TY - JOUR A1 - Valentin, J. A1 - Straub, H. A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Lemare, M. A1 - Ahrens, C. A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Webb, J. A1 - van der Mei, H. A1 - Ren, Q. T1 - Role of the flagellar hook in the structural development and antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms N2 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exhibit an intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and constitute a considerable clinical threat. In cystic fibrosis, a common feature of biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa in the airway is the occurrence of mutants deficient in flagellar motility. This study investigates the impact of flagellum deletion on the structure and antibiotic tolerance of P. aeruginosa biofilms, and highlights a role for the flagellum in adaptation and cell survival during biofilm development. Mutations in the flagellar hook protein FlgE influence greatly P. aeruginosa biofilm structuring and antibiotic tolerance. Phenotypic analysis of the flgE knockout mutant compared to the wild type (WT) reveal increased fitness under planktonic conditions, reduced initial adhesion but enhanced formation of microcolony aggregates in a microfluidic environment, and decreased expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide formation. Biofilm cells of the flgE knock-out mutant display enhanced tolerance towards multiple antibiotics, whereas its planktonic cells show similar resistance to the WT. Confocal microscopy of biofilms demonstrates that gentamicin does not affect the viability of cells located in the inner part of the flgE knock-out mutant biofilms due to reduced penetration. These findings suggest that deficiency in flagellar proteins like FlgE in biofilms and in cystic fibrosis infections represent phenotypic and evolutionary adaptations that alter the structure of P. aeruginosa biofilms conferring increased antibiotic tolerance. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-541113 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01157-9 SN - 1751-7370 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 1176 EP - 1186 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-54111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Disinfection is an important strategy to limit the spread of infections. Failure of disinfection may facilitate evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics through the processes of cross-resistance and co-resistance. The best possible outcome of disinfection minimizes the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Here, we investigated how phenotypic heterogeneity affects the ability of E. coli to survive treatment with six different substances commonly used as active substances in disinfectants, preservatives and antiseptics. A mathematical model which assumes that phenotypic heterogeneity underlies the observed disinfection kinetics was used to infer whether time-kill kinetics were caused by a tolerant subpopulation. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (Iso). In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine (CHX), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics underpinned by a broad distribution of tolerance times for CHX as opposed to a narrow distribution of tolerance times for GTA and H2O2. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, with potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615572 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.22.497202 SN - 2692-8205 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory CY - Cold Spring Harbor, NY AN - OPUS4-61557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - Persistence against benzalkonium chloride promotes rapid evolution of tolerance under periodic disinfection N2 - Biocides used as disinfectants are important to prevent the transmission of pathogens, especially during the current antibiotic resistance crisis. This crisis is exacerbated by phenotypically tolerant persister subpopulations which can survive transient antibiotic treatment and facilitate resistance evolution. Despite the transient nature of disinfection, knowledge concerning persistence to disinfectants and its link to resistance evolution is currently lacking. Here, we show that E. coli displays persistence against a widely used disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Periodic, persister-mediated failure of disinfection rapidly selects for BAC tolerance. BAC tolerance is associated with reduced cell surface charge and mutations in the novel tolerance locus lpxM. Moreover, the fitness cost incurred by BAC tolerance turned into a fitness benefit in the presence of antibiotics, suggesting a selective advantage of BAC-tolerant mutants in antibiotic environments. Our findings provide a mechanistic underpinning for the faithful application of disinfectants to prevent multi-drug-resistance evolution and to steward the efficacy of biocides and antibiotics. T2 - New Approaches and Concepts in Microbiology CY - Online meeting DA - 07.07.2021 KW - Persistence KW - Biocides KW - Evolution KW - Cross-resistance KW - Biocide tolerance PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53168 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Kanaris, Orestis A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - Consequences of benzalkonium chloride tolerance for selection dynamics and de novode novo resistance evolution driven by antibiotics N2 - Biocides are used in large amounts in industrial, medical, and domestic settings. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a commonly used biocide, for which previous research revealed that Escherichia coli can rapidly adapt to tolerate BAC-disinfection, with consequences for antibiotic susceptibility. However, the consequences of BAC- tolerance for selection dynamics and resistance evolution to antibiotics remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of BAC -tolerance in E. coli on its response upon challenge with different antibiotics. Competition assays showed that subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin—but not ampicillin, colistin and gentamicin—select for the BAC-tolerant strain over the BAC-sensitive ancestor at a minimal selective concentration of 0.0013–0.0022 µg∙mL−1. In contrast, the BAC-sensitive ancestor was more likely to evolve resistance to ciprofloxacin, colistin and gentamicin than the BAC-tolerant strain when adapted to higher concentrations of antibiotics in a serial transfer laboratory evolution experiment. The observed difference in the evolvability of resistance to ciprofloxacin was partly explained by an epistatic interaction between the mutations conferring BAC -tolerance and a knockout mutation in ompF encoding for the outer membrane porin F. Taken together, these findings suggest that BAC -tolerance can be stabilized in environments containing low concentrations of ciprofloxacin, while it also constrains evolutionary pathways towards antibiotic resistance. KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antibiotics PY - 2025 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1282584 PB - National Library of Medicine CY - Bethesda AN - OPUS4-65221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocide Resistance - Road to Risk Assessment N2 - This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment and provides a roadmap for future activities. T2 - OECD, 6th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides CY - Paris, France DA - 28.09.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment N2 - This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available. T2 - EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Mechanisms and evolution of resistance to antimicrobial biocides N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment. T2 - EMBO Symposium on Mechanisms of drug resistance and tolerance in bacteria, fungi, and cancer CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 18.03.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - Biocides, including disinfectants and antimicrobial surfaces (AMCs), are important to prevent the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria via surfaces. However, concerns have been raised about the evolution and selection of resistance against disinfectants and AMCs. In turn, resistance against disinfectants and AMCs can be associated to antibiotic resistance due to cross-resistance and co-resistance. We need to understand the mechanisms and risks of disinfectants and AMCs for resistance and cross-resistance evolution to optimize their application and safeguard their long-term efficacy. We used adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments based on repeated exposure of bacteria to disinfectants. Our results show that repeated disinfection of E. coli with benzalkonium chloride in suspension results in a 2000-fold increase in survival within 5 exposure cycles. Adaption is linked to the initial presence of persister cells highly tolerant to benzalkonium chloride. We used the same approach to develop standardizable ALE experiments to determine resistance evolution to AMCs. The results highlight rapid adaptation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa towards copper surfaces. Moreover, there are multiple situations in the clinic or in the environment in which biocides and antibiotics co-occur and in which combination effects can shape their antimicrobial activity or their selective effects. Our work with P. aeruginosa shows prevalent combination effects of biocides and antibiotics, ranging from synergy to antagonism and resulting in the selection for or against antibiotic resistant strains. The combination effects are dependent on the biofilm mode-of-growth, manifesting in apparent differences in the structural arrangement of antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains in biofilms exposed to combinations. Furthermore, biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, thereby having a potential facilitating effect on resistance evolution. Taken together, our work shows that the role of biocides as potential drivers of resistance evolution and selection deserves further study and regulative action. T2 - Eurobiofilms 2022 CY - Palma, Spain DA - 31.08.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - Novel strategies and considerations in fighting pathogens CY - Tartu, Estonia DA - 16.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64867 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the Selection and evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. We use adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, phenotypic characterization, single-cell analysis, whole genome sequencing, and competition experiments to investigate AMR evolution and selection of the model organism E. coli in the presence of biocides. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment. T2 - 10th Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and the Environment (ARAE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - Vorstellungsvortrag zur Habilitation FU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.05.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution to antimicrobial biocides N2 - This talk discusses resistance evolution to antimicrobial biocides. It shows (i) that biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating tolerance evolution, (ii) that serial transfer at subinhibitory concentrations is not appropriate to model evolutionary adaptation to disinfection, (iii) that biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer Biocides, and (iv) that antibiotics show strong combination effects. T2 - Evolutionary Biology meets the Antibiotic Crisis vol. 2 CY - Plön, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Dr. Frank Schreiber and Work on Biocide Resistance at BAM N2 - This talk details the career path of Dr. Frank Schreiber and his work on biocide resistance at BAM. Biocides are antimicrobial products for defined applications (disinfectants, preservatives, pest control). Biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating resistance/tolerance evolution. Adaptation to biocides has effects on growth and selection. T2 - Vortrag an der Berliner Hochschule für Technik CY - Berlin, Gemany DA - 07.06.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution and selection of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - 12. Dresdner Wasserseminar ' Wasser und Verunreinigung' CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 26.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Beyond Antibiotics – Biocides as Drivers of Environmental AMR N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. It also discusses the contribution of biocides for the environmental transmission of AMR. T2 - OneBridge: Making environmental AMR Surveillance Fit for Purpose: Data Integration and the Ecology of Resistance CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 06.10.205 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - This presentation describes our work at BAM on resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. T2 - Break biofilms workshop CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 16.01.2023 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57857 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocide resistance risk assessment N2 - This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment. T2 - Risk assessment of biocide and antibiotic resistance CY - Online meeting DA - 09.03.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 UR - https://www.gu.se/en/biocide/risk-assessment-of-biocide-and-antibiotic-resistance AN - OPUS4-56235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Phenotypic and evolutionary responses of bacteria to disinfection N2 - Disinfectants are important to prevent the transmission of pathogens, especially in the face of the current antibiotic resistance crisis. The crisis is further exacerbated by phenotypically tolerant persister subpopulations that can survive transient antibiotic treatment and facilitate resistance evolution. Despite the transient nature of disinfectant application, persistence to disinfectants and its role for the evolution of tolerance and cross-resistance to antibiotics has not been studied. Our work shows that E. coli displays persistence against several widely used disinfectants, including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid (DDAC) and isopropanol. The molecular mechanism of BAC persistence is triggered in stationary phase and affected by several antibiotic persister genes (hipA, tisB, tolC, relA, spoT). Experimental evolution and population dynamic modeling show that repeated failure of disinfection due to persisters rapidly selects for BAC tolerance underpinned by reduced cell surface charge due to mutations in genes related to lipid A acylation (lpxML). Furthermore, evolved BAC tolerance affects the susceptibility to antibiotics, leading to positive selection of disinfectant tolerant strains at environmentally relevant antibiotic concentrations and variations in evolvability of antibiotic resistance due to epistatic effects. These results highlight the need for faithful application of disinfectants to steward their efficacy and the efficacy of antibiotics. A better understanding of the bacterial response to disinfectants is crucial to understand and avert the ongoing antimicrobial resistance crisis. T2 - Gordon Research Conference - Molecular mechanisms of evolution CY - Easton, MA, United States DA - 25.06.2023 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Disinfection KW - Biocides PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - BIOCIDE N2 - This presentation gives an overview about the BIOCIDE project performed with the Aquatic Pollutants joint call. T2 - Aquatic Pollutants TransNet workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 09.11.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment KW - Wastewater PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - This talk discusses resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. It shows (i) that biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, (ii) that biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating tolerance evolution, and (iii) that biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effect on growth and selection. T2 - STOP project internal seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 24.04.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -