TY - JOUR A1 - Hobmeier, K. A1 - Goëss, M. C. A1 - Sehr, C. A1 - Schwaminger, S. A1 - Berensmeier, S. A1 - Kremling, A. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Pflüger-Grau, K. A1 - Marin-Sanguino, A. T1 - Anaplerotic Pathways in Halomonas elongata: The Role of the Sodium Gradient N2 - Salt tolerance in the γ-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata is linked to its ability to produce the compatible solute ectoine. The metabolism of ectoine production is of great interest since it can shed light on the biochemical basis of halotolerance as well as pave the way for the improvement of the biotechnological production of such compatible solute. Ectoine belongs to the biosynthetic family of aspartate-derived amino-acids. Aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate, thereby connecting ectoine production to the anaplerotic reactions that refill carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). This places a high demand on these reactions and creates the need to regulate them not only in response to growth but also in response to extracellular salt concentration. In this work, we combine modeling and experiments to analyze how these different needs shape the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata. First, the stoichiometric and thermodynamic factors that condition the flux distributions are analyzed, then the optimal patterns of operation for oxaloacetate production are calculated. Finally, the phenotype of two deletion mutants lacking potentially relevant anaplerotic enzymes: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) and oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Oad) are experimentally characterized. The results show that the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata are indeed subject to evolutionary pressures that differ from those faced by other gram-negative bacteria. Ectoine producing halophiles must meet a higher metabolic demand for oxaloacetate and the reliance of many marine bacteria on the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compromises the anaplerotic efficiency of Ppc, which is usually one of the main enzymes fulfilling this role. The anaplerotic flux in H. elongata is contributed not only by Ppc but also by Oad, an enzyme that has not yet been shown to play this role in vivo. Ppc is necessary for H. elongata to grow normally at low salt concentrations but it is not required to achieve near maximal growth rates as long as there is a steep sodium gradient. On the other hand, the lack of Oad presents serious difficulties to grow at high salt concentrations. This points to a shared role of these two enzymes in guaranteeing the supply of oxaloacetate for biosynthetic reactions. KW - Metabolic flux analysis KW - Halophilic bacteria KW - Halomonas elongata KW - Metabolic modeling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513124 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.561800 VL - 11 SP - 561800 AN - OPUS4-51312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Analiza możliwości wykorzystania w Polsce popiołów ze spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych na cele nawozowe T1 - Use of municipal sewage sludge ash for fertilizing purposes. An analysis of possibilities in Poland N2 - Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim. N2 - Ashes from thermal transformation of municipal sewage sludge were thermochem. modified at 1000°C in the presence of NaHCO3 and sewage sludge to obtain CaNaPO4 and reduce the content of heavy metals in the produced fertilizer. Its bioavailability was more than 99% higher than that of raw ashes (50%). The nutrient content was 13.56 % Ca, 6.33% P, 4.36% K and 5.0% Fe. The content of heavy metals in fertilizer products met the std. requirements and was exceeded only in the case of Pb (278.3 mg/kg d.m.). KW - Ashes KW - Waste KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery KW - Fertilizer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2020.8.14 VL - 99 IS - 8 SP - 1186 EP - 1191 AN - OPUS4-51267 LA - pol AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - O'Neill, A. J. A1 - Ivask, A. A1 - Jenssen, H. A1 - Inkinen, J. A1 - Kahru, A. A1 - Ahonen, M. A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting N2 - Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in These settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial Coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Touch surfaces KW - Healthcare KW - Infections KW - COST action CA15114 AMICI PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510926 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006 SN - 0195-6701 VL - 106 IS - 1 SP - 115 EP - 125 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-51092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Possling, A. A1 - Malysheva, N. A1 - Yousef, K. P. A1 - Herbst, S. A1 - von Kleist, M. A1 - Hengge, R. T1 - Local c-di-GMP signaling in the control of synthesis of the E. coli biofilm exopolysaccharide pEtN-cellulose N2 - In many bacteria, the biofilm-promoting second messenger c-di-GMP is produced and degraded by multiple diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE), respectively. High target specificity of some of these enzymes has led to theoretical concepts of "local" c-di-GMP signaling. In Escherichia coli K-12, which has 12 DGCs and 13 PDEs, a single DGC, DgcC, is specifically required for the biosynthesis of the biofilm exopolysaccharide pEtN-cellulose without affecting the cellular c-di-GMP pool, but the mechanistic basis of this target specificity has remained obscure. DGC activity of membrane-associated DgcC, which is demonstrated in vitro in nanodiscs, is shown to be necessary and sufficient to specifically activate cellulose biosynthesis in vivo. DgcC and a particular PDE, PdeK (encoded right next to the cellulose operon), directly interact with cellulose synthase subunit BcsB and with each other, thus establishing physical proximity between cellulose synthase and a local source and sink of c-di-GMP. This arrangement provides a localized, yet open source of c-di-GMP right next to cellulose synthase subunit BcsA, which needs allosteric activation by c-di-GMP. Through mathematical modeling and simulation, we demonstrate that BcsA binding from the low cytosolic c-di-GMP pool in E. coli is negligible, whereas a single c-di-GMP molecule that is produced and released in direct proximity to cellulose synthase increases the probability of c-di-GMP binding to BcsA several hundred-fold. This local c-di-GMP signaling could provide a blueprint for target-specific second messenger signaling also in other bacteria where multiple second messenger producing and degrading enzymes exist. KW - Biofilm KW - Cellulose synthase KW - Bacterial second messenger KW - C-di-GMP PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511214 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2020.06.006 SN - 0022-2836 VL - 432 IS - 16 SP - 4576 EP - 4595 PB - Elsevir Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration. Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase. Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist. N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process. The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke. KW - Tantal KW - Recycling KW - Reduktionsprozess KW - Perowskit KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen PY - 2020 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-51064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential N2 - This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers. Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation. KW - Municipal sewage sludge KW - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery potential PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.042 VL - 116 SP - 31 EP - 39 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-51093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Robustness validation of a test procedure for the determination of the radon-222 exhalation rate from construction products in VOC emission test chambers N2 - This study investigated the adaptation of the state-of-the-art test procedure for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials into indoor air to test for the radon exhalation from stony construction products. A complete robustness validation including all relevant parameters showed that the procedure can be well applied by testing institutes already holding available the required VOC testing infrastructure that solely needs to be complemented by calibrated commercial radon measurement instrumentation. When measurements of the radon exhalation from construction materials become mandatory by law, test capacity can easily be applied. This work can serve as a recommendation for the European standardisation that still is on hold in this point. KW - Radon exhalation KW - Construction products KW - Emission test chamber KW - Robustness validation KW - Standardisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109372 SN - 0969-8043 VL - 166 IS - 109372 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Determination of recovery rates of adsorbents for sampling very volatile organic compounds (C1-C6) in dry and humid air in the sub-ppb range by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry N2 - The reliable measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in indoor air by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) in order to include them into evaluation schemes for building products even nowadays is a great challenge. For capturing these small molecules with carbon numbers ranging from C 1 –C 6 , strong adsorbents are needed. In the present study, recovery rates of nine suitable adsorbents of the groups of porous polymers, graphitised carbon blacks (GCB) and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) are tested against a complex test gas standard containing 29 VVOC. By consideration of the recovery and the relative humidity (50% RH), combinations of the GCB Carbograph 5TD, the two CMS Carboxen 1003 and Carbosieve SII as well as the porous polymer Tenax® GR were identified to be potentially suitable for sampling the majority of the VVOC out of the gas mix. The results reveal a better performance of the adsorbents in combination than being used alone, particularly under humid sampling conditions. The recovery rates of the chosen compounds on each adsorbent should be in the range of 80–120%. KW - VVOC KW - Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance KW - Recovery rate KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461389 VL - 1626 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vilcinskas, A. A1 - Schwabe, M. A1 - Brinkrolf, K. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Wielsch, N. A1 - Vogel, H. T1 - Larvae of the clothing moth Tineola bisselliella maintain gut bacteria that secrete enzyme cocktails to facilitate the digestion of keratin N2 - The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome Annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes. KW - Keratin KW - Insect biotechnology KW - Beneficial microbes KW - Symbiosis KW - Dietary adaptation KW - Tineola bisselliella PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512309 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091415 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - 1415 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51230 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittmar, J. A1 - Meyer, Susann A1 - Sieling, T. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Smiatek, Jens A1 - Brand, Izabella T1 - What Does Ectoine Do to DNA? A Molecular-Scale Picture of Compatible Solute−Biopolymer Interactions N2 - Compatible solutes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophilic microorganisms. These molecules enable their survival in a high salinity environment. Ectoine is such a compatible solute. It is a zwitterionic molecule which strongly interacts with surrounding water molecules and changes the dynamics of the local hydration shell. Ectoine interacts with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. The molecular interaction between ectoine and biomolecules in particular the interaction between ectoine and DNA is far from being understood. In this paper we describe molecular aspects of the interaction between ectoine and double stranded DNA(dsDNA). Two 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments were immobilized on a Gold surface via a thiol-tether. The interaction between the dsDNA monolayers with diluted and concentrated ectoine solutions was examined by means of X-ray photoelectron and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies (PM IRRAS). Experimental results indicate that the ability of ectoine to bind water reduces the strength of hydrogen bonds formed to the ribose-phosphate backbone in the dsDNA. In diluted (0.1 M) ectoine solution, DNA interacts predominantly with water molecules. The sugar-phosphate backbone is involved in the formation of strong hydrogen bonds to water, which with elapsing time leads to a reorientation of the planes of nucleic acid bases. This reorientation destabilizes the hydrogen bonds strength between the bases and leads to a partial dehybridizaiton of the dsDNA. In concentrated ectoine solution (2.5 M), almost all water molecules interact with ectoine. Under this condition ectoine is able to interact directly with DNA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the direct interaction involves the nitrogen atoms in ectoine and phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The results of the quantum chemical calculations Show that rearrangements in the ribose-phosphate backbone, caused by a direct interaction with ectoine, facilitates contacts between O atom in the phosphate group and H atoms in a nucleic acid base. In the PM IRRA spectra, an increase in the number of the IR absorption modes in the base pair frequency region proves that the hydrogen bonds between bases become weaker. Thus, a sequence of reorientations caused by interaction with ectoine leads to a breakdown of hydrogen bonds between bases in the double helix. KW - Compatible solute KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Self-assembled monolayer KW - IR spectroscopy KW - XPS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05273 VL - 124 IS - 37 SP - 7999 EP - 8011 PB - ACS Publicatios AN - OPUS4-51182 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF ink Analysis of some Herculaneum papyri N2 - Recent research has suggested that some of the inks used in Herculaneum papyri do not consist of pure carbon. Starting from this finding, in June 2018 a preliminary campaign of analysis by means of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) of external portions removed mechanically from their original rolls in the eighteenth century (the so-called scorze) took place at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. Also in this case, the aim of the survey was to investigate the ink composition in order to detect possible traces of metal. This article sums up the results of this survey. KW - Herculaneum papyri KW - Ink KW - XRF PY - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-51193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alder-Rangel, A. A1 - Idnurm, A. A1 - Brand, A. A1 - Brown, A. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kelliher, C. A1 - Campos, C. A1 - Levin, D. A1 - Bell-Pedersen, D. A1 - Dadachova, E. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Gadd, G. A1 - Braus, G. A1 - Braga, G. A1 - Brancini, G. A1 - Walker, G. A1 - Druzhinina, I. A1 - Pocsi, I. A1 - Dijksterhuis, J. A1 - Aguirre, J. A1 - Hallsworth, J. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Ho Wong, K. A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Corrochano, L. A1 - Kupiec, M. A1 - Momany, M. A1 - Molin, M. A1 - Requena, N. A1 - Yarden, O. A1 - Cordero, R. A1 - Fischer, R. A1 - Pascon, R. A1 - Mancinelli, R. A1 - Emri, T. A1 - Basso, T. A1 - Rangel, D. T1 - The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS N2 - Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Agricultural mycology KW - Fungal stress mechanisms and responses KW - Industrial mycology KW - Medical mycology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 235 EP - 252 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Söftje, M. A1 - Acker, S. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Namyslo, J. C. A1 - Kaufmann, D. E. T1 - Novel nicotinoid structures for covalent modification of wood: an environmentally friendly way for its protection against insects N2 - Timber is constantly exposed to environmental influences under outdoor conditions which limits its Lifetime and usability. In order to counteract the damaging processes caused by insects, we have developed a novel and more environmentally friendly method to protect wood materials via covalent modification by organic insecticides. Starting with an important class of synthetic insecticides which are derived from the natural insecticide nicotine, various new carboxylic acid derivatives of imidacloprid were made accessible. These activated neonicotinoids were utilized for the chemical modification of wood hydroxy groups. In contrast to conventional wood preservation methods in which biocides are only physically bound to the surface for a limited time, the covalent fixation of the preservative guarantees a permanent effect against wood pests, demonstrated in standardized biological tests. Additionally, the environmental interaction caused by non-bound neonicotinoids is significantly reduced, since both, a smaller application rate is required and leaching of the active ingredient is prevented. By minimizing the pest infestation, the lifetime of the material increases while preserving the natural appearance of the material. KW - Environment KW - Wood Protection KW - Efficacy KW - Insecticide PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506856 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02071k VL - 10 SP - 15726 EP - 15733 AN - OPUS4-50685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Hensel, Jonas T1 - Application of fracture mechanics to weld fatigue N2 - The application of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue behavior of weldments is discussed with the focus on classic fatigue, i.e., the overall fatigue life and the fatigue strength in terms of an S-N curve and the endurance limit. The following issues are addressed: specific features of short fatigue crack propagation, an adequate initial crack size, multiple crack propagation and its statistical treatment as well as welding residual stresses. As an example, an approach of the authors is applied to the determination of FAT classes for a butt weld with varying weld toe geometry. KW - Weld fatigue KW - Weld toe geometry KW - Short crack propagation KW - FAT class concept PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105801 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 139 SP - 105801 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Gelungene Zusammenarbeit im Projekt "Beregnete Fassaden" N2 - Im Artikel wird dargestellt, mit welchen Zielstellungen die Projektgruppe "Beregnete Fassaden" zur Thematik der Freisetzung von Bioziden aus Fassaden zusammenarbeitet, wie die Arbeit der Gruppe organisiert ist und welche positiven Erfahrungen bzw. Grenzen es dabei gibt. KW - Fassaden KW - Biozide KW - Freisetzung PY - 2020 UR - https://www.wirsindfarbe.de/service-publikationen/wir-sind-farbe-das-magazin/wir-sind-farbe-ausgabe-9 IS - 9 SP - 30 EP - 31 PB - Verband der deutschen Lack- und Druckfarbenindustrie e.V. CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-50992 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schütter, Jan David A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Photo-oxidation of PE-HD affecting polymer/fuel interaction and bacterial attachment N2 - In the present study, a simple approach was used to investigate the effect of UV-exposure on two high density Polyethylene materials (PE-HD), commonly used for storage tanks, on fuel sorption behavior and colonization by microorganisms. The aim was to investigate whether the sorption behavior of the fuels (diesel/biodiesel) and the colonization by microorganisms, frequently occurring in the fuel, is affected and may lead to undesirable or safety-relevant material changes. We showed that the UV-irradiation leads to significant changes of the sorption behavior due to chemi-crystallization and crosslinking. The fuel Sorption is affected by the UV-induced formation of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl groups predominantly occurring at the surface. With respect to microbial colonization behavior for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from a contaminated diesel sample, differences of the initial adhesion could be shown depending on the initial type of polyethylene as well as on the degree of UV-induced degradation. KW - High density polyethylene KW - Bacterial attachment KW - UV-irradiation KW - Fuel sorption PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510001 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-020-0122-1 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 18 PB - Nature Partner Journals AN - OPUS4-51000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea. KW - Botrytis cinerea KW - DHN melanin KW - Knufia petricola KW - Phyllosphere KW - Rock biofilm PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 407 EP - 417 AN - OPUS4-50786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphatdüngemittel aus Klärschlammaschen N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essenziell und wird beispielsweise von Pflanzen in Form von Phosphaten aufgenommen. In der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion werden dem Boden die Phosphate durch Wachstum und Ernte der Pflanzen entzogen und müssen ihm in Form von Phosphatdüngemitteln wieder zugeführt werden, um die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu sichern. Rohphosphat stellt die Grundlage unserer derzeitigen Phosphatdüngemittel dar, ist aber gleichzeitig ein endlicher Rohstoff. Des Weiteren sind insbesondere sedimentäre Rohphosphate oftmals mit erheblichen Konzentrationen toxischer Schadstoffe wie Cadmium, Uran und Thorium belastet. Eine Kreislaufführung des Phosphats sollte erfolgen, um natürliche Rohstoffvorkommen zu schonen und den Eintrag von Schadstoffen auf unsere Böden zu unterbinden. KW - Phosphat KW - Recyclingdüngemittel PY - 2020 SN - 1610-6563 IS - 3 SP - 14 EP - 15 PB - MuP Verlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-50792 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiebel, J. A1 - Noack, J. A1 - Rödiger, S. A1 - Kammel, A. A1 - Menzel, Friederike A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Weiss, R. A1 - Böhm, A. A1 - Nitschke, J. A1 - Elimport, A. A1 - Roggenbuck, D. A1 - Schierack, P. T1 - Analysis of three-dimensional biofilms on different material surfaces N2 - Biofilms cause complications and high costs in both industry and medicine. Of particular interest are bacterial infections of prosthetic materials, which usually cannot be eliminated due to the high antibiotic resistance known for bacteria forming biofilms. The search for new materials and coatings with lower colonization potential and antibacterial activity is of great importance to reduce biofilm formation. However, there is no standardized procedure to examine the colonization characteristics of bacteria in the Biofilm state in situ. Here, we describe an automated epifluorescence microscopy system for the semi-quantitative analysis of three-dimensional (3D) biofilms on various surfaces. To analyze adherent bacteria, three materials (glass, steel and titanium) were incubated with bacteria in a flow chamber system. After fluorescence staining of the bacteria, automated image capturing, quantification of the bacteria, measurement of the colonized area and determination of the 3D biofilm height were carried out by using novel software. Furthermore, the materials were examined for their surface topography using white light scanning interferometry. Titanium compared to glass showed a significantly higher number of adherent bacteria. We argue that this was due to the higher microroughness of titanium. The colonized area was in accordance with the number of adherent bacteria and was also significantly larger on titanium coupons compared to glass. Maximum 3D biofilm height on glass coupons was significantly lower compared to the ones on steel and titanium. This novel method enables the standardized, automated investigation of the colonization with bacteria on different materials. This approach can considerably support the characterization of new material surfaces and their innovative coatings by analyzing the amount of attached Bacteria and thickness of biofilms in situ and eliminates the need of conventional cultivation. KW - Biofilm KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Biofilm quantification KW - Automated analysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0BM00455C SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin M. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Termite resistance of pine wood treated with nano metal fluorides N2 - Fluorides are well-known as wood preservatives. One of the limitations of fluoride-based wood preservatives is their high leachability. Alternative to current fluoride salts such as NaF used in wood protection are low water-soluble fluorides. However, impregnation of low water-soluble fluorides into wood poses a challenge. To address this challenge, low water-soluble fluorides like calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) were synthesized as nanoparticles via the fluorolytic sol−gel synthesis and then impregnated into wood specimens. In this study, the toxicity of nano metal fluorides was assessed by termite mortality, mass loss and visual analysis of treated specimens after eight weeks of exposure to termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Nano metal fluorides with sol concentrations of 0.5 M and higher were found to be effective against termites resulting in 100% termite mortality and significantly inhibited termite feeding. Among the formulations tested, the least damage was found for specimens treated with combinations of CaF2 and MgF2 with an average mass loss less than 1% and visual rating of “1”. These results demonstrate the efficacy of low water-soluble nano metal fluorides to protect Wood from termite attack. KW - Wood Protection KW - Nano Particles KW - Termites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508377 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01522-z VL - 78 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -