TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Soil microbes are exposed to different environmental stressors originating from various sources. Biocides used as material preservatives can represent environmental stressors since they are in direct contact with the environment including soil. Microorganism in soils can adapt to stress by different mechanisms; for example, by the evolution of resistance by de novo mutations or acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Here, we hypothesize that material preservatives could enhance the evolution of biocide resistance enabling the potential for cross-resistance to antibiotics. Furthermore, we hypothesize that material preservatives can cause increased frequencies of HGT (i.e. altered community permissiveness) facilitating microbial community adaptation to stress. We will culture soil microorganism with increasing concentrations of selected biocides followed by antibiotic susceptibility determination. Moreover, we will incubate soil mesocosms with selected biocides to investigate if these compounds promote HGT of plasmids that carry resistance genes in soil microbial communities. Together these results will elucidate the potential for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics as well as the effect of biocides on adaptation to environmental stressors in soil microbial communities. T2 - 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Resistance evolution KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Biocides KW - Microbiology PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena T1 - Transformation of biocides in organic coatings due to UV radiation and water contact N2 - Transformation of carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone and terbutryn was investigated in two paints containing either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment. Test specimens of these coatings on glass were exposed to water contact and UVA-radiation under laboratory conditions. Panels of birch plywood were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Water contact, UVA radiation as well as pigments in the paints affected the pattern and amount of transformation products. T2 - Advanced Coationgs Technology '18 CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 13.11.2018 KW - Biocide KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - UV radiation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Phenotypic diversity in microbial metabolism and antimicrobial resistance N2 - Most microorganisms live in environments where nutrients are limited and fluctuate over time. Cells respond to nutrient fluctuations by sensing and adapting their physiological state. Recent studies suggest phenotypic heterogeneity in isogenic populations as an alternative strategy in fluctuating environments, where a subpopulation of cells express a function that allows growth under conditions that might arise in the future. It is unknown how environmental factors such as nutrient limitation shape phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism and whether this allows cells to respond to nutrient fluctuations. Here, we show that substrate limitation increases phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism, and this heterogeneity allows cells to cope with substrate fluctuations. We subjected the N2-fixing bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca to different levels of substrate limitation and substrate shifts, and obtained time-resolved single-cell measurements of metabolic activities using nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). We found that the level of NH4+ limitation shapes phenotypic heterogeneity in N2 fixation. In turn, the N2 fixation rate of single cells during NH4+ limitation correlates positively with their growth rate after a shift to NH4+ depletion, experimentally demonstrating the benefit of heterogeneity. The results indicate that phenotypic heterogeneity is a general solution to two important ecological challenges - nutrient limitation and fluctuations - that many microorganisms face. Currently, we use NanoSIMS to develop a new approach that defines functionally-relevant, phenotypic biodiversity in microbial systems. In the last part of my presentation, I will highlight why the concept of phenotypic diversity is relevant for the understanding of antimicrobial resistance. T2 - Berlin Seminar for Resistance Research at FU Berlin Veterinary Medicine CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.03.2018 KW - Antimicrobial Resistance KW - Metabolism KW - Phenotypic diversity PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Phenotypic diversity in microbial metabolism and antimicrobial resistance N2 - Phenotypic dicersty can emerge in microbial metabolic activties and in persistence against antimicrobials. In this talk, I present two examples of phenotypic heterogeneity and discuss how they might be related. T2 - Workshop on Bacterial adaptation to antimicrobials: environmental, evolutionary and mechanistic aspects CY - FU Berlin, Germany DA - 17.04.2018 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Metabolism KW - Phenotypic diversity PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance selection on antimicrobial surfaces N2 - Antimicrobial surfaces are widely used to reduce the number of bacteria residing in the indoor environment. In this talk, I discuss the risk how these surfaces can lead to the selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. T2 - Cost action workshop Amici - Antimicrobial Coatings Applied in Healthcare Settings – Efficacy Testing CY - BAM Unter den Eichen, Berlin, Germany DA - 07.06.2018 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Cross-resistance PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Single-cell trait-based biodiversity in microbial communities N2 - A fundamental question in ecology is how biodiversity affects ecosystem function. Biodiversity is commonly estimated based on genetic variation. We investigated a new approach that defines and measures biodiversity in complex microbial communities. We used the variation in multiple functionally-relevant, phenotypic traits measured in parallel in single cells as a metric for microbial phenotypic diversity. We studied phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning throughout different photosynthetic layers dominated by divergent microbial communities in the gradient of Lago di Cadagno. We determined genetic diversity by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and bulk ecosystem functioning (photosynthesis). In addition, we determined phenotypic diversity using single-cell technologies such as nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning flow-cytometry. We measured functional trait variation between individuals in 13CO2 fixation, 15NH4+ uptake, and variation in physio-morphological cell traits, such as cell size, shape, and auto-fluorescence for various pigments related to photosynthesis. We used the distances between individuals in a multidimensional trait space to derive phenotypic trait-based diversity indices, such as trait richness, trait evenness, and trait divergence. We find that phenotypic trait divergence associates with ecosystem functioning, whereas genetic diversity does not. Including activity-based, single-cell phenotypic measurements with NanoSIMS provided an additional accuracy to the trait-based diversity assessment and allowed us to formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms that shape the correlation between phenotypic diversity and eco-system function. Together, our results show that phenotypic diversity is a meaningful concept to measure microbial biodiversity and associate it with ecosystem functioning. T2 - 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (ISME 17) CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Trait-based ecology KW - Phenotypic diversity KW - Lake Cadagno PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Menzel, Friederike T1 - Bacterial Adhesion on Different Materials N2 - Biofilm formation on materials leads to high costs in industrial processes, as well as in medical applications. This fact has stimulated interest in the development of new materials with improved surfaces to reduce bacterial adhesion. We present a flow chamber system to test and quantify bacterial adhesion on materials that are part of antifouling concepts. The adhesion process is standardized and can be adapted to different bacteria in subaquatic of subaerial environments. It is combined with a standardized evaluation procedure based on statistical evidence. T2 - AMiCI Workshop Berlin CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 07.06.2018 KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Flow chamber system KW - Biofilm formation KW - Standardized test and quantification procedure PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Ahtiainen, J. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - OECD Test Guidelines development for chemicals safety assessment of nanomaterials N2 - The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research. But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable also for nanomaterials. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials. The poster will present the status quo on recent TGs and GDs development for nanomaterials at OECD level with relevance for physical-chemical characterisation. Emphasis will be given to the proposed OECD TG on particle size and size distribution for manufactured nanomaterials. The development of such a TG is of special importance as particle size and size distribution is considered as major information for nanomaterial identification and characterization. A reliable and reproducible characterisation of particle size and size distribution is also needed for chemicals risk assessment of nanomaterials, for instance to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials. The presented poster will illustrate the way from the idea for a new TG and new GD to an accepted OECD TG/GD. T2 - BAM-PTB Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Nanomaterials KW - Test Guideline KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Sander, C. T1 - Development of low melting glasses as durable transparent enamel colors for the manufacture of decorated glass panels N2 - Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For applications indoor it is possible to produce decor glass by using enamel colors and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications outdoor. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and damage it strongly. There are only few colors on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colors are opaque. In order to extend the color palette, chemically resistant colored glasses are being developed which are transparent, relatively low melting and intensively toned even in thin coat thickness. To achieve such ambitious aim, many parameters have to match which act in complex manner. Metal oxides were used to color the glasses. A lead-free glass composition was developed to avoid an exposition of heavy metals to the environment. The glasses were characterized, in particular in terms of their thermal properties, their crystallization and corrosion behavior as well as their chemical and environmental durability. Different practical applications will be shown. T2 - 15th International Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference CY - Saint-Malon, France DA - 08.07.2018 KW - Glass KW - Chemical durability KW - Corrosion KW - Enamel colors KW - Low melting KW - Environmental friendly KW - Architecture KW - Thermal properties PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieksmeyer, Thorben A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - He, Shulin T1 - Beyond nutrition: host-microbiota interactions drive shifts in the behavioural phenotypes of cockroaches N2 - Recent studies have shown that host-microbiota interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host phenotype especially behaviour. We investigate the causal drivers of microbe-associated shifts in host phenotype by examining how feeding behaviour is modulated by a bacterial infection in an omnivorous cockroach: Blatta orientalis. We conducted food-choice experiments after challenging hosts with the common entomopathogenic soil bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila to understand the impact of bacterial pathogens on host macronutrient preference. We find that immune challenge by this bacterium drives a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake and results in a relative increase in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate consumed. Additionally, infected cockroaches reduce their overall nutrient intake. We show for the first time that cockroach feeding behaviour is dynamically modulated by a pathogen. In contrast to studies on Spodoptera moths, this modulation does not impact any of the immune parameters we measured: it does not affect the abundance of immune related proteins in the hemolymph, hemolymph antimicrobial activity, or survival. This leads to the possibility that as long-lived omnivorous species B. orientalis may be better adapted to unpredictable variation in food availability and quality. An illness-induced anorexia-like response which is thought to assist hosts in limiting nutritional resources available to pathogens is therefore the most likely cause of the observed phenotype. Reduction of carbohydrate intake by sick individuals would be consistent with such an explanation. In another cockroach species Blatella germanica we also investigate whether in addition to pathogens, host microbiota especially gut commensals are causally responsible for shifts in host behavioural phenotype and immune competence. To address this, we conduct food-choice and immunechallenge experiments in germ-free cockroaches and naïve cockroaches. T2 - XI EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY CY - Neapel, Italy DA - 02.07.2018 KW - Bacterial infection KW - Feeding behaviour KW - Gut microbiota KW - Illness-induced anorexia KW - Proteomics PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Purina, I. T1 - Approach for analysis of environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems by example of the Baltic Sea N2 - Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future. Construction with geosynthetics has various advantages, but it has to be ensured that there is no negative environmental impact from the application of geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering. It is expected that any effect will be visible only on the long-term. Therefore, accelerated testing is needed to derive requirements for geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering. T2 - 7th IEEE/OES Baltic Symposium, Clean and Safe Baltic Sea and Energy Security for the Baltic countries CY - Klaipeda, Lithuania DA - 12.06.2018 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Artificial ageing KW - Micro plastic PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Wünsch, Christoph T1 - Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in waste management N2 - The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. T2 - Richtlinienausschuss VDI 3925 CY - Insel Vilm, Germany DA - 08.05.2018 KW - Culuative energy demand KW - Greenhouse gas balance KW - Waste management PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Economic and legal aspects of secondary resource management N2 - Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tonnes per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far with the exception of secondary plastic material where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exist in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals and in urban mining. T2 - Travelling Conference Resource efficiency and environmental compatibility in waste management (REECO-WM) CY - Seoul, Ho-Chi-Minh-City, Perth DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Waste management KW - Materials flow KW - Secondary resources PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Resources from recycling and urban mining: Limits and prospects N2 - Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tons per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far except for secondary plastic material, where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exists in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals, and in urban mining. KW - Waste treatment KW - Secondary raw materials KW - Direct material input KW - Urban mining PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-453364 UR - https://digital.detritusjournal.com/articles/resources-from-recycling-and-urban-mining-limits-and-prospects/124 DO - https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13665 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 02 SP - 24 EP - 28 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padua, Italy AN - OPUS4-45336 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact N2 - The results from a long-term lysimeter experiment with incineration bottom ash irrigated with artificial rain are reported. Whereas chloride concentration dropped significantly, the release of antimony increased during the course of the experiment as a result of aging processes. T2 - 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Leaching KW - MSWI Bottom Ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2018 SN - 978-951-758-631-3 SN - 0356-9403 SP - 108 EP - 110 AN - OPUS4-45416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stahl, E. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - ASHES-nutrient recycling from the thermo-chemical processing of waste bagasse and straw - Clips from a German-Brazilian collaborative research project N2 - The challenge of the project ASHES is focused on the recycling of nutrients from residues of thermochemical processing of by-products of sugar cane industry (bagasse/straw) in Brazil to increase the energy efficiency of thermal conversion and to enable the recycling of process ashes as fertilisers. Dry lignocellulosic biomass (straw, bagasse) are combusted, gasified and subsequently combined with post-thermochemical treatment in the AshDec process to increase the plant availability of phosphorus. Different fertilizer formulations are granulated/pelletized and tested regarding their storage/handling characteristics. T2 - Biomass Ash 2018 CY - Kopenhagen, Denmark DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Bagasse KW - Nutrient KW - Recycling PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stahl, E. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Danz, P. A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Recycling of nutrients from residues of thermo-chemical processing of sugarcane bagasse and straw - handling of produced fertilizers based on biomass ash N2 - Jährlich entstehen in Brasilien ca. 2 bis 10 Millionen Tonnen Aschen aus der Verbrennung von Zuckerrohrbagasse. Die Aschen enthalten schwankende Zusammensetzungen an mineralischen Nährelementen und könnten daher zu Düngezwecken verwendet werden. Allerdings ist (i) die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit gering, (ii), die entsprechende Nährstoffzusammensetzung nicht optimal für die Nutzung der Aschen als Düngemittel für die Hauptanbaukulturen in Brasilien und (iii) weisen die Aschen aufgrund häufig schlechter Verbrennungsqualitäten hohe organische Kohlenstoffgehalte auf. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts ASHES („Rückführung von Nährstoffen aus Aschen von thermochemischen Prozessen mit Bagasse bzw. Zuckerrohrstroh“), arbeiten 7 deutsche und 4 brasilianische Partner an der Optimierung der thermochemischen Verwertung von Rückständen aus der Zuckerproduktion in Brasilien, inklusive der Formulierung von optimierten Düngemischungen auf Basis der generierten Aschen. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die Verarbeitung dieser optimierten Mischungen zu Pellets und Granulaten unter Verwendung verfügbarer regionaler Reststoffe wie Filterkuchen (Vinasse-Presskuchen) sowie Hühnertrockenkot beschrieben. Zur Untersuchung der Handlingeigenschaften wurden die produzierten Pellets und Granulate hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Stabilität und des Wasseraufnahmevermögens untersucht. Dafür wurden geeignete Prüfverfahren angepasst und entsprechende Versuche durchgeführt. KW - Bagasse KW - Nährstoffe KW - Mechanische Stabilität KW - Granulat PY - 2018 SN - 1435-3199 IS - 10 SP - 56 EP - 59 PB - VGB PowerTech e.V. CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-47555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Development of a methodical approach for in-situ analysis of modern reverse paintings on glass N2 - The technique of painting on the reverse side of glass was rediscovered by artists in the early 20th century and gained great popularity, especially in Germany. In contrast to other paint techniques (e.g. panel and mural painting), the paint layers are applied in reverse succession starting with the foremost paint layer and ending with the primer (backmost layer). The paintings are viewed in reflected light, thus revealing an impressive gloss, luminosity and depth of colour. Scientific investigation of the material provides important information for appropriate conservation concepts. Transport of the precious and fragile objects to the lab is often not feasible. Therefore, in-situ, non-invasive analysis is necessary to analyse colorants and binders. However, some analytical problems need to be considered: due to the reverse paint stratigraphy in reverse paintings on glass, the measured layer is always the backmost one. The analytical possibilities are extremely reduced, when the back is covered by a metal foil (or by paper, carton etc.). However, measurements through the glass (using Raman and VIS) can still yield information on the colourants of the front layer. When the paint layer is accessible, we start our procedure using X-ray fluorescence (Tracer III-SD, Bruker AXS Microanalysis GmbH, 40 kV, 15 μA) and VIS reflectance spectroscopy (SPM 100, Gretag-Imaging AG). Both techniques provide first information on the inorganic colourants. Raman measurements (i-Raman®Plus, Bwtek inc., 785 nm, 50× objective, resolution 4 cm-1) are then carried out to clarify uncertain XRF measurements and to identify synthetic organic pigments (SOP). Diffuse Reflection-Infrared-Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS; ExoScan, Agilent GmbH, 4000–650 cm-1, 500 scans, spectral resolution 4 cm-1) is used for the classification of the binders. Moreover, it may help to identify SOP, when fluorescence dominates the Raman signal. This analytical sequence yields the best results, when time is the limiting factor. We present two in-situ studies of the paintings “Kreuzabnahme” (1914-15) by Carlo Mense and “Stadt am Morgen” (1921) by Walter Dexel. The painting “Kreuzabnahme” is an outstanding piece in Mense’s ɶuvre, because the glass plate was painted on both sides (Fig. 1). The results of the back-side show mainly inorganic pigments: basic lead white, talc, red and brown ochre, cinnabar, chrome yellow, viridian, ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and bone black. The classification of binding media using DRIFTS yields positive results for drying oil. Acrylic resin could be identified in two areas, resulting from a previous restauration treatment. For the front side painting, Mense used basic lead white, cinnabar, chrome yellow and umbra as pigments and oil as binder. Measurements of the abstract painting “Stadt am Morgen” by Walter Dexel show zinc white, basic lead white, chalk, cinnabar, red lead, strontium yellow, cadmium yellow, cobalt blue, Prussian blue, ultramarine blue, brown ochre and bone black as pigments. Moreover, synthetic alizarin (PR83) was identified as dark red colorant. The results of DRIFTS classify oil as binding media. We conclude that, the use of complementary spectroscopic methods yields the best results for in-situ analysis of reverse paintings on glass. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Innovation in Art Research and Technology CY - Parma, Italy DA - 26.03.2018 KW - Modern painting KW - Non invasive analysis KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - In-situ Raman spectroscopic study of pigments used in modern reverse paintings on glass N2 - The technique of painting on the reverse side of glass was rediscovered by artists in the early 20th century. The artist group “Der Blaue Reiter” around Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc got in touch with this technique in 1908 and 1909. In the following years it gained great popularity, especially in Germany. Nevertheless, the technique has not received its due appreciation in art history. It was considered as stained glass. However, the paint layers are applied cold, hence this artistic technique doesn’t involve a firing step. Our multidisciplinary project investigates the art historic backgrounds, the painting techniques and materials of modern reverse paintings on glass. More than 1000 paintings from ~100 artists were discovered in the framework of our project. A selection of 60 paintings could be analyzed using non-invasive, in-situ methods such as Raman and VIS spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). In this paper we want to point out the key role of Raman spectroscopy for our research. It offers the unique opportunity to measure paint layers from both sides. (front = through the glass; reverse = directly on the paint layer). T2 - XIII International GeoRaman Conference CY - Catania, Italy DA - 10.06.2018 KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Reverse painting on glass KW - Non-invasive analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Oesterle, D. A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Geiger, G. T1 - Disclosing a new aspect in modern European art: multidisciplinary analysis of modern reverse paintings on glass (1905-1955) N2 - The technique of painting on the reverse side of a glass panel was rediscovered by German artists at the beginning of the 20th century. They appreciated the impressive gloss, luminosity, and depth of colours in this genre. Compared to stained glass, the distinctive properties of this technique are: (1) the paint is applied “cold”, hence, it doesn’t involve a firing step, (2) reverse paintings on glass are framed and always viewed in reflected light and (3) the reverse paint stratigraphy is different from canvas paintings, starting with the front most layer and ending with the backing layer. In 1908 several artists, including Gabriele Münter, Wassily Kandinsky, Heinrich Campendonk, August Macke and Franz Marc of the “Der Blaue Reiter” (the Blue Rider) collective took an interest in this technique and started to share their interest with other colleagues in Europe. Our pioneering project is tracing this transfer of knowledge by a multidisciplinary approach in terms of art history, paint technology and material science. More than 100 artists and >1000 reverse paintings on glass were identified during the project. This high number of objects clearly points out that this technique was by far more important for modern art than previously assumed. In-situ, non-invasive measurements (XRF, Raman, VIS, DRIFTS) on a well-considered selection of 67 paintings reveal the broad palette of colorants ranging from traditional to experimental. Special attention is paid to the impact of synthetic organic pigments (SOP) in artists palette. Demonstrative examples by W. Kandinsky, L. G. Buchheim and F. Jespers are used to discuss analytical challenges and highlights. T2 - Art & Archaeology 2018 CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 09.12.2018 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - Spectroscopy KW - In-situ analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47042 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, Heike A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - In-situ spectroscopic analysis of modern reverse paintings on glass (1905-1955) N2 - The technique of painting on the reverse side of a glass panel was rediscovered by German artists at the beginning of the 20th century. In contrast to other paint techniques (e.g. panel and mural painting), the paint layers are applied in reverse succession starting with the foremost paint layer and ending with the primer (backmost layer). The paintings are viewed in reflected light, thus revealing an impressive gloss, luminosity and depth of colour. The artist group “Der Blaue Reiter” (the Blue Rider) around W. Kandinsky and F. Marc got in touch with this technique in the summers of 1908 and 1909 and spread their knowledge in different regions. Our pioneering project is tracing this transfer of knowledge by a multidisciplinary approach in terms of art history, painting technology and material science. More than 100 artists and >1000 reverse paintings on glass (1905-1955) were identified during the project. This numbers clearly point out that this technique was by far more important for modern art than previously assumed. In-situ, non-invasive measurements (XRF, Raman, VIS, DRIFTS) on a well-considered selection of 67 paintings reveal the broad palette of colorants ranging from traditional to experimental materials. Special attention is paid on artists who are strongly connected to Berlin. Demonstrative examples by W. Dexel, G. Muche and L. Hildebrandt are used to discuss analytical challenges and highlights. T2 - Young Researchers in Archaeometry (YRA) 2nd Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 23.09.2018 KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - DRIFTS KW - Reverse glass painting PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stroj, S. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Kasemann, S. A1 - Domke, M. T1 - Laser-generated high wetting contrast surfaces for microbiological applications N2 - We demonstrate a 2D platform based on high contrast wetting patterns suitable for miniaturized microbiological assays. In principal, superhydrophilic spots are surrounded by a superhydrophobic surface area. The special structure of the superhydrophilic functional surface ensures that liquids, e.g. bacterial suspensions or biocide solutions, spread immediately and evenly on this surface without passing the wetting boundary. This feature allows a homogenous distribution of bacteria or chemical substances on well defined lateral dimensions. The superhydrophilic spots may also serve as substrate for bacterial biofilms. Due to the high wetting contrast and the fabrication process, it is possible to minimize the test areas as well as their distance to each other. We demonstrate the fabrication process of the high wetting contrast platform and also present a microbiological assay as an application example. Advantages of this platform are the use of low volumes and its potential of automated analysis. T2 - Biointerfaces International Conference CY - Zürich, Austria DA - 14.08.2018 KW - Biofilm KW - Bacterial growth KW - Laser structuring KW - Superhydrophobic surface KW - Superhydrophilic surface PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45863 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Biganzoli, L. A1 - Grosso, M. A1 - Hyks, J. ED - Holm, O. ED - Thome-Kozmiensky, E. T1 - Resource recovery from incineration bottom ash: Basics, concepts, principles N2 - Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. According to Eurostat data, in 2015, 27 % of MSW was utilized in WtE plants, which represents more than 80 million tons per year. Therefore, the European annual production of incineration bottom ash (IBA) is about 20 million tons, as it is about 25 wt% of input MSW. In the European List of Waste, IBA is listed as mirror entry (i.e. waste materials which should be classified as either non-hazardous or hazardous, depending on its hazardous properties and/or content of hazardous substances) under codes 19 01 11 and 19 01 12. Recent trends indicate that WtE allows, apart from utilization of the energy content of waste, also the recovery of various valuable components. Hence, WtE can be included in the key technologies that can put the circular economy concept into practice. Secondary raw materials in the case of WtE are solid residues, especially IBA, as it is a secondary source, particularly of ferrous metals (Fe) and non-ferrous metals (NF) and glass. Moreover, the residual mineral fraction can be used for various applications in the construction industry, i.e. as aggregates substitute for bound or unbound applications, in cement manufacturing or, as indicated by recent research, also in more sophisticated applications, e.g. for ceramics production. Recovery of these metals can also cause huge greenhouse gas savings. Alone in Europe, metal recovery from IBA reduces greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 3.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-944310-44-2 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-46146 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Schulenburg, F. A1 - Bartmann, U. A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Michalik, K. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Optimisation of a Pyrometallurgical Niobium and Tantalum Recyling Process with on-line-LIBS N2 - Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes. The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system. First results of this joint research project will be presented including on-line-LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. T2 - European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress (EMPRC 2018) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Process control KW - Tantalum KW - In-situ analysis KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Schulenburg, F. A1 - Bartmann, U. A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Michalik, K. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Optimisation of a Pyrometallurgical Niobium and Tantalum Recyling Process with on-line-LIBS N2 - Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes. The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system. First results of this joint research project will be presented including LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. T2 - European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress (EMPRC 2018) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - On-line analysis KW - Tantalum KW - Niobium KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-940276-84-1 SP - 347 EP - 362 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-47040 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Huebert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Nano metal fluorides for wood protection against fungi N2 - Wood treated with nano metal fluorides is found to resist fungal decay. Sol−gel synthesis was used to synthesize MgF2 and CaF2 nanoparticles. Electron microscopy images confirmed the localization of MgF2 and CaF2 nanoparticles in wood. Efficacy of nano metal fluoride-treated wood was tested against brown-rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta. Untreated wood specimens had higher mass losses (∼30%) compared to treated specimens, which had average mass loss of 2% against C. puteana and 14% against R. placenta, respectively. Nano metal fluorides provide a viable alternative to current wood preservatives. KW - Brown-rot fungi KW - Coniophora puteana KW - Fluoride nanoparticles KW - Fluorolytic sol−gel KW - Rhodonia placenta KW - SEM wood characterization KW - Wood protection PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00144 SN - 2574-0970 VL - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) CY - Washington DC, US AN - OPUS4-44730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vandrich, Jasmina A1 - Alfaro Espinoza, Gabriela A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Tampering with ectoine production and excretion in Halomonas elongata using CRISPRi and gene knock-outs N2 - The halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata can tolerate salt concentrations above 10% NaCl and uses the accumulation of the compatible solute ectoine as a major osmoregulatory mechanism. Ectoine can be accumalted inside the cell through import from the medium or de novo synthesis and establishes an osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding1. Ectoine also protects proteins from the effects of freezing, drying and high temperatures4 and DNA from ionizing radiation2. These features make ectoine a valuable compound for cosmetics and medical devices. H. elongata was originally isolated from a solar salt facility, where it thrives under high salt concentrations. It was found that marine prokaryotes, which are exposed to high oxidative stress in their environment, vary glycolytic strategies5. A variation in the use of the glucose metabolic pathways is also assumed for H. elongata. T2 - International Society for Microbial Ecology CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Halomonas CRISPR Ectoine PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vandrich, Jasmina A1 - Alfaro Espinoza, Gabriela A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Establishing CRISPRi in Halomonas elongata to uncover metabolic pathways N2 - The halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata can tolerate salt concentrations above 10% NaCl and uses the accumulation of the compatible solute ectoine as a major osmoregulatory mechanism. Ectoine can be accumalted inside the cell through import from the medium or de novo synthesis and establishes an osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding1. Ectoine also protects proteins from the effects of freezing, drying and high temperatures4 and DNA from ionizing radiation2. These features make ectoine a valuable compound for cosmetics and medical devices. H. elongata was originally isolated from a solar salt facility, where it thrives under high salt concentrations. It was found that marine prokaryotes, which are exposed to high oxidative stress in their environment, vary glycolytic strategies5. A variation in the use of the glucose metabolic pathways is also assumed for H. elongata. T2 - Association for General and Applied Microbiology CY - Wolfsburg, Germany DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Halomonas CRISPR Ectoine PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Lombi, E. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Zuin, L. A1 - Wang, D. A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Combining diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and spectroscopic techniques for the determination of phosphorus species in soils N2 - A wide range of methods are used to estimate the plant-availability of soil phosphorus (P). Published research has shown that the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has a superior correlation to plant-available P in soils compared to standard chemical extraction tests. In order to identify the plant-available soil P species, we combined DGT with infrared and P K- and L-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This was achieved by spectroscopically investigating the dried binding layer of DGT devices after soil deployment. All three spectroscopic methods were able to distinguish between different kinds of phosphates (poly-, trimeta-, pyro- and orthophosphate) on the DGT binding layer. However, infrared spectroscopy was most sensitive to distinguish between different types of adsorbed inorganic and organic phosphates. Additionally, also intermediates of the time-resolved hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be analyzed. Furthermore, infrared and XANES microspectroscopy make it also possible to analyze P compounds on the binding layer with a lateral resolution down to 1 µm2. Therefore, P species of a spatial soil segment (e.g. rhizosphere) can be mapped and analyzed. T2 - Phosphorus in Soil and Plants (PSP6) CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 10.09.2018 KW - Soil P species KW - Spectroscopy KW - DGT PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Phosphorus recovery from waste streams for fertilizer production N2 - Phosphorus (P) plays an essential role in the global food security. However, the global P reservoirs have a statistic lifetime of about 385 years only. Due to the scarcity of P and the increasing world population an efficient and sustainable recycling management is required. A few biogenic waste materials are high in P contents such as sewage sludge and meat and bone meal. Thus, they are suitable for P recycling and fertilizer production. But besides the high P content sewage sludge is often highly contaminated with organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals which have to be eliminated before agricultural field application. In this presentation we show the potential of sewage sludge as secondary resource for fertilizers. This includes our developments in thermochemical processes for the production of novel P-fertilizers from recycled materials. Furthermore, for these novel P-fertilizers common extraction tests to determine the plant-available P are often unusable. Therefore, we successfully applied the Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) techniques to analyse the plant-availability of P-fertilizers from recycled materials. T2 - Eingeladener Vortrag an der University of South Australia CY - Mawson Lakes, Australia DA - 22.11.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plasterboards N2 - During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites. Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted. This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process. T2 - IV International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 11.10.2018 KW - Environmental evaluation KW - CDW processing KW - Gypsum PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-48079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Comparison of Formaldehyde Concentrations in Emission Test Chambers Using EN 717-1 and EN 16516 N2 - For many years EN 717-1 (Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method) is the standard for formaldehyde emission testing of wooden boards. In 2017 EN 16516 (Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Determination of emissions into indoor air) was published as a new harmonised standard for the emission testing of construction products. Because test chamber conditions are different, both standards give different concentrations for formaldehyde. For the determination of a conversion factor four test series were set up with different wooden boards. T2 - Conference on Indoor Air CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Loading factor KW - Construction products KW - European standard KW - Air exchange rate PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45631 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC-Emissions from thermoplastic filaments for 3-D-printing N2 - Summary: A screening test for potential emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was run on different thermoplastic filaments used for 3D printing. The method of direct thermal desorption was used to simulate the high temperatures during the 3D printing process and to identify the main compounds emitted from the filaments. A large number of unexpected compounds were detected that might affect the user’s health and have an impact on indoor air chemistry. Introduction: The use of desktop 3D printers is increasing. Compared to other devices with known emissions, e.g. laser printers, there is still a lack of information on possible emissions of VOC and ultrafine particles during operation and the effect on indoor air quality. Most of the commercially available desktop 3D printers operate with a molten polymer deposition. For this process a solid thermoplastic filament is heated in an extrusion nozzle. Most filaments for desktop 3D printers use either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) as filament. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polycarbonate (PC). Method: Eight different thermoplastic filaments for 3D printers were analysed by direct thermal desorption followed by GC-MS identification of the emitted substances. Direct thermal desorption was done by desorbing 5 mg of the feedstock for 1 minute at a temperature of 210°C. This is an average temperature for 3D printing with thermoplastic filaments. Results and conclusions: The comparison of the 4 different filament groups showed the highest overall emissions from ABS, followed by PLA, PC and PVA. Filament ABS 2 emitted mainly SVOCs and triphenyl phosphate, the latter has the highest emission for a single compound from all evaluated filaments. Thermoplastic filaments are a new source of VOC emissions due to the high temperatures associated with 3D printing, which can reach up to 270°C. Some of the detected compounds like lactic acid, lactide and bisphenol A have never been described before in the indoor environment. Additionally some of the main substances could not be identified and some others might have the potential to affect the indoor air chemistry. The appearance of some newly detected compounds raises concerns about potential health effects for the users of 3D printers at home. T2 - 20th Conference | Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - 3D printing KW - Thermoplastic filaments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Comparison of Formaldehyde Concentrations in Emission Test Chambers Using EN 717-1 and EN 16516 N2 - For more than 25 years EN 717-1 (Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde re-lease - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method) is the standard for formalde-hyde emission testing of wooden boards. In 2017 EN 16516 (Construction products - Assess-ment of release of dangerous substances - Determination of emissions into indoor air) was published as a new harmonised standard for the emission testing of construction products. Because test chamber conditions are different, both standards give different concentrations for formaldehyde. To determine a conversion factor four test series were set up with different wooden boards. For a loading of 1 m²/m³ the conversion factor is 1.6. This means that the formaldehyde concentration measured under the conditions of EN 16516 is a factor of 1.6 higher compared to EN 717-1. T2 - Conference on Indoor Air CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Loading factor KW - European standard KW - Construction products KW - Air exchange rate PY - 2018 SP - paper 627 AN - OPUS4-45630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Effect of conditioning layers on the attachment and biofilm formation of electroactive bacteria on stainless steel N2 - The characteristics of different molecules chosen as representatives for specific functionalities in conditioning layers play an important role on attachment behavior and later biofilm formation of bacteria. The chemical composition is a major component influencing the attachment but there is a conglomerate of influences. T2 - Eurocorr2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Conditioning layer KW - Stainless steel KW - Bacterial attachment PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Agency perspectives on geomembrane durability, service life and end of life N2 - Die Präsentation erläutert die Hintergründe der nationalen Anforderungen für die Verwendung von Kunststoffdichtungbahnen in Deponieabdichtungen. Die Beständigkeit wird diskutiert. Anforderungen an das Qualitatsmanagement während der Produktion der Produkte und der Bauphase werden aufgezeigt und die Auswirkungen auf die langzeitige Funktionserfüllung werden beschrieben. T2 - IGS TC-B GeoBarrier Workshop CY - Munich, Germany DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Beständigkeit KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen KW - Deponiebau PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45123 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wünsch, Christoph A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Maletz, Roman ED - Dornack, Christina ED - Ziyang, Lou T1 - The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the source-separated collection of household waste in Germany N2 - The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. The results show that the treatment of the mixed collected household waste in sanitary landfills would lead to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The treatment in MBTs with the recovery of valuables and the further disposal of the biologically stabilized fraction on landfills, as well as the treatment of the high calorific fraction (also called refuse derived fuel – RDF) in RDF plants, coal-fired power plants, or cement kilns, would lead to small amounts of avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The thermal treatment in waste incineration plants would lead to moderate amounts of avoided greenhouse gases. Only with the actually practiced separate collection and treatment of household waste were significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions avoided. In total, this is approximately 5.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents for approximately 45.5 million tons of separate collected and treated household waste in Germany in 2014. KW - Greenhouse gas accounting KW - Greenhouse gas mitigation KW - Household waste KW - Material recycling KW - Separate collection PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69071-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_35 VL - 63 SP - 269 EP - 287 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Berlin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-44937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yalçin, M. A1 - Taşçioğlu, C. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Akçay, Ç. A1 - Busweiler, Sabine T1 - Investigation of natural durability of some native and exotic wood species against Hylotrupes bajulus (Cerambycidae) and Anobium punctatum (Anobiidae) N2 - Aim of study: In this study, natural durability of some domestic and foreign wood species against Hylotrupes bajulus and Anobium punctatum larvae were tested on laboratory scale Area of study: This study was conducted at Department of Forest Products Engineering in Duzce University, Turkey and Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany. Material and Methods: Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), fir (Abies nordmanniana), spruce (Picea orientalis), cedar (Cedrus libani), poplar (Populus tremula) and beech (Fagus orientalis) woods were used to test H. bajulus larvae (EN 46-1). Alder (Alnus glutinosa), oak (Quercus cerris), poplar (Populus tremula), beech (Fagus orientalis), maple (Acer carpinifolium), ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), teak (Tectona grandis), ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon), movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus), dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum), iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), bubinga (Guibourtia tessmannii) and sapele (Entandrophragma cylindiricum) woods were used for A. punctatum larvae (EN 49-1). At the end of the experiment, the mortality rates of the larvae were determined and the size and weights of the surviving larvae were measured. Main results: F. orientalis and C. libani were found to be the most resistant wood species against H. bajulus larvae while A. nordmanniana was the least resistant. All tropical wood species and oak and maple from domestic wood species showed 100% mortality rate therefore found to be the most resistant against A. punctatum larvae. The most vulnerable wood species was found to be alder with a 35% mortality. Research highlights: while F. orientalis, C. libani, and P. tremula were found the most resistance wood species against H. bajulus, P. sylvestris and A. nordmanniana were determined as most vulnerable. All tropical wood species and two domestic species (Q. cerris and A. carpinifolium) showed the highest mortality rate as 100%. The least durable domestic wood was determined as alder. KW - Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-446572 DO - https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.311971 SN - 1303-2399 SN - 1309-4181 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 83 EP - 91 PB - Kastamonu University CY - Kastamonu AN - OPUS4-44657 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -