TY - JOUR A1 - Horender, S. A1 - Auderset, K. A1 - Quincey, P. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Skov, S. N. A1 - Dierschel, K. A1 - Smith, T. O.M. A1 - Williams, K. A1 - Aegerter, C. C. A1 - Kalbermatter, D. M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Vasilatou, K. T1 - Facility for production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) inthe laboratory: application in the intercomparison of automated PMmonitors with the reference gravimetric method N2 - A new facility has been developed which allows for a stable and reproducible production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) in the laboratory. The set-up consists of multiple aerosol generators, a custom-made flow tube homogeniser, isokinetic sampling probes, and a system to control aerosol temperature and humidity. Model aerosols containing elemental carbon, secondary organic matter from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, mineral dust particles,and water were generated under different environmental conditions and at different number and mass concentrations. The aerosol physical and chemical properties were characterised with an array of experimental methods, including scanning mobility particle sizing, ion chromatography, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and thermo-optical analysis. The facility is very versatile and can find applications in the calibration and performance characterisation of aerosol instruments monitoring ambient air. In this study, we performed, as proof of concept, an intercomparison of three different commercial PM (particulate matter) monitors (TEOM1405, DustTrak DRX 8533 and Fidas Frog) with the gravimetric reference method under three simulated environmental scenarios. The results are presented and compared to previous field studies. We believe that the laboratory-based method for simulating ambient aerosols presented here could provide in the future a useful alternative to time-consuming and expensive field campaigns, which are often required for instrument certification and calibration. KW - Model aerosols KW - Intercomparison KW - PM monitors KW - Aerosol gravimetry PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521342 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1225-2021 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 1225 EP - 1238 PB - Copernicus Publications AN - OPUS4-52134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahlawat, A. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Gottschalk, Martin A1 - Tuch, T. A1 - Wiedensohler, A. T1 - Observation of systematic deviations between Faraday cup aerosol electrometers for varying particle sizes and flow rates - results of the AEROMET FCAE workshop N2 - Condensation particle counters (CPCs) are widely used for the measurement of aerosol particle number concentrations in the size range from approximately 3 nm to 3 μm. For an SI-traceable calibration of the size-dependent counting efficiency, which is advisable on a regular basis and required in several applications, Faraday cup aerosol electrometers (FCAEs) are considered to be a suitable SI-traceable reference.While the volumetric aerosol inlet flowrate and the electrical current measurement in FCAEs can be related to respective SI references, inter-comparison exercises for FCAEs are still performed on a regular basis to establish reliable uncertainty budgets and to further investigate the influences of designs and operational parameters on comparability. This is strongly demanded in the international community of metrological institutes and aerosol calibration facilities around the world, which provide CPC calibrations. In the present study, the performance of FCAEs was investigated,using Ag test aerosol particles with a 30 nm particle diameter by varying the inlet flowrates from 0.5 l min−1 to 4 l min−1. From our experimental results, significant deviations were observed in FCAE currents at sample flowrates smaller than 1.5 l min−1. It is recommended that these discrepancies should be quantified before an FCAE is used for CPC calibration at low sample flowrates and small particle sizes in the sub-30 nm size range. KW - Faraday cup aerosol electrometer KW - CPC calibration KW - Inter-comparison KW - Aerosol measurement instruments PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-531315 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ac0710 SN - 1681-7575 SN - 0026-1394 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Institute of Physics (IOP) CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-53131 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, M. A1 - Schlaich, C. A1 - Zhang, J. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Xia, Y. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Mussel-inspired multifunctional coating for bacterial infection prevention and osteogenic induction N2 - Bacterial infection and osteogenic integration are the two main problems that cause severe complications after surgeries. In this study, the antibacterial and osteogenic properties were simultaneously introduced in biomaterials, where copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were generated by in situ reductions of Cu ions into a mussel-inspired hyperbranched polyglycerol (MI-hPG) coating via a simple dip-coating method. This hyperbranched polyglycerol with 10 % catechol groups’ modification presents excellent antifouling property, which could effectively reduce bacteria adhesion on the surface. In this work, polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fiber membrane was selected as the substrate, which is commonly used in biomedical implants in bone regeneration and cardiovascular stents because of its good biocompatibility and easy post-modification. The as-fabricated CuNPs-incorporated PCL membrane [PCL-(MI-hPG)-CuNPs] was confirmed with effective antibacterial performance via in vitro antibacterial tests against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and multi-resistant E. coli. In addition, the in vitro results demonstrated that osteogenic property of PCL-(MI-hPG)-CuNPs was realized by upregulating the osteoblast-related gene expressions and protein activity. This study shows that antibacterial and osteogenic properties can be balanced in a surface coating by introducing CuNPs. KW - Mussel-inspired coating KW - CuNPs KW - Multi-resistant bacteria KW - Antibacterial KW - Antifouling KW - Osteogenesis PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.011 SN - 1005-0302 VL - 68 SP - 160 EP - 171 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Kanaris, Orestis A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Persistence against benzalkonium chloride promotes rapid evolution of tolerance during periodic disinfection N2 - Biocides used as disinfectants are important to prevent the transmission of pathogens, especially during the current antibiotic resistance crisis. This crisis is exacerbated by phenotypically tolerant persister subpopulations that can survive transient antibiotic Treatment and facilitate resistance evolution. Here, we show that E. coli displays persistence against a widely used disinfectant, benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Periodic, persister-mediated failure of disinfection rapidly selects for BAC tolerance, which is associated with reduced cell Surface charge and mutations in the lpxM locus, encoding an enzyme for lipid A biosynthesis. Moreover, the fitness cost incurred by BAC tolerance turns into a fitness benefit in the presence of antibiotics, suggesting a selective advantage of BAC-tolerant mutants in antibiotic environments. Our findings highlight the links between persistence to disinfectants and resistance evolution to antimicrobials. KW - Persistence KW - Biocides KW - Evolution KW - Cross-resistance KW - Biocide tolerance KW - Disinfection PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538532 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27019-8 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 6792 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Fiore, S. T1 - Material flow, economic and environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash recycling potential in Europe N2 - In 2018 municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in Europe produced nearly 19 Mt of bottom ash (BA); only 46 %-wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. This work was based on the inventory of BA across Europe, and on the hypothesis to achieve complete BA valorisation through two assumptions: treating 100% BA and minimizing the loss of valuable fractions due to technical limitations of state-of-the-art processes in comparison to advanced innovative processes. The research involved three phases: characterization of potential secondary raw materials (metals and mineral fraction) currently lost from untreated (the surplus compared to treatment capacity) and unrecovered BA (the fine fraction) through material flow analysis; environmental assessment (energy balance and net GHG emissions) of complete BA valorisation; investigation of the economic feasibility of complete BA Valorisation through state-of-the-art technologies. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt Mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. The energy balance and GHGs emissions required by the treatment of the currently untreated and unrecovered fractions of BA resulted in energy and GHGs emissions savings. Economic profitability was driven by iron and copper recycling and avoided landfill fees. Profitability was achieved by two thirds of considered countries (average values: NPV 83 M€, ROI 20%, payback time 11 years) with BA mass flow exceeding 0.02 Mt. KW - Bottom ash KW - Circular Economy KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128511 SN - 0959-6526 VL - 317 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. T1 - A Novel Dry Treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for the Reduction of Salts and Potential Toxic Elements N2 - The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4. The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%), chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization. KW - Bottom ash KW - Dry treatment KW - Potential toxic elements KW - Salts PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527963 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113133 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - 3133 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Heavy metal recovery from the fine fraction of solid waste incineration bottom ash by wet density separation N2 - This work is aimed at exploring the recovery of heavy metals from the fine fraction of solid waste incineration bottom ash. For this study, wet-discharged bottom ash fine-fraction samples from full-scale treatment plants in Germany and Sweden were analyzed. The potential for the recovery of heavy metal compounds was investigated through wet density-separation with a shaking table. The feed materials were processed without any pre-treatment and the optimum processing conditions were determined by means of design of experiments. Tilt angle and stroke frequency were identified as the most relevant parameters, and the optimum settings were − 7.5° and 266 rpm, respectively. The obtained balanced copper enrichments (and yields) were 4.4 (41%), 6.2 (28%) and 2.4 (23%). A maximum copper enrichment of 14.5 with 2% yield was achieved, providing a concentrate containing 35.9 wt.% relevant heavy metal elements. This included 26.3 wt.% iron, 4.3 wt.% zinc and 3.8 wt.% copper. In conclusion, density separation with shaking tables can recover heavy metals from bottom ash fine fractions. Medium levels of heavy metal enrichment (e.g., for Cu 2.7–4.4) and yield (Cu: 26–41%) can be reached simultaneously. However, the separation performance also depends on the individual bottom ash sample. KW - Bottom ash KW - Density separation KW - Circular economy KW - Design of experiments PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538569 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01325-1 SN - 1438-4957 SN - 1611-8227 VL - 24 SP - 364 EP - 377 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-53856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodgkinson, I. A1 - Maletz, R. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Dornack, C. T1 - Mini-review of waste-to-energy related air pollution and their limit value regulations in an international comparison N2 - The concept of circular economy supports mitigation of climate change and other environmental pressures to the planet. Circulating materials in anthropogenic processes come with the risk of accumulating hazardous substances and compounds. In this concept, waste incineration or waste-to-energy (WtE) is a necessary technology to remove these compounds from the life cycle. In this mini-review, contaminants of major importance in the flue gas from waste incineration plants and their environmental impact are discussed. Air pollution of WtE is often seen as the most relevant environmental impact of this treatment option. The emission values parameter set for different countries is presented and compared. The most stringent legally set of emission values could be found in parts of Europe and South Korea. Japan also permits similar strict values when authorising individual incineration plants. In North America, the values are partially less strict as the best available technologies in Europe suggest being possible. Emerging economies, such as India and China, have shown efforts to improve their environmental protection standards but still have room to improve. This could be set in relation to other industrial emitting processes and therefore could be used to assess the relevance of this industry sector to the national emission inventories. KW - Waste incineration KW - Waste-to-energy KW - Limit values KW - Regulation KW - Emission KW - Air pollution control PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211060607 SN - 0734-242X SN - 1096-3669 VL - 40 IS - 7 SP - 849 EP - 858 PB - Sage Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-53858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Putna-Nimane, I. A1 - Barda, I. A1 - Liepina-Leimane, I. A1 - Strode, E. A1 - Kileso, A. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Purina, I. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Environmental impact of geosynthetics in coastal protection N2 - Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed. KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Dynamic surface leaching test KW - Artificial ageing KW - Marine littering PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520576 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030634 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 3 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 634-1 EP - 634-13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of per‑ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils and sewage sludges by fluorine K‑edge XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography N2 - For the first time, fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was applied to detect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various soil and sewage sludge samples. The method can be used to determine the speciation of inorganic and organic fluorides, without pre-treatment of solid samples. Therefore, XANES spectra of several inorganic fluorides as well as selected fluorinated organic compounds were recorded. While inorganic fluorides partially exhibit a variety of sharp spectral features in the XANES spectrum, almost all inspected organofluorine compounds show two distinct broad features at 688.5 and 692.0 eV. Moreover, the peak intensity ratio 688.5 eV/692.0 eV in the PFAS XANES spectrum can be inversely correlated to the chain length of the perfluoro sulfonic acid group. The detection of targeted PFAS by bulk-XANES spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting in soils and sewage sludges was not applicable due to the low organic fluorine to total fluorine ratio of the samples (0.01–1.84%). Nonetheless, direct analysis of pure PFAS revealed that analysis of organofluorine species might be achieved in higher concentrated samples. Furthermore, quantitative measurements by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) evaluated as sum parameters extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) emphasize that besides soils, sewage sludges are a significant source of organic fluorine in agriculture (154–7209 μg/kg). KW - Sewage sludge KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Oil KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538953 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17838-z VL - 29 IS - 18 SP - 26889 EP - 26899 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maisels, A. A1 - Hiller, A. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Chemisches Recycling für Kunststoffe: Status und Perspektiven N2 - Das mechanische Recycling von Kunststoffen ist seit Jahren großtechnisch etabliert, hat aber technische und ökonomische Grenzen. Durch Verfahren des chemischen Recyclings gelangt man zurück zu Monomeren oder den Rohstoffen, so dass am Ende wieder Neuware für alle Einsatzgebiete von Kunststoffen entsteht. Die Vielfalt von chemischen Recyclingverfahren ist groß. Die Kapazitäten der Anlagen sind heute noch gering und die Wirtschaftlichkeit wird stark vom Ölpreis beeinflusst. Die Rentabilitätsgrenze liegt derzeit bei einem Preis zwischen 50 und 60 US-$ pro Barrel. KW - Chemisches Recycling KW - Oxyfuel-Verbrennung KW - Pyrolyse KW - Solvolyse PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-535952 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202100115 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 93 IS - 11 SP - 1742 EP - 1750 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-53595 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -