TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Odour Emissions from Building Products Simplifying the Evaluation of Perceived Intensity N2 - One criterion to evaluate the odour of a sample is perceived intensity П which is evaluated with the aid of a comparative scale. The procedure is well accepted but also time consuming and extensive. The study should help simplify the testing procedure by asking the panel members to only indicate whether a sample is perceived as less to equally intense or of greater intensity in comparison to a given acetone concentration of 7 pi on the comparative scale. In Germany a value of 7 pi is required for products to be suitable for the indoor use. The results show that the simplified test is basically suitable. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2022 “Healthy people in healthy indoor environment” CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Perceived Intensity KW - Emissions KW - Chamber test KW - Odour KW - VOC KW - Building product PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Odour testing of building products: Examinations for an on-going development of the test standard ISO 16000-28 N2 - VOC-emissions and their odours from building products and furnishings present indoors should not have an impact on personal well-being or health. Odours can be measured by applying the standard ISO 16000-28. Indoor air determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers. One of the described procedures is the assessment of perceived intensity using a comparative scale by a group of panellists. In this paper, the perceived intensity sampling procedure and its evaluation method are investigated and shown to need improvement. New technical developments in the methodology used to increase the reproducibility of measurement results are discussed. Since odour tests are used for labelling, they have a major influence on the assessment of construction products, similar to the procedure of the German Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products (AgBB). In the original ISO standard, the evaluation is typically performed using a sampling container separated from the emission chamber. For a better sample presentation, an adapter was developed to connect the emission test chamber to the evaluation funnel and thus enable an odour assessment which is comparable to a direct measurement. The investigations show that losses of odourous substances can be greatly reduced, which is very desirable when seeking to obtain reliable results in odour measurement. Another experimental series was carried out to reduce the measurement effort in the evaluation of perceived intensity. Application of the developed greater than or less than/equal to. query could be helpful here. The results show that the query mostly leads to the same result as the evaluation of the perceived intensity using the method according to the standard but is much easier to perform. Overall, the results can contribute to improving the acceptance of the evaluation of perceived intensity using ISO 16000-28 and to determining odours from building materials increasingly more precisely. T2 - Healthy Buildings 2023 Europe CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Building material KW - Odour KW - Perceived intensity KW - VOC KW - Emission test chamber PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580070 SP - 345 EP - 352 PB - ISIAQ (International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate) CY - Herndon, VA, USA AN - OPUS4-58007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Further Development of Odour Testing of Building Products – Sample Presentation and Evaluation of Perceived Intensity N2 - Indoor air quality is affected by the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or the odour from building products. Odours can be measured by applying the standard ISO 16000-28:2020. In the study presented here proposals for further technical development of the ISO method are presented. The sampling procedure and evaluation method of the perceived intensity are investigated in particular because they have a major influence on reproducibility of measurement results. T2 - 17th International Conference HEALTHY BUILDINGS EUROPE 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - Geruchsmessung KW - Emissionen KW - Bauprodukte KW - VOC KW - Perceived Intensity PY - 2021 SN - 978-82-536-1728-2 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - SINTEF Books CY - Oslo, Norwegen AN - OPUS4-54574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte T1 - Further development of the odour measurement method for building products N2 - Bauprodukte und Einrichtungsgegenstände für Innenräume, wie Bodenbeläge und Wandpaneele, sollen das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit der Raumnutzerinnen und -nutzer nicht durch das Ausdünsten von Geruchsstoffen stören. Mit der Geruchsprüfung nach ISO 16000-28 „Innenraumluft - Bestimmung der Geruchsstoffemissionen aus Bauprodukten mit einer Emissionsprüfkammer“ wird der Produktgeruch zu einer messbaren Größe. So kann z. B. die empfundene Intensität, also die Stärke eines Geruchseindruckes, mit Hilfe eines Vergleichsmaßstabes von Probandinnen und Probanden ermittelt werden. Im hier vorgestellten Projekt werden Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung der Methode vorgestellt, um im Ergebnis die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse weiter zu verbessern. Dabei werden vor allem das Probenpräsentationssystem und die Bewertungsmethodik für die empfundene Intensität bei der Bewertung von Bauprodukten gemäß AgBB-Schema betrachtet, da diese einen wesentlichen Einfluss haben. N2 - Emissions or odours occurring from building products and furnishings for interiors, like floor coverings or wall panels, should not have a negative impact on well-being or health. Odours can be measured applying the standard ISO 16000-28 „Indoor air - Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers” It describes among other procedures the assessment of perceived intensi-ty with comparative scale by a group of panellists. In the study presented here, proposals for further technical development of the methodology are discussed to increase the reproducibility of measurement results. The sampling procedure and evaluation method of perceived intensity are investigated in particular because they have a major influence at the assessment of construction products applying the procedure of the Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - Emissionen KW - Bauprodukte KW - VOC PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527458 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 81 IS - 3-4 SP - 151 EP - 155 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-52745 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - de Lima Vasconcelos, S. A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Brozowski, F. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Sattler, M. T1 - Präzisierung der Geruchsprüfung für Bauprodukte nach DIN ISO 16000-28 – Untersuchung von Vergleichsmaßstäben N2 - Bauprodukte, die in Innenräumen verwendet werden, sollten die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Personen die sich darin aufhalten nicht durch das Ausdünsten von Geruchsstoffen stören. Die DIN ISO 16000-28 „Bestimmung der Geruchsstoffemissionen aus Bauprodukten mit einer Emissionsprüfkammer“ (DIN ISO 16000-28) beschreibt umfassend die Möglichkeiten der Geruchsprüfung. In Verbindung mit der Anwendung der VDI-Richtlinie 4302 Blatt 1 „Geruchsprüfung von Innenraumluft und Emissionen aus Innenraummaterialien“ (VDI 4302 Blatt 1) ist sie zur Bewertung der empfundenen Intensität von Bauprodukten mit Vergleichsmaßstab geeignet (Umweltbundesamt 2015). In einem vom Umweltbundesamt (UBA) geförderten Forschungsprojekt der Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (HTW Berlin) und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) wurden erstmals verschiedene Vergleichsmaßstäbe miteinander verglichen. Ziel des derzeitigen Folgeprojektes ist nun, Mindestanforderungen an Vergleichsmaßstäbe zu erarbeiten, welche die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse erhöhen und mit denen die Norm konkretisiert werden kann. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Untersuchungen und Ergebnisse des ersten Projektes und die Schlussfolgerungen für die Durchführung des zweiten Projektes dar. T2 - 12. Fachkongress der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) CY - Hallstadt (Bamberg), Germany DA - 17.10.2019 KW - Geruch KW - Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - VOC KW - Emissionskammer PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-930576-11-1 VL - 12. Fachkongress SP - 214 EP - 223 PB - Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) e. V. CY - Springe-Eldagsen AN - OPUS4-49702 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Hutler, C. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Vieth, B. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Investigations on emission properties of VOCs from consumer products made of polymers N2 - There is a need for an assessment of the emission properties of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products. A method comparison was carried out to evaluate adapted and cost-effective procedures for such items. Smaller and automated emission chambers depicted similar kinetics compared to a 203 L standard chamber. Toy samples made of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) emitted more VOCs compared to other tested polymeric products. The emissions from 2 selected samples were studied to allow an evaluation of the resulting room concentration and external exposure of a child. Obtained concentrations were not of concern. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2018 CY - Philadelphia, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission chamber KW - VOC KW - Consumer article PY - 2018 SP - Paper 381, 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-45654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Selection of gas standards, gas chromatography column and adsorbents for the measurement of very volatile organic compounds (C1–C6) in indoor air N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard gives directions to adapt the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). The same techniques with sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) should be used. However, VVOCs require gaseous standards, an adapted GC column and a reliable sampling adsorbent. This work presents experimental results to tackle those three experimental gaps. A stable standard gas mixture containing 47 VVOCs, 13 VOCs and an internal standard was successfully generated. It was employed to study the suitability of seven types of chromatography columns. The use of PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) columns such as PoraBOND Q is well suitable for VVOC analysis. The recoveries of the 60 analytes on a total of 16 adsorbents and their combinations were determined: A combination of the graphitized carbon black Carbograph 5TD 40/60 and the carbon molecular sieve CarbosieveTM SII showed great recoveries for all analytes. Carbon molecular sieves adsorb water which can impair the analysis. A dry purge of the multi-sorbent in the sampling direction led to a complete water removal and promising recoveries of the analytes. KW - VVOC KW - VOC KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - Gas chromatography KW - Thermal desorption KW - Air sampling PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340561 SN - 0003-2670 VL - 1238 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-56366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air by sorbent-based active sampling: Identifying the gaps towards standardisation N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard describes a method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air by sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It also gives directions to adapt this methodology to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). Indeed, toxicologically based guideline values are being implemented for these compounds and it becomes necessary to measure them. But a comprehensive and robust measurement method is lacking. This work highlights the points that still need to be explored towards the standardisation of a suitable procedure: investigations on sorbent combinations, the suitability of chromatography columns and the use of gaseous standards are required. The biggest challenge remains in the fact that strong sorbents adsorb water together with VVOCs. Water may impair the analysis and the optimal approach to eliminate it is still to be found and integrated into the sampling strategy. KW - Solvents KW - Air analysis KW - VOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography KW - ISO 16000-6 PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523919 VL - 140 SP - 116265 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Selection of low emittiong material for the construction of display cases based on the BEMMA procedure N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d 1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful immissions inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially high concentrations of organic acids, which can emit from e.g. sealing materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure witch is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. textiles, plastics, sealing material, coatings and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. The BEMMA scheme is not a guarantee for an emission free display case, but a necessary requirement for the choice of suitable materials for emission and immission reduced display cases. T2 - Materials Testing Symposium CY - New York City, USA DA - 06.11.2019 KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - Dispay case KW - BEMMA KW - VOC PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte für eine saubere Innenraumluft N2 - Mit dem Fokus auf eine saubere Innenraumluft wird darauf eingegangen, welche Emissionen aus Materialien und Produkten es gibt und wie sie nach Art und Flüchtigkeit definiert sind und wie sie gemessen werden. Im weiteren wird dargestellt, was und wie viel aus Materialien und Produkten emittieren kann und wie die Emissionen zu bewerten sind. Hierbei wird auch auf besonders emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte eingegangen. T2 - Kolloquium am Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz, Sommersemester 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.05.2018 KW - Emissionen KW - Luft KW - VOC KW - Aerosol KW - Radon KW - Geruch PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45052 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca Skadi A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Emission reference materials for indoor air measurements N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented. T2 - GAS Analysis 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 30.01.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC KW - Indoor air quality PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - de Krom, I. A1 - Maes, F. A1 - Lecuna, M. A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca Skadi A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Metrological sound reference products for quality assurance and quality control measures in material emissions testing N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. Different VOC combinations may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use materials proven to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability and metrological traceability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable reference materials. The emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516 comprises several steps from sample preparation to sampling of test chamber air and chromatographic analysis. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) must therefore be ensured. Currently, there is a lack of suitable reference products containing components relevant for the health-related evaluation of building products. The EU-funded EMPIR project 20NRM04 MetrIAQ (Metrology for the determination of emissions of dangerous substances from building materials into indoor air) aims to develop 1) gaseous primary reference materials (gPRM), which are used for the certification of gaseous (certified) reference materials (gCRM) and 2) emission reference materials (ERM). Most commercial gas standards of indoor-relevant compounds are not certified due to the lack of primary reference materials to which the project aims to contribute. The gPRM under development is a gas-phase standard containing trace levels of VOCs in nitrogen or air from the check standard according to EN 16516 (n-hexane, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, o-xylene, phenol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) with a target uncertainty of 5 %. The gPRM can be sampled into sorbent tubes to obtain transfer standards in the form of gCRM. The well characterised ERM represents a sample of a test specimen, e.g. building material, that is loaded into the emission test chamber for a period of several days and is used to evaluate the whole emission test chamber procedure. It shall have a reproducible and temporally constant compound release of less than 10 % variability over 14 days. Different approaches for retarded VOC release, such as the encapsulation of pure compounds and the impregnation of porous materials, are being tested to reach this aim. Furthermore, the design of the ERM is accompanied by the development of a numerical model for the prediction of the emissions for each of the target VOCs. The current progress of the work on both materials will be presented. T2 - CIM 2023 - 21st International Metrology Congress CY - Lyon, France DA - 07.03.2023 KW - Indoor air quality KW - VOC KW - Materials emissions testing KW - Emission reference material KW - Quality assurance/quality control PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schuehle, Florian A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs N2 - Generation of experimental uptake rates (UR) for > 70 VOCs (7d /100 μg m-3) Application in German Environmental Survey – VOC exposure assessment Assurance of transparency concerning UR generation and uncertainty creates basis for decision making and comparability of measurement results. Exemplarily the uncertainty u(UR) of toluene UR was modelled and determined statistically with own laboratory data (relative standard deviation of actively sampled test gas atmosphere – RSDa and n = 5 exposed passive samplers – RSDp) in line with EN 838 as well as from variation of literature UR – RSD UR,lit. T2 - Airmon 2022, 10th International Symposium on modern principles of air monitoring and biomonitoring CY - Bristol, UK DA - 06.11.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Diffusive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Bereitstellung qualitätsgesicherter VOC-Aufnahmeraten für axiale Passivsammler N2 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs Passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is a simple, cost efficient and representative method to determine VOCs concentrations in indoor air. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used, defined as the ratio of the uptaken mass and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ considerably from ideal values (UR,id). Literature values in national and international standards, are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover the number of itemized substances is limited. The aim of this study was to review and expand this set of uptake rates by determination of own quality assured laboratory values.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 100 µg/m³ (approximately 100 300 ppm min). Seven day uptake rates in ISO16017 2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. N2 - Die passive Probenahme von VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) mit Tenax® TA und Thermodesorption GC/MS Analytik ist eine einfache, kosteneffiziente und repräsentative Methode zur Bestimmung der VOC-Konzentrationen in der Innenraumluft. In der Theorie ist die Stoffaufnahme in den Passivsammler nur abhängig vom Diffusionskoeffizienten der Substanz in Luft und der Geometrie des Sammlers (ideale Adsorption). Um sie zu charakterisieren, wird die Aufnahmerate (UR), definiert als Quotient der Massenaufnahme und dem Produkt aus Konzentration und Expositionszeit, verwendet. Viele effektive Aufnahmeraten (UR,eff) unterscheiden sich beträchtlich von idealen (theoretischen) Werten (UR,id). Literaturwerte sind in nationalen und internationalen Normen lediglich für bestimmte Expositionszeiten vorgegeben, während detaillierte Informationen über den zugehörigen Konzentrationsbereich fehlen. Außerdem ist die Anzahl der insgesamt in der Literatur beschriebenen Substanzen begrenzt. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es diesen Fundus an Aufnahmeraten zu begutachten und zu prüfen und ihn durch die Bestimmung eigener qualitätsgesicherter Laborwerte zu ergänzen. Die bestimmten Aufnahmeraten werden als akkurat bezüglich ihrer relativen Standardabweichung und Vergleichbarkeit zu Literaturwerten betrachtet und können für Expositionszeiten von 7 Tagen bei Konzentrationen von 50 100 µg/m³ (ca. 100 300 ppm min) empfohlen werden. Die Sieben Tage Aufnahmeraten aus ISO16017 2 und ASTM D6196 sind nicht generell für diesen Zweck geeignet, wie exemplarisch für Benzol gezeigt wurde. T2 - Kongress 29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Passive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-949241-04-8 AN - OPUS4-55209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Jacobi, T. A1 - Rasch, Fabian A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Emissions of fine and ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds from different filament materials operated on a low-cost 3D printer T1 - Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel sowie flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen beim Einsatz verschiedener Filamentmaterialien in einem „low-cost“-3D-Drucker N2 - 3D-printing or additive manufacturing has many promising and unique advantages. Especially low cost molten polymer Deposition Printers are increasingly populär in the private and educational sector. Their environmental friendliness can be questioned due to recently reported ultrafine particle and suspected VOC emissions, To further investigate 3D-printing as a potential indoor air pollution source we characterized fine and ultrafine particle emissions from a molten polymer deposition printer producing a 3D object with ten marketable polymer filament materials under controlled conditions in a test chamber. VOC emissions from the filaments have also been compared. Using a straightforward emission model time dependent and averaged particle emission rates were determined. The results indicate that under comparable conditions some filament materials produce mainly ultrafine particles up to an average rate of 1013 per minute. This value is in the upper ränge of typical indoor ultrafine particle sources (e.g. Smoking, frying, candle light, laser printer). The observed material-specific rates differ by five Orders of magnitude. Filament-specific gaseous emissions of organic compounds such as bisphenol A, styrene and others were also detected. Our results suggest a detailed evaluation of related risks and considering protective measures such as housing and filtering. N2 - 3D-Druck oder additive Herstellungsverfahren haben eine Menge vielversprechender und einzigartiger Vorteile. Insbesondere günstige 3D-Drucker für Polymere werden im privaten und ausbildenden Bereich zunehmend beliebter. Ihre Umweltfreundlichkeit kann aufgrund jüngst berichteter Emissionen ultrafeiner Partikel und vermuteter VOC-Emissionen infrage gestellt werden. Um 3D-Drucker für Polymere als mögliche Quelle von Innenraumluftverunreinigungen weiter zu untersuchen, charakterisierten wir die Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel bei der Herstellung eines 3D-Objekts unter Verwendung zehn marktgängiger Polymerfilamente unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in einer Emissionsprüfkammer. Die VOC-Emissionen der verschiedenen Filamente wurden ebenfalls verglichen. Die zeitabhängigen und gemittelten Partikelemissionsraten wurden durch Anwendung eines einfachen Emissionsmodells bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen einige Filamente mit einer mittleren Rate von 10 KW - Emission KW - Ultrafine particles KW - VOC KW - 3D printer PY - 2018 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 79 EP - 87 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-44954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, S. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Eggert, G. A1 - Krekel, C. T1 - Are cellulose ethers safe for the conservation of artwork? New insights in their VOC activity by means of Oddy testing N2 - Cellulose ethers, like methyl cellulose (MC) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), are widely used in conservation. They also occur as additives and rheology modifiers in various products like dispersions or gels. Do such products release harmful volatile organic compounds (VOC) during their accelerated aging? A mass testing series utilizing the Oddy test of 60 commercial cellulose ethers ranks the products in safe for permanent use (P, no corrosion), only for temporary use (T, slight corrosion), and unsuitable at all (F, heavy corrosion). Results show that 55% of the products passed the test whereas 33% are for temporary use as slight corrosion occurred on at least one metal coupon and only 11% failed the Oddy test. Raman measurements of the corrosion products identified oxides like massicot, litharge, cuprite, and tenorite among carbonates (hydrocerussite, plumbonacrite), and acetates like basic lead acetate, lead acetate trihydrate as well as lead formate as main phases. For example, commercial, industrial Klucel® G (HPC) scored a T rating through slight corrosion on the lead coupon. Basic lead acetate among other phases indicates the presence of acetic acid. Additional measurements of the sample with thermal desorption GC–MS utilizing the BEMMA scheme confirm the high acetic acid outgassing and reveal the presence of a small amount of formaldehyde. KW - Cellulose ether KW - Corrosion KW - Oddy test KW - VOC KW - BEMMA PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-547591 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Open AN - OPUS4-54759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Matthias, Richter A1 - Christoph, Grimmer T1 - Zeolites loaded with VOCs as reference for material emissions testing N2 - Nowadays, people spend most of their time indoors. Thus, a good indoor air quality is important. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from furniture and building materials can cause health complaints1. Quantitative VOC-emission testing is carried out under standardized conditions in emission test chambers. In the presented project an emission reference material (ERM) is developed that emits a defined mixture of VOCs which is required for quality assurance and -control (QA/QC) measures. Porous materials (e.g zeolites, activated carbons, MOFs or aerogels) are used as reservoir materials and impregnated with VOC. The porous materials are selected, among others, by their pore size, pore size distribution, polarity and availability. Due to their regular pore structure zeolites are tested at first. For a prediction of the emission profile, the ERM is supposed to exhibit a constant emission rate over time. The aim is a stability of ≤ 10 % change in the emission rate over a minimum of 14 days. Method For impregnation, the material is placed into an autoclave inside a rotatable basket. The VOC is added and the autoclave is closed. Afterwards, CO2 is inserted. The closed system is then heated to the supercritical point of CO2 (31 °C, 73.75 bar). In this state, the CO2 acts as solvent for the VOC. By rotating the basket, the distribution of the VOC is ensured. After a few minutes, the pressure is decreased slowly and the CO2 is released. For the determination of the emission profile, the impregnated sample is placed into an emission test chamber. These chambers can be operated either with dry or humid air (50 ± 5 % rel. humidity). Every second to third day, air samples are taken and analyzed by gas chromatography. For an ideal impregnation, several different pressures and temperatures as well as impregnation times are tested. Results Two zeolite materials tested in dry air conditions reach emission profiles with a decrease of less than 10 % over 14 days (heptane and toluene, respectively). Further it was discovered that smaller pellets of the same zeolite show better results than bigger particles. When the pore size of a zeolite is too small, e.g. 0.3 nm, the VOC cannot be absorbed sufficiently. The main disadvantage of zeolites is their hygroscopicity because it has a large impact on the release of VOC when they are used in emission test chambers under standardized test conditions (23 °C, 50 % rel. humidity). Activated carbons have emission profiles with a larger change over 14 days. However, the high hydrophobicity allows measurements in humid air conditions which was not possible with the before mentioned hygroscopic zeolites. It is possible to impregnate powdered materials as well, and thus powdered non-hygroscopic (n.h.) zeolites were impregnated. Their emission profiles are comparable to those of the activated carbons. The use of methylated hygroscopic zeolites with a decrease in hygroscopicity did not yield successful emission measurements. The change over 14 days is calculated only for the stable phase (~250–300 h). The desired stability of ≤ 10 % change of the emission rate over 14 days could already be reached under dry testing conditions. Further investigations under humid conditions show that zeolites with high Si/Al-ratios are non-hygroscopic and comparable to activated carbons (20–30 % change). The next step is to reduce the change in the emission rate of these materials to the aimed ≤ 10 % over 14 days. T2 - Deutsche Zeolithtagung CY - Jena, Germany DA - 28.02.2024 KW - VOC KW - Emission KW - Quality assurance KW - Reference material KW - Zeolite PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Matthias, Richter A1 - Christoph, Grimmer T1 - Constant emitting reference material for emissions test procedures N2 - Since nowadays people spend most of their time indoors, a healthy environment is essential. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from furniture and building materials are reported to cause health complaints. Therefore, the usage of low emitting materials will improve the indoor air quality. Quantitative VOC emission testing is usually conducted in emission test chambers under specified controlled conditions as described in DIN 16000-9 and DIN EN 16516. For reasons of quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) and for a better comparability of test results from different laboratories, suitable emission reference materials (ERM) are needed. Here, it is important to have a homogenous material with known emission rates over a specific time. Different approaches can be found in literature, inter alia polymer films loaded with the target compound to be released again, or a lacquer material to which a VOC mixture is added. After curing of the lacquer, the material can be loaded into a test chamber. Drawback of those approaches are their relatively fast decreasing emission profiles. For QC/QA purposes according to the test standards, VOC sources with constant emission profiles are desirable. The EU-funded research project MetrIAQ “Metrology for the determination of emissions of dangerous substances from building materials into indoor air” is working on a multi-component ERM with an envisaged instability of ≤ 10 % in the emission rate over at least 14 days. Within a doctoral thesis porous materials are impregnated with VOCs. Supercritical CO2 is used as solvent. Thus, the impregnated material does not contain any solvent that may show a measurable amount of emission in the emission test chamber. Furthermore, CO2 has the benefits to have a good availability and low costs. For the selection of porous materials several properties like the pore size, the surface, and the interaction with the components in the atmosphere need to be considered. The impregnation method is optimised while the different porous materials are tested. For the selection of porous materials the pores need to be large enough for the VOC molecules, further influence of the pore size is tested. T2 - Healthy Buildings CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 11.06.2023 KW - VOC KW - Emission KW - Quality assurance KW - Reference material PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC-Emissions from thermoplastic filaments for 3-D-printing N2 - Summary: A screening test for potential emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was run on different thermoplastic filaments used for 3D printing. The method of direct thermal desorption was used to simulate the high temperatures during the 3D printing process and to identify the main compounds emitted from the filaments. A large number of unexpected compounds were detected that might affect the user’s health and have an impact on indoor air chemistry. Introduction: The use of desktop 3D printers is increasing. Compared to other devices with known emissions, e.g. laser printers, there is still a lack of information on possible emissions of VOC and ultrafine particles during operation and the effect on indoor air quality. Most of the commercially available desktop 3D printers operate with a molten polymer deposition. For this process a solid thermoplastic filament is heated in an extrusion nozzle. Most filaments for desktop 3D printers use either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) as filament. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polycarbonate (PC). Method: Eight different thermoplastic filaments for 3D printers were analysed by direct thermal desorption followed by GC-MS identification of the emitted substances. Direct thermal desorption was done by desorbing 5 mg of the feedstock for 1 minute at a temperature of 210°C. This is an average temperature for 3D printing with thermoplastic filaments. Results and conclusions: The comparison of the 4 different filament groups showed the highest overall emissions from ABS, followed by PLA, PC and PVA. Filament ABS 2 emitted mainly SVOCs and triphenyl phosphate, the latter has the highest emission for a single compound from all evaluated filaments. Thermoplastic filaments are a new source of VOC emissions due to the high temperatures associated with 3D printing, which can reach up to 270°C. Some of the detected compounds like lactic acid, lactide and bisphenol A have never been described before in the indoor environment. Additionally some of the main substances could not be identified and some others might have the potential to affect the indoor air chemistry. The appearance of some newly detected compounds raises concerns about potential health effects for the users of 3D printers at home. T2 - 20th Conference | Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - 3D printing KW - Thermoplastic filaments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -