TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Rodríguez-Rojas, A. A1 - Rolff, J. A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides used as material preservatives modify rates of de novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer in bacteria N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution and transmission of AMR. Previous studies showed that de-novo mutagenesis and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by conjugation or transformation – important processes underlying resistance evolution and spread - are affected by antibiotics, metals and pesticides. However, natural microbial communities are also frequently exposed to biocides used as material preservatives, but it is unknown if these substances induce mutagenesis and HGT. Here, we show that active substances used in material preservatives can increase rates of mutation and conjugation in a species- and substance-dependent manner, while rates of transformation are not increased. The bisbiguanide chlorhexidine digluconate, the quaternary ammonium compound didecyldimethylammonium chloride, the metal copper, the pyrethroid-insecticide permethrin, and the azole-fungicide propiconazole increase mutation rates in Escherichia coli, whereas no increases were identified for Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter baylyi. Benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and permethrin increased conjugation in E. coli. Moreover, our results show a connection between the RpoS-mediated general stress and the RecA-linked SOS response with increased rates of mutation and conjugation, but not for all biocides. Taken together, our data show the importance of assessing the contribution of material preservatives on AMR evolution and spread. KW - Mutation rate KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Biocides PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129280 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 437 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gugin, Nikita A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Mix and wait – a relaxed way for synthesizing ZIF-8 N2 - Herein we report the synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) by an easy “mix and wait” procedure. In a closed vial, without any interference, the mixture of 2-methylimidazole and basic zinc carbonate assembles into the crystalline product with approx. 90% conversion after 70 h. The reaction exhibits sigmoidal kinetics due to the self-generated water which accelerates the reaction. KW - In-situ analysis KW - Mechanochemistry KW - MOF KW - Synthesis KW - ZIF-8 PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00740A VL - 12 SP - 8940 EP - 8944 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-54684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völzke, Jule L. A1 - Hodjat Shamami, Parya A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Zimathies, Annett A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - High-purity corundum as support for affinity extractions from complex samples N2 - Nonporous corundum powder, known as an abrasive material in the industry, was functionalized covalently with protein binders to isolate and enrich specific proteins from complex matrices. The materials based on corundum were characterized by TEM, ESEM, BET, DLS, EDS, and zeta potential measurements. The strong Al-O-P bonds between the corundum surface and amino phosphonic acids were used to introduce functional groups for further conjugations. The common crosslinker glutaraldehyde was compared with a hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) of around 10 kDa. The latter was oxidized with periodate to generate aldehyde groups that can covalently react with the amines of the surface and the amino groups from the protein via a reductive amination process. The amount of bound protein was quantified via aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA). This work shows that oxidized polyglycerol can be used as an alternative to glutaraldehyde. With polyglycerol, more of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be attached to the surface under the same conditions, and lower non-specific binding (NSB) was observed. As a proof of concept, IgG was extracted with protein A from crude human plasma. The purity of the product was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A binding capacity of 1.8 mg IgG per gram of corundum powder was achieved. The advantages of corundum include the very low price, extremely high physical and chemical stability, pressure resistance, favorable binding kinetics, convenient handling, and flexible application. KW - Corundum KW - Sapphire KW - Affinity chromatography KW - Antibodies KW - Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) KW - Polyglycerol KW - Dendrimer KW - Nonspecific binding (NSB) KW - Purification KW - Solid-phase extraction (SPE) PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559342 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090252 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Kochovski, Z. A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Ni- and Co-Struvites: Revealing Crystallization Mechanisms and Crystal Engineering toward Applicational Use of Transition Metal Phosphates N2 - Industrial and agricultural waste streams (waste water, sludges, tailings, etc.) which contain high concentrations of NH4+, PO43–, and transition metals are environmentally harmful and toxic pollutants. At the same time, phosphorous and transition metals constitute highly valuable resources. Typically, separate pathways have been considered to extract hazardous transition metals or phosphate independently from each other. Investigations on the simultaneous removal of multiple components have been carried out only to a limited extent. Here, we report the synthesis routes for Ni- and Co-struvites (NH4MPO4·6H2O, M = Ni2+ and Co2+), which allow for P, ammonia, and metal co-precipitation. By evaluating different reaction parameters, the phase and stability of transition metal struvites as well as their crystal morphologies and sizes could be optimized. Ni-struvite is stable in a wide reactant concentration range and at different metal/phosphorus (M/P) ratios, whereas Co-struvite only forms at low M/P ratios. Detailed investigations of the precipitation process using ex situ and in situ techniques provided insights into the crystallization mechanisms/crystal engineering of these materials. M-struvites crystallize via intermediate colloidal amorphous nanophases, which subsequently aggregate and condense to final crystals after extended reaction times. However, the exact reaction kinetics of the formation of a final crystalline product varies significantly depending on the involved metal cation in the precipitation process: several seconds (Mg) to minutes (Ni) to hours (Co). The achieved level of control over the morphology and size makes precipitation of transition metal struvites a promising method for direct metal recovery and binding them in the form of valuable phosphate raw materials. Under this paradigm, the crystals can be potentially up-cycled as precursor powders for electrochemical or (electro)catalytic applications, which require transition metal phosphates. KW - Crystallization KW - Struvite KW - Nickel KW - Cobalt KW - Phosphorous recovery KW - Up-cycling KW - Aqueous synthesis PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00284 VL - 22 IS - 7 SP - 4305 EP - 4315 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington D.C. AN - OPUS4-55286 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Putna-Nimane, I. A1 - Barda, I. A1 - Liepina-Leimane, I. A1 - Strode, E. A1 - Kileso, A. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Purina, I. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Environmental impact of geosynthetics in coastal protection N2 - Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed. KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Dynamic surface leaching test KW - Artificial ageing KW - Marine littering PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520576 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030634 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 3 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 634-1 EP - 634-13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittmar, J. A1 - Ohle, Corina A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Brand, I. T1 - Effect of Ectoine on the Conformation and Hybridization of dsDNA in Monolayer Films: A Spectroelectrochemical Study N2 - Lack of long-time stability of dsDNA-based supramolecular assemblies is an important issue that hinders their applications. In this work, 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments [(dCdG)20 65%] composed of 65% dCdG and 35% dAdT nucleotides were tethered via a thiol to the surface of a gold electrode. The selfassembled (dCdG)20 -65% monolayer was immersed in solutions containing ectoine, a compatible solute. Electrochemical results showed that these monolayers were stable for one month. In situ IR spectroscopy indicated that ectoine interacts weakly with the phosphate-ribose backbone, dehydrating the phosphate groups and stabilizing the A-DNA conformation. This structural reorganization led to a reorientation of nucleic acid base pairs and a local disruption of the double-helix structure. However, the conformation and orientation of the dsDNA fragment was stable in the KW - Ectoine KW - dsDAN monolayer KW - A-DNA conformation PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533346 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100816 SN - 2196-0216 VL - 8 IS - 20 SP - 3844 EP - 3854 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-53334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heeger, Felix A1 - Bourne, E. C. A1 - Wurzbacher, C. A1 - Funke, E. A1 - Lipzen, A. A1 - He, G. A1 - Ng, V. A1 - Grigoriev, I. V. A1 - Schlosser, D. A1 - Monaghan, M. T. T1 - Evidence for Lignocellulose-Decomposing Enzymes in the Genome and Transcriptome of the Aquatic Hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica N2 - Fungi are ecologically outstanding decomposers of lignocellulose. Fungal lignocellulose degradation is prominent in saprotrophic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of the subkingdom Dikarya. Despite ascomycetes dominating the Dikarya inventory of aquatic environments, genome and transcriptome data relating to enzymes involved in lignocellulose decay remain limited to terrestrial representatives of these phyla. We sequenced the genome of an exclusively aquatic ascomycete (the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica), documented the presence of genes for the modification of lignocellulose and its constituents, and compared differential gene expression between C. aquatica cultivated on lignocellulosic and sugar-rich substrates. We identified potential peroxidases, laccases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, several of which were differentially expressed when experimentally grown on different substrates. Additionally, we found indications for the regulation of pathways for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. Our results suggest that C. aquatica is able to modify lignin to some extent, detoxify aromatic lignin constituents, or both. Such characteristics would be expected to facilitate the use of carbohydrate components of lignocellulose as carbon and energy sources. KW - Aquatic fungi KW - Differential expression KW - Lignocellulose KW - Laccase KW - RNA-Seq PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536843 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100854 VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 2 EP - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-53684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Schultes, P. A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Formaldehyde emissions from wooden toys: Comparison of different measurement methods and assessment of exposure N2 - Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to Levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 µg/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered. KW - EN 717-3 KW - Formaldehyde KW - Wooden toys KW - Emission test chamber KW - Flask method KW - Microchamber PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520196 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020262 VL - 14 IS - 2 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 262-1 EP - 262-16 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-52019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Heavy metal recovery from the fine fraction of solid waste incineration bottom ash by wet density separation N2 - This work is aimed at exploring the recovery of heavy metals from the fine fraction of solid waste incineration bottom ash. For this study, wet-discharged bottom ash fine-fraction samples from full-scale treatment plants in Germany and Sweden were analyzed. The potential for the recovery of heavy metal compounds was investigated through wet density-separation with a shaking table. The feed materials were processed without any pre-treatment and the optimum processing conditions were determined by means of design of experiments. Tilt angle and stroke frequency were identified as the most relevant parameters, and the optimum settings were − 7.5° and 266 rpm, respectively. The obtained balanced copper enrichments (and yields) were 4.4 (41%), 6.2 (28%) and 2.4 (23%). A maximum copper enrichment of 14.5 with 2% yield was achieved, providing a concentrate containing 35.9 wt.% relevant heavy metal elements. This included 26.3 wt.% iron, 4.3 wt.% zinc and 3.8 wt.% copper. In conclusion, density separation with shaking tables can recover heavy metals from bottom ash fine fractions. Medium levels of heavy metal enrichment (e.g., for Cu 2.7–4.4) and yield (Cu: 26–41%) can be reached simultaneously. However, the separation performance also depends on the individual bottom ash sample. KW - Bottom ash KW - Density separation KW - Circular economy KW - Design of experiments PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538569 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01325-1 SN - 1438-4957 SN - 1611-8227 VL - 24 SP - 364 EP - 377 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-53856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodgkinson, I. A1 - Maletz, R. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Dornack, C. T1 - Mini-review of waste-to-energy related air pollution and their limit value regulations in an international comparison N2 - The concept of circular economy supports mitigation of climate change and other environmental pressures to the planet. Circulating materials in anthropogenic processes come with the risk of accumulating hazardous substances and compounds. In this concept, waste incineration or waste-to-energy (WtE) is a necessary technology to remove these compounds from the life cycle. In this mini-review, contaminants of major importance in the flue gas from waste incineration plants and their environmental impact are discussed. Air pollution of WtE is often seen as the most relevant environmental impact of this treatment option. The emission values parameter set for different countries is presented and compared. The most stringent legally set of emission values could be found in parts of Europe and South Korea. Japan also permits similar strict values when authorising individual incineration plants. In North America, the values are partially less strict as the best available technologies in Europe suggest being possible. Emerging economies, such as India and China, have shown efforts to improve their environmental protection standards but still have room to improve. This could be set in relation to other industrial emitting processes and therefore could be used to assess the relevance of this industry sector to the national emission inventories. KW - Waste incineration KW - Waste-to-energy KW - Limit values KW - Regulation KW - Emission KW - Air pollution control PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211060607 SN - 0734-242X SN - 1096-3669 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 849 EP - 858 PB - Sage Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-53858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biedermann, P. H. W. A1 - Rohlfs, M. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Meunier, J. T1 - Editorial: Microbial drivers of sociality – From multicellularity to animal societies N2 - While sociality is present in a taxonomically diverse number of species, most animals remain solitary (Bourke, 2011). Over the last centuries, this apparent imbalance in social and non-social animals has led to a great deal of research aimed at shedding light on the biotic and abiotic factors explaining the emergence and maintenance of sociality in nature (West et al., 2015). Among them, microbes were quickly identified as a major problem for the evolution of social life, because frequent contact between group members typically facilitates the transmission of pathogens, high nest fidelity favours the establishment of microbial pathogens close to their social hosts and, finally, because social groups often exhibit limited genetic diversity and thus limited genetic resistance against certain pathogen strains (Schmid-Hempel, 1998; Cremer et al., 2007). However, this long-standing view has changed considerably over the last few years. Recent research indeed revealed that group living may be more effective than solitary living to Limit the risk of infection by pathogenic microbes because group living also allows the development of an additional layer of defence against pathogens in the form of social immunity (Cremer et al., 2007; Cotter and Kilner, 2010). Under strong pressure from pathogens, microbes could therefore promote, rather than hinder, the evolutionary transition from solitary to group Living (Meunier, 2015; Biedermann and Rohlfs, 2017). Moreover, we are increasingly aware that many microbes provide essential benefits to their hosts by performing critical digestive, physiological, and reproductive functions (Engel and Moran, 2013; McFall-Ngai et al., 2013). The need to Access beneficial microbes may thus have played a role in the expression of frequent and tight interactions between conspecifics and ultimately promoted social evolution (Wilson, 1971; Onchuru et al., 2018). Finally, a growing number of studies suggest that microbes could enforce the Aggregation and expression of cooperative behaviours of the hosts to increase their chance of reaching new hosts and may therefore be involved in the evolution of host sociality (Lewin-Epstein et al., 2017) (but see Johnson and Foster, 2018). KW - Microbe KW - Sociality KW - Multicellularity KW - Evolution KW - Symbiosis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538741 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.752906 SN - 2296-701X VL - 9 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-53874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Söftje, M. A1 - Weingartz, T. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Gjikaj, M. A1 - Namysko, J. C. A1 - Kaufmann, D. E. T1 - Surface Tuning of Wood via Covalent Modification of Its Lignocellulosic Biopolymers with Substituted BenzoatesA Study on Reactivity, Efficiency, and Durability N2 - Chemical modification of wood applying benzotriazolyl-activated carboxylic acids has proven to be a versatile method for the durable functionalization of its lignocellulosic biopolymers. Through this process, the material properties of Wood can be influenced and specifically optimized. To check the scope and limitations of this modification method, various benzamide derivatives with electron-withdrawing (EWG) or electron-donating (EDG) functional groups in different positions of the aromatic ring were synthesized and applied for covalent modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood in this study. The bonded amounts of substances (up to 2.20 mmol) were compared with the reactivity constants of the Hammett equation, revealing a significant correlation between the modification efficiency and the theoretical reactivity constants of the corresponding aromatic substitution pattern. The successful covalent attachment of the respective substituted benzamides was proven by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, while the stability of the newly formed ester bond was proven in a standardized leaching test. KW - Leaching KW - Wood Protection KW - Wood Modification PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538932 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04353 VL - 6 IS - 49 SP - 33542 EP - 33553 AN - OPUS4-53893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of per‑ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils and sewage sludges by fluorine K‑edge XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography N2 - For the first time, fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was applied to detect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various soil and sewage sludge samples. The method can be used to determine the speciation of inorganic and organic fluorides, without pre-treatment of solid samples. Therefore, XANES spectra of several inorganic fluorides as well as selected fluorinated organic compounds were recorded. While inorganic fluorides partially exhibit a variety of sharp spectral features in the XANES spectrum, almost all inspected organofluorine compounds show two distinct broad features at 688.5 and 692.0 eV. Moreover, the peak intensity ratio 688.5 eV/692.0 eV in the PFAS XANES spectrum can be inversely correlated to the chain length of the perfluoro sulfonic acid group. The detection of targeted PFAS by bulk-XANES spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting in soils and sewage sludges was not applicable due to the low organic fluorine to total fluorine ratio of the samples (0.01–1.84%). Nonetheless, direct analysis of pure PFAS revealed that analysis of organofluorine species might be achieved in higher concentrated samples. Furthermore, quantitative measurements by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) evaluated as sum parameters extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) emphasize that besides soils, sewage sludges are a significant source of organic fluorine in agriculture (154–7209 μg/kg). KW - Sewage sludge KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Oil KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538953 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17838-z VL - 29 IS - 18 SP - 26889 EP - 26899 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - He, Shulin A1 - Sieksmeyer, Thorben A1 - Che, Y. A1 - Mora, M. A. E. A1 - Stiblik, P. A1 - Banasiak, Ronald A1 - Harrison, M. C. A1 - Sobotnik, J. A1 - Wang, Z. A1 - Johnston, P. R. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Evidence for reduced immune gene diversity and activity during the evolution of termites N2 - The evolution of biological complexity is associated with the emergence of bespoke immune systems that maintain and protect organism integrity. Unlike the well-studied immune systems of cells and individuals, little is known about the origins of immunity during the transition to eusociality, a major evolutionary transition comparable to the evolution of multicellular organisms from single-celled ancestors. We aimed to tackle this by characterizing the immune gene repertoire of 18 cockroach and termite species, spanning the spectrum of solitary, subsocial and eusocial lifestyles. We find that key transitions in termite sociality are correlated with immune gene family contractions. In cross-species comparisons of immune gene expression, we find evidence for a caste-specific social defence system in termites, which appears to operate at the expense of individual immune protection. Our study indicates that a major transition in organismal complexity may have entailed a fundamental reshaping of the immune system optimized for group over individual defence. KW - Social insect KW - Subsocial KW - Cockroach KW - Major transition KW - Contraction KW - Expansion PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538878 DO - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3168 SN - 0962-8452 SN - 1471-2954 VL - 288 IS - 1945 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - The Royal Society CY - London AN - OPUS4-53887 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albarrán Martínez, M. J. A1 - Ghigo, Tea T1 - The practice of writing inside an Egyptian monastic settlement N2 - Over the last few years, the Federal Institute for material research (BAM, Berlin) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC, University of Hamburg) have initiated a systematic material investigation of black inks produced from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages (ca. fourth century CE–fourteenth/fifteenth centuries CE), aimed primarily at extending and complementing findings from previous sporadic studies. Part of this systematic investigation has focused on Egyptian Coptic manuscripts, and the present preliminary study is one of its outputs. It centres on a corpus of 45 Coptic manuscripts—43 papyri and 2 ostraca—preserved at the Palau-Ribes and Roca-Puig collections in Barcelona. The manuscripts come from the Monastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit, one of the largest monastic settlements in Egypt between the Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period (sixth–eighth centuries CE). The composition of their black inks was investigated in situ using near-infrared reflectography (NIRR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analyses determined that the manuscripts were written using different types of ink: pure carbon ink; carbon ink containing iron; mixed inks containing carbon, polyphenols and metallic elements; and iron-gall ink. The variety of inks used for the documentary texts seems to reflect the articulate administrative system of the monastery of Bawit. This study reveals that, in contrast to the documents, written mostly with carbon-based inks, literary biblical texts were written with iron-gall ink. The frequent reuse of papyrus paper for certain categories of documents may suggest that carbon-based inks were used for ephemeral manuscripts, since they were easy to erase by abrasion. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - Coptic manuscripts KW - Bawit KW - Mixed ink KW - Near-infrared refectography KW - X-ray fuorescence PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528833 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00541-0 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Open CY - Rome, Italy AN - OPUS4-52883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze-Makuch, D. A1 - Lipus, D. A1 - Arens, F. L. A1 - Baque, M. A1 - Bornemann, T. L. V. A1 - de Vera, J. P. A1 - Flury, M. A1 - Froesler, J. A1 - Heinz, J. A1 - Hwang, Y. A1 - Kounaves, S. P. A1 - Mangelsdorf, K. A1 - Meckenstock, R. U. A1 - Pannekens, M. A1 - Probst, A. J. A1 - Saenz, J. S. A1 - Schirmack, J. A1 - Schloter, M. A1 - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. A1 - Schneider, Beate A1 - Uhl, J. A1 - Vestergaard, G. A1 - Valenzuela, B. A1 - Zamorano, P. A1 - Wagner, D. T1 - Microbial hotspots in lithic microhabitats inferred from DNA fractionation and metagenomics in the Atacama Desert N2 - The existence of microbial activity hotspots in temperate regions of Earth is driven by soil heterogeneities, especially the temporal and spatial availability of nutrients. Here we investigate whether microbial activity hotspots also exist in lithic microhabitats in one of the most arid regions of the world, the Atacama Desert in Chile. While previous studies evaluated the total DNA fraction to elucidate the microbial communities, we here for the first time use a DNA separation approach on lithic microhabitats, together with metagenomics and other analysis methods (i.e., ATP, PLFA, and metabolite analysis) to specifically gain insights on the living and potentially active microbial community. Our results show that hypolith colonized rocks are microbial hotspots in the desert environment. In contrast, our data do not support such a conclusion for gypsum crust and salt rock environments, because only limited microbial activity could be observed. The hypolith community is dominated by phototrophs, mostly Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi, at both study sites. The gypsum crusts are dominated by methylotrophs and heterotrophic phototrophs, mostly Chloroflexi, and the salt rocks (halite nodules) by phototrophic and halotolerant endoliths, mostly Cyanobacteria and Archaea. The major environmental constraints in the organic-poor arid and hyperarid Atacama Desert are water availability and UV irradiation, allowing phototrophs and other extremophiles to play a key role in desert ecology. KW - Desert ecology KW - Extremophile KW - Hyperarid PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527959 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051038 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 1038 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. T1 - A Novel Dry Treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for the Reduction of Salts and Potential Toxic Elements N2 - The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4. The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%), chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization. KW - Bottom ash KW - Dry treatment KW - Potential toxic elements KW - Salts PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527963 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113133 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - 3133 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Czömpöly, O. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou, M. A1 - Tsakanika, L. A1 - Lymperopoulou, T. A1 - Goddard, S. A1 - Fiebig, M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of Element Mass Concentrations in Ambient Aerosols by Combination of Cascade Impactor Sampling and Mobile Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments, as well as for enforcing EU air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled over long time periods on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). During the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling is combined for the first time with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy to develop a tool for quantifying particle element compositions within short time intervals and even on-site. This makes variations of aerosol chemistry observable with time resolution only a few hours and with good size resolution in the PM10 range. The study investigates the proof of principles of this methodological approach. Acrylic discs and silicon wafers are shown to be suitable impactor carriers with sufficiently smooth and clean surfaces, and a non-destructive elemental mass concentration measurement with a lower limit of detection around 10 pg/m3 could be achieved. We demonstrate the traceability of field TXRF measurements to a radiometrically calibrated TXRF reference, and the results from both analytical methods correspond satisfactorily. KW - TXRF KW - Reference method KW - Cascade impactor KW - Ambient aerosols KW - Particles KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Element mass concentration KW - Size resolved chemical composition KW - Time resolved chemical composition KW - ICP-MS PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521860 UR - http://www.aerometproject.com/ DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030309 SN - 2073-4433 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 309 EP - 337 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-52186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air by sorbent-based active sampling: Identifying the gaps towards standardisation N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard describes a method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air by sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It also gives directions to adapt this methodology to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). Indeed, toxicologically based guideline values are being implemented for these compounds and it becomes necessary to measure them. But a comprehensive and robust measurement method is lacking. This work highlights the points that still need to be explored towards the standardisation of a suitable procedure: investigations on sorbent combinations, the suitability of chromatography columns and the use of gaseous standards are required. The biggest challenge remains in the fact that strong sorbents adsorb water together with VVOCs. Water may impair the analysis and the optimal approach to eliminate it is still to be found and integrated into the sampling strategy. KW - Solvents KW - Air analysis KW - VOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography KW - ISO 16000-6 PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523919 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116265 VL - 140 SP - 116265 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horender, S. A1 - Auderset, K. A1 - Quincey, P. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Skov, S. N. A1 - Dierschel, K. A1 - Smith, T. O.M. A1 - Williams, K. A1 - Aegerter, C. C. A1 - Kalbermatter, D. M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Vasilatou, K. T1 - Facility for production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) inthe laboratory: application in the intercomparison of automated PMmonitors with the reference gravimetric method N2 - A new facility has been developed which allows for a stable and reproducible production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) in the laboratory. The set-up consists of multiple aerosol generators, a custom-made flow tube homogeniser, isokinetic sampling probes, and a system to control aerosol temperature and humidity. Model aerosols containing elemental carbon, secondary organic matter from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, mineral dust particles,and water were generated under different environmental conditions and at different number and mass concentrations. The aerosol physical and chemical properties were characterised with an array of experimental methods, including scanning mobility particle sizing, ion chromatography, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and thermo-optical analysis. The facility is very versatile and can find applications in the calibration and performance characterisation of aerosol instruments monitoring ambient air. In this study, we performed, as proof of concept, an intercomparison of three different commercial PM (particulate matter) monitors (TEOM1405, DustTrak DRX 8533 and Fidas Frog) with the gravimetric reference method under three simulated environmental scenarios. The results are presented and compared to previous field studies. We believe that the laboratory-based method for simulating ambient aerosols presented here could provide in the future a useful alternative to time-consuming and expensive field campaigns, which are often required for instrument certification and calibration. KW - Model aerosols KW - Intercomparison KW - PM monitors KW - Aerosol gravimetry PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521342 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1225-2021 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 1225 EP - 1238 PB - Copernicus Publications AN - OPUS4-52134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -