrile followed by liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) analysis. The derivatisation of propenal and other unsaturated aldehydes (e.g. 2-butenal) with DNPH might lead to lower findings due to incomplete derivatization and forming of by-products. For a better quantification of acetic acid the use of ion chromatography (IC) is recommended because the analysis of acetic acid with the standard method (TDS) leads to lower findings due to break through during sampling. The use of ion chromatography for the analysis of organic acids requires a third sampling technique. The acids are adsorbed onto silica-gel and extracted with water. T2 - ISESISIAQ 2019 CY - Kaunas, Lituania DA - 18.08.2019 KW - Indoor Air Quality KW - Emission Testing KW - Indoor Products KW - VOC Emission KW - Construction Products PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Westphalen, Tanja T1 - Environmental sustainability and –stability of materials concerning the migration of pollutants N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the accelerated weathering of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene samples (PP) containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006. For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected raining water the samples were prepared in accordance to a validated protocol. Before the analyses each sample was spiked with isotopically labeled BDE-209. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane. The obtained extracts were concentrated, and the resulting solutions were analyzed by GC/MS. Additionally, the total bromine content was monitored for the weathered and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as a non-destructive and rapid method. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated weathering will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments. Here, the surfaces of the test pieces were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS and XRF as well. Moreover, soil bed tests were conducted in a well characterized model soil. This soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining basin inside of an air-conditioned cellar. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To induce a leaching process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. A defined humidity is a fundamental parameter for a biological activity in the soil. The test polymers were placed up to the half in the soil. Microbial activity of the soil is monitored by a reference polymer (polyurethane) and should induce the release of HBCD and BDE-209 out of the test materials. These released analytes will be captured by passive samplers (silicone tubes) placed in a distinct distance to the polymer samples in the soil. The soil bed experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. T2 - Goldschmidt 2019 CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 18.08.2019 KW - Pollutants KW - Environmental simulation KW - Migration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, Rene A1 - Szuppa, Tony T1 - Erweiterung der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien auf der Grundlage der Novelle der BBodSchV N2 - Boden und Steine sind mit jährlich etwa 140 Mio t der mengenmäßig größte Abfallstrom in Deutschland. Bodenmaterial kann in Abhängigkeit seiner vorherigen Nutzung oder Herkunft mit Schadstoffen belastet sein. Seine weitere Verwertungsmöglichkeit hängt nicht nur vom Schadstoffgehalt im Feststoff, sondern auch von der Mobilisierbarkeit dieser Stoffe ab. Die Paragraphen 6 bis 8 der vorgesehenen Novelle der BBodSchV enthalten neue Vorgaben hinsichtlich des Auf- und Einbringens von Bodenmaterial unterhalb oder außerhalb einer durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht (4. Referentenentwurf Mantelverordnung, Stand: 06.02.2017). Es soll die Möglichkeit eingeräumt werden, Bodenmaterialien mit Feststoffgehalten von regulierten Stoffen bei Überschreitung des Vorsorgewertes einer weiteren Verwertung zuzuführen unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Eluatwerte eingehalten werden. Für die Auswirkung dieser neuen Regelungen auf die Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien bestehen bisher noch Datendefizite besonders für organische Stoffe. Durch die Umstellung des Elutionsverfahrens von einem W/F von 10 l/kg (bisherige Regelung in der LAGA M 20) auf ein W/F von 2 l/kg bestehen zusätzliche Unsicherheiten im Hinblick auf die Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien zu Verwertungszwecken. Im Rahmen eines UFOPLAN-Projektes (FKZ 3716 74 203 0) wurden unterschiedliche Bodenmaterialien verschiedenen Ursprungs (z.B. Baggergut, Bankettschälgut, Stadt- und Auenböden, Bergematerial) mit besonderem Fokus auf PAK untersucht. Von den unter die Kriterien fallenden, ausgewählten Bodenmaterialien wurden Feststoffgehalte, TOC-Gehalte sowie die Eluatwerte aus Säulenversuchen nach DIN 19528 und Schüttelversuchen nach DIN 19529 bei einem Wasser-/Feststoffverhältnis (W/F) von 2 l/kg und 10 l/kg ermittelt und gegenübergestellt. Mit den neuen und auch mit Auswertung vorhandener Daten kann hinsichtlich PAK gezeigt werden, dass mit Verabschiedung der neuen Regelungen sich zusätzliche Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht eröffnen und deren Deponierung vermieden werden kann. Analysen zu anorganischen Schadstoffen wurden parallel miterfasst und ausgewertet. T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 24.08.2019 KW - Bodenmaterial KW - Verwertung KW - BBodSchV KW - PAK PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50023 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Evolution of writing black inks N2 - Our research aims primarily at recreating a socio-geographic history of inks, parchment, and papyrus and includes the comparative analysis of the writing materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ink and papyrus in Ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, and inks in documents from various contemporary medieval communities in Fustat (first nucleus of Cairo) as well as other medieval Jewish and Armenian communities. The presentation shows the panorama of historic inks and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Age. T2 - Elephantine Salon CY - Ägyptisches Museum Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2019 KW - Carbon ink KW - Iron-gall ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Evolution of writing black inks N2 - The evolution and socio-geographic distribution of writing inks from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages are one of the foci of our investigative work at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Berlin and the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures, Hamburg University. This presentation will examine the inks used by Jews in the in different geographical zones try to correlate the results of the material analysis with written records and existing traditions. We will compare the inks proposed by Maimonides, who lived in 12th-century Egypt, with the considerations of Rashi, who lived in 11th-century northern France, and see that they both advocated use of the inks commonly known and produced in their respective regions. It is Maimonides who proposes to add tannins to the soot inks, but rejects the metallic salt, both of which were practices that were well attested in contemporary Arabic recipes for making ink. In contrast, Rashi was favourable to employing the plant inks in use in contemporary Northern Europe. T2 - Jewish-Christian Relations from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Evidence from Material Culture CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 26.03.2019 KW - Ink KW - Jewish cultures PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - extraWERT – Wertstoffe in Abwasser und Klärschlamm N2 - Im Projekt extraWERT geht es um die Ermittlung von Nährstoffpotenzialen in Abwasser und Klärschlamm. Neben kommunalen Kläranlagen soll auch die Industrie als Quelle für nährstoffreiche Abfallströme betrachtet werden. Mit dem Vortrag sollten Mitglieder des MIV zu einer Projektbeteiligung bewegt werden. Es sollen rohes und gereinigtes Abwasser von direkt einleitenden Betrieben auf Makronährstoffe untersucht werden, neue Erkenntnisse werden insbesondere für die Nährstoffe Calcium und Magnesium erwartet. T2 - Sitzung AG Umwelt Milchindustrie-Verband CY - Kißlegg, Germany DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Klärschlamm KW - Industrielles Abwasser KW - Lebensmittelindustrie KW - Makronährstoffe PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Faserhaltige Abfälle - "End-of-Life"-Herausforderungen N2 - Vortrag über die End-of-Life-Problematik von carbonfaserverstärkten Werkstoffen und potentielle Entsorgungswege. T2 - 9. Sitzung LAGA Ad-hoc-Ausschuss "Entsorgung faserhaltiger Abfälle" CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 23.01.2019 KW - CFK KW - Carbonfaser KW - Carbonbeton PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48267 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia T1 - Fifty shades of black: Typologies and terminology of black inks in the light of new discoveries N2 - The identification of the materials constituting an artefact is the basis of any correct conservation project. For this reason (among others) in the last 50 years analytical techniques have been applied to the study of manuscripts. Unfortunately, the scientific investigation of Arabic books is still uncommon, focusing mainly on single case studies of illuminated manuscripts where the black media used to write the text is largely overlooked. This lack of knowledge prompted a recent research in which black ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources, their feasibility has been assessed, and some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive and non-destructive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and to verify the detection limits of the equipment employed. Finally, the results were compared to the data collected from historical manuscripts. In this talk I will focus on the ink typologies and the terminology (ancient and modern) used to describe them. In particular I will highlight how even the modern classification fails to capture the variety encountered in both recipes and manuscripts, particularly in the light of recent discoveries. I will address especially the terminological and conceptual issues of mixed inks – in the form of carbon inks and tannins, of carbon and iron gall inks, and of carbon and metallic salts –, iron gall inks made without vitriol and iron gall inks made with sources of tannins different from gall nuts. T2 - First International Conference Oriental Manuscripts: Codicology and Conservation issues CY - Saint Petersburg, Russia DA - 04.12.2019 KW - Ink terminology KW - Codicology KW - Non destructive analytical techniques PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Formaldehydmessungen an Holzwerkstoffplatten N2 - Die von der BAM eingekauften Holzwerkstoffplatten (Verlegespanplatten, OSB, Multiplexplatten) verschiedener Hersteller zeigten teilweise hohe Formaldehyd-emissionen unter den Prüfbedingungen nach EN 16516, eine Spanplatte hielt den Grenzwert von 0,1 ppm selbst bei Prüfung nach DIN EN 717-1 nicht ein, dürfte also in Deutschland gar nicht in den Verkauf gelangen. Holzwerkstoffe, die unter den Prüfbedingungen der DIN EN 717-1 die Formaldehydklasse E1 einhalten, können insbesondere bei großflächigem Einsatz im Innenraum zu Überschreitungen des Richtwertes für die Innenraumluft führen. Zusätzlich zur Anpassung des Luftwechsels ist auch der Parameter Beladung bei einer Überarbeitung der Norm anzupassen. In der DIN EN 16516 werden produktspezifische (am Einsatz der Produkte orientierte) Beladungsfaktoren vorgegeben. Für den Einsatz von Holzwerkstoffplatten ergäben sich Beladungen von 0,4 (Boden oder Decke), 1,0 (Wände), 1,4 (Wände plus Boden oder Decke) und 1,8 m²/m³ (Wände, Boden und Decke). Um die realen Bedingungen in modernen Gebäuden abzubilden, ist deshalb eine Beladung von 1,8 m²/m³ für die Prüfkammermessung erforderlich. Hierbei ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass für die Beladung im Referenzraum Möbel nicht berücksichtigt wurden. Damit soll sichergestellt werden, dass die Einhaltung des Schutzniveaus bei realen Innenraumbedingungen auch unter den Randbedingungen eines niedrigen Luftwechsels sowie bei sommerlichen Bedingungen und heutigem Lüftungsverhalten der Menschen soweit wie möglich gewährleistet ist. T2 - 26. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Formaldehyd KW - Emissionsprüfkammer KW - DIN EN 16516 KW - DIN EN 717-1 PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Forschungsprojekte an der BAM N2 - Übersicht über die laufenden Projekte der BAM mit Bezug zur Nano-Thematik. Der Fokus liegt auf der Entwicklung der OECD-Prüfrichtlinie zur Partikelgrößenverteilung und auf den Projekten, die einen Anknüpfungspunkt für die anderen Bundesoberbehörden bilden könnten. T2 - Behördenklausur zur Nanosicherheit 2019 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Bundesoberbehörden KW - Nano KW - Behördenklausurtagung PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49575 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - G-BOP kick-off meeting proposal ideas Ecology and evolution of termite immunity N2 - Results suggest a reduction in immune gene repertoires in termites and possible complementary expression between termite castes. With comparative genomics we will investigate the evolution of gene families related to immunity, try to understand where reductions and expansions take place and relate these changes to shifts in sociality and ecology. The role of TEs in expansions and contractions of immune gene families will be investigated. For these analyses, we propose to generate high quality, highly contiguous genomes of species from different levels of sociality, covering all major termite families. With comparative transcriptomics we will investigate the expression of immune genes in different castes. Via network analyses we will identify pathways indicated in differential immunity between castes and between species of different sociality levels. We will investigate how these pathways have been rewired along the transitions to higher levels of sociality and how, intra-specifically, they change between castes. T2 - Rundgespräch zur Vorbereitung eines SPP G-BOP - Genomic Basis Of Phenotypic Innovations in Insect Evolution CY - Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum, Bonn, Germany DA - 16.05.2019 KW - Bioinformatics KW - Evolution KW - Termites PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Gypsum plasterboard recycling N2 - The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural ressources as well as the conservation of landfill sites. Regarding the predicted decrease of gypsum supply in Germany, particularly the recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) is of growing importance. Currently, the gypsum demand is fulfilled (at least 60%) by gypsum as side product from coal-fired power plants (FGD Gypsum). Germany’s natural gypsum deposits fulfil the remaining gypsum demand. Due to national climate protection goals the gypsum supply from coal power plants will decrease significantly in the future. In addition, the content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. Separated gypsum can be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for recycled gypsum are met. Accordingly, there have been significant advancements in the processing of gypsum residues in the last years. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an evironmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted. The presentation focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plaster boards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process. T2 - MINEA Workshop: Recovery Potential of Construction and Demolition Waste CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 21.03.2019 KW - Gypsum KW - CDW processing KW - Environmental evaluation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48220 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - How light determines the life of the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea N2 - The rotation of the Earth causes a day/night cycle that is characterized by changing light and temperature conditions. Fungi actively sense the environmental light conditions to induce protective mechanisms against the light-associated stresses and to regulate development. Since fungi adapted to habitats with different light regimes, the complexities of their ‘visual’ systems and photoresponses may vary significantly. Fungi that are associated with plants experience a special light regime because the host seeks optimum light conditions for photosynthesis – and the fungus must cope with them. Moreover, fungi living under the canopy are confronted with an altered spectrum enriched for green and far-red light. Plants sense light to coordinate growth and morphogenesis: a low red:far-red ratio indicates the presence of competitors (shading by other plants) and triggers the shade avoidance response which is accompanied by increased susceptibility to nectrophic pathogens. Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold diseases on many plant species in moderate climate zones (high humidity, temperatures around 20°C, seasons), exhibits striking photoresponses accompanied by a broad action spectrum and a high number of photoreceptors. Light is the most important factor controlling morphogenesis: it induces conidiation for disease spreading (summer cycle) and represses sclerotial development for survival and/or sexual recombination (winter cycle). In the past years, we identified several cellular components involved in photoperception and regulation of photomorphogenesis and virulence indicating that the same signaling pathways are of relevance for both processes, propagation and infection. Notably, we recognized the role of the phytochromes (red/far-red light sensors) for coordinated responses to light and elevated temperatures (photo-/thermomorphogenesis) – similar to the function of Arabidopsis PhyB. BcPHY2-like thermosensors are likely restricted to the Leotiomycetes, which include several plant pathogens of the moderate climate zones. T2 - Fungal Genetics Conference 2019 CY - Asilomar, CA, USA DA - 12.03.2019 KW - fungus KW - light KW - plant pathogen KW - signaling KW - virulence PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48128 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Esparza, M. A1 - Davis, H. A1 - Margy, A. T1 - Infection stage and pathogen life cycle determine collective termite behaviour N2 - Social insects nesting in soil environments are in constant contact with entomopathogens and have evolved disease resistance mechanisms within a colony to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. Among these mechanisms: mutual grooming reduces the cuticular load of pathogens, and burial of cadavers and cannibalism can prevent pathogens from replicating within the group. We explored how the rate and type of collective behavioural response is determined by stepwise infection dynamics operating at the level of the individual. Specifically, we infected the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes with different types of infectious particle and infection route of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and recorded behavioural responses of nestmates to individuals at different times during the progression of infections. As expected, termites groomed conidia-exposed individuals significantly more than controls. Interestingly, grooming was significantly elevated after fungal germination than before, suggesting that pathogen growth cues act as strong stimulators of allogrooming. Conidia-exposed termites were cannibalized, but only after they became visibly ill. By contrast, termites did not groom blastospore-injected individuals more than controls at any time-point following infection. Instead, we found that blastospore-injected individuals were continually cannibalized at a low-level following injection with either viable or heat-killed blastospores, with a marked increase in cannibalism after termites injected with viable blastospores became visibly ill and were close to death. Together, these findings point to the importance of host condition as a cue for social hygienic behavior, and that the host itself appears to emit essential sickness cues that act as targets for its own sacrifice. This demonstrates that termites have independently evolved to both identify and destructively respond to sickness. T2 - VI Central European Meeting of the IUSSI 2019 CY - Wien, Austria DA - 19.03.2019 KW - Termite KW - Evolution KW - Social immunity PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49643 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Influence of carbon feeding on a pyrometallurgical Ta and Nb recycling process and the formation of carbides N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Series of melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study how the amount, the grain size and the way of feeding affect the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The cooled down slag and metal phase were analysed to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of the carbide formation. FACT Sage simulations were also used to investigate the material system in state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Results show that mass transfer and kinetics may play an important role if compared to equilibrium analyses using FACT Sage. T2 - Euopean Metallurgical Conference (EMC) 2019 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Pyrometallurgy KW - Tantalum KW - Carbide formation KW - Reduction process KW - Carbon feeding PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48351 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia T1 - Ink for papyri, ink of papyrus: Recipes from the Arabic world N2 - Papyrus was in use in the Islamic world until the 11th century and few ink recipes collected from treatises about the art of the books are dedicated to this support. But papyrus was also burnt in order to obtain soot used as an ingredient for a particular type of ink (midād al-qarāṭīs). In this talk I will give an overview of the recipes – in particular those by ar-Rāzī –, their context and transmission in order to evaluate this double nature of papyrus, which is considered at the same time a writing support and a material to be recycled. Moreover, I will discuss what kinds of ink are most likely to be found, according to these literary sources, on Arabic manuscripts and documents written on papyrus and compare them to the typologies mentioned for paper and parchment. These results are the premises of a research project starting at the beginning of 2019, in which a number of dated fragments from several European institutions will be analysed with non-destructive techniques in order to establish a profile of the main writing media used in the early centuries of the Islamic Era. T2 - 29th International Congress of Papyrology CY - Lecce, Italy DA - 28.07.2019 KW - Inks KW - Arabic recipes KW - Papyrus PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia T1 - Ink recipes from the islamic era: Texts, manuscripts, ink reproductions and scientific analyses N2 - Ink recipes can often be found in Arabic manuscripts. They may be included in treatises of diverse subjects – from handbooks for secretaries or calligraphers to books on arts and crafts, to alchemical and astrological essays. Recipes can also appear, with or without relation to the main text in the manuscript, in the form of lists or collections or even added in empty spaces as single entries. Why were these recipes written down? Were they used by the many professionals dealing with inks in their every-day work? Or were they part of the literary genre of adab with little or no practical application? To answer these questions a research project was set up: ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources, their feasibility has been assessed and some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, most non-invasive and non-destructive, and the results compared to the data obtained by the application of the same analyses on concrete manuscripts. The codicological characteristics of the manuscripts have also been studied. My aim in this talk is to show how such an interdisciplinary approach could be beneficial for the study of material culture. T2 - Broadening Horizons 6 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Inks KW - Arabic Recipes KW - Non destructive analytical techniques PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Inks and pigments N2 - The writing materials used in various cultures and epochs can be divided into two groups. The first comprises materials that write themselves, producing script by rubbing their own material off onto the writing surface. It includes charcoal, graphite, chalk, raddle, and metal styluses. Depending on the material and consistency, these are cut or pressed to make styluses and then used for writing. The second group comprises all coloring liquids that are applied to the writing surface with a quill, pen, or printing block. It includes inks made from dye solutions (for example, tannin inks) and those made from pigment dispersions (for example, sepia, soot, and bister inks). The latter are sometimes also rubbed as pastes into letters incised into the writing surface, where they increase visual contrast. Due to the variety of recipes and the natural origin of raw materials, there is a wide range of different components and impurities in writing materials. Soluble inks (Tinten) Soluble inks are based mainly on dyes forming a water solution. Colored inks were manufactured with different plant or insect dyes (e.g. Brazil wood, kermes). To stabilize the volatile material, the dyes were mixed with a mordant (e.g., alum). Brown plant inks – best-known as blackthorn or Theophilus’ inks – are usually produced from the blackthorn bark and wine. In the early European Middle Ages, inks of this kind were widely used in the production of manuscripts in monasteries. Usually, they are light brown, so sometimes small amounts of iron sulfate were added, which led to what was called an “imperfect” iron gall ink. The difference between “classic” iron gall ink and such imperfect ink is therefore not clear: the distinction is not possible, especially with the naked eye. Dispersion inks (Tuschen) According to its generic recipe, one of the oldest black writing materials is produced by mixing soot with a binder dissolved in a small amount of water. Thus, along with soot, binders such as gum arabic (ancient Egypt) or animal glue (China) are among the main components of soot inks. From Pliny’s detailed account of the manufacture of various soot-based inks, we learn that, despite its seeming simplicity, producing pure soot of high quality was not an easy task in Antiquity. Therefore, we expect to find various detectable additives that might be indicative of the time and place of production. One such carbon ink requires the addition of copper sulfate . The experimental discovery of this ink in 1990 led to a misleading expression “metal ink” that is sometimes found in the literature. Colored dispersion inks based on pigments such as orpiment, cinnabar, or azurite have been known since Antiquity. Natural or artificially produced minerals are finely ground and dispersed in a binding medium. As in soot inks, water-soluble binders such as gum arabic or egg white were used. Iron gall ink (Eisengallustinten) Iron gall inks are a borderline case between these two groups. They are produced from four basic ingredients: galls, vitriol as the main source of iron, gum arabic as a binding media, and an aqueous medium such as wine, beer, or vinegar. By mixing gallic acid with iron sulfate, a water-soluble ferrous gallate complex is formed; this product belongs to the type “soluble inks”. Due to its solubility, the ink penetrates the writing support’s surface, making it difficult to erase. Exposure to oxygen leads to the formation of insoluble black ferric gallate pigment, i.e., “dispersion ink”. Natural vitriol consists of a varying mixture of metal sulfates. Since for ink making it was obtained from different mines and by various techniques, inks contain many other metals, like copper, aluminum, zinc, and manganese, in addition to the iron sulfate. These metals do not contribute to color formation in the ink solution, but possibly change the chemical properties of the inks. T2 - Summer School Manusciences 19 CY - Frejus, France DA - 10.03.2019 KW - Ink KW - Material science KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Instruments for Fine and Ultrafine Particle Emission Characterization N2 - An overview on instruments and methods for the measurement and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from local sources is presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Aerosol spectroscopy KW - Particulate emission KW - Chemical analysis KW - Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy KW - Calibration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) which act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide, and by withdrawal of the available electrons in electrical contact with the metal. Methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC by directly withdrawing electrons from the iron surface for methanogenesis. However, the mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. Precipitation of siderite, a by-product of methanogenesis, (4Fe + 5HCO3 + 5H+  4FeCO3 + CH4 + 3H2O) can lead to an insulating layer on the metal surface and lower the corrosion rate. Still, the extent of FeCO3 precipitation may be significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as pH and advective processes. T2 - Dechema CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 13.05.2019 KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - Methanogens KW - Corrosion product PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Herrmann, Annett T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in offshore industries, such as the oil and gas pipelines, due to the high concentrations of sulfate in the seawater. SRM act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide (HS-), and by withdrawal of the available electrons (Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-; E° = -0.47 V) in electrical contact with the metal (EMIC). However, methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC. Because they do not produce HS-, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. To investigate the corrosion potential of methanogens, we studied the EMIC methanogenic strains isolated from marine sediments (Methanobacterium-affiliated strain IM1) and crude oil tanks (Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10), in an in-house developed flow-through cell to simulate a fluctuating environment. A co-culture of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis was also established to study the effect of syntrophic growth on metal corrosion that may occur in industrial pipelines. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion due to coupled methanogenesis (up to 0.4 mm/yr) are higher to that caused by the marine SRM Desulfovibrio alaskensis (0.15 mm/yr). Surface analyses of the metal showed severe pitting with high methane production. Genomic analysis of the EMIC methanogen M. maripaludis Mic1c10 will provide an insight on the mechanisms of MIC. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC T2 - Einladung zum Kolloquium HZDR – Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - MIC KW - Archaea KW - Methanogens KW - Environmental Simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Herrmann, Annett T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in offshore industries, such as the oil and gas pipelines, due to the high concentrations of sulfate in the seawater. SRM act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide (HS-), and by withdrawal of the available electrons (Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-; E° = -0.47 V) in electrical contact with the metal (EMIC). However, methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC. Because they do not produce HS-, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. To investigate the corrosion potential of methanogens, we studied the EMIC methanogenic strains isolated from marine sediments (Methanobacterium-affiliated strain IM1) and crude oil tanks (Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10), in an in-house developed flow-through cell to simulate a fluctuating environment. A co-culture of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis was also established to study the effect of syntrophic growth on metal corrosion that may occur in industrial pipelines. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion due to coupled methanogenesis (up to 0.4 mm/yr) are higher to that caused by the marine SRM Desulfovibrio alaskensis (0.15 mm/yr). Surface analyses of the metal showed severe pitting with high methane production. Genomic analysis of the EMIC methanogen M. maripaludis Mic1c10 will provide an insight on the mechanisms of MIC. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC T2 - Archaea Meeting-Schmitten VAAM Fachgruppe CY - Schmitten, Germany DA - 12.09.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - MIC KW - Archaea KW - Methanogens KW - Environmental Simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49405 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Herrmann, Annett T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in oil and gas facilities. SRM act upon the metal by the re-activeness of hydrogen sulfide (HS-), and by withdrawal of the available electrons in electrical contact with the metal (EMIC). Methanogenic archaea (MA) can also cause MIC (Mi-MIC). Several MAs were identified to be corrosive by using elemental iron as the sole electron donor for methanogenesis, including Methanobacterium­-affliated IM1 and Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10. Currently, low corrosion rates were reported for MA, possibly due to the formation of siderite (4Fe + 5HCO3- + 5H+ ® 4FeCO3 + CH4 + 3H2O). Since MA do not produce HS-, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. To investigate the corrosion potential of MA, we studied the EMIC methanogenic strains (IM1 and Mic1c10) individually or part of a syntrophic co-culture with SRM. Corrosion studies were conducted using an in-house developed flow-through system to simulate fluctuating environmental conditions. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion by MA (up to 0.4 mm/yr) are higher to that caused by the marine SRM Desulfovibrio alaskensis (0.15 mm/yr) and the co-culture (0.1 mm/yr). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the metal incubated with MA showed severe pitting corrosion. Genomic analysis of the EMIC MA was conducted to provide an insight on the possible cellular mechanisms that could be involved. Furthermore, low concentrations of MA-targeting biocides will be applied to EMIC MA in static and flow conditions to gain insights for possible mitigation strategies. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology in Oil Systems CY - Halifax, Canada DA - 18.06.2019 KW - MIC KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Methanogens KW - SRB KW - Corrosion KW - Metalls PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Hermann, Annett T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in offshore industries, such as the oil and gas pipelines, due to the high concentrations of sulfate in the seawater. SRM act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide (HS-), and by withdrawal of the available electrons (Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-; E° = -0.47 V) in electrical contact with the metal (EMIC). However, methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC. Because they do not produce HS-, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. To investigate the corrosion potential of methanogens, we studied the EMIC methanogenic strains isolated from marine sediments (Methanobacterium-affiliated strain IM1) and crude oil tanks (Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10), in an in-house developed flow-through cell to simulate a fluctuating environment. A co-culture of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis was also established to study the effect of syntrophic growth on metal corrosion that may occur in industrial pipelines. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion due to coupled methanogenesis (up to 0.4 mm/yr) are higher to that caused by the marine SRM Desulfovibrio alaskensis (0.15 mm/yr). Surface analyses of the metal showed severe pitting with high methane production. Genomic analysis of the EMIC methanogen M. maripaludis Mic1c10 will provide an insight on the mechanisms of MIC. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC. T2 - VAAM- Annual Conference 2019 of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 17.03.2019 KW - HI-Tension KW - MIC KW - Methanogens KW - Corrosion KW - Sulfate reducing bacteria PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Herrmann, Annett T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using simulated marine environments under flowing conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in offshore industries, such as the oil and gas pipelines, due to the high concentrations of sulfate in the seawater. SRM act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide (HS-), and by withdrawal of the available electrons (Fe --> Fe2+ + 2e-; E° = -0.47 V) in electrical contact with the metal (EMIC). However, methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC. Because they do not produce HS-, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. To investigate the corrosion potential of methanogens, we studied the EMIC methanogenic strains isolated from marine sediments (Methanobacterium-affiliated strain IM1) and crude oil tanks (Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10), in an in-house developed flow-through cell to simulate a fluctuating environment. A co-culture of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis was also established to study the effect of syntrophic growth on metal corrosion that may occur in industrial pipelines. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion due to coupled methanogenesis (up to 0.4 mm/yr) are higher to that caused by the marine SRM Desulfovibrio alaskensis (0.15 mm/yr). Surface analyses of the metal showed severe pitting with high methane production. Genomic analysis of the EMIC methanogen M. maripaludis Mic1c10 will provide an insight on the mechanisms of MIC. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC.zeige weniger T2 - Dechema CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.04.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion products KW - Methanogens KW - Sulfate reducing bacteria KW - Flow-system KW - Environmental simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Kunstgüter in Vitrinen: was helfen Materialuntersuchungen gemäß BEMMA-Schema? N2 - Moderne Vitrinen sollen gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtigkeit und die Abwesenheit jeglicher Fremdstoffe in den Vitrinen gewährleisten. Diese Anforderungen sind zeitgleich kaum erfüllbar, da es emissionsfreie Materialien (vor allem Kleb- und Beschichtungsstoffe) nicht gibt. Um die potentiellen Emissionen zu minimieren wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt, welches inzwischen als BEMMA-Schema (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) in die Museumswelt Einzug genommen hat. Die erfolgreiche Bewertung der für den Bau verwendeten Materialien gemäß BEMMA-Schema resultiert nicht in einer emissionsfreien Vitrine, sondern soll bei der Auswahl geeigneter Materialien zur Herstellung möglichst emissionsarmer Vitrinen helfen. Konkrete handwerkliche Durchführungen beim Bau, Dichtheits-anforderungen, wie auch die Aufstellbedingungen (Umgebung der Vitrine) beeinflussen die Emissionscharakteristik der fertigen Vitrine in der Praxis. Eine saubere Vitrine hilft nichts in einer belasteten Umgebung oder auch bei emittierenden Exponaten. Inzwischen liegen Erfahrungen mit dem Schema seit 2012 vor. Der Messablauf sieht vor, dass von den Materialien kleine Muster mit der Mikrokammer (Markes) innerhalb von 2 Tagen untersucht werden. Dabei wird mit Silikagelkartuschen auf Ameisen- und Essigsäure, mit DNPH auf Aldehyde und Ketone und mit Tenax® sowohl auf VOC als auch für die spezifische Oxim-Analytik die Abluft der Mikrokammern untersucht. Die Bewertungskriterien basieren auf den Ergebnissen einer Vorstudie mit ca. 150 verschiedenen Produkten im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012. T2 - 12. Fachkongress der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) CY - Hallstadt (Bamberg), Germany DA - 17.10.2019 KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrinen PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49327 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Reger, Christian T1 - LA-ICP-MS- und RFA-Messungen für die Bestimmung von polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln(PBFSM) in Polystyrol- und Polypropylenproben N2 - Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umwelt-beständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe (polybromierte Flammschutzmittel) in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden. T2 - Kolloquium "Aquatische Ökologie" CY - Essen, Germany DA - 27.11.2019 KW - Umweltsimulation KW - PBFSM KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - RFA PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49975 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks - Black fungi from biofilms on material-atmosphere interface N2 - Interface between the atmosphere and mineral substrates is the oldest terrestrial habitat. Morphologically simple microbial biofilms were the first settlers on these inhospitable surfaces at times when the Earth was inhabited only by microorganisms and the solid substrates represented only by natural rock surfaces i.e. lithosphere. Miniature, self-sufficient microbial ecosystems continue to develop on subaerial (i.e. air-exposed) solid surfaces at all altitudes and latitudes where direct contact with the atmosphere and solar radiation occurs – on rocks, mountains, buildings, monuments, solar panels. All these sub-aerial biofilms develop under fluctuating and hostile conditions – and thus frequently harbour stress-tolerant black fungi inherently able to cope with the stresses of bright sunlight and constantly changing atmospheric conditions. Black fungi – a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes– accumulate the dark pigment DHN melanin, diverse carotenoids and mycosporines in their cells and thus successfully colonise sunlight-flooded habitats from phyllosphere to rock surfaces. Various chemical and physical extremes and fluctuating environments belong to the challenges effectively mastered by black fungi. In our laboratory we isolate novel black fungi from man-made habitats like building materials and solar panels. Using Knufia petricola A95 as a model we conduct experiments to clarify interactions of black fungi with inorganic substrates. We use available mutants to determine the functional consequences of changes in the outer cell wall envelopes – from excreted EPS to layers of protective pigments. A genetic toolbox to manipulate this Chaetothyriales representative is in further development. Our long-term goal is to understand the fundamental mechanisms how black fungi are able (i) to adhere to dry atmosphere-exposed surfaces, (ii) to survive multiple stresses and (iii) to change the underlying substrates including rocks. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - São José dos Campos, Brazil DA - 19.05.2019 KW - Subaerial biofilm KW - Melanins KW - Carotenoids KW - Knufia KW - Mineral weathering PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks and other hard surfaces N2 - The story of how black fungi survive harsh conditions on sun-exposed desert rocks and material surfaces is fascinating. In the presentation examples of how knowledge of these organisms can be of practical value (e.g., in biodeterioration studies, such as on stone markers in cemeteries) would be given. Among other stories, the example of how roof tiles amended with a titanium oxide layers as a biocide actually selected for the black fungi will be told. A hypothesis about how these organisms would likely be found on solar panels and some early BAM work in that area will be presented. This then brings the connection to a study ripe for investigation in North Carolina. The talk presents the development of a study aiming at deciphering the influence of microbial biofilm formation on the energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels or modules at two facilities (one facility under the impact of high intensity of animal agriculture and high deposition of ammonia from atmosphere and the other with low animal agriculture and lower atmospheric ammonia deposition) in North Carolina. The main hypothesis of the study is that microbial biofilm formation on solar photovoltaic panels will lead to significant decreases in energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic modules and biofilm formation will also be accelerated by high ammonia concentration in the ambient atmosphere and high nitrogen deposition. T2 - Dr. Michael D. Aitken Symposium CY - Chapel Hill, NC, USA DA - 08.11.2019 KW - Black fungi KW - Solar panel KW - Biofilm PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Mantelverordnung - aktueller Stand N2 - Hintergrund, Inhalt und Ziele sowie aktueller Stand der Mantelverordnung T2 - Thomas Baustoffthemen - Zukünftiges Recycling CY - Jena, Germany DA - 21.02.2019 KW - Mantelverordnung PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48074 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Material analysis of manuscripts: methodological introduction N2 - Natural sciences play auxiliary role in the studies of manuscripts. The success of their contribution depends strongly on the formulation of the question and the choice of the methods to obtain the requested answer. Therefore, one should try to go beyond the understanding of the basic principles of the scientific analysis. We will start with a glance at the basic principles of the techniques used in the material science for determination of the elemental composition (X-ray emission) and molecular composition (FTIR & Raman). We will move then to the bench and mobile equipment commonly used in the field of cultural heritage. At the end we will choose a question to be answered and design an ideal experiment that will be modified according to the limitations dictated by on-site conditions. In the ateliers in the afternoon we will a) compare two XRF devices that differ in their spatial resolution; b) use a high resolution microscope (Keyence) to obtain a close look at writing surfaces and materials; c) we will learn to determine the type of the inks with the help of another microscope (DinoLite AD413T-12V), a usb microscope with visible, UV and NIR illumination; d) we will learn to use FTIR-ATR device for determination of the type of the writing surface; e) We will use mobile Raman device for identification of pigments. T2 - Summer School: Manusciences19 CY - Frejus, France DA - 10.03.2019 KW - Material science KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of historic inks: From antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - While studying the history of inks, division 4.5 of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. One of them, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) aims primarily at establishing the fingerprints of inks containing metals, making it possible to distinguish among different inks. Our research aims primarily at recreating a socio-geographic history of inks, parchment, and papyrus and includes the comparative analysis of the writing materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ink and papyrus in Ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, and inks in documents from various contemporary medieval communities in Fustat (first nucleus of Cairo) as well as other medieval Jewish and Armenian communities. The presentation shows the panorama of historic inks and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Age. T2 - Kolloqium CY - KIT, Germany DA - 17.05.2019 KW - historic inks PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48131 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls N2 - Our study is dedicated to non-destructive characterization of the support and the inks of the DSS. To that aim we use micro-XRF, 3D- SY-XRF, different IR methods including synchrotron radiation based reflectance spectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy. The lecture discusses advantages and the shortcomings of the non-destructive testing approach. T2 - Seminar CY - Freie Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 04.02.2019 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Materialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an Qumranrollen N2 - Heute stimmen die meisten Gelehrten und Historiker darin überein, dass die Höhlen von Qumran eine Essener-Bibliothek beherberg-ten. Über ihren Ursprung, sowie die Herkunft der einzelnen Schriften, wird noch immer rege debattiert. Der aktuelle Beitrag präsentiert detaillierte Lösungsansätze zu Klärung der Provenienzfrage der Schriftrollen von Qumran. T2 - Vorlesungsreihe CY - Freie Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 14.01.2019 KW - Qumranrollen PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48133 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Measurement of particle emissions in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes and its potential for in-situ process monitoring N2 - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production especially for complex and lightweight structures or functional designs. In L PBF processes several by-products including welding plume and its condensates, spatter and ejected powder are generated during laser exposure. Investigations of micro- and nano-sized by-products have received little attention in literature. This study focuses on the analysis of particle emissions in L PBF of 316L stainless steel using a scattered light aerosol spectrometer and a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer during the process which allows for in-situ analysis of particle sizes in the range of 6 nm to 100 µm. A distinct correlation of emission signals to part position can be revealed. In addition, a significant influence of laser scanning vector directions on emission signals is presented. Furthermore, differing powder layer thicknesses can be recognised by deviations in emission signals. T2 - Euro PM2019 CY - Maastricht, The Netherlands DA - 13.10.2019 KW - Aerosol measurements KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) KW - Additive Manufacturing (AM) KW - Spatter KW - Fume KW - Plume KW - Particle gas emission PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49387 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Microbiology / biofilms in material research and testing N2 - In the modern world there is an increased understanding that design and performance monitoring of materials have to be tested in connection to chemical, physical and (micro)biological challenges. A systematic study on how biofilms interact with materials and what could be done to engineer biofilms and/or materials in order to maximize the resistance of the material (surface) or the resistance the biofilm-modified material (bulk) is in strong need. In the Department “Materials and the Environment” of the BAM new experimental platform is being developed. With the help of different type of device for high throughput and microbiologically-controlled environment simulation we establish a new approach to clarify the mechanisms of biofilm/material interactions. Despite the focus on fundamental research, the main results of this project proposal will be transferable into material technology and construction chemistry and will influence the development of standardization in this topic. As the interactions of biofilms and materials have implications for most constructions as well as climate change, the results of the research generates additional value. T2 - Initialgespräch - DFG-Forschungsgruppe "Mikrobiologie/Biofilme" CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 14.11.2019 KW - Biofilm KW - Microbiology KW - Black fungi KW - Solar panel PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Brown, J. A1 - Hardie, K. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Model systems and sample preparation for surface characterisation of bacteria and biofilms by near-ambient pressure XPS N2 - Bacterial samples are typically freeze dried or cryo-prepared prior to XPS analysis to allow for measurements in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The sample environment in the near-ambient pressure (NAP) XPS instrument EnviroESCA allows for measurements in up to 15 mbar water vapor, thus, sample preparation is no longer restricted to UHV-compatible techniques. For instance, biofilms grown in medium can be transferred directly from the medium to the measurements chamber, maintaining a humid environment throughout the measurements. Considering the complexity of bacterial samples, sample preparation must be carefully considered in order to obtain meaningful and reproducible results. In this talk, various strategies for sample preparation of bacteria and biofilms for NAP-XPS measurements will be discussed. Model systems of planktonic bacteria, artificial biofilms resembling the exopolysaccharide matrix and biofilms have been characterised in various conditions. The stability and homogeneity of the samples was assessed by monitoring the C1s core level peak at different sample locations. The quality of the XPS-spectra is also influenced by the gas environment, which will be exemplified by core level spectra of P. Fluorescens acquired in air, water vapor and ultra-high vacuum. T2 - 18th European conference on applications of surface and interface analysis (ECASIA) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 15.09.2019 KW - NAP-XPS KW - Biofilms KW - Bacteria KW - E. coli KW - XPS PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, Rene A1 - Szuppa, Tony T1 - Monitoring of soil-like materials for potential reuse N2 - Paragraphs 6 to 8 of the proposed amendment to the German Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance contain new requirements regarding the application of soil-like material outside of a rootable soil layer. For example, it is intended to enable reusing of soil-like materials containing regulated substances in concentrations between the single and double precautionary values (PV), provided that the limit values for the eluate are complied with. The aim of a running project (funding code UFOPLAN 3716 74 203 0, German Federal Environmental Agency) is to fill data deficits for soil-like materials which meet the above-mentioned criteria to promote circular economy and conservation of natural resources. Different soil-like materials of various origin (for example dredged material, banquet peeling material, urban and meadow soils) are considered with a special focus on PAHs. A major challenge in sample acquisition is the relatively narrow target range of the PAH content between 3 and 6 mg/kg dm considering a high measurement uncertainty at this concentration level. The contents of PAHs, heavy metals and other inorganic elements in solid matter are determined following established standards. In addition, the soil-like materials are characterized concerning particle size, pH, conductivity, SOM, TOC and carbonate content. To determine the eluate concentration, column tests according to DIN 19528 and batch tests according to DIN 19529 at a liquid/solid ratio (L/S) of 2 l/kg and 10 l/kg are performed comparatively. The results show that the new requirements of the planned amendment to the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance certainly opens additional possibilities for reuse of soil-like materials. Even most soil-like materials within 2-3 x PV comply with the eluate value for PAH (0.2 μg/l) both in the batch test and in the column test at L/S 2 l/kg. Selected inorganic substances lead to similar evaluations. Therefore, the application of such soil-like materials outside of rootable soil layers would be possible. Previously, those materials were often used for landfill construction. In the future, a utilization in the adjacent environment by backfilling, recultivation, renaturation, composting or landscaping would be conceivable. T2 - AquaConSoil 2019 -Sustainable Use and Management of Soil, Sediment and Water Resources CY - Antwerp, Belgium DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Soil-like materials KW - Utilization KW - Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection KW - PAH PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Nationale und internationale Normung - was ist wichtig, was ist neu N2 - Normativ ist der Holzschutz in Deutschland durch die DIN 68800-Reihe geregelt. Die Normungsarbeit in CEN/TC 38 bildet dafür den Rahmen, der national angepasst und fachspezifisch erweitert wurde. Zusammen mit dem Kommentar ergeben beide ein in Europa einzigartiges Regelkompendium im Holzschutz. In Zukunft wird die Regelsetzung noch stärker durch internationale Zusammenarbeit bestimmt sein. Der interkontinentalen Marktöffnung sollten Verständigungen auf gemeinsame Qualitätsstandards vorausgehen. T2 - Holzschutztagung Deutsche Bauchemie 2019 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 21.11.2019 KW - Normung KW - Europa KW - Holzschutz PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49724 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Non-invasive Identifizierung von Pigmenten in modernen Hinterglasbildern (1905-1955) - Highlights aus der Hinterglasforschung N2 - Im Rahmen des Projektes „Hinterglasmalerei als Technik der Klassischen Moderne von 1905 – 1955“, welches vom Museum Penzberg – Sammlung Campendonk, Penzberg (Gisela Geiger und Diana Oesterle) geleitet wurde und in Zusammenarbeit mit der freischaffenden Restauratorin Simone Bretz, der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Doerner Institut erfolgte, konnte im Rahmen einer Promotion erstmals ein Konvolut von mehr als 60 Hinterglasbildern mit nicht-invasiven Analysemethoden untersucht werden. Die eingesetzten Verfahren ermöglichten die Identifizierung der Pigmente und eine Klassifizierung der verwendeten Bindemittel. Die materialwissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der Hinterglaskunst in ihrer Vielfalt ist ein relativ junges Forschungsfeld. Lange wurde ihr mit Unkenntnis, Missverständnis und sogar Geringschätzung begegnet. Im kunsthistorischen Kontext wurde diese Art der Kaltmalerei zumeist mit dem Begriff der Glasmalerei belegt und nicht als eigenständige Kunstform anerkannt, da in beiden Fällen Glas als Bildträger seinen Einsatz findet. In der Hinterglasmalerei wird die Tafelrückseite mit organisch gebundenen Malfarben verziert und das Werk ausschließlich bei auffallendem Licht betrachtet. Die künstlerische Herausforderung liegt immer in der technischen Notwendigkeit eines umgekehrten Malvorganges: die oberste, durch das Glas sichtbare Schicht muss zuerst auf den Bildträger Glas aufgetragen werden, der optische Hintergrund wird zuletzt aufgebracht. Im Vergleich zum Tafelbild, bei dem die Malerei erst durch den Firnisauftrag Tiefenlicht erhält, entfalten die Farben in der Hinterglasmalerei bereits beim Malen ihre Intensität und erhalten gleichzeitig Schutz durch den gläsernen Bildträger (Bretz et al. 2016). Neben der kunstgeschichtlichen und kunsttechnologischen Bearbeitung der Hinterglasbilder spielten materialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an einer Auswahl von 66 Bildern im Rahmen des von der VolkswagenStiftung finanzierten Forschungsprojektes eine zentrale Rolle. Grundsätzlich wurde ein nicht-invasiver Ansatz gewählt, um die fragilen Kunstwerke in-situ zu messen und somit einen Transport zu vermeiden. Die Methodik umfasst neben VIS-Spektrometrie in Reflexion und energiedispersiver Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) auch Infrarotspektroskopie in diffuser Reflexion (DRIFTS) und Raman-Spektroskopie. Mit Hilfe des gewählten methodischen Ansatzes lassen sich sowohl anorganische als auch organische Pigmente identifizieren und die Zusammensetzung von Metallfarben und Folien sowie die Glaszusammensetzung qualitativ bestimmen. Ferner ermöglicht die DRIFT-Spektroskopie eine Klassifizierung der Bindemittel. Die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes analysierten Hinterglasbilder können folgendermaßen chronologisch gruppiert werden: 1910-1919 (17 Bilder), 1920-1929 (18 Bilder), 1930-1939 (6 Bilder), 1940-1949 (7 Bilder), 1950-1955 (13 Bilder) und >1955 (5 Bilder). Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse ermöglicht grundsätzliche Aussagen über die verwendeten Malmaterialien in Hinterglasbildern in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und zeigt Änderungen der verwendeten Pigmente im zeitlichen Kontext auf. Während der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts kamen viele neue Pigmente und Malmaterialien auf den Markt, wobei speziell die synthetischen organischen Pigmente (SOP) zu nennen sind. Eine Vielzahl an SOP konnte in Hinterglasbildern aus allen Zeitgruppen identifiziert werden, wobei hier vor allem Farblacke aus synthetischem Alizarin (PR83), Vertreter der roten und orangen β-Naphthol Pigmente [(z.B. PR3, PR4, PO5 (in Nächtliche Fahrt, 1921 von L. Hildebrandt nachgewiesen)], die blauen und grünen Kupferphthalocyanine [z.B. PG7, PB15 (taucht ab 1949 in Hinterglasbildern auf)] und einige gelbe Azopigmente [z.B. PY1, PY3, PY12 (in Geneigter Mädchenkopf, 1941 von Oskar Schlemmer gefunden)] aufzuführen sind (Steger et al. 2018; Steger et al. 2019a). Einige seltene SOP der Triarylcarboniumgruppe konnten ebenso nachgewiesen werden. Darunter fallen neben der Identifizierung von PR81 (Ohne Titel, 1954, M. Uhlenhuth) auch die erstmaligen Nachweise von PV2 (Hahn, um 1945, L.-G. Buchheim) und PG1 (Exzellente und einmalige Dressuren, 1945/46, L.-G. Buchheim) in Kunstwerken überhaupt (Steger et al. 2018; Steger et al. 2019a). Ferner konnten mit PB52 aus der Gruppe der Anthrachinone und PR60 aus der Gruppe der verlackten Naphthalin-Sulfonsäure-Pigmente weitere seltene SOP in den Bildern Rudern (um 1912) beziehungsweise Apokalyptischer Reiter II (1914) von Wassily Kandinsky nachgewiesen werden (Steger et al. 2019b). Neben den Entwicklungen der SOP können auch eindeutige Trends in den anorganischen Pigmenten veranschaulicht werden. Seltene anorganische Pigmente wie zum Beispiel Strontiumweiß (SrSO4) in der Kreuzabnahme (1914/15) von Carlo Mense (Steger et al. 2019c) wurden identifiziert. Neu entwickelte anorganische Pigmente wie zum Beispiel Cadmiumrot (Cd(S,Se); ab 1928 in 11 Hinterglasbildern nachgewiesen) oder Titanweiß (TiO2; Anatas kommt ab 1922 vor, Rutil konnte nur in Kissen der Träume, 1976 von Werner Schriefers identifiziert werden) tauchen in einigen Hinterglasbildern auf. Schweinfurter Grün (3Cu(AsO2)2·Cu(CH3COO)2) oder Strontiumgelb (SrCrO4) wurden in einigen Bildern bis etwa um 1925 gefunden; diese Pigmente konnten dagegen in späteren Bildern nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Als Beispiel sind hier vier frühe Hinterglasbilder (1909–1914) von Wassily Kandinsky zu nennen, wobei Strontiumgelb in vielen Bildpartien zu finden war (Steger et al. 2019b). Publizierte materialwissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Kandinskys Leinwandgemälden aus späteren Werksperioden zeigen, dass Strontiumgelb zu dieser Zeit vollkommen aus seiner Palette verschwunden ist und vor allem durch ein anderes Gelbpigment, nämlich Cadmiumgelb, ersetzt wurde (McMillan et al. 2013). Eine materialtechnische Besonderheit in der Hinterglaskunst ist die Verwendung von Metallfolien und Metalleffektpigmenten. Metallfolien aus Silber, Zinn, Aluminium oder Messing wurden vielfach als künstlerisches Element in die Komposition integriert, wobei sie als finale Schicht auf, die bereits gestaltete, leicht transparente Malerei geklebt wurden. Durch die Betrachtung im auffallenden Licht erzeugten die Folien bemerkenswerte Glitzereffekte. Zinn- und Aluminiumfolien wurden zum Beispiel in Rudern (um 1912, W. Kandinsky) nachgewiesen, während Messingfolien häufig in Bildern von L.-G. Buchheim gefunden wurden. Die Zinnfolien wurden im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert für Verpackungszwecke (z.B. Zigaretten, Schokolade) verwendet. Aluminiumfolie wurde erst ab 1910 industriell in der Schweiz hergestellt und zu Beginn vor allem für Schokoladenverpackungen eingesetzt (Skrabec 2016). Die frühe Verwendung solche Folien in Hinterglasbildern (z.B. Rudern, um 1912) zeigen eine rasche Verbreitung dieses Materials bei den Künstlern an. Unter Metalleffektpigmenten versteht man feingemahlene Pulver aus Metall (z.B. Zinn, Nickel, Kupfer) und Legierungen (z.B. Messing, Neusilber) mit unterschiedlichen Tönungen, welche bei seitlichem Lichteinfall auf Hinterglasbildern ein merkbares Funkeln erzeugen. Solche Metalleffektpigmente wurden vielfach bei Werken von Heinrich Campendonk nachgewiesen (Geiger und Bretz 2017) und konnten in allen chronologischen Gruppen gefunden werden. Grundsätzlich ermöglichen die Ergebnisse ein besseres Verständnis für die Technik der Hinterglasmalerei und helfen insbesondere, diese eigenständige Kunst im Hinblick auf die „klassische“ Tafel- bzw. Leinwandmalerei abzugrenzen. So zeigen Vergleiche mit Gemälden auf Leinwand von Wassily Kandinsky deutliche Unterschiede in den verwendeten Farbmitteln für beide Techniken. Die Anzahl von 66 gemessenen Hinterglasbildern von 39 Künstlern erscheint im Kontext von über 1200 Arbeiten, welche im Rahmen des Projektes lokalisiert werden konnten, gering. Allerdings können die durchgeführten Untersuchungen als Startpunkt für zukünftige Projekte in diesem Forschungsfeld, beispielsweise für einzelne Werkkomplexe verstanden werden. Die Forschungsergebnisse werden auf die Webseite www.hinterglas-klassischemoderne.de eingestellt. Im Sommer 2020 präsentiert das Museum Penzberg – Sammlung Campendonk Hinterglasbilder von 1910 bis 1960 als Abschlussausstellung des Forschungsprojektes. Die Ausstellung wird von einem ausführlichen Katalog über die fächerübergreifende Forschung begleitet. Für Herbst 2020 ist ein Hinterglas-Symposium an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Berlin im Rahmen eines N.i.Ke. Workshops geplant. T2 - Jahrestagung Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2019 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.09.2019 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - DRIFTS PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49259 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Hecht, Lutz T1 - Novel approaches to Sc species investigation in bauxite residues by x ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy N2 - In a rapidly evolving world, the demand on raw materials is increasing steadily and many technologies are dependent on a secure supply of hi-tech metals. Recently, scandium (Sc) has attracted attention since its use in high strength Al-alloys and solid-oxide-fuel-cells strongly improves the performance of those materials. The element Sc is not exceptionally rare but quite resistant to geochemical enrichment processes, it is scarcely found enriched to high concentrations and is recovered as a by-product. Since Sc enrichment in Greek bauxite residues was shown by Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou et. al (1994), intensive research on this material and development of efficient Sc-recovery methods is ongoing. This study investigates Sc-bearing species in bauxite residues from alumina production. It aims to provide direct evidence about the Sc-speciation’s in those secondary resources and tries to find the link to speciation’s in primary resources, e.g. bauxites and laterites. Therefore, Sc K edge XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) spectroscopy is performed using synchrotron radiation to determine the presence of certain Sc-components and distinguish between adsorbed and chemically bonded Sc as was shown for lateritic deposits in Australia by Chassé et al. 2016. For comparison, reference standards of Sc-bearing and Sc-adsorbed species are synthesized. Indirect inferences from leaching behavior of bauxites, in cases supported by analyses with LA-ICP-MS, suggest Sc to be associated with either iron- or aluminum phases (Vind et al. 2017); (Suss et al.). It remains unclear how different primary materials influence Sc-speciation in the bauxite residue. Therefore, a comparison between different European bauxite residues is made in this study. The investigations should help to understand Sc chemistry and behavior in different primary and secondary materials and provide fundamentals for metallurgical processing. The research is incorporated in the SCALE project (GA No. 730105) funded by EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. T2 - DMG Tagung GeoMünster CY - Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany DA - 22.09.2019 KW - Scandium KW - Bauxite Residue KW - Red Mud KW - XANES PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution: Comparability of measurement results N2 - OECD-Prüfrichtlinien werden weltweit für regulatorische Zwecke angewandt, da sie eine harmonisierte und über internationale Ringversuche validierte Vorschrift zur Analyse vorgeben. Die bestehende Prüfrichtlinie TG 110 zur Größencharakterisierung von Partikeln und Fasern ist für viele Methoden und Materialklassen nicht geeignet, weswegen es Bedarf an einer Neuentwicklung gibt. Im Fokus der neuen TG steht die reproduzierbare und vergleichbare Anwendung von Methoden zur Bestimmung von Partikelgröße sowie Größenverteilung annährend sphärischer und faserförmiger Nanomaterialien im Bereich 1-1000 nm. Berücksichtigt werden die häufig angewandten Methoden zur Größencharakterisierung mit ihren unterschiedlichen physikalisch-technischen Limitierungen und die Bestimmung unterschiedlicher Durchmesser (hydrodynamischer, Feret…). Weiterhin sind materialspezifische Einflüsse durch die Partikel sowie das Messmedium zu berücksichtigen. Jede der Methoden soll unter Berücksichtigung von ISO-Standards und den materialspezifischen Limitierungen in der neuen Prüfrichtlinie beschrieben und über einen Ringversuch validiert werden. T2 - BAM BfR Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.03.2019 KW - OECD KW - Nanoparticle KW - Particle Size KW - Nano KW - Characterization PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Pokharel, R. A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Wirth, R. A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Benning, L. G. A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Feldmann, Ines T1 - Olivine weathering by the genetically amenable rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola A95 N2 - In arid sun-exposed environments, rock-inhabiting fungi dominate microbial communities on rock surfaces. Fungi are known to enhance rock weathering, although the exact mechanisms are not completely understood. These natural processes can be simulated by reproducible experimental systems. Particularly attractive are genetically amenable rock-weathering fungi, where certain traits can be knocked-out to identify weathering-relevant functions. Here, we studied the effect of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola A95 and its melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) on the weathering of a Fe-bearing olivine. We examined the olivine dissolution kinetics and looked at the olivine-fungus interface. For the former we inoculated olivine powder with the fungus in batch and mixed flow reactors and analysed the medium solution by ICP-OES, for the latter biofilm-covered olivine sections from flow-through reactors were analysed by FIB-TEM. In general olivine dissolution was lower when olivine was incubated without fungi: the abiotic olivine dissolution rates were lowest and the surface of the abiotically reacted olivine sections showed no etching. Various chemical analyses show Fe (oxyhydr)oxide precipitation on top of the abiotically reacted olivine, indicating its role in inhibiting olivine dissolution. Both the wild type (WT) and ΔKppks solubilised and bound significant amounts of Fe released by olivine dissolution. Fe (oxyhydr)oxide precipitation was thus reduced, explaining the enhanced olivine dissolution in their presence. Particularly efficient at preventing Fe precipitation were attached WT cells: the inhibition of olivine dissolution almost completely disappeared. The attachment capacity of the WT is most likely caused by the production of WT-specific extracellular polymeric substances. Our presented experimental systems allowed the precipitation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and included a rock-inhabiting fungus and thus simulated weathering processes relevant to natural ecosystems. T2 - ISEB 2019 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 23.09.2019 KW - Olivine KW - Weathering KW - Fungus PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Overview on the EMPIR Project "AEROMET" N2 - Overview on the ongoing EU EMPIR Project "AEROMET" Aerosol Metrology for Atmospheric Science and Air Quality, Overview on preliminary resuilts in Workpackages 3 "Calibration of MPSS and CPCs" and 4 "Quantifying airborne particle compositions in the field" T2 - Meeting des ISO TC24/SC4, Joint session of Working Groups 9 "Single particle light interaction methods" and 12 "Electrical mobility and number concentration analysis for aerosol particles" CY - Graz, Austria DA - 11.04.2019 KW - Ambient air pollution KW - EU EMPIR KW - Chemical analysis KW - Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy KW - Airborne Particles PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Paper: history, manufacture, properties N2 - The lecture traces the origins of paper, the manufacture and the spread from China to the Middle East and Europe. Though technological progress considerably affected each step of the manufacture of paper, the essence of the invention remains unchanged until today. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can be divided into a number of steps: - choosing the raw material (e.g. cellulose from wood, cotton, rags) - beating and grinding the fibres into small pieces - producing a liquid pulp of the desired texture - treating the pulp with various additives - filling the pulp suspension into a paper mould - draining the water - pressing and drying to get the actual sheet - various post-production treatments We will see how the manufacturing process is reflected in the properties of the paper and its degradation. A special attention will be paid to the instrumental analysis for identification of the paper types. Also watermark play an important role in the studies of the manuscripts. A short overview will be offered at the ends of the lecture. T2 - Summer School Manusciences 19 CY - Frejus, France DA - 10.03.2019 KW - Material science KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48140 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dietz, Georg T1 - Papieranalysen für die kunstgeschichtliche Forschung N2 - Wasserzeichen und Papierstrukturen können einen wesentlichen Beitrag bei der Analyse von Kunstobjekten auf Papier darstellen. An Fallbeispielen aus der gutachterlichen Praxis und Forschungsprojekten der Vergangenheit sollen die Möglichkeiten der Papier- und Wasserzeichenforschung bei Datierungen und Authentizitätsprüfungen demonstriert werden. T2 - PTS-Workshop in Heidenau zu Thema: Materialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethoden zur Charakterisierung und Authentifizierung von Dokumenten und Kunstwerken auf Papier CY - Dreden-Heidenau, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Papier KW - Fälschungserkennung KW - ZfP PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50634 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Parchment N2 - This lecture will present history of parchment based on written sources and chemical examination of antique, medieval and modern parchment. Our studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls writing surfaces show that they can be divided roughly into three groups: leather, parchments of a light tint, and those of various shades of brown. The latter ones are invariably tanned, whereas the middle group is characterized by the presence of various inorganic salts. Some of the pale parchments, among them the Temple Scroll (11Q19), are remarkably similar to medieval European parchment. Therefore we have formulated the working theory that in the Judaea of the Hellenistic period two different parchment-making traditions existed side by side: an ‘eastern’ one (represented by the tanned parchments of Qumran, closely resembling Aramaic documents from the fifth century BC, and a ‘western’ one (represented by the untanned/lightly tanned ones similar to early Christian Greek parchments). This division has found support during our studies of the Geniza fragments, in which Babylonian and Palestinian traditions seem to follow the “eastern” and “western” technologies, respectively. T2 - Sumer School: Manusciences19 CY - Frejus, France DA - 10.03.2019 KW - Parchment KW - Leather KW - Tanning PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -