TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A black ink by any other name...: Typologies of arabic inks and their detection limits N2 - In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks [1-2]. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed. We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink [3] and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [4]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts. [1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004 [2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013 [3] S. Centeno, J. Shamir Journal of Molecular Structure, 873 (2008), 149-159 [4] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50 T2 - Jahrestagung „Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2019“ CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.09.2019 KW - Inks KW - Reflectography KW - XRF KW - Raman Spectroscopy KW - ATR PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A black ink by any other name...: Typologies of Arabic inks and their detection limits N2 - In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed. First, we will provide an overview of the sources [1-2] employed in the study – dating from 9th to 14th century, although the manuscripts in which they can be found dates up to the 20th century – with an eye on the ink typologies (real and perceived by the compilers). Then we will show how, by reproducing the recipes, it was possible to shed light on some oddities in the procedures and the choice of ingredients. In the end we will discuss problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [3]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol and the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts. [1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004 [2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013 [3] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50 T2 - Technart 2019 CY - Bruges, Belgium DA - 07.05.2019 KW - Inks KW - Reflectography KW - XRF KW - Raman Spectroscopy KW - ATR PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, H A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - A complementary spectroscopic approach for the non invasive in situ identification of synthetic organic pigments in modern reverse paintings on glass N2 - This work addresses the identification of synthetic organic pigments (SOP) in ten modern reverse paintings on glass (1912-1946) by means of an in-situ multi-analytical approach. The combination of the complimentary properties of mobile Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) enabled the detection of sixteen SOP even in complex mixtures with inorganic compounds and binders. For the β-naphthol pigments, both Raman and DRIFTS yield appropriate results. DRIFTS was the preferred method for the detection of synthetic alizarin (PR83). Its diagnostic band pattern even allows its detection in complex mixtures with mineral pigments, binders and fillers. Raman spectroscopy yielded distinctive spectra for the triaryl carbonium pigments (PG1, PV2, PR81) and the two-yellow azo SOP (PY3, PY12), whereas DRIFT spectra were affected by extensive band overlapping. This may also occur in Raman spectra, but in less problematic amounts. Fluorescence is the major problem with Raman and it significantly hampers the SOP spectra even with the 785 nm laser. On the one hand the big spot size of DRIFTS (10 mm) limits the technique to rather large sampling areas, whereas the use of a 50× objective for in-situ Raman measurements permits a focus on small spots and aggregated SOP flakes. Moreover, “environmental” factors like temperature changes, artificial light, limited space and vibrations when people pass by need to be considered for in-situ measurements in museums. Finally, the results show the experimental use of SOP in modern reverse glass paintings. Among several rare SOP (e.g. PB52, PR81), two of them (PG1, PV2) have never been reported before in any artwork. T2 - Technart2019 CY - Bruges, Belgium DA - 07.05.2019 KW - Synthetic organic pigments KW - Reverse glass painting KW - DRIFTS KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48009 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Heeger, Felix A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - A Genetic Toolbox for Exploring the Life Style of the Rock-inhabiting Black Fungus Knufia petricola N2 - After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish sub-aerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. The exact genetic properties that ensure their survival in extreme environments can be studied if some black fungi were amenable to genetic manipulations. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that grows moderately in axenic culture and exhibits all the characteristics of black yeasts such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis. For this environmental strain we developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis and expressing fluorescent reporter genes. Hence, endogenous and foreign genes can be expressed from episomal AMA1-containing plasmids and genome-integrated DNA constructs. Moderate rates of homologous recombination allow for both ectopic and targeted integrations. CRISPR-Cas9 was further validated as a strategy for obtaining selection marker-free mutants and silencing via RNA interference as an approach to study essential genes. Availability of this genetic toolbox and an annotated genome sequence is paving the way for studying interactions of K. petricola and other black yeasts with environmental stressors, material surfaces, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts. T2 - VAAM symposium 'Molecular Biology of Fungi' CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 19.09.2019 KW - Knufia petricola KW - Rock-inhabiting fungus KW - Genetics KW - Crispr-Cas9 PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Question: Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to toxic biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Methods: In laboratory evolution experiments we culture selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides followed by antibiotic cross-resistance determination and genome sequencing. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the HGT frequency of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism and the consequences for survival of the affected populations. Results: Our initial results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers in the presence of biocides. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, we will present results from ongoing experiments on the effects of material preservatives on HGT frequencies facilitating microbial community adaptation to stress. Conclusions: The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives. T2 - 8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019 CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 07.07.2019 KW - Biocides KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Microbiology KW - Resistance evolution KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Question: Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to toxic biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Methods: In laboratory evolution experiments we culture selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides followed by antibiotic cross-resistance determination and genome sequencing. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the HGT frequency of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism and the consequences for survival of the affected populations. Results: Our initial results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers in the presence of biocides. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, we will present results from ongoing experiments on the effects of material preservatives on HGT frequencies facilitating microbial community adaptation to stress. Conclusions: The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives. T2 - Symposium für Doktorandinnen und Doktoranden – 2019 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.09.2019 KW - Biocides KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Microbiology KW - Resistance evolution KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Questions: Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to toxic biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Methods: In laboratory evolution experiments we culture selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides followed by antibiotic cross-resistance determination and genome sequencing. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the HGT frequency of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism and the consequences for survival of the affected populations. Results: Our initial results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers in the presence of biocides. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, we will present results from ongoing experiments on the effects of material preservatives on HGT frequencies facilitating microbial community adaptation to stress. Conclusions: The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives. T2 - 5th International Symposium on the Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance (EDAR) CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 09.06.2019 KW - Biocides KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Microbiology KW - Resistance evolution KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Determination of boron in 19th and 20th century paint layers using LIBS N2 - 19th and 20th centuries glass paint layers consist of a colour body and a colourless lead silicate flux, in which borax or boric acid was added as further component to improve the paint ability and to reduce the firing temperature for multiple layers of paint. Model glasses were used in laboratory tests to investigate the stability of glass paints with additions of boron oxide. To determine boron in paint layers, a LIBS-system with pulsed NdYAG-laser was used. T2 - Technart 2019 CY - Brugge, Belgien DA - 07.05.2019 KW - Stained glass windows KW - Glass paints KW - LIBS PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48229 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Determination of chromium(VI) in phosphorus fertilizers made from recycled materials by DGT N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizer can also contain toxic pollutants e.g. chromium (Cr) in the hexavalent state (Cr(VI)), which is regulated with low limit values in agricultural products (German fertilizer ordinance limit: 2 mg/kg Cr(VI)). The determination of Cr(VI) in these novel fertilizer matrices can be hampered by redox processes that lead to false results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192). Therefore, we analyzed Cr(VI) in various P-fertilizers with the DGT technique. DGT devices equipped with a APA (polyacrylamide) diffusion layer and Cr(VI) selective N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) binding layer were used for the study. After a 24 h conditioning period of the fertilizer at 60% of the water holding capacity (WHC), the fertilizers were brought to 100% WHC, transferred onto the DGT devices and deployed for 24 h at 25°C. The extraction of Cr from the DGT binding layer was carried out with 1 M HNO3 for 24 h. The Cr-concentrations of the extract were determined by means of ICP-MS. We found a good correlation between the standard wet chemical extraction and the DGT method for the whole range of P-fertilizers. However, partly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected in full extent by the DGT method that is best suited for mobile Cr(VI). Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the Cr(VI)-selective DGT binding layer also adsorbs mobile Cr(III) compounds from acid treatment of phosphates which can therefore cause an overestimation of Cr(VI). The DGT method was very sensitive and in most cases selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers made from recycled materials. However, the results of certain types of P-fertilizers containing mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI) show that still some optimization of the method is required to avoid over- or underestimation of Cr(VI). T2 - 6th Conference on Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 17.09.2019 KW - Fertilzer KW - Pollutant KW - Chromium KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abdallah, Khaled A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Dementyeva, Polina A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Developing a genetic toolbox for Knufia petricola A95: a model for stress-tolerant and symbiose-competent rock-inhabiting fungi N2 - Black microcolonial fungi (MCF) are persistent inhabitants of rock surfaces in hostile desert environments. In these niches, MCF have evolved mineral-weathering and symbiotic capabilities as well as mechanisms to cope with multiple stresses such as solar irradiation, temperature extremes and low water activity. Due to their stress tolerance these ascomycetes are prominent in modern terrestrial ecosystems – like man-made material surfaces from roof to solar panels. MCF interactive capabilities support their facultative symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria and ensure their rock-weathering geochemical activity. Using the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 (Chaetothyriales), we developed transformation protocols and deleted genes responsible for production of the protective pigments melanins and carotenoids. To confirm that the mutant phenotypes were not due to hidden mutations, melanin synthesis was restored by complementing the mutants with the respective wild type genes. Strains of K. petricola carrying gene variants for fluorescent proteins EGFP and DsRed are available. We successfully labelled the cytoplasm, nuclei, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Targeted and ectopic integrations result in stable transformants suitable for further phenotypical characterization. As K. petricola is a non-pathogenic fungus with all characteristic features of MCF, including meristematic growth, melanized cell-walls, extracellular polymeric substances and extensive pigment production, our results will shed light on protective role of pigments during cell wall maturation and oxidative stress defence in rock-inhabiting MCF. Genes involved in environmental sensing or substrate and phototroph interactions are currently targeted. With the help of a mutant collection and fluorescently labelled K. petricola we will be able to investigate interactions of MCF with environmental stressors, mineral substrates, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts. T2 - Fungal Genetics Conference 2019 CY - Asilomar, CA, USA DA - 12.03.2019 KW - Knufia petricola KW - Genetics KW - Melanin PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Samman, N. A1 - Wilharm, E. A1 - Jabs, K. A1 - Anlauf, R. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Bloem, E. T1 - Development of a standard substrate to facilitate the use of DGT for the assessment of P recycling fertilizers N2 - P recycling fertilizers are gaining increasing importance in our efforts to close nutrient cycles. An unsatisfactory performance of standard chemical extraction methods to assess the fertilizing effects of such products was reported. They demonstrated that DGT extractions of incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures were able to predict the fertilizing effects of the respective products more accurately. Since DGT works with soil/fertilizer mixtures, its interpretation is soil-dependent. Therefore, in order to facilitate its use as a tool to predict fertilizer performance, it needs to be standardized based on a standard substrate. This research aims to develop a standard substrate based on which evaluation categories for the DGT fertilizer extraction can be derived. The substrate composition should allow to vary the most important soil properties determining the plant availability of fertilizer P. It must also be reproducible at any time and any place. Substrate variants with varying proportions of quartz sand, a clay mineral and sphagnum peat were prepared and set to pH-levels 5.5 and 7 by addition of CaCO3. 7 variants were incubated with a set of test fertilizers (2 recycling fertilizers based on sewage sludge ash and 2 conventional mineral fertilizers) for 2 weeks. Substrate/fertilizer mixtures were then extracted with DGT and an ANOVA was performed to test if the DGT extraction was able to depict significant differences between fertilizers and substrate variants. An 8-week pot trial with ryegrass (3 cuts) was set up with the same substrate variants and test fertilizers. P uptake was determined to assess the fertilizing effect and correlated with the results of the DGT extractions. Statistically significant differences were found between DGT results for the various test fertilizers and substrate variants, indicating that DGT is able to differentiate between P solubility of fertilizers in relation to substrate quality. DGT results showed a strong relationship with P uptake, confirming that this method is suitable to predict the fertilizing effect of P fertilizers. Further optimization of substrate composition and tests with a wider variety of crops and fertilizer types are needed, before evaluation categories for DGT values can be derived. T2 - 6th Conference on Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 17.09.2019 KW - Fertilzer KW - Phosphorus KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Poorter, H. A1 - Watt, M. A1 - Jablonownski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. T1 - Does co-combustion of bagasse and chicken manure affect the bioavailability of P from ash to soybeans? N2 - Brazilian farming industry consumed around 2.2 million tons of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in 2016. The agricultural industry depends on imported P fertilizers and over 98% of P fertilizers were used for sugarcane, soybean and maize production. An alternative is to use P from sugarcane bagasse. Bagasse is the fibrous plant material remaining after extraction of sugarcane juice, and it is combusted for energy production. Remaining ash con-tains up to 0.6 wt% P. The use of bagasse ash (BA) as P fertilizer could decrease the annual import of P fertilizers by 6% of the imported P fertilizer based on 2016 values. Since the bioavailability of P from BA to plants is poorly investigated, this study addresses the effects of (i) gasification tempera-ture (710-849°C), (ii) processing method (gasification vs. combustion), (iii) biomass modifications by co-processing bagasse with chicken manure (BA+CM), and (iv) the soil (Brazilian Oxisol soil vs. nutri-ent poor substrate) on the bioavailability of P from BA to soybeans (Glycine max). Gasification of BA at 806 °C resulted in significantly highest uptake of P by soybeans and was around 0.33 mmol after 51 days growing. The bioavailability of P significantly increased due to co-gasification of bagasse and chicken manure (BA+CM) and the soybeans took up around 16% more P. Compared to the nutrient-poor substrate, the bioavailability of P in BA+CM ash treated Oxisol soil was signifi-cantly lower by 46% and there was no significant effect of processing method on the bioavailability of P from the BA+CM ash to soybeans. Contrary to the Oxisol soil, the bioavailability of P from co-combusted BA+CM ash was significantly higher compared to co-gasified BA+CM ash. In conclusion, co-processing of bagasse with nutrient rich residues can increase the value of BA as P fertilizer. The bioavailability of P from ash to plants depends on the P forms. Mineralogical analyses of ash P forms by NMR and X-ray diffraction are in progress and will be presented at the conference. T2 - European Biomass Conference & Exhibition CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 26.05.2019 KW - Sugarcane bagasse KW - Chicken manure KW - Plant growth test KW - Bioavailability KW - Co-combustion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Oleszczuk, S. T1 - EDX-Analysis on medieval glasses and innovative protection of stained glass panels N2 - The church of Koszewko (Poland) is a brick building edified in the 15th century built on cobblestone foundations. There are five windows in the sanctuary. Three of them enclose heraldic panels from the Küssow’s family from the 15th century which are surrounded with Goethe glass from the 18th century to complete the windows. The colored heraldic panels are strongly damaged and corroded with massive paint layer losses, glass- and leadbreakages. Those medieval glass fragments have been shortly discovered and are of particular interest for Poland since only few medieval glazing have been conserved. The damages as well as the glass compositions have been investigated with ESEM/EDX. Two categories of medieval glass compositions have been identified. The blue glass is particularly sensible to corrosion because of his high content in K2O. The colorless and the red glass samples belong to a stable glass type. Due to the thickness of the gel layer, it is easy to see that the degradation is strongly proceeded. The protection of those medieval stained-glass panels is absolute necessary. The medieval panels have been restored and surrounded from a copper frame. Then they have been fixed on the wood frame in the church. The exterior glazing has been closed with a panel of Goethe glass. The gap between the Goethe- and the medieval glass is about 3 cm. The Goethe glass panel has been stabilized with a film based on polyester to protect the medieval glasses against any damages. In this way, a low cost protective glazing has been installed for a long-term conservation of each medieval stained-glass panels. The climate measurements over the period of one year on the restored windows are in process. The temperature and the relative humidity are recorded in the church interior, in the gap between the original and the Goethe glass and outdoors. T2 - 93rd Annual Meeting of DGG and Annual Meeting of USTV CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 13.05.2019 KW - Medieval glasses KW - Stained glasses KW - EDX Analysis KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Effect of Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Forms in Soil analyzed by Nitrogen K edge micro XANES Spectroscopy N2 - Specific co-fertilization of nutrients can enhance their plant-availability and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with three different P-fertilizers and ammonium nitrate sulfate as a co-fertilizer, without and with a nitrification inhibitor (NI), and analyzed the form of nitrogen (N) in the soil via novel X-ray spectroscopic method. The application of NI with the N fertilizer led to a higher dry matter yield of maize. Novel N K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (micro-XANES) spectroscopy identified that the application of a NI promotes the temporary formation of a non-exchangeable N in detectable hot-spots in the soil. The subsequent slow release and prolonged availability of N during plant growth leads to higher yield. It can be concluded that NIs lead to a temporary fixation of ammonium-N in a pool that can be accessed by plant roots. Those types of available nutrient pools meet the idea of so-called “next generation fertilizers” as plants have access to nutrients according to their current demand. T2 - Workshop for X-ray and neutron imaging applications in soil sciences CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 17.06.2019 KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Fertilizer KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Pot experiment PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Huang, J. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Pradas del Real, A. A1 - Castillo-Michel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Effect of Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Forms in Soil and Phosphorus Uptake of Plants N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P-fertilizers from recycled materials which often have a lower plant-availability compared to commercial P-fertilizers but are expected to play an increasingly important role into the future (Kratz et al. 2019). One promising way to increase the plant-availability of the fertilizer P is a co-fertilization with specific nitrogen (N) forms which can enhance the P uptake and make P-fertilizers from recycled material more competitive to commercial phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers (Rahmatullah et al. 2006; Vogel et al. 2018). To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with three different P-fertilizers (sewage sludge-based, phosphate rock and triple superphosphate) and ammonium nitrate sulfate as a co-fertilizer, without and with a nitrification inhibitor (NI), and analyzed the form of N and P in soil via a suite of chemical and novel X-ray spectroscopic methods. The application of NI with the P and N fertilizers led to a higher dry matter yield and a higher P uptake of maize. Novel N K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (micro-XANES) spectroscopy identified that the application of a NI promotes the temporary formation of a non-exchangeable N in detectable hot-spots in the soil. The subsequent slow release and prolonged availability of N during plant growth leads to higher yield and nutrient uptake. It can be concluded that NIs lead to a temporary fixation of ammonium-N in a pool that can be accessed by plant roots. Those types of available nutrient pools meet the idea of so-called “next generation fertilizers” as plants have access to nutrients according to their current demand. T2 - Annual Meeting of the German Society of Plant Nutrition (DGP) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.09.2019 KW - Fertilzer KW - X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Nitrification inhibitor KW - Agronomic performance PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49144 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Heeger, Felix A1 - Whitfield, Daniel A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Nai, Corrado A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Broughton, William A1 - Cuomo, C. A1 - de Souza, E. A1 - Lespinet, O. A1 - Mazzoni, C. A1 - Monaghan, M. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Exploring the genome of the black yeast Knufia petricola N2 - Black yeasts form a polyphyletic group of Ascomycota that colonize bare surfaces like rocks, facades of buildings, and solar panels. Their protective adaptations enable an adequate response to fluctuating and diverse temperature, water and UV radiation stresses. Together with bacteria and algae they form sub-aerial biofilms (SAB) this way discoloring and weathering the surfaces they grow on. Strain A95 of Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) displays both typical yeast-like cell growth and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis. Along with the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme as photobiont, it is already used in a model system for studying SAB formation and bio-weathering. Applying the recently developed tools for the generation of deletion mutants will allow to define gene functions and to identify genes critical for abiotic and biotic interactions. We present a chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation for K. petricola A95. The genome was assembled with MaSuRCA using a hybrid assembly approach of Illumina MiSeq and PacBio SMRT sequencing data. The resulting assembly consists of 17 contigs including the complete mitochondrial genome and five complete chromosomes. It shows indication of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Supported by RNA sequencing data from eight different growth conditions, 10,994 genes were predicted with the BRAKER2 pipeline. Functional annotation of genes was obtained from general functional annotation databases and the fungal specific database FungiPath. Comparative analyses are in progress to identify genes specific to black yeasts, that may facilitate the survival on exposed surfaces. In sum, the genome sequence of K. petricola is a valuable resource to gain insight into the protein inventory and functional pathways of extremotolerant and symbiosis-capable fungi. T2 - Fungal Genetics Conference 2019 CY - Asilomar, CA, USA DA - 12.03.2019 KW - Knufia petricola KW - Black fungus KW - Genome sequence PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Oesterle, D. A1 - Mayer, R. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Geiger, G. T1 - First insights into Chinese reverse glass paintings gained by non invasive spectroscopic analysis N2 - A non-invasive methodological approach (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy) has been carried out to identify the pigments and classify the binding media in two Chinese reverse glass paintings (The Archer, Yingying and Hongniang) from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The presence of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) along calcite (CaCO3) in the fine-grained, white backing layer of Yingying and Hongniang indicates the presence of limewash. In Chinese tradition, limewash was produced from clamshells, and was then sold as clamshell white. In contrast to the Japanese pigment, Chinese clamshell white was made of finely grounded shells, which were heated over a low fire. The residue (CaO) forms portlandite (Ca(OH)2) when water is continuously added. This water-rich mixture is applied on the painting. Portlandite reacts with atmospheric CO2 during drying and forms fine-grained calcite (CaCO3) [1,2]. The identification of emerald green (The Archer) suggests an earliest manufacturing date in the 1830s [3] and promotes the sinological dating of the painting. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder. T2 - Technart2019 CY - Bruges, Belgium DA - 07.05.2019 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Non-invasive analysis PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Formation of tricalciumsilicate from post-treated metallurgical slags N2 - LD-slags differ from Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mainly in a higher content of iron oxides and a low content of Tricalciumsilicate (Alite). In the context of an improved resource usage, a procedure to convert LDslags into cement clinker was investigated. T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Tricalcium-silicate KW - Portland Cement KW - Alite KW - Steelmaking slag PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Heterogeneity in the bacterial response to disinfection and its impact on antibiotic tolerance and resistance N2 - The global rise of antibiotic resistance has made the proper use of disinfectants more important than ever. Their application in clinical l settings is an integral part of antibiotics stewardship by preventing the occurrence and spread of infections. However, improper use of disinfectants also harbours the risk for the evolution of tolerance and resistance to disinfectants, but also to antibiotics. It is therefore crucial to understand whether and how bacteria can survive chemical disinfection and which conditions facilitate the evolution of tolerance and resistance. Here, we study the heterogeneity in the response of isogenic E. coli populations exposed to different levels of commonly used disinfectants. At concentrations below the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), we find that certain disinfectants induce prolonged lag times in individual cells, a phenotype that has been associated with persistence against antibiotics. At concentrations above the MIC, we find heterogeneous killing for a range of the tested substances. Interestingly, for the three cationic surfactants that were tested, we find kill kinetics revealing the presence of a tolerant subpopulation that can withstand disinfection longer than most of the population. We will present results from an ongoing evolution experiment in which we test the potential for evolution of population-wide tolerance and resistance through intermittent exposure to lethal doses of a cationic surfactant. T2 - New Approaches and Concepts in Microbiology CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 10.07.2019 KW - Persistence KW - Biocides KW - Resistance KW - heterogeneity KW - Bacteria PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Investigating and modelling MIC using in-house developed flow system (Hi-Tension) N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion is a multidisciplinary research area. To develop successful mitigation strategies, expertise from the industry and research institutes are essential. In Department 4.1, we developed an innovative laboratory flow model (Hi-Tension) that allows effective monitoring of MIC under both standard and non-standard conditions. The flow model allows flexibility with material selection, flow rates, temperature and other environmental parameters changes. Furthermore, the flow model allows integration of electrochemical measurements using microsensors, providing a comprehensive view of corrosion at the biofilm level. Currently, initial results indicate corrosion in the flow model is significantly higher than that of standard laboratory set ups, i.e. static incubations, particularly for methane-producing microorganisms. T2 - Departmental Meeting with Helmotz Dresden CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 04.11.2019 KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - FIB/SEM KW - Corrosion products KW - Hi-Tension KW - Flow Model KW - Modelling PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Heidrich, Gabriele A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Schenderlein, Matthias A1 - Dommisch, H. A1 - Wagner, D. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Investigation of the corrosion potential by oral microorganisms related to periodontitis and peri-implantitis N2 - Since the early 19th century microorganisms were studied on their capabilities of causing microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of metals. The most studied ones are sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), but others can corrode metals as well, e.g. acid-producing bacteria or methanogenic archaea (MA). However, these studies were mostly focused on metals related to the petroleum industry but metals for other industries, e.g. dentistry, are also susceptible to corrosion. The inert Titanium (Ti) is often used as an implant material, but it is a base metal. The formation of a passivating oxide layer allows Ti to be corrosion resistant at normal conditions. Nonetheless, scanning electron microscope images on dental implants from patients with acute peri-implantitis showed clear signs of corrosion. Currently, the corrosion mechanism of dental implants is unknown, but many indications suggest that oral microorganisms, including MA (Methanobrevibacter oralis) and SRB (Desulfomicrobium orale), could be involved. To determine if MA or SRB can corrode Ti (pure Ti or Ti-6Al-4V alloy), corrosion rate, methane and sulfide concentrations were analyzed. Electrical potential measurements using in-house developed electrochemical cells indicated a potential change on Ti in the presence of a corrosive MA strain compared to an abiotic control. Microbial composition comparison will be analyzed using samples from dental pockets of 150 infected patients by considering the quality of the implant and 50 healthy people by means of amplicon sequencing. Enrichments and isolation of pure cultures from the dentals samples are also examined for their corrosion behavior. Overall, this is the first study investigating the susceptibility of dental implant material to corrosion using human related MA. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 17.03.2019 KW - Methanogens KW - Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) KW - Biofilm PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - Microbial modelling of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (ME) using iron N2 - Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea (MA) are commonly found in the oil and gas environments. The formation of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) is particularly concerning for the petroleum industry due to its corrosiveness. However, the activities of SRB are limited to the concentration of sulfate present in the environment, whereas methanogens can utilize substrates such as H¬2 for methanogenesis. MA is commonly found in sulfate-free environments, such as deep sediments, and are known to form interspecies electron transfer relationships with SRB. Recently, SRB and MA capable of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) by using elemental iron as a direct electron source (EMIC) have gained increased attention. On the iron surface, EMIC-SRB can outcompete EMIC-MA in the presence of sulfate, but this changes as sulfate depletes. The formation of FeS on the metal surface can be further utilized by MA for methanogenesis as it provides a conductive path. However, the possible kinetics involved of the overall process are currently unknown. We obtained a co-culture of EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA to investigate the growth rates and electrical potential changes under different environmental conditions, including changes in pH, temperature and salinity. Results indicate that under neutral conditions and using iron as the sole substrate, methane production (up to 5 mM) starts after sulfate was depleted. Electrochemical measurements will be conducted on the co-culture under different conditions to determine the changes in the electrical potential in correlation with the sulfate and methane concentration. Fluorescence and electron microscope images of the biofilm structure will be used to visualize cell distribution and morphology. This study embarks the first step of understanding the relationship between EMIC-SRB and EMIC-MA. Such knowledge is important for the field of microbial electrophysiology and can be further explored for industrial applications. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology in Oil Systems (ISMOS-7) CY - Halifax, Canada DA - 18.06.2019 KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - FIB/SEM KW - Corrosion products KW - Bacteria KW - Archaea KW - Iron PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique T1 - Persistence as a microbial survival strategy against biocides and its link to antibiotic resistance evolution N2 - Background: One cornerstone to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in clinical settings is the application of disinfectants. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to disinfectants, which in turn can confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, clonal bacterial populations can display phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to the tolerance of antibiotic stress leading to a prolonged survival of a sub-population; this phenomenon is termed persistence. Persistence to antibiotics is an evolvable trait and can serve as a stepping stone for the evolution of genetically encoded resistance. Until now, there is a lack of systematic studies that investigate if bacterial populations establish persister subpopulations that tolerate disinfectant stress longer than most of the population. Objectives: Our objective is to investigate if persistence is a bacterial survival strategy against disinfectants. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanisms of disinfectant persistence and if persistence can evolve in the face of fluctuating exposure to disinfectants. Lastly, we test if the evolved mechanisms of disinfectant tolerance lead to disinfectant resistance and if they confer cross-tolerance and cross-resistance against antibiotics. Methods: We use time-kill assays in the presence of disinfectants and experimental evolution combined to whole-genome sequencing in the model organism E. coli. Results: We find persister sub-populations against chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds, but not to alcohols, aldehydes and oxidative compounds. We will present the relationship of mechanisms known to underlie antibiotic persister formation to the formation of persisters against disinfectants. In addition, we will present data from an ongoing evolution experiment for persistence against disinfectants. T2 - 8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019 CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Biocides KW - Persister cells PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique T1 - Persistence as a microbial survival strategy against biocides and its link to antibiotic resistance evolution N2 - Question: One cornerstone to prevent the spread of bacteria in clinical and industrial settings is the application of biocides including disinfectants and preservatives. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to biocides, which in turn can confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, clonal bacterial populations can display phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to the tolerance of antibiotic stress leading to a prolonged survival of a sub-population; this phenomenon is termed persistence. Persistence to antibiotics is an evolvable trait and can serve as a stepping stone for the evolution of genetically encoded resistance. Until now, there is a lack of systematic studies that investigate if bacterial populations establish persister subpopulations that tolerate disinfectant stress longer than most of the population. Our objective is to investigate if persistence is a bacterial survival strategy against biocides. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanisms of biocide persistence and if persistence can evolve in the face of fluctuating exposure to biocides. Lastly, we test if the evolved mechanisms of biocide tolerance lead to biocide resistance and if they confer cross-tolerance and cross-resistance against antibiotics. Methods: We use time-kill assays in the presence of biocides and experimental evolution combined to whole-genome sequencing in the model organism E. coli. Results: We find persister sub-populations against chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds, but not to alcohols, aldehydes and oxidative compounds. We will present the relationship of mechanisms known to underlie antibiotic persister formation to the formation of persisters against biocides. In addition, we will present data from an ongoing evolution experiment for persistence against biocides. Conclusion There is a link between antibiotic and biocide persistence with possible implications for antibiotic resistance evolution and spread. T2 - 5th International Symposium on the Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance - EDAR 2019 CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 09.06.2019 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Biocides KW - Persister cells PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49083 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Possibility of recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash (SSA) in Poland N2 - Due to the vital importance of phosphorus (P) and its increasing scarcity as a natural resource, phosphorus recovery has recently gained significant scientific and technical interest. An interesting sources of phosphorus are sewage sludge (SS) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) due to the major part of the phosphate from P rich wastewater is transferred to the sludge (approx. 90%). Despite the fact that the raw materials base is large (PURE report indicates that in 2020 the amount of sewage sludge generated in Poland will reach 180% of the dry matter of sewage sludge produced in 2010), at present recycling of phosphorus is not a commonly used practice in Poland. T2 - International Phosphorus Workshop 9 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 08.07.2019 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of element mass concentrations in aerosols by combination of cascade impactor sampling and in-situ TXRF Spectroscopy N2 - A mobile Bruker S2 Picofox TXRF spectrometer has been used in two field campaigns within the EMPIR env07 AEROMET project for the on-site analysis of cascade impactor aerosol samples.The results show that even at moderate air pollution levels – i.e.PM10 fairly below 20 μg/m³ - element mass concentrations in air in the range of 100 pg/m³could be measured in up to 13 size bins after sampling times of less than only 0.5 days. T2 - UFP 2019 Ultrafeinstaub in der Atmosphäre und in Innenräumen, 3. Symposium CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 19.09.2019 KW - TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Cascade impactor KW - Aerosol element alanysis KW - Aerosol element mass concentration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Heidrich, Gabriele T1 - Selection of resistance in bacterial biofilms grown on antimicrobial surfaces in a multidrug environment N2 - Introduction: Biofilms are regarded as a common cause of chronic infections on medical devices. Preventive and therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections commonly involve applications of multiple antimicrobial substances: antimicrobial coatings on the implanted biomaterials in combination with systemically administered antibiotics. While this practice of combination therapy harbours the risk of developing cross-resistance, it might also provide the possibility to implement specific antimicrobial-antibiotic combinations (AACs) that can slow down the selection of antibiotic resistant strains. Hypothesis and aims: Specific AACs can exert combinatorial effects on the growth of susceptible and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa that either suppress or increase their individual effects. Our aim is to identify AACs with antagonistic or synergistic effects on pseudomonal biofilms and to understand their impact on selection of resistant strains. Specifically, we want to identify AACs that select for and against antibiotic resistance during biofilm formation. Methodology: We screened for AACs that cause antagonistic or synergistic effects on planktonic P. aeruginosa. To study the effect of antimicrobial-antibiotic exposure on resistance selection in bacterial biofilms, we will grow resistant and sensitive strains on PDMS surfaces with and without antimicrobial coatings and expose them to antibiotics. Results: Several combinations with synergistic or antagonistic interaction on the growth rate of P. aeruginosa were detected. We observed a strong antagonism when combining the antimicrobial substance chlorhexidine with the carbapenem drug meropenem. A meropenem-resistant mutant showed a selection advantage in low concentrations of chlorhexidine combined with a sub-inhibitory concentration of meropenem over the wild-type. No antagonistic effect was observed for the same combination when E. coli was exposed to chlorhexidine and meropenem, suggesting a non-chemical basis for the observed effect on P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Gaining a better understanding about resistance selection during biofilm formation on biomedical surfaces will enable us to mitigate against biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance. T2 - Eurobiofilms 2019 CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Resistance KW - Antibiotics KW - Pseudomonas PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49168 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Single-cell trait-based biodiversity in microbial communities and its link to ecosystem functioning in a stratified lake N2 - A fundamental question in ecology is how biodiversity affects ecosystem function. Biodiversity is commonly estimated based on genetic variation. We investigated a new approach that defines and measures biodiversity in complex microbial communities. We used the variation in multiple functionally-relevant, phenotypic traits measured in parallel in single cells as a metric for microbial phenotypic diversity. We studied phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning throughout different photosynthetic layers dominated by divergent microbial communities in the gradient of Lago di Cadagno. We determined genetic diversity by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and bulk ecosystem functioning (photosynthesis). In addition, we determined phenotypic diversity using single-cell technologies such as nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning flow-cytometry. We measured functional trait variation between individuals in 13CO2 fixation, 15NH4+ uptake, and variation in physio-morphological cell traits, such as cell size, shape, and auto-fluorescence for various pigments related to photosynthesis. We used the distances between individuals in a multidimensional trait space to derive phenotypic trait-based diversity indices, such as trait richness, trait evenness, and trait divergence. We find that phenotypic trait divergence associates with ecosystem functioning, whereas genetic diversity does not. Including activity-based, single-cell phenotypic measurements with NanoSIMS provided an additional accuracy to the trait-based diversity assessment and allowed us to formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms that shape the correlation between phenotypic diversity and eco-system function. Together, our results show that phenotypic diversity is a meaningful concept to measure microbial biodiversity and associate it with ecosystem functioning. T2 - 8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019 CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 07.11.2019 KW - NanoSIMS KW - Biodiversity PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - Test Guideline on Particle Size and Size Distribution of Manufactured Nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Workshop zur gemeinsamen Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden „Nanomaterialien und andere innovative Werkstoffe: anwendungssicher und umweltverträglich“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.09.2019 KW - OECD KW - Nano KW - Guideline KW - Particle size distributuion KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Towards circular economy for phosphorus in Poland N2 - In the transition to the Circular Economy (CE) model, where the added value of products is kept as long as possible and waste is eliminated, the sustainable management of raw materials plays a key role. In above CE model, especial attention is paid to CRMs which are economically and strategically important for the European economy, but have a high-risk associated with their supply. One of the most important element which can not be replaced and is an essential element for human nutrition, yet limited resource is phosphorus (P). An importance of issues related to sustainable P management results from EU legislation, which indicated P as a Critical Raw Material (CRM). The sustainable management of P-resources is especially important for the Baltic region. A consequence of waterborne loads passing into the sea, mainly as wastewater with a high P content is the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea environment. Due to the largest inputs of P (37%) into the Baltic Sea originate from Poland, the development of sustainable solutions aimed at more rational P management for this country is externally important. T2 - International Phosphorus Workshop 9 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 08.07.2019 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Circular economy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -