TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Imaging micro-XRF in studies of manuscripts N2 - Availability of mobile XRF-equipment with an interaction spot of ca. 100 µm produced a revolution in the studies of manuscripts. A protocol for the use of line-scans introduced in the beginning of 2000 permitted large scale and extremely successful investigations of the medieval iron-gall inks. Here, we usually focus on a comparison of the characteristic metallic components in the inks. In our work, we encountered cases that could be adequately addressed only using large area imaging XRF. However, conducting an M6 scan on a bound manuscript or on a scroll of huge dimensions is not a simple and easy matter. In our presentation, we want to share our experience by presenting a series of the case studies, in which many an original solution was found. T2 - M6 JETSTREAM European User Meeting CY - London, GB DA - 03.04.2023 KW - Micro-XRF KW - Manuscripts KW - Imaging PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Authentic vs. inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis N2 - The paper seeks to illuminate the problem of identifying forgeries among the Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis. It will present the sum of our technical knowledge of the skin-based material of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which includes the original treatment of the skins and the resulting typology as well as degradation effects due to their sojourn in caves and post-discovery interventions. We will try then to list the characteristic properties that must be found in the authentic material. We will supplement the presentation with a short description of the relevant methods of material analysis and their contribution to the secure identification of inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Siciety of Biblical Literature CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.11.2022 KW - Dear Sea Scrolls KW - Forgery PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis - results N2 - The presentations describes the results obtained by material analysis of the writing materials. Their relevance in the field of digital editing and publishing is discussed. T2 - Communicating Revealed Texts: Best Practices for Born-Digital Editions Using Enhanced Imaging CY - Iowa City, IA, USA DA - 29.06.2024 KW - Writing materials KW - Manuscripts KW - Material analysis PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Ward, Aengus T1 - Centenary Paper: Of Inks and Scribes: The Composition of a Thirteenth-Century Castilian Manuscript – British Library Res 20787 N2 - This article presents the results of the first scientific analysis of the inks of a thirteenth-century Castilian manuscript – British Library Res 20787, a copy of the Fuero de las leyes. The analysis reveals the fingerprint of the inks used in the codex and points the way to future cross-disciplinary research based on a wider corpus of evidence. KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscript KW - Colorant KW - Cinnabar PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2024.56 SN - 1475-3839 VL - 101 SP - 703 EP - 720 PB - Liverpool University Press AN - OPUS4-61435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Z. A1 - Hennings, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Depreux, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black inks under examination. Part 2: a case study of Carolingian manuscripts N2 - With this paper, we would like to contribute to the study of black writing materials by investigating the black inks used in the manuscripts from monastic production in the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom, especially in the region of Lake Constance and in Bavaria and dated to the period between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The corpus under study contains manuscripts with formulae, i.e. model letters and charters, besides numerous other types of texts with no clear separation between them (for example by titles). Sixty-three manuscripts have been studied with the aim of reconstructing the history of both their copying and their use. To this aim, we adopted a non-invasive approach that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements, supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results obtained in this project are compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts with the general aim of understanding the use of black ink in medieval manuscripts. KW - Manuscript KW - Ink analysis KW - Carolingian PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.18919 SN - 2239-0243 VL - 56 SP - 105 EP - 113 AN - OPUS4-61582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Advances in Characterization of Written Heritage N2 - The session discusses three brances of teh work on the manuscripts: ink analysis, parchment analysis by proteomics (Matthew Collins) and lipids (Mélanie Roffet-Salque); revealing of hidden text using AI. The example of Vesuvium Challenge is presented and discussed by Bren Seales. T2 - Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research Gordon Research Conference CY - Vaud, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Written Heritage KW - Vesuvius challenge KW - Proteomics KW - Lipids PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Capasso, M. ED - Davoli, P. ED - Pellé, N. T1 - XRF Ink Analysis of Selected Fragments from the Herculaneum Collection of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P). KW - XRF KW - ink KW - Herculaneum KW - papyrus PY - 2022 UR - http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/29th_ICP/issue/view/1881 SN - 978-88-8305-177-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1285/i99788883051760 SP - 200 EP - 213 PB - Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento CY - Lecce AN - OPUS4-54756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Cohen, Zina T1 - Inks of the Bologna Scroll: A Preliminary Study N2 - Rotolo 2 at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, also known simply as the “Bologna Scroll,” is currently the oldest known complete Torah scroll without later replacement sheets or significant lacunae. The Bologna Scroll has some unusual scribal features. According to one opinion in the Babylonian Talmud, a Torah scroll must be written with carbon ink to be valid for liturgical use.12 The main inks of the Bologna Scroll are very black, and the inks of the marginal corrections in tiny letters are even blacker. In this study, eh inks were tested by means of XRF-spectroscopy and NIR imaging. Conreary to the expectations, the current tests have definitively determined that the Bologna Scroll was both written and corrected using multiple iron-gall inks. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1353/mns.2024.a945374 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 222 EP - 242 AN - OPUS4-62264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier T1 - XRF Ink analysis of selected fragments from the Herculaneum collection N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P). T2 - International Symposium on Archaeometry CY - Online meeting DA - 16.05.2022 KW - XRF KW - Ink KW - Herculaneum KW - Papyrus PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rimon, Hasia A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Fuller, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Conservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls N2 - The current state of preservation of the DSS results from the synergetic effect of various factors such as great age, post-discovery treatments, poor storage conditions, environmental influences and exhibitions. With rare exceptions, neither the initial state nor a list of the treatments performed on each DSS fragment is known. Reconstruction of the individual fragment history will have to rely upon advanced analytical techniques to identify the treatments and their effects. Management of the scrolls may be divided roughly into three periods: a) the scholarly archiving period, from 1948 to the mid-1960s; b) first attempts at conservation, from the mid-1960s to late-1980s; c) Israel Antiquities Authority Scrolls Lab, from 1991 onwards. KW - Preservation KW - Dead Sea Scrolls PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 102 EP - 105 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Ancient Inks N2 - In the last decade scientists and scholars have accumulated more knowledge on black ink used for writing in Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Ready availability of non-destructive testing instruments employed in interdisciplinary projects on historic manuscripts have made it possible to determine the composition of ink and to compare it with the extant records. KW - Writing Ink KW - Antiquity PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 117 EP - 120 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Non-invasive Analytic Tools in Studies of Manuscripts N2 - Physico-chemical analyses of writing materials offer insight into various questions associated with historical, cultural, and conservational aspects of manuscript studies. The catalogue of questions that can be addressed with these methods includes authenticity, dating, the attribution of various parts of the text to different scribes and the relation between the primary and secondary texts. Similarly, preservation of the manuscripts requires knowledge of the composition of the original materials versus old repairs, identification of damage, as well as recognition of natural aging and degradation processes. The material sciences can contribute data about the chemical compositions of the writing materials, elucidation of the techniques of their production and the absolute age of organic components, as well as characterization of corrosion effects, evaluation of conservation treatment, and monitoring of the preservation state. KW - Material Analysis KW - Manuscripts PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 114 EP - 116 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz T1 - Breaking the limits of the non-destructive instrumental analysis of writing inks N2 - The ink analysis protocol developed through cooperation between the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung in Berlin and the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures at the University of Hamburg involves the use of imaging techniques for ink screening, followed by spectroscopic analysis. In our presentation, we will begin by briefly reviewing the history of writing inks and discussing the three main categories: carbon-based inks, plant, and iron-gall inks. We will address their chronology, precursors, and mixed forms, as well as the features that allow for their identification. Then, we will present the techniques we use in ink analysis, whereby we would like to highlight the limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach. Finally, we will discuss the new mass-spectrometric method based on micro-sampling and using atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP). T2 - Future of the Past CY - Torun, Poland DA - 14.06.2023 KW - Ink analyses KW - Spectroscopy KW - Mass spectroscopy PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Binder, J. T1 - The marginal notes of Tosefta MS Erfurt N2 - Manuscript Erfurt 12 of the Tosefta (now Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. or. fol. 1220) is one of three major textual witnesses of the Tosefta. This manuscript has over 80 marginal notes which have not merited scholarly attention. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all the marginal notes, including an evaluation of their ink composition, a palaeographic assessment of the scripts, as well as a philological assessment of their contents. Combining these methodologies differentiates between the glosses of the scribe and those added by later hands and identifies their provenance, allowing us to trace the history of the manuscript via the emendations that took place in the scholarly communities in which the manuscript was studied. One of the important outcomes of the research is an early dating of the manuscript to eleventh-century Italy, overturning the scholarly view which dates the manuscript to twelfth-century Rhineland KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ink KW - NIR KW - XRF PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/jjs.2025.76.2.272 SN - 0022-2097 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 272 EP - 300 AN - OPUS4-64770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black ink from antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Il nostro lavoro di ricerca al BAM si concentra sul passaggio dagli inchiostri a base di fuliggine, comuni nell'antichità, agli inchiostri ferro-gallici, comunemente usati nel Medioevo. Con l'obiettivo di creare una storia dettagliata degli inchiostri neri, abbiamo elaborato un protocollo non invasivo per raccogliere dati statisticamente rilevanti sugli inchiostri da manoscritti datati e localizzati che coprono un ampio arco temporale e diverse aree geografiche. Il primo passo del nostro protocollo consiste nella selezione effettuata mediante riflettografia NIR e IRR. Le differenze ottiche tra gli inchiostri a base di carbonio, tannino e ferro-gallio sono meglio riconoscibili confrontando la loro risposta alla luce infrarossa: l'inchiostro a base di carbonio ha un colore nero intenso, l'inchiostro ferro-gallico diventa trasparente al di sopra dei 1400 nm e l'inchiostro a base di tannino scompare a circa 750 nm. abbiamo semplificato l'analisi utilizzando un piccolo microscopio USB con LED NIR (940 nm) e UV (395 nm) integrati, oltre a una fonte di luce bianca esterna. Confrontando le immagini sotto illuminazione bianca e nel vicino infrarosso, determiniamo la tipologia di inchiostro osservando i cambiamenti nell'opacità dell'inchiostro. In questo caso, gli inchiostri a base di carbonio non mostrano alcuna variazione di opacità quando illuminati con lunghezza d'onda NIR, mentre l'opacità degli inchiostri ferro-gallici cambia notevolmente e gli inchiostri tanninici diventano trasparenti. La nostra recente scoperta che gli inchiostri misti carbonio/ferro-gallici erano piuttosto diffusi nella tarda antichità e nell'alto Medioevo ci ha suggerito di tornare al metodo IRR convenzionale. Il secondo passo del protocollo prevede l'analisi micro-XRF per identificare i componenti inorganici dell'inchiostro. Nel caso degli inchiostri ferro-gallici, stabiliamo le impronte digitali, ovvero i rapporti caratteristici tra i componenti vitriolici dell'inchiostro e l'elemento principale, ferro. T2 - 1° SEMINARIO di studi dottorali CY - Benevento, Italy DA - 06.10.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Ink Analysis of Relic Texts N2 - The presentation will show the multitude of black writing inks in use during the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages in Europa and the Near East and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. Black writing inks in the period under consideration can be divided into three different classes: soot, tannin and iron-gall ink. The first one is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent, the second one is a solution of plant extract from tree barks or gallnuts, while the third one contains both soluble and insoluble phases. This last ink is based on metal (iron) and is produced by a chemical reaction of soluble iron (II) with tannin in aqueous solution. Tracing the transition from writing inks based on carbon pigments (soot or charcoal), common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM (Federal Institute of Material Analysis and Testing). In this context, we will discuss the results of the ink analysis obtained within the project “Crafting documents”. T2 - Heritage Science and Manuscripts from Antiquity and the Middle Ages CY - Oxford, United Kingdom DA - 13.11.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of afghanistan liturgical quire (ALQ) conducted at the BAM N2 - The lecture presents the results of the detailed material analysis of the inks and of the parchment of the Afghanistan Liturgical Quire (ALQ), conducted at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) in Berlin. Testing was conducted using the following techniques: 3-color photography, 3D-digital microscopy, scanning μ-X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), μ- Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. I will give a short explanation of the principles of the techniques and explain the choice of the instruments. The main task of our work at the BAM required characterization of the inks and comparison of the ink as well as the composition of parchment. For the ink characterization we have followed the protocol developed at the BAM. The standard protocol includes three non-invasive stages: a) near infrared photography (NIRR) to determine the ink type or its main component; b) X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) to determine a fingerprint for iron-gall inks or contaminants in carbon/plant inks; c) Raman spectroscopy if there is an indication that the inks are of a mixed type. For parchment characterization, we usually employ µ-XRF-mapping and FTIR to gain information on specific treatments experienced by the parchment during its preparation and history. T2 - 19th World Congress of Jewish Studies CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 04.08.2025 KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Parchment KW - Ink KW - XRF KW - NIR PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Studies of the black writing inks N2 - In recent years, the interest in the composition of the inks in papyri documents grew exponentially. Different types of inks were found in the period 4th century BCE to 7th century CE. The paper will demonstrate a simple protocol based on comparison of the ink transparency in the near infrared light and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The importance of including ink composition into new catalogues and possible formats of such data will be also presented and discussed. T2 - 31st International Congress of Papyrology CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 28.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink KW - Papyrus PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Inks in Early Medieval Manuscripts from Chelles: a Scientific Study N2 - The talk will start with the overview of the ink types and the methods of their characterisation. After displaying XRF spectra of different Carolingian inks the talk will discuss Chelles collection and the labels attributed to Chelles. We will concentrate then on the study of the Chelles manuscripts preserved in Cologne, Vatican and Paris. We will show that there is a good degree of coincidence between the inks of the Chelles manuscripts and the labels attributed to Chelles. We observe unusually early use of vitriolic ink north of the Alps. T2 - Leeds International Medieval Congress (IMC 2025) CY - Leeds, United Kingdom DA - 07.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Desvergnes, Amélie Couvrat A1 - Helman-Wazny, Agnieszka T1 - Sialkoti paper used by Pahari artists: Raw materials and fibre analysis N2 - This study aims to characterise the so-called Sialkoti paper used to produce Pahari drawings preserved today in the Wereldmuseum in Leiden (Netherlands) (WML). These works originate from the Punjab Hills in India (today Himachal Pradesh) and are commonly known as ‘Pahari miniature paintings’. The paper upon which these drawings are executed is said to have been produced in Sialkot during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when papermaking was an integral part of an overall regional economy correlated with other sectors such as agriculture and the textile industry. Although the term Sialkoti refers to identified papermills in Sialkot (now Pakistan), the paper from this region is yet to be subjected to a systematic study. This article therefore explores the paper(s) in question through macro- and microscopic observations of structure, pulp and fibres. The study of historical sources, complemented by the analysis of paper samples and fibre identification, has revealed that the pulp would have been prepared from a variety of manufactured products using different technologies, such as rags, cloth, mats, rope and other plant-based materials made from local bast fibres which, once tattered, were recycled to prepare the pulp. Microscopic study reveals that a variety of fibre combinations under different conditions and processing steps were used, in particular sunn hemp fibre (Crotalaria juncea L.), a plant species that has until now rarely been identified in historical paper. In addition, the presence of kenaf and jute fibres, as well as a significant quantity of cotton fibres, have also been demonstrated. To overcome the lack of comparative materials, our work was supported by a comparative study of several materials made from sunn hemp now held in the Ethnobotany Collection at Kew Gardens. Samples were taken from these materials and provided useful reference micrographs for the identification of the WML samples. The quality of the paper used by Pahari artists, as well as the raw materials available and their processing, are discussed in detail. Putting all the data, including technical and historical information into perspective, we conclude that the Pahari artists used a paper of inferior quality compared to other types of paper used for other purposes such as the creation of illuminated manuscripts in the Punjab plains. This study therefore provides useful analytical and material evidence that complements previous historical, technical and anthropological studies. KW - Sialkoti paper KW - Pahari drawings KW - Indian handmade paper KW - Sunn hemp KW - Fibre identification KW - Microscopy PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645216 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01360-9 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64521 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malefioudaki, Mariella A1 - Misra, Archismita A1 - Sbeity, Nadja A1 - Zueco-Vincelle, Juan A1 - Laguna-Bercero, Miguel A. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Martín-Rapún, Rafael A1 - Mitchell, Scott G. T1 - Multifunctional polyoxomolybdate ionic liquid coatings for mitigating microbiologically influenced corrosion N2 - Corrosion of metals and other materials in marine environments poses significant economic, operational, safety, and environmental challenges across the oil and gas industry, the renewable energy sector, and maritime infrastructure. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) accounts for a substantial portion of this corrosion, with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA) being key contributors. Conventional methods such as cathodic polarization have proven insufficient in mitigating the colonization of corrosive microbial communities in real marine environments, requiring the development of alternative, broad-spectrum antimicrobial strategies to prevent such biofilm formation. Recently, molybdate has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional biocides and nitrate. Our hypothesis is polyoxometalate-ionic liquids (POM-ILs), which exhibit antimicrobial and anticorrosion properties, could have a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than demonstrated until now and could be capable of shielding and protecting sensitive metal surfaces from the extreme acidic environments produced by MIC microorganisms. Here we show how two prototype polyoxomolybdate-based POM-ILs, [(CH3(CH2)6)4N]2[Mo6O19] and [(CH3(CH2)6)4N]4[Mo8O26], demonstrated antimicrobial activity at microgram per millilitre concentrations, prevented biofilm formation on metal surfaces, and provided resistance to corrosive acidic environments. Furthermore, impedance measurements were commensurate with electron microscopy studies showing that POM-IL-coated brass coupons withstood extremely corrosive environments. These proof-of-concept results demonstrate how multi-functional POM-IL coatings represent promising MIC mitigation solutions by providing a hydrophobic acid-resistant and biocidal protective layer that prevents biocolonisation and acidic corrosion by MIC microorganisms. KW - Polyoxometalates KW - Ionic liquid KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Heritage preservation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631951 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5mh00373c SN - 2051-6347 VL - 12 IS - 13 SP - 4648 EP - 4661 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-63195 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taghavi Kalajahi, Sara A1 - Misra, Archismita A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Nanotechnology to mitigate microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a crucial issue for industry and infrastructure. Biofilms are known to form on different kinds of surfaces such as metal, concrete, and medical equipment. However, in some cases the effect of microorganisms on the material can be negative for the consistency and integrity of the material. Thus, to overcome the issues raised by MIC on a system, different physical, chemical, and biological strategies have been considered; all having their own advantages, limitations, and sometimes even unwanted disadvantages. Among all the methods, biocide treatments and antifouling coatings are more common for controlling MIC, though they face some challenges. They lack specificity for MIC microorganisms, leading to cross-resistance and requiring higher concentrations. Moreover, they pose environmental risks and harm non-target organisms. Hence, the demand for eco-friendly, long-term solutions is increasing as regulations tighten. Recently, attentions have been directed to the application of nanomaterials to mitigate or control MIC due to their significant antimicrobial efficiency and their potential for lower environmental risk compared to the conventional biocides or coatings. Use of nanomaterials to inhibit MIC is very new and there is a lack of literature review on this topic. To address this issue, we present a review of the nanomaterials examined as a biocide or in a form of a coating on a surface to mitigate MIC. This review will help consolidate the existing knowledge and research on the use of nanomaterials for MIC mitigation. It will further contribute to a better understanding of the potential applications and challenges associated with using nanomaterials for MIC prevention and control. KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Biofilm KW - Biofouling KW - Nanobiocide KW - Nanocoating PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599335 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2024.1340352 SN - 2673-3013 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-59933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Helman-Wasny, Agnieszka ED - Martin, E. ED - Brox, T. ED - Lange, D. T1 - What makes ‘Tibetan paper’ Tibetan? Understanding the materiality of Tibetan paper N2 - Paper, as a writing support, is an integral element of the materiality of Tibetan books together with the technologies of their production. Analysis of the material features of the paper used in Tibetan written artefacts can help us to unravel their provenance, which is often unknown. First, however, we need a relatively clear understanding of the characteristic features of paper produced within particular book cultures and geographical regions at particular periods of time. This chapter offers a starting point by discussing the general characteristics of paper that originated in Tibet. Drawing on macro- and microscopic studies, it highlights the wide variety of paper types that have been used as writing supports in Tibetan written artefacts, before examining in more detail the raw materials, papermaking technologies and processes, and writing surface preparations that might justify the descriptor ‘Tibetan’ and thus grant Tibetan identity to paper. KW - Written artefacts KW - Paper KW - Tibet PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-649288 SN - 978-3-98887-016-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.11588/hasp.1522 SP - 113 EP - 146 PB - Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing (HASP) CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-64928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - The Temple Scroll: Reconstructing an Ancient Manufacturing Practice N2 - The presentation shows the studies of ancient parchment and leather conducted by the authors within last 20 years. Presentation specifically focusses on poduction of the parchment of the Temple scroll. The practice unites the early production of modern parchment with the lost way of skin splitting. T2 - The Temple Scroll: A Research Colloquium CY - New York City, USA DA - 24.02.2025 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment KW - Tanning PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lange, D. A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Martin, E. ED - Brox, T. ED - Lange, D. T1 - Materials and materiality as keys to understanding a map of Mount Kailash N2 - While graphic and linguistic content is central to the identification of maps and can provide insights into the concepts and systems of rules, ideas and beliefs that led to their production, the materials that constitute maps may speak about manufacturing processes, the provenance of raw materials, the practical and technical knowledge of the mapmakers, and the use of the maps. This contribution underscores how the materials employed in Tibetan maps reveal aspects of their context and trajectory. Furthermore, materiality, conceptualized as a convergence of matter and imagination, can yield even more profound insights into artefacts like maps. Through a detailed case study of a map of Mount Kailash in the tangkha format and a specialized material-scientific analysis of the colourants employed in its creation, this contribution explores how a map can ‘talk’ through its materiality. With this case study it will show how Tibetan Studies can benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration. Crossing the field’s traditional boundaries and working with other disciplines, we argue, is absolutely essential for serious research. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive analysis KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648625 SN - 978-3-98887-016-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.11588/hasp.1522 SP - 147 EP - 176 PB - Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing (HASP) CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-64862 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Davenport, Rebecca T1 - Regulations versus practice and the Divine Name: Ink analysis in medieval Torah scrolls N2 - The medieval Rabbis had very strict rules for the construction of a Sefer Torah. The Divine Names should be written • by a qualified scribe • who is ritually pure • in the presence of a minyan (10 adult Jewish men) • in an appropriate frame of mind • without being interrupted However, when these scrolls were written it would have been impossible to verify any of this after the fact. While we do not currently have any way to determine how recently the scribes had bathed, or what they might have been thinking as they wrote, we can now know much more about the inscription of the Divine Name than these scribes ever would have guessed. It is sometimes apparent from a visual inspection of the text that the Divine Name has been written in a second stage, from irregular letter kerning or a different ink colour. Using XRF, we have been able to discover more instances of a different ink used for the Name, and have shown that in some cases the secondary ink was also used to correct the main text, suggesting that the later writing was done by a master scribe who also proofread the entire scroll. Using a Brucker M6 Jetstream, it has been possible to produce elemental “heat maps” of whole paragraphs or even large sections of a parchment sheet. Using such large samples of text, we can usefully compare the levels of copper and zinc used to write individual letters or words despite their relatively low concentration, which permits very fine differentiation of the inks used. The techniques presented here would also be highly applicable to assessing ink degradation, as they are able to detect much smaller differences in ink composition than had previously been possible. T2 - The International Iron Gall Ink Meeting 2025 CY - Lisboa, Portugal DA - 07.05.2025 KW - XRF spectroscopy KW - Torah scrolls KW - Jewish studies KW - XRF mapping PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65036 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Experimental determination of 7-day uptake rates for diffusive sampling of 86 volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds relevant for indoor air monitoring and investigation on their sensitivity to exposure time and indoor climate N2 - This study aimed to experimentally determine uptake rates for 86 indoor relevant volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC, SVOC) for the passive sampler type Perkin Elmer/Markes™ with Tenax® TA as sorbent, which was used in the German Environmental Survey on Health (GerES VI) carried out by the German Environmental Agency (UBA) in the years 2023-2024. For this purpose, single reference gas atmospheres of 76 pure VOCs (liquid at room temperature) and a group of 10 SVOCs and VOCs (solid at room temperature) were generated using two generation procedures. By exposing the samplers to individual components, it was ruled out that interactions in a mixture have a influence on the uptake rate. Another aspect was to precisely describe the methodology and the resulting uncertainties, as there are gaps in the literature in this regard. The selection of the compounds was based on the findings of the preceding GerES V study for which data was missing or needed to be verified. In each experiment, a number of six passive samplers was exposed to the test gas atmospheres in dynamically operated exposure chambers for seven days. The sensitivity of the uptake rates of a group of 10 selected VOCs to variations in exposure time, ambient temperature, and air humidity in a multi-component reference gas atmosphere was investigated. Here, a decrease in the uptake rate with the exposure time could be observed stabilising from the fifth day of exposure onwards. A significant effect of temperature and humidity on the uptake rate was not apparent. The determined uptake rates exhibit uncertainties of < 20 % for 71 substances, and < 10 % for 51 substances which are also in good agreement with the literature, if already published elsewhere. The quantity of investigated substances, the detailed description of the methodology used to determine the uptake rates complemented by the respective uncertainties, as well as the compilation of comparative data, contribute to a better assessment of the quality and relevance of such data, which had not been published before. KW - Indoor air quality KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Uptake rates KW - Passive sampling KW - Tenax TA PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629913 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100095 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-62991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sathiyamani, S. A1 - Ngiam, S. A1 - Bonnerot, O. A1 - Jaengsawang, S. A1 - Panarut, P. A1 - Helman-Wazny, Agnieszka A1 - Colini, C. T1 - Material Characterisation of 19–20th Century Manuscripts from Northern Thailand N2 - Material analysis was carried out on four manuscripts from Northern Thailand, which included two palm-leaf manuscripts and two paper manuscripts. The two palm-leaf manuscripts MS 6 and MS 7 were found to have been written in the traditional method, wherein text was incised on the surface of the leaves, and then soot applied to the surfaces, confirmed by the identification of carbon ink. MS 7 additionally showed the presence of trace levels of iron in the ink, either from soot paste or from the stylus used for inscribing. The paper manuscript MS 3 was written in iron-gall ink, with sections written using a methyl-violet based ink while MS 4 was written in carbon ink. The paper used in the case of MS 3 was found to be machine made, while khoi fibres (Streblus asper) were used for making the paper used for MS 4. A combination of traditional and modern pigments, like molybdenum orange, was used for decorating the edges and cover. The results improved our understanding of these manuscripts in particular, and also provided us with insights about the rapid adoption of modern materials and their incorporation into the production of written artefacts from Northern Thailand in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. KW - Materials analysis KW - Paper manuscript KW - Palm-leaf manuscript KW - Writing inks PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652586 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0028 SN - 0034-5806 VL - 45 IS - 2-3 SP - 117 EP - 140 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH AN - OPUS4-65258 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Helman-Wasny, Agnieszka T1 - The Zhangzhung Nyengyü 'Tsakalis': A Cross-Disciplinary Analysis N2 - The publication focuses on a unique set of tsakali associated with the Zhangzhung Nyengyü cycle of Dzogchen teachings, a lineage preserved within the Kama tradition of oral transmission. Unlike Terma (Revealed Treasures), which are discovered texts often concealed for future revelation, the Zhangzhung Nyengyü has been transmitted in an unbroken line from teacher to disciple over centuries. This study, edited by Agnieszka Helman-Ważny, represents a pioneering interdisciplinary investigation into these rare and culturally significant objects. Through the integration of textual and iconographic analysis with material science methodologies – including the examination of paper, pigments, ink and script – the work offers new perspectives on the historical and ritual functions of tsakali. This innovative approach bridges important gaps in the study of Tibetan material culture and contributes meaningfully to our broader understanding of the religious, artistic and intellectual history of Tibet and the Himalayas. KW - Cultural heritage KW - Manuscript cultures KW - Tibet PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651885 SN - 978-3-11-162317-7 SN - 978-3-11-162321-4 VL - 45 SP - 1 EP - 227 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-65188 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poliakova, A. A1 - Ciotti, G. A1 - Helman-Wazny, Agnieszka A1 - Fromm, J. T1 - Phytolith assemblages from palm leaves and palm-leaf manuscripts: what is the difference and what it could mean? N2 - We studied freshly collected, dried and herbarized leaf fragments of two palms, namely Borassus flabellifer L. and Corypha umbraculifera L., most commonly used for palm-leaf manuscript (PLM) production in South (S) and Southeast Asia (SE) in order to reveal differences in their phytolith assemblages. For each of the two palms, 25 leaf samples were taken from the two Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Dried leaf material was obtained from the fresh one by drying the leaves in air. Herbarium samples were obtained from two independent herbaria, specimen origin comprises S and SE Asia with the main focus on South India and Sri Lanka. Additionally, 25 manuscripts made of Borassus flabellifer leaves and 25 manuscripts made of Corypha umbraculifera leaves were investigated for phytoliths. All manuscripts are preliminary dated back to between the 16th and the beginning of the 20th century CE; most of them assumedly were produced in S India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala), Sri Lanka, Burma or Indonesia. Phytolith assemblages significantly differed between fresh, dry and herbarized palm leaves in comparison to PLM material, both qualitatively and quantitatively (mean r2 = - 0.61 ± 9.3 for Borassus samples and r2 = - 0.75 ± 5.3 for Corypha samples, at p &lt; 0.001). Fifty-three phytolith types described for PLM material were not observed in any of the fresh, dry or herbarized palm-leaf samples. Geographical analysis of PLM-specific phytoliths suggests that the combination of those phytoliths could be region-related. In this paper, we prove that the methods of palaeoecological reconstructions based on detailed microscopy of the PLMs surface and phytolith analysis applied in combination with methods of mathematical and computer data analysis can contribute to answer the questions posed by material codicology by revealing lost manuscript production recipes and by studying manuscript provenance in terms of the geographical origin of the artefacts. Our approach can potentially open a new perspective for palaeoecological studies expanding their traditional scope and making them applicable to a new research field. KW - Palm-leaf manuscripts KW - Material codicology KW - Palaeoecology PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652517 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1482790 SN - 1664-462X VL - 15 SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - Frontiers Media SA AN - OPUS4-65251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Neuhaus, T. A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca Skadi A1 - Colakoglu, Irem A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Towards a multi-VOC emission reference material with temporally constant emission profile for QA/QC of materials emission testing procedures N2 - Emission reference materials (ERMs) are sought after to further control and improve indoor air quality. The impregnation of porous materials with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising approach to produce ERMs. Different VOCs were used to impregnate various porous materials (mainly zeolites, activated carbons and a metal organic framework). The influence of different methodological parameters and material properties were studied to optimize the impregnation procedure and to find the best material/VOC combination. The impregnation procedure remains quite irreproducible, nevertheless, very good ERM candidates were identified. Two materials (zeolite 4 and AC 1 impregnated with n-hexadecane) showed a very stable emission over 14 days (<10 % change). Another material (AC 1 impregnated with toluene) showed a declining emission profile but with a very good in-batch reproducibility and a storage stability of up to 12 months. KW - Emission reference material KW - Porous materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Emission test chamber KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - EN 16516 PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612238 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143437 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 366 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-61223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Cohen, Zina ED - Corazzol, Giacomo ED - Fargeon, Sarah T1 - Black inks in medieval Jewish manuscripts N2 - Our aim was to obtain information about the use of different black inks in medieval Hebrew manuscripts, focusing on the question of possible preferences in the use of certain inks by different scribes. We present here an overview of the inks detected in a selection of Hebrew documents penned in the Middle East in the period from the 11th century to the 13th century. KW - Historic ink KW - Ink KW - Hebrew manuscripts KW - XRF KW - NIR PY - 2025 UR - https://books.openedition.org/ephe/2673?lang=en DO - https://doi.org/10.4000/13sug SP - 13 EP - 30 CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-65349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grzelec, Małgorzata A1 - Haas, Sylvio A1 - Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka T1 - Application of scanning small-angle X-ray scattering in the identification of sheet formation techniques in historical papers N2 - Among writing substrates produced historically in different regions of the world, paper is one of the most complex materials. Its complexity results not only from a variety of highly processed ingredients, which can be used in its production, but also from a variety of methods in which these materials are combined to form the fibrillar network referred to as paper. While material identification methods are well established in the analysis of historical papers, the identification of manufacturing technologies is still an under-researched topic, that requires the development of appropriate methods and measurement protocols. This paper reports on the results of a research project aimed at the application of synchrotron scanning small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method in the characterization of paper structure, with emphasis on the assessment of fibrillar orientation as a marker characteristic for different, historical papermaking technologies. The main objective of this study consists of the development of a measurement protocol involving the SAXS technique complemented by other analytical methods in the characterization of the fibrous paper structure. KW - SAXS KW - Paper analysis KW - Papermaking technology KW - Fiber orientation PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651594 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-08157-4 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klinge, A A1 - Mönig, J A1 - Ziegert, C A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Röhlen, U A1 - Rauscher, S A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E T1 - upMIN 100 – upcycling of mineral construction and demolition waste to substitute natural aggregates in earthen building materials N2 - The construction sector is one of the most resource-intensive sectors in Germany and is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions. Around 517 million tons of mineral raw materials are required annually for the construction of buildings in Germany. At the same time, mineral construction waste was the largest material flow at 229.3 million tons (2020). The rates of construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling have increased since 2000, especially for mineral waste. Nevertheless, the majority of recycled aggregates are used in technically largely unregulated applications (e.g. road construction). This downcycling leads to a loss of valuable resources for technically and economically valuable applications. The upMIN 100 research project is investigating the question of whether and to what extent recycled CDW is suitable as an additive an binder in earthen building materials. The focus is placed on grain sizes of < 2 mm, which are currently predominantly landfilled, as there are at present no regulations for their use in building products. The soil matrix of earthen building materials however, naturally contains of different grain sizes, whith < 2mm – 0,063 for aggregates and < 0.063 mm as a binder. Therefore, the focused grain sizes (sand, clay and silt) could have a high usage potential. In order to enable the use of CDW, the technical feasibility must be ensured, quality requirements for source materials (e.g. threshold values for pollutants in terms of health and environmental compatibility and hazardous substances) and permissible proportions of recycled aggregates must be defined. Two different building material developments (earth blocks and -plaster)were used to assess both, the technical feasibility as well the pollutant content of the recycled aggregate and its final emissions into the indoor air. For both materials two mixtures could be established, that also meet the mechanical specifications according to the DIN standard, such as the compressive strength. A method was developed to design material mixtures with a high amount of CDW that comply with the defined limit values. The mixtures reached a recycling rate of 28 % with high mechanical properties and 70 % with minimum strength requirements. KW - Mineral waste KW - Upcycling KW - Earthen building product KW - Circular construction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652831 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1554/1/012084 SN - 1755-1307 VL - 1554 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-65283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lange, Diana A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Colours on Maps - Purpose and Materiality N2 - Colours are an inseparable attribute of most maps. While colouring seems at first glance simply superficial ‘prettifying’ of maps, most maps were given colours for other reasons: colour is an important key to understanding the function and use of maps. The use of colours, the choice of where to assign them and the meaning given to them has accordingly never been static but has changed over time. In this context, the three aspects: colour system, colour scheme, and colour code are of particular importance. Material scientific analysis makes it possible to find out more about the material composition of colourants (pigments and dyes) on maps. The study of colourants provides insights into the production conditions and use of maps. Furthermore, it offers clues about colour changes and forms the basis for appropriate restoration concepts. T2 - Maps. Digital. Analogue CY - Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland DA - 26.02.2026 KW - Maps KW - Colours KW - Archaeometry KW - Aging PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids (POM-ILs) as Protective Coatings for CulturalHeritage against Acid Corrosion and Biodeterioration N2 - Corrosion of stone by acid rain anddeterioration from microbial biofilmsare challenges pertinent worldwide forindustrial or residential buildings as wellas cultural heritage artefacts, like statuesor historic buildings. One mitigationoption might be the use of thintransparent films of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids (POM-ILs). In thisregard, different limestone samples werecoated with hydrophobic, acid resistantPOM-ILs which also have biocidalproperties.1 Exposure of the samples tosimulated acid rain showed negligiblecorrosion compared to the significantdeterioration of unprotected samples(Fig 1. Left). In addition, the biocidalproperties of the POM-ILs suppress theformation of biofilms on coated stoneslabs. The coating is mechanically stableand is not removed even by harshmechanical and chemical treatment.Following studies successfully exploredthe effectiveness of the coating againstlampenflora growing in the PommeryChampagne cellar 2 (Fig 1. Right); andthe long-term performance of POM-ILsunder outdoor environmental conditions3. So, POM-ILs are already proven topossess remarkable anticorrosion andantimicrobial properties against aerobicmicroorganisms and being water-insoluble, they don’t get leached intoaquatic ecosystem, which is extremelybeneficial from an environmentalsustainability and toxicological point ofview. The current project aims tocontinue the journey on protecting thecultural heritage, shifting focus fromstones to metals and employ functionalPOM-IL nanocoatings to prevent MIC(Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion)of cultural heritage artefacts made ofmetal or metal alloy like carbon steel,brass, cast iron or bronze. Performanceof both the coating materials and coatingtechniques via optimization of theadhesion of the nanocoating on themetallic surface on the corrosion rateand corrosion products in the MICcaused by anaerobic microorganismslike methanogenic archaea or SulphateReducing Bacteria (SRB) would betested. The objective is to establishPOM-ILs as efficient environmentallysustainable nanocoating materialsagainst biocorrosion citing the already published success stories; and sketch theongoing endeavours and prospects ofthese very efficient candidates in thecontext of MIC mitigation. T2 - Mitigation of Microbiologically InfluencedCorrosion: Towards Scientific &Industrial Standardization (MIC-STAND) CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 24.07.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquid KW - Nanocoating KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-64575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids (POMILs) as Protective Coatings for Cultural Heritage Against Acid Corrosion and Biodeterioration N2 - Corrosion of stone by acid rain anddeterioration from microbial biofilms are challenges worldwide present forindustrial or residential buildings as wellas cultural heritage, like statues orhistoric buildings. One option is the useof thin transparent films ofpolyoxometalate-based ionic liquids(POM-ILs). Stone samples were coatedwith hydrophobic, acid resistant POM-ILs which also have biocidal properties.1Exposure of the samples to simulatedacid rain showed negligible corrosioncompared to the significant deteriorationof unprotected samples (Fig 1. Left). Inaddition, the biocidal properties of thePOM-ILs suppress the formation ofbiofilms on coated stone slabs. Thecoating is mechanically stable and is notremoved even by harsh mechanical andchemical treatment. Following studiessuccessfully explored the effectiveness ofthe coating against lampenflora growingin the Pommery Champagne cellar 2 (Fig1. Right); and the long-termperformance of POM-ILs under outdoorenvironmental conditions 3. So, POM-ILs are already proven to possessremarkable anticorrosion andantimicrobial properties against aerobicmicroorganisms and being water-insoluble, they don’t get leached intoaquatic ecosystem, which is extremelybeneficial from an environmentalsustainability and toxicological point ofview. The current project aims tocontinue the journey on protecting thecultural heritage, shifting focus fromstones to metals and employ functionalPOM-IL nanocoatings to prevent MIC(Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion)of cultural heritage artefacts made ofmetal or metal alloy like carbon steel,brass, cast iron or bronze. Performanceof both the coating materials and coatingtechniques via optimization of theadhesion of the nanocoating on themetallic surface on the corrosion rateand corrosion products in the MICcaused by anaerobic microorganismslike methanogenic archaea or SulphateReducing Bacteria (SRB) would betested. The objective would be toestablish POM-ILs as efficientenvironmentally sustainablenanocoating materials againstbiocorrosion citing the already publishedsuccess stories; and sketch the ongoingendeavours and prospects of these veryefficient candidates in the context ofbiocorrosion T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquid KW - Nanocoating KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-64576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids as Protective Coatings for Industrial Infrastructure and Cultural Heritage against Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) N2 - Corrosion of stone and metal due to acid rain and biodeterioration poses significant challenges for industrial and residential infrastructure, as well as cultural heritage, including statues and historical artefacts. A promising mitigation strategy involves thin, transparent films of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids (POM-ILs) as chemical shields. Stone samples coated with acid-resistant, biocidal POM-ILs exhibited negligible corrosion when exposed to simulated acid rain, in stark contrast to the severe deterioration of unprotected samples. Additionally, their biocidal properties effectively prevent biofilm formation on coated surfaces. Following studies successfully explored the effectiveness of the coating against lampenflora growing in the Pommery Champagne cellar; and the long-term performance of POM-ILs under outdoor environmental conditions. So, POM-ILs have already demonstrated remarkable anticorrosion and antimicrobial properties against aerobic microorganisms and, being water-insoluble, do not leach into aquatic ecosystem. The current research project repurposes the POM-ILs, extending their application to metals, specifically targeting microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in cultural heritage artefacts made of brass, carbon steel, cast iron, and bronze. This involves optimizing nanocoating adhesion to the metal surface and evaluating its protective efficacy against MIC caused by anaerobic microorganisms such as methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). This presentation will highlight POM-ILs as sustainable, high-performance nanocoatings for biocorrosion mitigation. It will showcase published success stories, discuss ongoing research and proof-of-concept results, and explore future prospects for these advanced materials in safeguarding metal infrastructure and artefacts across different industrial sectors as well as in the context of cultural heritage conservation. T2 - 10th International symposium on applied microbiology and molecular biology in oil systems (ISMOS10) CY - Nashville, Tennessee, USA DA - 11.08.2025 KW - Polyoxometalates KW - Corrosion KW - Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion KW - Ionic Liquid PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids as Protective Coatings for Industrial Infrastructure and Cultural Heritage against Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) N2 - Corrosion of stone and metal due to acid rain and biodeterioration poses significant challenges for industrial and residential infrastructure, as well as cultural heritage, including statues and historical artefacts. A promising mitigation strategy involves thin, transparent films of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids (POM-ILs) as chemical shields. Stone samples coated with acid-resistant, biocidal POM-ILs exhibited negligible corrosion when exposed to simulated acid rain, in stark contrast to the severe deterioration of unprotected samples. Additionally, their biocidal properties effectively prevent biofilm formation on coated surfaces. Following studies successfully explored the effectiveness of the coating against lampenflora growing in the Pommery Champagne cellar; and the long-term performance of POM-ILs under outdoor environmental conditions. So, POM-ILs have already demonstrated remarkable anticorrosion and antimicrobial properties against aerobic microorganisms and, being water-insoluble, do not leach into aquatic ecosystem. The current research project repurposes the POM-ILs, extending their application to metals, specifically targeting microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in cultural heritage artefacts made of brass, carbon steel, cast iron, and bronze. This involves optimizing nanocoating adhesion to the metal surface and evaluating its protective efficacy against MIC caused by anaerobic microorganisms such as methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). This presentation will highlight POM-ILs as sustainable, high-performance nanocoatings for biocorrosion mitigation. It will showcase published success stories, discuss ongoing research and proof-of-concept results, and explore future prospects for these advanced materials in safeguarding metal infrastructure and artefacts across different industrial sectors as well as in the context of cultural heritage conservation. T2 - Euro-MIC COST Action - Closing Workshop Conference CY - Horsens, Denmark DA - 17.09.2025 KW - Polyoxometalates KW - Corrosion KW - Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion KW - Ionic Liquid PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -