TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Haas, Marco A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kwiatkowski, Robert T1 - Wet-mechanical treatment: Processing of bituminous road construction waste in a jigging machine N2 - Jigging machines are used in processing technology in many areas. Examples are the processing of coal, ores, and primary and secondary raw and waste materials. Even small differences in density are offen sufficient for successful sorting. In the work presented here, milled material from road construction waste contaminated with bitumen is to be separated from uncontaminated material. In this way, scarce landfill space could be saved and mineral material be returned to the material cycle. KW - Wet-mechanical treatment KW - Jig KW - Road construction waste PY - 2023 UR - https://www.at-minerals.com/de/artikel/aufbereitung-von-bitumenhaltigem-strassenaufbruch-in-einer-setzmaschine-4037512.html SN - 1434-9302 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 46 EP - 51 PB - Bauverlag BV GmbH CY - Gütersloh AN - OPUS4-59160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Resources from recycling and urban mining: Limits and prospects N2 - Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tons per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far except for secondary plastic material, where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exists in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals, and in urban mining. KW - Waste treatment KW - Secondary raw materials KW - Direct material input KW - Urban mining PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-453364 UR - https://digital.detritusjournal.com/articles/resources-from-recycling-and-urban-mining-limits-and-prospects/124 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 02 SP - 24 EP - 28 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padua, Italy AN - OPUS4-45336 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Kalbe, Ute ED - Thiel, S. ED - Thome-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Pretz, T. ED - Senk, D. G. ED - Wotruba, H. T1 - Antimon in Rostaschen aus der Müllverbrennung – Auslaugverhalten und Rückschlüsse für die Aufbereitung N2 - Antimon (Sb) wird industriell vorwiegend als Flammschutzmittel in Kunststoffen verwendet. Am Ende des Lebenszyklus landet etwa die Hälfte des produzierten Sb, vorwiegend über entsprechend dotierte Kunststoffe, in Haus- und vor allem Industrieabfällen und in der Folge auch in relevanten Mengen in Rostaschen aus der Verbrennung dieser Abfälle. Zwar werden in den Produkten Sb-Verbindungen in der Oxidationsstufe 3 eingesetzt, in den Aschen liegt Sb jedoch wegen der leichten Oxidierbarkeit überwiegend in der Oxidationsstufe 5 als Oxyanion vor (Sb(OH)6- oder Sb2O74-). Die Freisetzung beim Kontakt mit Wasser ist zunächst gering, weil die Antimonate schwerlösliche Verbindungen mit Ca2+ bilden. Durch die Carbonatisierung der Aschen während der vorgeschalteten Lagerung sinkt der pH-Wert im Eluat. Die Konzentration von Ca im Eluat nimmt mit fortschreitender Elutionsdauer ab, wodurch sich das Lösungsgleichgewicht verschiebt und Antimonate gelöst werden können. Dieses Verhalten wird durch einen Langzeitversuch mit Lysimetern bestätigt. Experimentelle Daten aus unterschiedlichen Elutionstests wurden mit dem Solver-Modul in MS Excel gefittet. Daraus ergibt sich Ca(Sb(OH)6)2xCa0.78(OH)1.56 als mögliche Verbindung für in Rostaschen enthaltenes Ca-Antimonat. Laut Entwurf der MantelVO ist für Sb in Rostaschen eine Regulierung vorgesehen. Die darin vorgesehenen Grenzwerte könnten ein Problem für Rostaschen darstellen und gefährden die Verwertung der mineralischen Fraktion. In den meisten Bundesländern geschieht der Vollzug derzeit nach dem LAGA Merkblatt M20. Die darin festgelegten Parameter zur Bewertung berücksichtigen im Prinzip nur eine Richtung, bei der sich die Materialeigenschaften im Zuge der Alterung von Rostaschen verbessern. Dieser Zusammenhang ist bei Sb nicht gegeben, was bei der Beurteilung des Gefahrenpotentials aber Berücksichtigung finden sollte. Das entgegengesetzte Verhalten von Sb stellt Aufbereiter und Verwerter möglicherweise vor Probleme. Die Einführung einer Ersatzbaustoffverordnung im Rahmen der MantelVO soll bundeseinheitliche Rechtssicherheit bei der Verwertung von mineralischen Recyclingmaterialien schaffen. Damit würde dann auch eine Grundlage für Investitionen in verbesserte Aufbereitungsverfahren geschaffen werden. Da im Hinblick auf Sb aus dargestellten Zusammenhängen jedoch eher das Gegenteil zu befürchten ist, besteht Forschungsbedarf, um dieses Problem zu lösen. KW - Antimon KW - Rostasche KW - Nassaufbereitung PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-944310-47-3 VL - 6 SP - 148 EP - 164 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Nietwerder ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-47989 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials N2 - This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject. KW - Leaching KW - Recycling KW - Nano-materials PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545099 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Travelling Conference 2018, Impressionen über die Abfallwirtschaft in Südkorea, Vietnam und Australien N2 - Wie Länder mit ihren Abfällen umgehen, hängt nicht nur von der Wirtschaftskraft eines Landes ab. Selbst in einem reichen Land wie Australien werden unbehandelte Abfälle einfach deponiert. Im Rahmen der Travelling Conference, einer vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Vortragsreihe, besuchten Fachleute die Länder Südkorea, Vietnam und Australien, um mit Experten vor Ort Fragestellungen aus der Abfallwirtschaft zu diskutieren. Zu den Schwerpunktthemen zählte die Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz im Spannungsfeld von ökonomischen und umweltpolitischen Interessen. Eine Frage war beispielsweise die Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit von mineralischen Abfällen, wenn diese als Ersatzbaustoffe eingesetzt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bei der Entsorgung von Siedlungsabfällen, beim Recycling und bei der Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit der Wiederverwertung von Abfällen in den drei besuchten Ländern im Vergleich zu Deutschland aufgezeigt. Dabei ist man sich in Deutschland und den drei besuchten Ländern einig, dass die Abfallbeseitigung auf Deponien ohne Rückgewinnung von Ressourcen oder Energie die schlechteste Abfallentsorgungsoption ist. Einigkeit besteht auch darin, dass die Ziele einer nachhaltigen Abfallwirtschaft der Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Umwelt sowie die Schonung von Ressourcen sind. In allen drei Ländern werden große Mengen an mineralischen Abfällen erzeugt, die bei Nachweis der Umweltverträglichkeit einen Teil von natürlichem Sand und Kies für die Bauindustrie ersetzen könnten. Ähnlich wie in Deutschland werden recycelte Abfälle im Tiefbau jedoch nur in geringem Maße eingesetzt. Gründe dafür sind fehlende Behandlungsanlagen für mineralische Abfälle und Bedenken im Hinblick auf die Umweltverträglichkeit. KW - Abfallbehandlung KW - Ersatzbaustoffe KW - Abfalltrennung KW - Deponierung PY - 2018 SN - 1868-9531 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 4 EP - 10 PB - Rhombos-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-47124 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy N2 - Half of global material consumption involves mineral material. The circularity is still low so that the enhanced use of secondary building material is required to close loops. Three different secondary building materials are discussed based on exemplary research results: construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), soil-like material, and incineration bottom ash (IBA). Focus was placed on the environmental compatibility of the materials examined mainly by standardized leaching tests. C&D waste was investigated after a wet treatment using a jigging machine, and soil-like material and IBA were characterized with respect to their material composition. Their environmental compatibilities in particular were studied using standard leaching tests (batch tests and column tests). It was concluded that soil-like material can mostly be utilized even when the precautionary limit values set are exceeded by a factor of less than two. For C&D waste, the fine fraction below 2 mm and the content of brick material is problematic. IBA fulfills quality level “HMVA-2” following German regulations. Improved levels of utilization might be achievable with better treatment technologies. KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Soil-like material KW - Leaching KW - Circular economy PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576343 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-57634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact N2 - The results from a long-term lysimeter experiment with incineration bottom ash irrigated with artificial rain are reported. Whereas chloride concentration dropped significantly, the release of antimony increased during the course of the experiment as a result of aging processes. T2 - 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Leaching KW - MSWI Bottom Ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2018 SN - 978-951-758-631-3 SN - 0356-9403 SP - 108 EP - 110 AN - OPUS4-45416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamas ED - Meyers, Robert A. T1 - Sustainable remediation methods for metals and radionuclides N2 - Since it was realized that sites contaminated with metals and radionuclides needed treatment, various remediation methods have been and are being developed. Depending on the size of the contaminated site and urgency of intervention, conventional or recently introduced techniques have been used. Conventional techniques include excavation and removal for treatment of soil and contaminants, or the so-called “pump-and-treat” method, in which contaminated groundwater is removed from the ground by pumping and treated in a treatment plant on the surface. It has the advantage of using proven techniques and is easy to control, and the treated groundwater can be reinjected into the ground or discharged in rivers or lakes. Novel methods include permeable reactive barriers, biomineralization, and electrokinetic remediation. KW - Permeable reactive barriers KW - Groundwater KW - Uranium PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-4939-2493-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_63-3 SP - 1 EP - 37 PB - Springer Science+Business Media, LLC CY - Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-48816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamas ED - Zhang, H. X. T1 - Sustainable Remediation Methods for Metals and Radionuclides N2 - Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products. KW - Permeable reactive barriers KW - Uranium mining KW - Groundwater KW - Electrochemical remediation PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-0716-2465-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2466-1_63 SN - 2629-2378 SP - 251 EP - 284 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-58018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Quicker, P. ED - Elvers, B. T1 - Waste, Evaluation Methods N2 - It is difficult to decide which waste management system fulfills best predefined sustainability goals such as maximum materials and energy recovery, least environmental impact, and lowest societal cost. Such decisions are based on many parameters. However, several evaluation methods exist with different scope and output, and the application of one or more evaluation methods provides an objective comparison of alternatives. KW - Waste treatment KW - Exergy KW - Lfe cycle assessment KW - Eco-efficiency analysis PY - 2019 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/14356007.o28_o02.pub2 SN - 978-3-52730-673-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o28_o02.pub2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-49715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp T1 - Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany N2 - The long-term leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash (IBA) was studied with large-scale samples from two German waste incinerators with grate technology. The observation period was up to 281 days. The aging processes proceeded faster in the outdoor storage of the samples. The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, <11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law. KW - Aging KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591599 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 13 IS - 24 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-59159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Barqawi, Haitham T1 - Einfluss von Geokunststoffen auf die aquatische Umwelt N2 - Im Rahmen des Projekts konnte gezeigt werden, dass Geokunststoffe bei ausreichender Stabilisierung Einsatzdauern von über 100 Jahren besitzen. Es werden keine Stoffe freigesetzt, die für Wasserorganismen schädlich sind. An den Ostseestränden im Gebiet Kaliningrad werden nennenswerte Mengen von Kunststoffresten gefunden, die zum Teil aus Küstenschutzbauwerken stammen. Ursache ist hier jedoch eine verfehlte Materialauswahl. Hauptsächlich stammen die Kunststoffreste am Strand jedoch aus unsachgemäße Abfallbehandlung. KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Mikroplastik KW - Autoklaventest KW - Ökotoxtests PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556431 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-55643 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Gleis, Markus ED - Thiel, Stephanie ED - Thome-Kozminesky, Elisabeth ED - Quicker, Pater ED - Gosten, Alexander ED - Stengler, Ella T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung N2 - There are two mirror entries in the European Waste Catalogue for bottom ash and slag from waste incineration: 19 01 11* and 19 01 12. Entry 19 01 11* describes a waste material containing hazardous substances. It was shown that only the hazardous property HP14 (ecotoxic) is of relevance for the classification. If substances with the hazard statement code (HSC) H400, H410, H411, H412 and H413 are present in incineration bottom ash (IBA) above certain level the waste is classified as hazardous, otherwise it is non-hazardous (in this case 19 01 12). It was further shown that only Cu, Zn and Pb compounds have an impact on the classification using a summation rule: 100xΣ c(H410) + 10xΣ c(H411) + Σ c(H412). Limit value is 25 percent. It is obvious that H410 substances have the highest impact. Therefore, the knowledge of the elemental composition of IBA is not sufficient because the content of distinct chemical compounds (with the respective molecular weight) is needed. When the exact speciation is not known a worst-case approach has to be applied. A practical guideline for the estimation of HP14 was developed based on the definition of 4 substance groups: 1. Metals and alloys, 2. Water-soluble substances, 3. Oxides and carbonates and 4. Substances not soluble in weak acids. In substance group 1 only fine Zn powder has the HSC H410. Water-soluble substances are assumed to be H410 substances. Their concentrations are, however, regularly below the cut-off value of 0.1 %. The amount of substance group 3 is estimated by a selective extraction with maleic acid. According to the worst-case approach it is assumed that CuCO3xCu(OH)2 and ZnO represent the respective Cu and Zn species in IBA because these substances have the highest stochiometric factor. Even with this worst-case approach results from operators of IBA treatment plant showed that the limit value of 25 % is not exceeded. The requirements for utilization of IBA in Germany are defined in the Secondary Building Materials Decree (Ersatzbaustoffverordnung EBV) which was set into force in August 2023. Leaching methods (batch test or column test) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 l/kg are applied. IBA fulfills the requirements for class HMVA-2. Actually, even a classification of IBA as hazardous (i.e 19 01 11*) would not affect utilization but handling and transport. KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Ersatzbaustoffverordnung KW - XANES-Spektroskopie PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-944310-90-9 VL - 1 SP - 402 EP - 414 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-59465 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash – leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Due to its large mineral fraction, incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration is an interesting raw material that can be used for road construction or to produce secondary building materials. However, leaching chloride, sulfate, and potentially harmful heavy metals may cause problems in using IBA in civil engineering. Investigating leaching behavior is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of IBA applications. Various test procedures are available for that purpose. In the present study, a long-term leaching test of a wet-mechanically treated IBA was performed in a lysimeter for almost six years. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. At the beginning of the lysimeter test, the Sb and V concentrations were low, but after approximately one year of operation at an L/S ratio of around 0.8 L/kg, a steady increase was observed. It was shown that this increase is the result of low Ca concentrations due to the formation of CaCO3. With the data, the solubility products from Ca-antimonate and Ca-vanadate were calculated. The unusual leaching behavior of Sb and V should be kept in mind when considering field scenarios and evaluating the impact on the environment. KW - Bottom ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534317 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 16 SP - 75 EP - 81 PB - CISA CY - Padua AN - OPUS4-53431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Grundlagen der Werkstoffkunde N2 - Der Aufbau der Werkstoffe wird durch Merkmale wie Bindungsart, atomare Strukturen, Kristallstrukturen einschließlich ihrer Gitterbaufehler, Körner und Phasen bestimmt. Die Mikrostruktur (Gefüge) stellt den Verbund der Kristalle, Phasen und Gitterbaufehler auf mikroskopischer und nanoskopischer Skala dar. Die Grundlagen der Phasenumwandlungen werden behandelt und die Bedeutung von Diffusionsprozessen erläutert. Werkstoffe sind bedeutend für Kultur, Wirtschaft, Technik und Umwelt. Ihre Herstellung benötigt Ressourcen und Energie. Recycling ist eine Möglichkeit zur Erhöhung der Ressourcenproduktivität. KW - Materialkreislauf KW - Aufbau von Festkörpern KW - Kristallsystem KW - Gleichgewicht KW - Ungleichgewicht KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57492-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_27-1 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 35. AN - OPUS4-48476 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Biganzoli, L. A1 - Grosso, M. A1 - Hyks, J. ED - Holm, O. ED - Thome-Kozmiensky, E. T1 - Resource recovery from incineration bottom ash: Basics, concepts, principles N2 - Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. According to Eurostat data, in 2015, 27 % of MSW was utilized in WtE plants, which represents more than 80 million tons per year. Therefore, the European annual production of incineration bottom ash (IBA) is about 20 million tons, as it is about 25 wt% of input MSW. In the European List of Waste, IBA is listed as mirror entry (i.e. waste materials which should be classified as either non-hazardous or hazardous, depending on its hazardous properties and/or content of hazardous substances) under codes 19 01 11 and 19 01 12. Recent trends indicate that WtE allows, apart from utilization of the energy content of waste, also the recovery of various valuable components. Hence, WtE can be included in the key technologies that can put the circular economy concept into practice. Secondary raw materials in the case of WtE are solid residues, especially IBA, as it is a secondary source, particularly of ferrous metals (Fe) and non-ferrous metals (NF) and glass. Moreover, the residual mineral fraction can be used for various applications in the construction industry, i.e. as aggregates substitute for bound or unbound applications, in cement manufacturing or, as indicated by recent research, also in more sophisticated applications, e.g. for ceramics production. Recovery of these metals can also cause huge greenhouse gas savings. Alone in Europe, metal recovery from IBA reduces greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 3.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-944310-44-2 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-46146 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Biganzoli, L. A1 - Costa, G. A1 - Funari, V. A1 - Grosso, M. T1 - Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: state-of-the-art and recent developments N2 - Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. Incineration bottom ash (IBA) is the main solid residue from MSWI, and its annual European production is about 20 million tons. The composition of IBA depends on the composition of the incinerated waste; therefore, it may contain significant amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous (NFe) metals as well as glass that can be recovered. Technologies for NFe metals recovery have emerged in IBA treatment since the 1990s and became common practice in many developed countries. Although the principles and used apparatus are nearly the same in all treatment trains, the differences in technological approaches to recovery of valuable components from IBA – with a special focus on NFe metals recovery – are summarized in this paper. KW - Bottom ash KW - Metal recovery KW - Waste-to-energy KW - Non-ferrous metals KW - Iron scrap PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504927 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 393 SP - 122433 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various wastewater-derived fertilizers – analytical investigations from different perspectives N2 - Solid wastewater-based fertilizers were screened for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter method. The EOF values for ten sewage sludges from Germany and Switzerland range from 154 to 7209 mg kg−1. For thermal treated sewage sludge and struvite the EOF were lower with values up to 121 mg kg−1. Moreover, the application of PFAS targeted and suspect screening analysis of selected sewage sludge samples showed that only a small part of the EOF sum parameter values can be explained by the usually screened legacy PFAS. The hitherto unknown part of EOF sum parameter contains also fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical and aromatic compounds. Because these partly fluorinated compounds can degrade to (ultra-)short PFAS in wastewater treatment plants they should be considered as significant sources of organic fluorine in the environment. The combined results of sum parameter analysis and suspect screening reveal the need to update current regulations, such as the German fertilizer ordinance, to focus not solely on a few selected PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but consider an additional sum parameter approach as a more holistic alternative. Moreover, diffusion gradient in thin-films (DGT) passive samplers were utilized as an alternative simplified extraction method for PFAS in solid wastewater-based fertilizers and subsequently quantified via combustion ion chromatography. However, the DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the EOF values of the fertilizers in samples with >150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge KW - Fertilizer PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583429 VL - 2 IS - 10 SP - 1436 EP - 1445 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-58342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Holm, O. ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Quicker, P. ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S. T1 - Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) im Klärschlamm N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of more than 4700 anionic and cationic anthrophonic substances which have been used extensively in a variety of products and industries due to their inert chemical stability and resistance to degradation by heat or acids. As a result of continuous use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil and groundwater resources. However, because of the continuous use of fluorinated consumer products, also effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been shown to be an important source of PFAS contamination into the aquatic environment. Resulting from recent stricter regulations and restrictions in the last years on the use of long chain (≥C8) PFAS, there is a significant shift in the chemical industry towards production of short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain alternatives. With the amendment of the Sewage Sludge Ordinance in 2017 the German legislation banned sewage sludge application on agricultural land, and by 2029/2032 sewage sludge will be completely prohibited from agricultural application. While environmental exposure of organic pollutants like PFAS, pesticides and pharmaceuticals are no longer desirable, phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge must still be used to produce high-quality P-fertilizers for a circular economy. Currently, plant-available P-fertilizers from sewage sludge/wastewater can be produced using a variety of treatment approaches including precipitation, leaching, and thermal treatment. However, the fate of legacy and emerging PFAS compounds during P leaching, precipitation and treatment from sewage sludge and wastewater is for the most parts still unknown. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Klärschlamm KW - Düngemittel PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-944310-65-7 SP - 270 EP - 279 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-56290 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp T1 - The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash N2 - Due to the large quantity as residual mineral waste, municipal solid waste incineration - bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is an interesting secondary raw material that can be utilized for road construction. However, leaching of chloride, sulfate and potentially hazardous heavy metals from MSWSI-BA into the environment may cause problems in utilization of it in civil engineering. In a previous study, we performed a long-term leaching test of MSWI-BA in a lysimeter for almost six years to investigate the efficiency of the treatment process on the release of hazardous substances. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), the ecotoxic hazardous elements antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. To unravel these unusual release behaviors and the oxyanion-formation of Sb and V we will apply HERFD-XANES spectroscopy to analyze their chemical state. KW - Bottom ash KW - Antimony KW - Vanadium KW - XANES PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15151/ESRF-ES-1020936484 PB - European synchroton Radiation Facility ESRF CY - Grenoble AN - OPUS4-56875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wünsch, Christoph A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Maletz, Roman ED - Dornack, Christina ED - Ziyang, Lou T1 - The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the source-separated collection of household waste in Germany N2 - The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. The results show that the treatment of the mixed collected household waste in sanitary landfills would lead to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The treatment in MBTs with the recovery of valuables and the further disposal of the biologically stabilized fraction on landfills, as well as the treatment of the high calorific fraction (also called refuse derived fuel – RDF) in RDF plants, coal-fired power plants, or cement kilns, would lead to small amounts of avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The thermal treatment in waste incineration plants would lead to moderate amounts of avoided greenhouse gases. Only with the actually practiced separate collection and treatment of household waste were significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions avoided. In total, this is approximately 5.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents for approximately 45.5 million tons of separate collected and treated household waste in Germany in 2014. KW - Greenhouse gas accounting KW - Greenhouse gas mitigation KW - Household waste KW - Material recycling KW - Separate collection PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69071-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_35 VL - 63 SP - 269 EP - 287 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Berlin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-44937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -