TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Proposal of a standard test method for the quantification of particulate matter during 3D printing and the systematic ranking of filament materials N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. T2 - 11th International Aerosol Conference CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Indoor emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Test method KW - Exposure risk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - UFP-Emission beim 3D-Druck N2 - Desktop-3D-Drucker haben in der letzten Dekade große Popularität in Bildungseinrichtungen, kleinen Unternehmen und Privathaushalten erlangt. Weit verbreitet ist mittlerweile die „Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)“ Technologie. Hier wird ein thermoplastisches Filament geschmolzen, durch eine Metalldüse extrudiert und anschließend schichtweise so auf ein Druckbett aufgetragen, dass ein 3D-Objekt entsteht. Das Filamentmaterial wird dabei thermisch stark belastet, was zur Emission von Aerosolen sowie flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) führt. Dabei werden hauptsächlich ultrafeine Partikel (UFP, dP < 100 nm) freigesetzt werden, die sogar in manchen Fällen im sub-4nm Größenbereich einen signifikanten Anteil ausmachen können (Tang und Seeger 2024). Die gesundheitliche Relevanz eingeatmeter UFP ist durch sehr viele Studien gut belegt. Während eines i.d.R. mehrstündigen FFF-Druckvorgangs wird ein Anwender mit diesen Luftschadstoffen im Innenraum exponiert, häufig ohne eine Einschätzung des damit verbundenen Risikos zu haben. Die Exposition kann durch technische Faktoren (z.B. Druckerausstattung und -einstellung, Innenraumventilation), aber auch erheblich durch die Filamentauswahl beeinflusst werden. Unser Vorschlag zur Risikominderung besteht in der Auszeichnung emissionsarmer Filamentprodukte mit dem Umweltzeichen „Blauer Engel“, um so den Verbrauchern eine fundierte Auswahl zu ermöglichen. In unserem Projekt entwickeln wir dafür ein kammerbasiertes, standardisierbares und robustes Prüfverfahren zur vergleichenden Messung der Emission aus Filamenten. Mit dem Strangdruck-Verfahren (engl. Strand Printing Method, SPM) wird eine festgelegte Filamentlänge mit konstanter Rate extrudiert und auf dem Druckbett abgelegt, ohne dabei ein 3D-Objekt aufzubauen. Diese Vorgehensweise reduziert den Einfluss experimentell schlecht zu kontrollierender Faktoren sowie die Ausfallquote. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung und die Vorteile von SPM werden in Tang und Seeger (2022) erläutert. SPM wurde bereits für 44 Filamentprodukte aus unterschiedlichen Polymeren und Additiven als Vergleichstest angewendet. Alle Messungen wurden in einer klimatisierten 1 m³-Emissionsprüfkammer durchgeführt. Die Gesamtanzahl der emittierten Partikel (TP) dient als Beurteilungsmaß, in Anlehnung an die Vergabegrundlage DE-UZ-219 des Umweltzeichens Blauer Engel für Laserdrucker. Unter den getesteten Filamentprodukten variiert TP um ca. vier Größenordnungen (1E+9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E+13). Auch innerhalb jeder der untersuchten Polymergruppen variierte TP signifikant. Die Partikelemission kann daher nicht allein nach dem Basispolymer kategorisiert werden. Unsere Resultate belegen, dass die Stärke der Partikelemission eher eine charakteristische und individuelle Eigenschaft eines Filamentproduktes ist. Die Herkunft der Polymere, die herstellerspezifischen Additive sowie die nicht deklarierte Verunreinigungen können einen starken Einfluss auf die Emission haben. Die Auszeichnung von emissionsarmen Filament-produkten verspricht somit eine einfache, aber effektive Maßnahme zu sein, um Verbrauchern eine Minderung des Expositionsrisikos beim FFF-3D-Druck zu ermöglichen. T2 - 5. Symposium "Ultrafeinstaub in der Atmosphäre und in Innenräumen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.09.2024 KW - 3D-Druck KW - Ultrafeine Partikel KW - Innenraumemission KW - Luftschadstoffe KW - Emissionsprüfung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61067 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Minimizing the FFF-3D printer hardware bias on particle emission by adjustment of the set extruder temperature N2 - Fused filament fabrication (FFF) on desktop 3D printers is a material extrusion-based technique often used by educational institutions, small enterprises and private households. Polymeric filaments are melted and extruded through a heated nozzle to form a 3D object in layers. The extrusion temperature is therefore a key parameter for a successful print job, but also one of the main driving factors for the emission of harmful air pollutants, namely ultrafine particles and volatile organic gases, which are formed by thermal stress on the polymeric feedstock. The awareness of potential health risks has increased the number of emission studies in the past years. However, the multiplicity of study designs makes an objective comparison of emission data challenging because printer hardware factors such as the actual extruder temperature (TE) and also feedstockspecific emissions are not considered. We assume that across the market of commercial low- and mid-price FFF printers substantial deviations between actual and set extruder temperatures exist, which have a strong effect on the emissions and hence may bias the findings of exposure studies. In our last publication, we presented a standardized feedstock-specific emission test method and showed that for each investigated feedstock an increase in actual extruder temperature was accompanied by an increase in particle emissions (Tang and Seeger, 2022). Therefore, any systematic discrepancy between set and actual extruder temperature matters. In this study, we used a thermocouple and an infrared camera to measure the actual extruder temperatures at different heights. We found significant under- and overestimation of the actual extruder temperatures by the respective set temperatures in three commercial printers. This caused a broad variation of the measured total numbers of emitted particles (TP), even when the same feedstock was operated. For the determination of TP, we followed the DE-UZ 219 test guideline. In a second round we repeated the tests with all printers adjusted to exactly the same extruder temperatures, i.e., to TE=230°C for ABS and TE=210°C for PLA. All measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Particle emissions in the size range between 4 nm and 20 μm were detected. Printing on three different printer models without temperature adjustment resulted for each of the investigated feedstocks in a variation in TP of around two orders of magnitude. After temperature adjustment, this was substantially reduced to approx. one order of magnitude and hence minimizes the bias of printer hardware on the emissions. Our findings suggest that adjustment of the extruder temperature should be mandatory in emission testing standards. It also poses a more accurate benchmark and provides more reliable emission data for evaluation of indoor air quality or for health risk assessments. In addition, a proper temperature setting is in the interest of the user. Some commercial FFF printers may have a higher actual extruder temperature than displayed and unintended overheating may not only impair the print quality but may cause unnecessarily increased exposure to particle emissions. T2 - European Aerosol Conference 2023 CY - Málaga, Spain DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - Thermal imaging KW - 3D printing KW - Indoor air quality KW - Emission testing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58258 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Susset, Bernd A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der PFAS-Elution N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden spezifische Herausforderungen bei Elutionsuntersuchungen von Bodenproben mit einer PFAS-Kontamination vorgestellt. Aus durchgeführten Robustheitsuntersuchungen im ZAG der Universität Tübingen sowie in der BAM wurden praxisrelevante Schlussfolgerungen erläutert und für einzelne PFAS-Verbindungen und Vorläufersubstanzen konkretisiert. Dabei wurde auch auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg und die Bedeutung des Fest/Flüssigtrennschrittes beim Schüttelverfahren eingegangen. Die Untersuchung von Böden auf PFAS mit Elutionsversuchen ist generell möglich, aber es besteht eine komplexe Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen im Eluat vom Gesamtgehalt, der Löslichkeit und des Verteilungsmusters der einzelnen PFAS, der Art der Bodenmatrix und dem Einfluss der Probenaufbereitung vor der Analytik. Die geringere Sensitivität der Feststoffanalytik für PFAS im Vergleich zur Eluatanalytik erschwert die Berechnung von Massenbilanzen. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elution KW - PFAS KW - Prekursoren KW - Boden KW - Säulenversuch KW - Schüttelversuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon T1 - Spectroscopic analysis of colourants and binders of Chinese reverse glass paintings tracing a cultural dialogue N2 - Scientific analysis based on spectroscopic methods provide essential information on the composition of colourants and binders in paintings. These results can be set in a historical context and help to confirm art historical interpretations. Proofs of certain pigments can be used for dating purposes and may reveal if the artist used not only local but also imported materials. A pilot study of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th (Yingying and Hongniang) and early 20th centuries (The Archer) was performed using a multi-analytical approach including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. This approach allowed the identification of the pigments and the classification of the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in “Yingying and Hongniang” indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder. T2 - China and the West Reconsidering Chinese Reverse Glass Painting CY - Romont, Switzerland DA - 14.02.2020 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - DRIFTS KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Solution-driven processing of calcium sulfate: the mechanism of the reversible transformation of gypsum to bassanite in brines N2 - Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4ᐧ0.5H2O), also known as bassanite, has been used as a precursor to produce gypsum (dihydrate, CaSO4ᐧ2H2O) for various construction and decorative purposes since prehistoric times. The main route to obtain hemihydrate is a thermal treatment of gypsum at temperatures typically between 150 °C and 200 °C to remove some of the structural water. In this contribution, we introduce (Fig. 1) a more efficient and sustainable method (T < 100 °C) that enables the direct, rapid, and reversibly conversion of gypsum to bassanite using reusable high salinity aqueous solutions (brines with c[NaCl] > 4 M). The optimum conditions for the efficientproduction of bassanite in a short time (< 5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the typical behaviour of the bassanite phase in low salt environments. Traditionally, hemihydrate is obtained through a solid state thermal treatment because bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite in aqueous solutions, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion should not occur in water. Its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures is inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline structure for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios. T2 - Granada Münster Discussion Meeting GMDM 10 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 29.11.2023 KW - Gypsum KW - Bassanite KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Recycling KW - Scattering PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Souza Filho, I. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Fundamentals of the hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ores N2 - Hydrogen plasma treatment of iron ores or iron oxide containing wastes can be an efficient option to produce green iron e.g. for steel production. This way iron oxide is reduced to metallic iron in the liquid form by the highly reactive species that are formed in a hydrogen plasma. Hydrogen plasma can be used at the same time to remove undesired gangue elements. The presentation shows the experimental setup, shows first results of iron ore reduction by hydrogen plasma and gives an outlook for industrial application of the technology. T2 - European Academic Symposium on EAF steelmaking (EASES 2023) CY - Oulu, Finland DA - 05.06.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Plasma KW - Reduction PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Song, Jessica T1 - (micro)Plastic biofilms: Keeping afloat by carving out a new niche N2 - As pervasive and persistent pollutants, microplastics exist alongside vast microbial communities in nature. These hardy substrates accumulate rich polymeric matrices from their surroundings that in turn offer nutrition and protection to diverse communities and their theatre of activity, representing a new ecological niche. In our research to date, biofilm communities demonstrate no specificity to plastic polymers but appear rather to be more strongly shaped by spatial and temporal factors. Other synthetic substrates such as tyre wear, however, signal towards some form of community selection that may manifest in the presence of leachates from the polymer itself. Contrary to these biofilms, polyaromatic hydrocarbons appear to observe the opposite pattern, with adsorbed concentrations on plastic more strongly dictated by the type of plastic polymer than the environment itself. Although community specificity has not yet been evidenced among different plastic polymers, our studies show that microplastics might shape communities in a different way. As suggested by our detection of carotenoid synthesis pathways and photosynthetic gene clusters among microplastic biofilms, we postulate this new niche to shape a specific functional toolkit adaptive among its members as a product of prolonged exposure to UV radiation at the sea’s surface. This opens exciting new avenues for further research into the functional capabilities of these biofilms and offers new perspective on their potential beyond subordinate processes such as biodegradation. Here, we present a synthesis of our collective research on microplastic biofilms, the factors that shape them, and their interactions with nature. T2 - MICRO 2024 Conference CY - Lanzarote, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Biofilms KW - Microplastics KW - Microbial ecology KW - 16S amplicon KW - Pollutants PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Song, Jessica T1 - Close encounters on a micro scale: Dynamics and interactions of microplastic biofilms in aquatic ecosystems. N2 - Microplastics circulate freely throughout aquatic ecosystems and, due to their interactive nature, accumulate complex polymeric matrices consisting of rich organic compounds and inorganic pollutants. Simultaneously, these hardy substrates offer nutrition and protection to diverse microbial communities and their theatre of activity, representing a new ecological niche. In our work, we investigate the interactions of microplastics in aquatic systems and characterise the effects of these interactions on associated microbial communities to better understand how these substrates might impact surrounding ecosystems. Demonstrating no specificity to polymer type, microplastic biofilms are shaped more by the strong influence of spatial and temporal factors. Microplastic sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in contrast, appear to be more strongly dictated by substrate type, with different polymers observed to sorb varying levels of different PAHs. These interactions between the different emerging contaminants were found in our study to have a significant effect on associated substrate biofilms. Elevated levels of specific 3- and 4-ring PAHs on polyethylene and polystyrene were found to coincide with a notable shift in community composition and structure, as well as a reduced diversity among biofilm communities. The findings in our study illustrate the importance of investigating the collective effect of pollutants in combination and their complex interactions in assessing their environmental impact. To fully understand how microplastics interact and alter surrounding ecosystems, the entire substrate must be considered, including all chemicals integrated into the polymeric matrix. T2 - Biofilms 11 Conference CY - Cardiff, Wales, UK DA - 13.05.2025 KW - Microplastics KW - Biofilms KW - PAHs PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Identification of Genes Involved in Susceptibility to Biocides in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria N2 - Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) poses a significant challenge in various industries, leading to structural damage and economic losses due to the activity of microorganisms on metal surfaces. The major culprits of MIC are the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). A common mitigation method is the usage of biocides to prevent MIC. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine susceptibility of SRB to biocides have been poorly understood. Our aim is to identify genes that are linked to biocide susceptibility in the model SRB strain Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis (G20). We investigated the susceptibility of G20 towards three biocides commonly used in MIC protection: benzalkonium chloride (BAC), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS). We determined selection of mutants in specific genes in two G20 barcoded transposon mutant libraries in the presence of these biocides and media as control along a concentration gradient up to 500 ppm. Our study investigated over 1843 genes in G20, revealing insights into their response to biocide treatments. We identified 1668 genes negatively affected by biocide treatment, while 175 genes showed improved fitness. Among the treatments leading to reduced fitness in the mutants, GTA had the highest number of solely negatively affected genes (186), followed by BAC (67) and THPS (69). There were common negative impacts on 280 genes of all four treatments (BAC, GTA, THPS, control). Notably, BAC and GTA shared 113 affected genes, BAC and THPS shared 59, and GTA and THPS shared 72. On the single gene level, mutants treated with THPS exhibited reduced fitness for the rluD gene (DDE_1447), encoding ribosomal large subunit pseudouridine synthase d, which plays a crucial role in protein biosynthesis. In the presence of BAC, mutants showed reduced fitness due to the lack of the acrB gene (DDE_0401), encoding a cationic efflux pump crucial for biocide resistance. Our findings provide leads for future research into the detailed molecular mechanisms that underlie biocide susceptibility in microorganisms responsible for MIC. Such detailed understanding will enable the development of improved MIC prevention strategies and foster a more sustainable use of biocides. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biocide Resistance KW - Transposon Mutant Libraries KW - Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) KW - Microbially Induced Corrosion (MIC) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61526 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Biocide resistance evolution of corrosion causing sulfate reducing bacteria N2 - SRB are environmentally and industrially important microorganisms. The disadvantage of their metabolic activity (e.g. sulfate reduction) results in the formation of toxic sulfide that leads to microbial influenced corrosion. SRB have been responsible for biocorrosion of ferrous metal. One of mitigation strategy is the use of biocides. However, it has been shown that various bacteria develop antimicrobial resistance due to excessive use of biocides. Thus, a deeper understanding of the evolution of biocide resistance of SRB is necessary. Three commonly used biocides, THPS, BAC, and GLUT were applied to investigate the susceptibility of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20.The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration and the killing kinetics of the three biocides was determined. These results will be used to conduct evolution experiments to determine the evolution of resistance towards biocides of SRBs. The outcome of this work can be helpful to improve the management of MIC treatments. T2 - Panel, Pitch & Popcorn by EUROMIC CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - Biocide KW - Evolution KW - Mircobially influcenced corrosion KW - Sulfate reducing bacteria PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-56940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Wiedergewinnung von Rohstoffen aus Abfall N2 - Antimon (Sb) wird in Industrieprodukten hauptsächlich als Flammschutzmittel in Kunststoff verwendet. Aufgrund solcher Zusätze in Kunststoffen landet etwa die Hälfte von Sb am Ende der Lebensdauer in der Verbrennung fester Siedlungsabfälle und folglich in relevanten Mengen in der erzeugten Bodenasche. Bei Kontakt mit Wasser ist die anfängliche Auslaugbarkeit gering, da Antimonat mit Ca2+ schwerlösliche Verbindungen bilden. Nach der Carnonatisierung der Verbrennungsasche (IBA) während der fortschreitenden Alterung nimmt der pH-Wert in den Sickerwasser ab. Mit abnehmender Ca-Konzentration im Eluat ändert sich das Lösungsgleichgewicht und Antimonate lösen sich auf. In Deutschland ist beabsichtigt, Sb in IBA mit der geplanten Umsetzung der sogenannten Mantelverordnung (MantelVO, die Bestimmungen zur Verwertung von Mineralabfällen enthält) in naher Zukunft zu regulieren. Die im Entwurf festgelegten Grenzwerte können für IBA kritisch sein und stellen daher ein Risiko für die Verwendung der Mineralfraktion von IBA in den gut etablierten Recyclingwegen dar. T2 - Weiterbildung für Efb-Sachverständige, Mitarbeiter von Entsorgungsunternehmen und Umweltbehörden (GUT GmbH) CY - Online Meeting DA - 07.01.2021 KW - Rostasche KW - Antimon KW - Auslaugverfahren PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52438 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Product testing and performance N2 - Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80° C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. T2 - EuroGeo-7, Session Geosynthetics, Sustainability and Current Industry Challenges CY - Warschau, Poland DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Ageing KW - Autoclave tests PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Das ERA-MIN 2 Projekt BASH-TREAT N2 - Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde 1.) eine vollständige Bewertung des Stands der Technik in der EU bei der Behandlung von Rostasche vorgenommen und 2.) eine Optimierung der Nutzung der Feinfraktion in Labor- und Feldmaßstab untersucht. Das Konsortium bestand aus zwei Universitäten aus Deutschland und Italien, der BAM als Forschungseinrichtung des Bundes und zwei Industriepartnern aus Deutschland und Schweden mit unterschiedlichen und spezifischen Fachkompetenzen. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse des weitgehend abgeschlossenen Projekts BASH-TREAT vorgestellt. T2 - Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung, Energieverfahrenstechnik, Gasreinigung, Hochtemperaturtechnik, Rohstoffe CY - Bamberg, Germany DA - 30.03.2022 KW - Rostasche KW - Thermische Abfallbehandlung KW - Nassaufbereitung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54589 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung; Gefährlich oder nicht? N2 - In Deutschland fallen aktuell pro Jahr über 5 Mio. Tonnen Hausmüllverbrennungs-aschen (HMVA) an. Eine Verwertung dieser Aschen und Schlacken ist in Deutschland möglich und findet überwiegend im Deponiebau statt. Für die Verwertung sind in der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung Eluatgrenzwerte für Schwermetalle und einige andere Parameter vorgesehen. Der Umgang mit HMVA könnte durch eine Einstufung als gefährlicher Abfall erschwert werden. Maßgeblich für die Einstufung eines Abfalls als gefährlich oder ungefährlich sind die gefahrenrelevanten Eigenschaften HP 1 bis HP 15 nach Anhang III der Richtlinie 2008/98/EG über Abfälle mit dort festgelegten Konzentrationsgrenzen. Für HMVA ist im Wesentlichen nur der Parameter HP 14 (Ökotoxizität) von Bedeutung. Dafür sind entscheidend die Gehalte an chemischen Verbindungen mit den Gefahrenhinweiscodes (hazard statement code, HSC) H400, H410, H411, H412 und H413. Eine detaillierte Diskussion zu den übrigen Gefahreneigenschaften bei HMVA findet sich in der Literatur. Die Einstufung als gefährlicher Abfall erfolgt nach festgelegten Rechenregeln. Die BAM bearbeitet ein durch das UBA gefördertes Forschungsprojekt zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Analysedaten zu Aschen und Schlacken aus Abfallverbrennungsanlagen. Die Ergebnisse des Vorhabens sollen bei der Weiterentwicklung des vorhandenen Konzeptes für eine bundeseinheitlichen Untersuchung und abfallrechtlichen Einordnung von Aschen und Schlacken aus deutschen Abfallverbrennungsanlagen unterstützend herangezogen werden. Im Vortrag werden Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung der einstufungsrelevanten Verbindungen vorgestellt: 1.) der Praxisleitfaden von ITAD und IGAM, 2.) Methode basierend auf der Bioverfügbarkeit und 3.) Methode basierend auf Speziierungsanalyse. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2023 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen AuW und TRO CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 06.03.2023 KW - Rostasche KW - Speziierungsanalyse KW - Abfallbehandlung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Secondary building materials in a circular economy N2 - Half of the global material consumption is mineral material. The circularity is still low so that enhanced use of secondary building material is required to close loops. Three different secondary building materials are discussed based on exemplary research results: construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), soil-like material and incineration bottom ash (IBA). Focus was laid on the environmental compatibility of the materials examined mainly by standardized leaching tests. C&D waste was investigated after a wet treatment using a jigging machine, soil-like material and IBA were characterized with respect to their material composition. The environmental compatibility in particular was studied using standard leaching tests (batch tests and column tests). It was concluded that soil-like material can mostly be utilized even when the precautionary limit values set are exceeded by a factor of less than 2. For C&D waste the fine fraction below 2 mm and the content of brick material is problematic. IBA fulfills quality level HMVA-2 following German regulation. Higher quality levels of utilization might be achievable with better treatment technologies. T2 - 15th International Conference on Ecomaterials (ICEM15) CY - Iki, Japan DA - 26.11.2023 KW - Secondary building materials KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Construction and demolition waste KW - Soil-like material PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2024 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (AuW) und Gasreinigung (GAS) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.03.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ersatzbaustoffe PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Detektion, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von insbesondere ultrakurzkettigen PFAS in Grundwasser N2 - Da PFAS in großem Umfang in einer Vielzahl von Produkten verwendet wurde, sind sie im Grundwasser in der Nähe vieler industrieller und militärischer Anlagen weltweit zu finden. Darüber hinaus führten neue Vorschriften und Beschränkungen für die Verwendung von langkettigen PFAS zu einer vermehrten Produktion kurzkettiger Alternativen. Ultrakurzkettige PFAS (≥C3) können natürliche und anthropogene Barrieren durchdringen und schließlich in Trinkwasserquellen gelangen. Zudem entfernen die meisten gängigen Trinkwasser-aufbereitungsverfahren die ultrakurzkettigen PFAS nicht ausreichend. Im Kooperationsprojekt DEFEAT-PFAS wird daher das Ziel verfolgt, Wissenslücken über Nachweis, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von kurz- (C4-C7) und ultrakurzkettige (C1-C3) PFAS, in kontaminiertem Grundwasser zu schließen. Die israelischen und deutschen Projektpartner entwickeln dafür analytische Methoden and selektive Passivsammler, um das zeitliche Profil von PFAS-Spezies im Grundwasser zu erfassen und überwachen. Darüber hinaus ein zweistufiges Verfahren entwickelt, welches darauf ausgelegt ist, die relativ niedrigen PFAS-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser durch neuartige Membranverfahren, Umkehrosmose im Batchbetrieb mit geschlossenem Kreislauf sowie Verbund-Nanofiltrationsmembranen, zu konzentrieren. Anschließend werden die PFAS angereicherten Konzentrate mittels Koagulation behandelt und das verbleibende PFAS an kohlenstoffhaltigen Nanomaterialien adsorbiert. T2 - Workshop des Netzwerks Perflusan CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Grundwasser KW - Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60334 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA erforderlich. Informationen über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für HMVA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der HMVA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequenziellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der HMVA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass HMVA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - EI-GEO (S&T CALL 2017), Environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems N2 - 2021 marks the 10th anniversary of the first ERA.Net RUS joint call for European-Russian STI cooperation projects. Pooling the resources of more than 20 European and Russian funding agencies, more than 150 projects were funded with an estimated budget of about € 60 million. Being even larger than many thematic ERA.NETs, the ERA.Net RUS Plus has been the biggest and most successful regional ERA.NET so far. Indicating a strong demand for scientific cooperation, the smaller-scale projects funded within the ERA.Net RUS (Plus) calls perfectly complement Russian participation in the EU Framework Programmes. Not least of all, the ERA-Net RUS calls are examples of successful collaboration at a time when cooperation in other fields is complicated by the politically challenging situation. These calls contributed to keeping the communication channels open. Against this background a dedicated event in late 2021 highlighted what has been achieved within the first decade of the initiative. The project EI-GEO coordinated by BAM was selected as best practice project. The presentation displays the main results of the project and discusses the key success factors. T2 - ERA.Net RUS: Celebrating ten years of multilateral European-Russian Research and Innovation cooperation CY - Online meeting DA - 09.12.2021 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Coastal protection KW - European research area PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Beschleunigte Alterung von Geotextilien zur Ermittlung von Materialeigenschaften N2 - Geokunststoffe werden im Wasserbau häufig eingesetzt, beispielsweise bei Maßnahmen für den Küstenschutz oder in Ballastschichten für Windenergieanlagen. Eine zunehmende Anwendung von Geokunststoffen wird aufgrund der Ausweitung der Offshore-Windenergieerzeugung und des Schutzes auf steigende Wasserspiegel und extremere Wetterbedingungen infolge des Klimawandels beobachtet. Die Anwendung von Geokunststoffen in Wasserbauprojekten bietet zwar verschiedene wirtschaftliche und technische Vorteile, wurde jedoch kürzlich in Frage gestellt, da sich diese Materialien während ihrer Lebensdauer verschlechtern und langfristig gefährliche Auswirkungen auf die aquatische Umwelt haben können, insbesondere als Ursprung von Kunststoffabfällen oder als Quelle / Senke für Chemikalien wie Weichmacher und Stabilisatoren, die bei der Herstellung von Geokunststoffen verwendet werden, um deren Leistung zu verbessern. Der Vortrag geht auf diese Bedenken ein. T2 - Geotextilien im Wasserbau CY - Online Meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Wasserbau KW - Geotextilien KW - Beschleunigte Alterung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Fabian T1 - A fast and simple extraction method for the determination of PFASs in soil samples - HR-CS-GFMAS a new screening tool N2 - Here, we describe a fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) utilizing extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter analysis and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) in soil samples. After extraction and separation of inorganic and organic fluorinated compounds, organically bound fluorinated compounds were indirectly determined via the molecular absorption of gallium mono-fluoride at 211.248 nm. The implementation of the decisions of the “Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants” as well as the “Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution” of the UNECE include the reduction respectively the elimination of PFASs in the environment. Currently, regulations aim to target single compounds (mostly C8-PFAS). But the PFAS group includes over 4700 substances, which are potentially persistent and toxic, thus target analytical approaches are not suitable for a holistic approach investigating the PFAS pollutant situation. Furthermore, forbidden PFASs are substituted by short-chain PFASs, thus the number of unknow substances is steadily increasing. For this reason, sum parameter approaches are more suitable to investigate and assess the pollution situation as well as derive exposure limits. Our developed analytical method was successfully applied to determine PFASs in soil samples from a polluted site. In view of steadily increasing numbers of PFAS substances, our method will make an important contribution in assessing the pollution situation as well as support policy makers in deriving exposure limits for PFAS in the future. T2 - ENSOr - International Workshop on Emerging policy challenges on new soil contaminants CY - Online Meeting DA - 06.05.2021 KW - PFAS KW - HR-CS-GFMAS KW - Soil KW - Sediment PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Ergebnisse des Vorhabens extraWERT - Gleichwertigkeit zugelassener Methoden zur Phosphoruntersuchung des Klärschlamms N2 - Die Ergebnisse des extraWERT-Vorhabens wurden Vertreter*innen des Umweltministeriums von Bund und Ländern vorgestellt und im Zusammenhang mit dem Vollzug der AbfKlärV diskutiert. Es ging um die Phosphorschwankungen in kommunalem Klärschlamm und eine Empfehlung der Untersuchungshäufigkeit, um den Phosphorgehalt rechtssicher festzustellen. Des weiteren wurde die Performance verschiedener nach Verordnung gleichwertiger Analyseverfahren für Phosphor in Klärschlamm diskutiert anhand von Ringversuchsergebnissen und Eigenuntersuchungen an 15 Klärschlammproben. T2 - Bund-Länder-Gespräch zum Vollzug der AbfKlärV CY - Online meeting DA - 16.12.2021 KW - Klärschlammverordnung KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Analytik KW - Ringversuch PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54119 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Gleichwertigkeit der nach AbfKlärV zulässigen Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm N2 - In dem Meeting wurde den Notifizierern und Ausrichtern des jährlichen länderübergreifenden Ringversuchs Klärschlamm die Ergebnisse zu Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener nach AbfKlärV zulässiger Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Die Untersuchungen an 15 Klärschlammproben ergaben die höchsten Ergebnisse für das Messverfahren ICP-OES und das Aufschlussverfahren in der Mikrowelle. Diese Ergebnisse wurden im Ringversuch bestätigt. T2 - Meeting der Notifizierer und Ausrichter des länderübergreifenden Ringversuchs (LÜRV) CY - Online meeting DA - 08.12.2021 KW - Klärschlammverordnung KW - Analytik KW - Ringversuch KW - Phosphorbestimmung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54121 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Schwankungen der P-Gehalte in Klärschlämmen im Kontext der Klärschlammverordnung N2 - Es wurden die Schwankungen der Phosphorgehalte in kommunalem Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Dazu wurden von 9 Kläranlagen monatlich Klärschlammproben genommen und auf P untersucht. T2 - KlärschlammTage CY - Online Meeting DA - 09.06.2021 KW - Phosphor KW - Klärschlamm KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Abwasserbehandlung KW - Klärschlammverordnung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52840 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - BAM-Projekt "extraWERT": Gleichwertigkeit der nach AbfKlärV zulässigen Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm N2 - In Deutschland ist ab 2029 eine Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm verpflichtend. Ausgenommen sind Klärschlämme mit weniger als 20 g P/kg TM. Für die Phosphorbestimmung sind verschiedene Methoden nach Klärschlammverordnung als gleichwertig zugelassen: Der Königswasseraufschluss in der Mikrowelle und am Rückfluss sowie die Messung an ICP-OES, ICP-MS und die photometrische Bestimmung mittels Ammoniummolybdaten. An der BAM wurden die unterschiedlichen Methodenkombinationen aus Aufschluss- und Messmethode an 15 Klärschlämmen überprüft und in einem Ringversuch mit einem Klärschlamm getestet. Die Ergebnisse werden in diesem Vortrag zusammengefasst. Als Folge der Untersuchungen wird für die Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm die ICP-OES-Messung nach Königswasseraufschluss in der Mikrowelle empfohlen. T2 - VDLUFA Frühjahrssitzung 2022 der Fachgruppe III Düngemittel CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 18.05.2022 KW - Ringversuch KW - Reproduzierbarkeit KW - Wiederholbarkeit KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54852 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Analyseverfahren und Messhäufigkeit zur Bestimmung des Phosphorgehalts im Klärschlamm nach AbfKlärV N2 - Auf dem Betreiberforum der DWA-Plattform P-Rück wurden die Empfehlungen für den Vollzug der Phosphorrückgewinnungspflicht aus Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Diese Empfehlungen behandeln die Häufigkeit der Phosphoruntersuchungen im Klärschlamm, wo ein Jahresgang empfohlen wird und eine Empfehlung der Phosphorbestimmung über Aufschluss der Probe in der Mikrowelle und Messung mit ICP-OES. Untermauert wurden die Empfehlungen mit den Ergebnissen von Klärschlamm-Monitoring, Ringversuch und Analytikvergleich aus dem Vorhaben extraWERT. T2 - Betreiberforum der DWA-Plattform P-Rück CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 23.06.2022 KW - Klärschlamm KW - Ringversuch KW - Reproduzierbarkeit KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung - Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT N2 - Es wurden erste Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT vorgestellt. Im Projekt werden monatlich Klärschlammproben von 10 kommunalen Kläranlagen untersucht, deren P-Gehalt im Grenzbereich der AbfKlärV liegt zwischen 1,7 und 2,3%. Die ersten Ergebnisse lagen zu fünf Kläranlagen vor, es wurden Daten zum TS-Gehalt, zur oTS und zu den Nährstoffgehalten präsentiert. T2 - DWA-Netzwerktag des Nord-Ost CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.01.2020 KW - Klärschlamm KW - AbfKlärV KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Nährstoffe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50300 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Legislation and technology development for P-recovery in Germany N2 - New developments in legislation and technology development for P-recovery were presented with focus on the situation in Germany. T2 - SMART-Plant joint Stakeholder Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - P-recovery KW - Sewage sludge ordinance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Nährstoffrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm: Eine Betrachtung zukünftiger Verwertungsszenarien für Deutschland N2 - Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, in German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) phosphorus (P) must be recovered from sewage sludge ifit contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs > 100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and > 50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 17 % of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 States were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60 % ofthe total agriculturallyused sludge volume. Whereas phosphorus recovery is mandatory this does not apply to other nutrients. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three differentscenariosfor future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70 - 77 % ofthe P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0 - 16 % of nitrogen, 36 - 52 % of calcium, 31-53 % of potassium, and 40 - 52 % of magnesium. However, these recovered nut rient loads can substitute only 1 % or less ofthe commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is about 45 % ofthe demand. T2 - Berliner Klärschlammkonferenz CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.11.2021 KW - Phosphor KW - Klärschlammverordnung KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54118 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - European Sewage Sludge Ash Monitoring N2 - For the European sewage sludge ash monitoring ash samples from sewage sludge incineration plants were requested from all over Europe. First results of the received samples regarding main and trace element contents were presented at ESPC4. Moreover, a list of all known European facilities for sewage sludge monoincineration was presented. T2 - European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference 4 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 20.06.2022 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Sewage sludge incineration KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa T1 - Ergebnisse des Vorhabens extraWERT N2 - Der Vortrag liefert eine Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse des extraWERT-Vorhabens mit Schwerpunkt auf den Umsetzungsfragen zur Klärschlammverordnung. Bei diesen Punkten handelt es sich um die Untersuchung von monatlichen Phosphorschwankungen in kommunalem Klärschlamm und die Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm. T2 - vgbe-Fachtagung Thermische Abfall-, Klärschlammbehandlung und Wirbelschichtfeuerungen 2022 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 09.05.2022 KW - Klärschlammverordnung KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Ringversuch PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54843 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine T1 - New UV-protective glazing for the conservation of cultural assets N2 - For centuries, churches, secular buildings and museums have been furnished with valuable works of art. Many works of art are UV- and light-sensitive. It is well known that especially UV radiation causes damage and discoloration in paintings, textiles, plastics, wood and other materials. In particular, the wavelengths between 280 and 410 nm cause color changes, embrittlement or destruction of e.g. plastics over time. Therefore, strongly UV-absorbing glasses are advantageous for architecture and are necessary for the protection of cultural assets. As restorers in all disciplines become more and more aware, the demands placed on buildings and their furnishings in terms of climate are becoming increasingly detailed and precise. The aim in each case is to preserve the valuable artwork. For some years now, the industry has been offering the protection of cultural objects by installing special UV-protective glasses. Currently, UV protection for church buildings is realized by laminated safety glass equipped with appropriate UV-protective plastic films. Technically, this always means a second pane of glass in front of the windows, which is installed outside the building. This creates climatic gaps that are difficult to control and deterioration due to ageing effects can be expected. At the same time, this protective glazing is not invisible and has a considerable aesthetic influence on the interior and exterior appearance of the building. Meanwhile, the preservation of historical monuments accepts such aesthetic cuts on buildings in order to protect the artwork in the interior from UV light. To this day, however, the long-term durability of UV protection provided by inserted plastic films is still controversial. To date the only available alternative on the market is a mouth-blown UV protection glass which uses a so-called overlay to provide UV protection. This shows that UV protection can also be achieved by glasses without plastic films thus realizing an exclusive inorganic protection which normally is more stable than a polymeric one. So far there are not enough studies to prove long-term durability. The aim of this project is to provide existing glazing or new glazing to be created with a highly transparent layer that ensures this UV-protective filter function below 400 nm. The glass coating is to be applied to the glass over a large area and fired into the surface like a classic ceramic enamel paint with the same technics. In addition, it should be long-term durable in its function. It means, that the glass has to be fused at temperatures below 630 °C during the firing process, its chemical durability has to be high, its coefficient of thermal expansion has to be as close as the one of the substrate (usually float glass) and the glass has to absorb the UV-radiation within a thin thickness (thinner as 100 µm). In this project, the long-term durability of commercial UV-protective glasses is examined. New low melting glasses containing UV-absorbing ions are being developed. Their UV-absorption as a thin layer is analyzed as well as their chemical durability and their thermal properties. We are grateful to BMWI for the financial support in the frame of the Central Innovation Programme for SMEs (ZIM). T2 - HVG-DGG: 94. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Glass KW - Low melting KW - Chemical durability KW - Weathering tests KW - Aging test KW - UV absorption KW - UV protection KW - Architecture KW - Optical properties PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Element mass concentrations in ambient aerosols, a comparison of results from filter sampling & ICP-MS ans cascade impactor sampling & mobile total reflection X-RAY fluorescence spectroscopy N2 - Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments and required by EU air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Within the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling was combined with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy. The study aimed at a proof of principles for this new mobile and on-size tool for the quantification of aerosol element compositions and element mass concentrations within short time intervals of less than 12 h. In a field campaign the method’s technical feasibility could be demonstrated. The TXRF results were traced back to a stationary, reference-free XRS setup in the laboratory of the German national metrology institute PTB at the BESSY II electron storage ring in Berlin, Germany. Simultaneous PM10-filter sampling, followed by standardized lab-based analysis, allowed for a comparison of the field campaign data of both methods. As Fig. 1 shows, the correspondence between PM10 filter sampling and ICP-MS, and on the other hand, cascade impactor sampling and TXRF is quite encouraging. However, for some of the analysed elements, e.g. V and Pb, the observed deviations are higher than expected and this highlights the fact, that spectral deconvolution strategies for TXRF on cascade impactor samples still need some improvement. This work was supported by the EMPIR programme, co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, through grant agreements 16ENV07 AEROMET and 19ENV08 AEROMET II T2 - 12th International Conference on Instrumental Methods of Analysis (IMA-2021) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Reference method KW - Cascade impactor KW - Ambient aerosols KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Element mass concentration KW - Size resolved chemical composition KW - Time resolved chemical composition KW - ICP-MS PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Analysis of air pollutants in ambient and indoor aerosolsby TXRF - application examples N2 - Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments, as well as for enforcing air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled over long time periods on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Within the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling was combined for the first time with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy to develop a tool for quantifying particle element compositions within short time intervals and even on-site. This makes variations of aerosol chemistry observable with time resolution of only a few hours and with good size resolution in the PM10 range. A proof of principles of this methodological approach and the comparison to standard methods within the scope of a field campaign will be presented. Secondly, aerosol sampling and TXRF analysis seems suitable for the quantification of elements in indoor aerosols as well and may provide an important enhancement of existing methods for the analysis of organic species in aerosols (such as sampling and TD-GC/MS). As an example, the TXRF analysis of particles emitted from laser printers under controlled conditions in an environmental test chamber will be presented. T2 - TXRF Journal ClubB CY - Online meeeting DA - 24.02.2022 KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Cascade impactor KW - ICP-MS KW - Particles KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Element mass concentration PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Bereitstellung qualitätsgesicherter VOC-Aufnahmeraten für axiale Passivsammler N2 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs Passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is a simple, cost efficient and representative method to determine VOCs concentrations in indoor air. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used, defined as the ratio of the uptaken mass and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ considerably from ideal values (UR,id). Literature values in national and international standards, are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover the number of itemized substances is limited. The aim of this study was to review and expand this set of uptake rates by determination of own quality assured laboratory values.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 100 µg/m³ (approximately 100 300 ppm min). Seven day uptake rates in ISO16017 2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. N2 - Die passive Probenahme von VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) mit Tenax® TA und Thermodesorption GC/MS Analytik ist eine einfache, kosteneffiziente und repräsentative Methode zur Bestimmung der VOC-Konzentrationen in der Innenraumluft. In der Theorie ist die Stoffaufnahme in den Passivsammler nur abhängig vom Diffusionskoeffizienten der Substanz in Luft und der Geometrie des Sammlers (ideale Adsorption). Um sie zu charakterisieren, wird die Aufnahmerate (UR), definiert als Quotient der Massenaufnahme und dem Produkt aus Konzentration und Expositionszeit, verwendet. Viele effektive Aufnahmeraten (UR,eff) unterscheiden sich beträchtlich von idealen (theoretischen) Werten (UR,id). Literaturwerte sind in nationalen und internationalen Normen lediglich für bestimmte Expositionszeiten vorgegeben, während detaillierte Informationen über den zugehörigen Konzentrationsbereich fehlen. Außerdem ist die Anzahl der insgesamt in der Literatur beschriebenen Substanzen begrenzt. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es diesen Fundus an Aufnahmeraten zu begutachten und zu prüfen und ihn durch die Bestimmung eigener qualitätsgesicherter Laborwerte zu ergänzen. Die bestimmten Aufnahmeraten werden als akkurat bezüglich ihrer relativen Standardabweichung und Vergleichbarkeit zu Literaturwerten betrachtet und können für Expositionszeiten von 7 Tagen bei Konzentrationen von 50 100 µg/m³ (ca. 100 300 ppm min) empfohlen werden. Die Sieben Tage Aufnahmeraten aus ISO16017 2 und ASTM D6196 sind nicht generell für diesen Zweck geeignet, wie exemplarisch für Benzol gezeigt wurde. T2 - Kongress 29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Passive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-949241-04-8 AN - OPUS4-55209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Determination and classification of seven-day uptake rates for indoor air VOCs into tube type diffusive samplers with Tenax® TA N2 - Axial passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is an accepted alternative to active sampling in occupational hygiene. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used defined as the ratio of the mass adsorbed and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ to an increasing degree from ideal values (UR,id) with increasing exposure doses (denominator of the given definition of UR), (Tolnai, 2001). In national and international standards, uptake rates are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover, especially for long exposure periods as applied in indoor air monitoring, the number of itemized substances is limited. Therefore it is the aim of this contribution to review and expand uptake rate data by comparison of literature and own laboratory values of assured quality. Passive samplers were exposed to nine single compound atmospheres of known concentrations for seven days. Concentrations were checked twice a day via active sampling.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 – 100 μg m-3 (approximately 100 – 300 ppm min). Seven-day uptake rates in ISO16017-2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. Thus, it is crucial for optimization of the method to produce more reliable uptake rate data, including specific information about applicable exposure times and concentrations, which will be promoted in the course of this ongoing study. T2 - Healthy Buildings America 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.01.2022 KW - Diffusive sampling KW - Volatile organic compounds (VOC) KW - Effective uptake rate PY - 2022 UR - https://www.isiaq.org/docs/HB2021America262.pdf AN - OPUS4-54372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - The roles of DHN melanin and the stress-activated MAP kinase in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola N2 - Black fungi/yeasts exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. Due to their slow growth, robust cell walls and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of their phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. Using recently developed genetic tools, it is now possible to manipulate the genome of the rock-inhabiting model fungus Knufia petricola. Thus, gene functions and the cell biology of black fungi can be studied using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed extremotolerance of K. petricola. The mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively. The other putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Sak1 encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by droplet tests on media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even without environmental pressure and are hypersensitive to different stresses: e.g. osmotic, oxidative, membrane, pH and heat stress. Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress. T2 - 16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 05.03.2023 KW - Black fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Pigments PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Knufia petricola – a model for exploring the biology of black rock-inhabiting fungi N2 - Black fungi also called black yeasts, rock-inhabiting fungi or microcolonial fungi are a group of Ascomycetes [Eurotiomycetes, Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes] that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man‑made environments – from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs, and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We consider the rock inhabitant K. petricola [Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales] a suitable model for studying the phenotypic characteristics of black fungi. With K. petricola the regulation of pigment synthesis, general stress responses and the unusual modes of cell division can be dissected by advanced reverse and forward genetics approaches. The genome of K. petricola strain A95 was sequenced using a combination of short high quality Illumina reads and long PacBio reads. The final assembly consists of twelve contigs: five complete chromosomes and six contigs with one telomer each. Gene annotation supported by transcriptomics and proteomics data was manually curated. Recently, we developed a set of genetic tools to manipulate the genome for analyzing gene functions and studying the cell biology. This set includes CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, as well as protocols for -omics approaches and for simulation of mineral weathering in the laboratory. Mutants defective in DHN melanogenesis, carotenogenesis or both processes are currently studied to elucidate the role of these protective pigments in tolerance of natural and man-made stresses, weathering of olivine, penetration of marble, and adhesion to surfaces. Further, the established protocols and knowledge gained from K. petricola form a starting point for making other extremotolerant black fungi accessible to genetic manipulation. T2 - 31st Fungal Genetics Conference CY - USA, CA, Pacific Grove DA - 15.03.2022 KW - Black fungi KW - Melanin KW - Genome editing PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Many-sided DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi N2 - Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface. T2 - European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 17.02.2020 KW - fungus KW - melanin KW - pigmentation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Versatile DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi N2 - Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by diverse Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g., in melanized reproduction and survival structures of the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeasts) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. For studying the relevance of constitutive DHN melanogenesis for tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses, adhesion to substrates and subsequent damage of colonized surfaces, the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola was chosen as gene functions in this fungus can be studied by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. The putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome of K. petricola, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Phenotypes of DHN-deficient mutants are studied. Here, we will discuss the role of the DHN melanin layer on the outer cell wall in tolerating UV irradiation. T2 - Annual conference 2023 of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Pigment KW - UV radiation KW - Tolerance PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Rock-EATING FUNGI - Genetic Dive into the Biology of the Microcolonial Black Fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man‑made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock‑inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. The state‑of‑the‑art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi. T2 - VAAM-Jahrestagung 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.03.2021 KW - Fungus KW - Genetics KW - Marble PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Genetic engineering of black fungi: lessons learned from Knufia petricola N2 - The exponential rise in the number of fungal genomes sequenced by next-generation sequencing techniques makes it necessary to increase efforts to correctly annotate and assign gene functions. There are two possibilities to explore a genome and its gene functions. The hypothesis-based method proves the function of already existing gene/allele candidates by targeted mutagenesis - so called reverse genetics. The basis of forward genetics approaches is the random mutagenesis of the genome, followed by screening of obtained mutants for the phenotype of interest, and identification of the mutated genes in the respective mutants. This strategy is hypothesis-generating, means it is necessary to verify the relationship between the detected mutations and the observed phenotype by targeted mutagenesis of the identified gene. We developed a toolbox for editing the genome of the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola [Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales] that allows the study of the phenotypic characteristics of black fungi such as the regulation of pigment synthesis, general stress responses, oligotrophy, and the unusual modes of cell division by advanced reverse and forward genetics approaches. The toolbox includes the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, efficient strategies for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, as well as protocols for -omics approaches and for simulation of mineral weathering. A forward genetics approach using transposon mutagenesis is currently developed for identifying essential genes. The established protocols and knowledge gained from K. petricola form a starting point for making other fungi from extreme environments accessible to genetic manipulation. T2 - IUBMB Focused Meeting on Extremophilic Fungi (FUN-EX) CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 19.09.2023 KW - Fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Genetics KW - Model organism PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Photoperception in plant- and rock-associated black fungi N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Sunlight-associated stresses are however multiple: high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses. Ascomycota dominating light-flooded habitats accurately sense and respond to changes in light using it as a cue to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships. Two species from two light-flooded habitats – phyllosphere and sun-exposed solid surfaces – were analysed for their photoreceptor distribution. In both habitats phototroph-associated and black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi are prevalent. This diversity was sampled with the plant-associated fungus Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes), while Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes) was included as a typical biofilm-former on sun-exposed solid surfaces e.g. rocks, building facades, roofs, and solar panels. The analysis has shown that genomes of black fungi contain more photoreceptors than animal pathogens and saprophytes such as Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa1,2. B. cinerea that causes the grey mould disease by infecting the above-ground parts of more than 200 dicots has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts1. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers of photoreceptors along with the same set of protective metabolites i.e. melanin, carotenoids and mycosporines2. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for sun-stressed fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola were established3 and are currently used for elucidating the functions of the different photoreceptors in the biology of rock-inhabiting fungi. This work was supported by the grant SCHU 2833/4-1 from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and internal funds of the BAM. T2 - 19th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology CY - Online meeting DA - 30.08.2021 KW - Fungi KW - Light KW - Extreme environments PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Fungi in extreme habitats: Lessons from the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers of PRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. T2 - Gordon Research Conference "Cellular and Molecular Fungal Biology" CY - Holderness, NH, USA DA - 26.06.2022 KW - Light KW - Stress KW - Photoperception KW - Pigments PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55249 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Light-dependent development in Botrytis cinerea N2 - Sunlight is an important environmental factor is almost all ecosystems by being a source of energy, information, and stress. All organisms must protect themselves from the harmful effects of light such as UV radiation, ROS accumulation, heat, and desiccation. Finally, light qualities and quantities can be used for decision making, timing and as guide for directed growth when they are sensed and transduced into intracellular signals. Botrytis cinerea and other plant pathogens infecting the sun-exposed parts of the plant must cope with the high light conditions the host plant seeks. Further they experience an altered light spectrum (‘green gap’) when they colonize shaded parts of the plant; it is depleted for blue and red light that is absorbed by the plant chlorophyll and enriched for green and far-red light that is reflected or transmitted by the plant tissue. As these ambient light conditions trigger the shade avoidance response in the plant, the pathogens may trigger their own ‘shading response’ such as the upregulation of virulence determinants and inoculum production. B. cinerea maintains a highly sophisticated light signaling machinery that senses different light qualities to trigger a variety of responses, that are protection, morphogenesis, positive and negative tropisms, and entrainment. These characteristics render B. cinerea a valuable model to enlighten the role of light in parasitic fungus-plant interactions and beyond. The vegetative mycelium – the core of all infection and developmental programs – is not visibly pigmented and thus considered to be sensitive to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the vegetative hyphae have a very limited half-life and are usually restricted to the invasive growth phase in which they are protected from light by the plant tissue. Fast colonization of host tissues and by this proper nutrient acquisition enables the rapid formation of long-lasting reproduction structures (melanized conidiophores with conidia, sclerotia) on the surfaces of rotted plant tissues. Depending on the light and temperature conditions, conidiation or sclerotial development is initiated. Taken together, B. cinerea uses light-regulated signaling networks to avoid light whenever possible; for example, by minimizing the half-life of sensitive cells that are hiding in plant tissues and by scheduling critical steps such as conidiogenesis, conidial germination and penetration of plant tissues for the night. T2 - BotrySclero2022 CY - Avignon, France DA - 13.06.2022 KW - Fungus KW - Light KW - Stress KW - Melanin PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55248 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Genetic manipulation of the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi. T2 - Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University CY - Viterbo, Italy DA - 14.02.2020 KW - black fungus KW - genetics KW - Crispr/Cas9 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Looking through the eyes of fungi: from photoperception to photoresponses and beyond N2 - Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, desiccation, and osmotic stress, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Examples are the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold fungus, and the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, a microcolonial black fungus which forms multispecies biofilms with bacteria and algae. T2 - 20th Symposium of the Research Training Group on Bioactive Peptides – The colorful tree of life CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 23.01.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Melanin KW - Stress tolerance PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - How does light affect rock-inhabiting fungi? N2 - Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Less apparent are other light-dependent processes such as light-driven DNA repair by photolyases (photoreactivation) or ion pumping by microbial opsins. Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess many proteins for absorbing UV/blue, green, red and far-red light, produce the black 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin and orange-red carotenoids, and may live in multispecies biofilms. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed light (UV-B) tolerance of K. petricola. T2 - 32nd Fungal Genetics Conference CY - Pacific Grove, CA, USA DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Knufia petricola KW - Black fungi KW - Light-induced stress PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocide Resistance - Road to Risk Assessment N2 - This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment and provides a roadmap for future activities. T2 - OECD, 6th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides CY - Paris, France DA - 28.09.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Die Entstehung von antimikrobiellen Resistenzen durch die Verwendung von Bioziden N2 - Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die BAM und die Aktivitäten im Bereich Biozidresistenz. T2 - Berliner Hochschule für Technik Studiengang Biotechnologie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.05.2023 KW - Antimikrobielle Resistenz KW - Antmikrobielle Oberflächen KW - Standardisierung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57859 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment N2 - This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available. T2 - EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides – An update N2 - This presentation describes the development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. T2 - The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) autumn meeting 2022 CY - Online meeting DA - 11.10.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides – An update N2 - This presentation describes our efforts at BAM towards the development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides. T2 - The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) spring meeting 2023 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.03.2023 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides N2 - Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces. T2 - OECD, 5th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2021 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53163 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides N2 - Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces. T2 - The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) Spring Meeting 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.06.2021 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Hydro-Touch test - Evaluation of Transfer of Microorganisms to Non-porous Surfaces and their antimicrobial Activity N2 - This presentation describes a new test procedure that allows to determine the transfer of microorganisms to surfaces and to measure the antimicrobial efficacy of those surfaces. The main improvement of the method is that is assesses the effect of the surfaces under semi-dry, realistic conditions by transferring microorganisms via a gelatin pad linked to a stamp of defined weight. Comparing the performance of the established antimicrobial materials with currently used wet test methods and the newly developed method shows reduced antimicrobial activity of those materials under semi-dry conditions. T2 - 64. Sitzung des DIN NA 176-03-06 AA „Chemische Desinfektionsmittel und Antiseptika in der Humanmedizin“ CY - Online meeting DA - 29.09.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64870 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Mechanisms and evolution of resistance to antimicrobial biocides N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment. T2 - EMBO Symposium on Mechanisms of drug resistance and tolerance in bacteria, fungi, and cancer CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 18.03.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - Biocides, including disinfectants and antimicrobial surfaces (AMCs), are important to prevent the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria via surfaces. However, concerns have been raised about the evolution and selection of resistance against disinfectants and AMCs. In turn, resistance against disinfectants and AMCs can be associated to antibiotic resistance due to cross-resistance and co-resistance. We need to understand the mechanisms and risks of disinfectants and AMCs for resistance and cross-resistance evolution to optimize their application and safeguard their long-term efficacy. We used adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments based on repeated exposure of bacteria to disinfectants. Our results show that repeated disinfection of E. coli with benzalkonium chloride in suspension results in a 2000-fold increase in survival within 5 exposure cycles. Adaption is linked to the initial presence of persister cells highly tolerant to benzalkonium chloride. We used the same approach to develop standardizable ALE experiments to determine resistance evolution to AMCs. The results highlight rapid adaptation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa towards copper surfaces. Moreover, there are multiple situations in the clinic or in the environment in which biocides and antibiotics co-occur and in which combination effects can shape their antimicrobial activity or their selective effects. Our work with P. aeruginosa shows prevalent combination effects of biocides and antibiotics, ranging from synergy to antagonism and resulting in the selection for or against antibiotic resistant strains. The combination effects are dependent on the biofilm mode-of-growth, manifesting in apparent differences in the structural arrangement of antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains in biofilms exposed to combinations. Furthermore, biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, thereby having a potential facilitating effect on resistance evolution. Taken together, our work shows that the role of biocides as potential drivers of resistance evolution and selection deserves further study and regulative action. T2 - Eurobiofilms 2022 CY - Palma, Spain DA - 31.08.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - Novel strategies and considerations in fighting pathogens CY - Tartu, Estonia DA - 16.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64867 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the Selection and evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. We use adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, phenotypic characterization, single-cell analysis, whole genome sequencing, and competition experiments to investigate AMR evolution and selection of the model organism E. coli in the presence of biocides. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment. T2 - 10th Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and the Environment (ARAE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - Vorstellungsvortrag zur Habilitation FU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.05.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution to antimicrobial biocides N2 - This talk discusses resistance evolution to antimicrobial biocides. It shows (i) that biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating tolerance evolution, (ii) that serial transfer at subinhibitory concentrations is not appropriate to model evolutionary adaptation to disinfection, (iii) that biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer Biocides, and (iv) that antibiotics show strong combination effects. T2 - Evolutionary Biology meets the Antibiotic Crisis vol. 2 CY - Plön, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Dr. Frank Schreiber and Work on Biocide Resistance at BAM N2 - This talk details the career path of Dr. Frank Schreiber and his work on biocide resistance at BAM. Biocides are antimicrobial products for defined applications (disinfectants, preservatives, pest control). Biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating resistance/tolerance evolution. Adaptation to biocides has effects on growth and selection. T2 - Vortrag an der Berliner Hochschule für Technik CY - Berlin, Gemany DA - 07.06.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides as drivers for the evolution and selection of antimicrobial resistance N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance. T2 - 12. Dresdner Wasserseminar ' Wasser und Verunreinigung' CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 26.06.2025 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Beyond Antibiotics – Biocides as Drivers of Environmental AMR N2 - This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. It also discusses the contribution of biocides for the environmental transmission of AMR. T2 - OneBridge: Making environmental AMR Surveillance Fit for Purpose: Data Integration and the Ecology of Resistance CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 06.10.205 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Standardization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - This presentation describes our work at BAM on resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. T2 - Break biofilms workshop CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 16.01.2023 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57857 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocide resistance risk assessment N2 - This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment. T2 - Risk assessment of biocide and antibiotic resistance CY - Online meeting DA - 09.03.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 UR - https://www.gu.se/en/biocide/risk-assessment-of-biocide-and-antibiotic-resistance AN - OPUS4-56235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - BIOCIDE N2 - This presentation gives an overview about the BIOCIDE project performed with the Aquatic Pollutants joint call. T2 - Aquatic Pollutants TransNet workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 09.11.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment KW - Wastewater PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistenzen von Bakterien gegen Biozide – Evolution, Mechanismen und Methoden N2 - Diese Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Aktivitäten zum Thema Biozidresistenz an der BAM. T2 - Life Science Nord - Online-Update Hygiene und Infektionsprävention CY - Online meeting DA - 14.06.2022 KW - Antimikrobielle Resistenz KW - Antmikrobielle Oberflächen KW - Standardisierung KW - Biozide KW - Risikobewertung PY - 2022 UR - https://vimeo.com/722198443 AN - OPUS4-56236 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - This talk discusses resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. It shows (i) that biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, (ii) that biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating tolerance evolution, and (iii) that biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effect on growth and selection. T2 - STOP project internal seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 24.04.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Physiological and evolutionary consequences of exposing Pseudomonas aeruginosa to biocide-antibiotic combinations N2 - Antimicrobials can exert specific physiological effects when used in combination that are different from those when applied alone. These effects include physiological effects (i.e. synergy, antagonism and suppression) as well as evolutionary effects on the selection of resistant strains (i.e. cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity). While combination effects have been extensively mapped for antibiotic-antibiotic combinations, the combination effects of antibiotics with antimicrobials used as biocides or antiseptics have not been systematically investigated. Here, we investigated the physiological and evolutionary consequences of combinations of antibiotics (meropenem, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin) and substances used as biocides or antiseptics (octenidine, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, silver) on growth and selection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We find prevalent physiological combination effects with synergy occurring 6 times and antagonism occurring 10 times. The effects are specific to the antibiotic-biocide combination with meropenem showing a tendency for antagonism with biocides (6 of 7), while gentamicin has a tendency for synergy (5 of 7). A particular strong antagonism is apparent for the meropenem-chlorhexidine combination, for which we conducted an in-depth study on the underlying molecular mechanism using RNASeq. Moreover, we find widespread effects of the biocide-antibiotic combinations on selection of P. aeruginosa strains resistant to the antibiotics, including cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity. In conclusion, antibiotics and biocides or antiseptics exert physiological and evolutionary combination effects on the pathogen P. aeruginosa. These effects have consequences for the efficacy of both types of substances and for the selection of antimicrobial resistant strains in clinical applications with combined exposure (e.g. wound care, coated biomaterials). T2 - Antimicrobial Resistance in Biofilms and on Biomaterials CY - Online meeting DA - 10.06.2021 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Biofilms PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Risk Assessment of Biocide Resistance N2 - This presentation details approaches for the risk assessment of biocide resistance. Different methods are presented to acquire the necessary data for such risk assessments. T2 - OECD, 7th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides CY - Leiden, Netherlands DA - 18.09.2023 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Bakterielle Resistenzen und Toleranzen gegen Desinfektionsmittel und antimikrobielle Oberflächen N2 - Dieser Vortrag beschreibt die Entstehung von bakteriellen Resistenzen und Toleranzen gegen Desinfektionsmittel und antimikrobielle Oberflächen. T2 - Fachtagung für Krankenhaushygiene der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene CY - Essen, Germany DA - 12.05.2023 KW - Antimikrobielle Resistenz KW - Antmikrobielle Oberflächen KW - Standardisierung KW - Biozide PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Biocides As Drivers For Antimicrobial Resistance Evolution In The Environment N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants by far excceding the market for antibiotics in terms of mass. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. These effects depend on the species and biocidal substance. Importantly, chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations in E. coli. Moreover, our results show a connection between the RpoS-mediated general stress and the RecA-linked SOS response with increased rates of mutation and conjugation, but not for all biocides. Furthermore, our work highlights the potential of biocides to contribute to selection and transmission of AMR. We show that the application of biocides, especially QAC disinfectants, leads to the rapid evolution of tolerance (i.e. increased survival) in adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments. The evolved tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). ALE experiments with biocide tolerant strains indicate a decreased evolvability of resistance to antibiotics. Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution, selection and transmission of AMR in the environment. T2 - 6th Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance (EDAR6) CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 22.09.2022 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides KW - Risk assessment PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56262 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces N2 - This talk discusses the work at BAM concerning Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces. It shows (i) that biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, (ii) that biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating tolerance evolution, and (iii) that biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effect on growth and selection. T2 - Exchange seminar with Nottingham Trent University CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.09.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of resistance by antimicrobials used in coatings N2 - Antimicrobial surfaces have broad use in multiple settings including touch surfaces in hospitals, implanted devices, or consumer products. Their aim is to support existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which might drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. In my presentation, I will highlight the risks and knowledge gaps associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes including evolution by de novo mutations and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed onto antimicrobial surfaces. The latter process has the potential to select for antibiotic resistance via cross-resistance between traits that confer resistance to both the antimicrobial surface coating and antibiotics. Conditions in which antibiotics and antimicrobial coatings are present simultaneously (e.g. implants) will lead to more complex interactions that can either result in the selection for or against antibiotic resistance. We mapped these interactions between several antimicrobials and antibiotics on growth and selection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We find prevalent physiological (i.e. synergy and antagonism) and evolutionary (i.e. cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity) combination effects. Understanding these interactions opens the door to tailor therapeutic interventions to select against resistance. In additions, we need new methods and translational studies that investigate resistance development to antimicrobial surfaces under realistic conditions. Therefore, I will present recent developments in our lab on the development of such a method based on existing efficacy standards. T2 - 2021 Fall Meeting of the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Biofilms KW - Biocides PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Reductive treatment of steel making slags to produce a hydraulic binder and crude iron N2 - Steelmaking slags are a by-product of steel production, that are currently used primarily in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering. In this use, the iron bound in the steelmaking slags (< 30 wt.%) is lost. Recovery of iron from steelmaking slags is possible by thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid steelmaking slags causes iron oxides to be reduced to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. The chemical composition of the mineral phase is thus adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the mineral alite, the most important component of Portland cement, is formed. This way, crude iron can be recovered, and at the same time a hydraulic binder can be produced. This process, however, is uneconomical due to the high temperatures required (~1800 °C). In the current project, the process is to be adapted so that the reduction of liquid steelmaking slag can be carried out at ~1600 °C. The chemical composition is to be modified in such a way that the melting temperature of the slags as well as their viscosity are in a technically suitable range and still a product with good cementitious properties is obtained. T2 - LithiumDays CY - Online meeting DA - 06.12.2021 KW - BOFS KW - Portland Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-56081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Production of an alite-rich material from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of steelmaking of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the EU. BOFS is mostly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. However, in this use, the iron bound in BOFS is lost and the opportunity to produce higher value products from BOFS is forgone. In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of both Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS via a thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid BOFS causes a reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density and can be recovered. An advantage of this process is that simultaneously the chemical composition of the reduced BOFS is adapted to that of Portland cement clinker and the hydraulic reactive mineral alite (Ca3SiO5) is formed. In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace and a low-iron mineral product rich in alite was produced. Despite a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration, and its reaction was delayed compared to Portland cement. However, adding gypsum accelerated the hydration rate of the reduced BOFS. Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced BOFS is essential. If successful, the production of a hydraulic material and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry. T2 - GeoBerlin 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.09.2023 KW - BOFS KW - Alite KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Portland cement clinker from reduced basic oxygen furnace slag N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of the steelmaking process, of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the European Union. Besides its predominant use in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering, it is also possible to use BOFS as a source material for Portland cement clinker. The main difference in the chemical composition of BOFS from the chemical composition of Portland cement clinker is its high content of iron oxides (7-50 wt.%). In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of both Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS via thermochemical reductive treatment. Carbothermal treatment of liquid BOFS causes reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent. The produced low-iron mineral product was chemically similar to Portland cement clinker and contained the most important Portland cement mineral alite (Ca3SiO5) as main component. Besides alite, the mineral product contained other Portland cement clinker constituents such as belite (β-Ca2SiO4) and tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6). The production of Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS has economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry. Cement clinker from reduced BOFS may be used as a substitute for cement clinker from conventional cement production, thereby CO2 emissions will be reduced. The steel industry benefits from a high-value application for its by-products that avoids cost expensive landfilling and may even bring economic advantages. However, reductive treatment requires high temperatures and, for economic reasons, has to be carried out immediately after casting of the liquid BOFS, which is a logistical challenge for most steel plants. A cost-benefit analysis is therefore essential. T2 - European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes CY - Online meeting DA - 13.09.2021 KW - BOFS KW - Portland Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53475 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Hydraulic reactivity of alite rich material from post-treated basic oxygen furnace slags N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are a by-product of steel production. In 2016, 10.4 Mt of BOFS were produced in the European Union (EU). The main part of BOFS is used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. A smaller part is returned to the metallurgical circle, used as fertilizer or landfilled. However, it is also possible to produce higher value products from BOFS. For example, many researchers have investigated the possibility of producing Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS by a carbothermal post-treatment. In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent. The carbothermal treatment reduces the iron oxides in the BOFS to metallic iron, which accumulates at the bottom of the furnace by density separation. In addition to metallic iron, the process generates a mineral product rich in the tricalcium silicate solid solution alite. As the main constituent of Portland cement clinker, the hydraulic reactive mineral alite is of high economic importance. In previous studies, the hydraulic reactivity of the mineral product was investigated by testing the compressive strength of blends with 70 wt.% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Recent investigations focused on the hydraulic properties of the pure mineral product from the reduced BOFS. The heat of hydration of the mineral product was measured by isothermal calorimetry and compared with the heat of hydration of a synthetic low-iron slag and OPC. In addition, the formation of hydration products was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) on freeze-dried samples after defined curing times. The results of the calorimetric measurements indicate that the mineral product produced less heat of hydration and its reaction was delayed compared to the synthetic low-iron slag and OPC. Hydration products such as portlandite and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) formed later and in lower amounts. The production of a hydraulic material from BOFS by reductive treatment is of great interest to both the cement and steel industries. The substitution of cement clinker in OPC with a hydraulic material such as reduced BOFS leads to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from cement production. The steel industry benefits from an application for its by-products that avoids cost expensive landfilling and may even bring economic advantages. Furthermore, it may be possible to return the recovered crude iron to production. T2 - 3rd European Mineralogical Conference CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 30.08.2021 KW - BOFS KW - Calcium silicate KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53473 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Formation and hydraulic reactivity of an alite rich material from post treated basic oxygen furnace slag N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of steelmaking of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the EU. BOFS is mostly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. However, in this use, the iron bound in BOFS is lost and the opportunity to produce higher value products from BOFS is forgone. In recent decades, many researchers have investigated a thermochemical process to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron in molten BOFS. The metallic iron formed separates from the reduced slag due to its higher density and can be recovered. An advantage of this process is that simultaneously the chemical composition of the reduced slag is adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the hydraulic reactive mineral alite is formed. In this study, BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent, and the hydraulic properties of the reduced, low-iron BOFS were investigated. Despite a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration, and its reaction was delayed compared to Portland cement. However, the addition of gypsum, as is also done in cement production from Portland cement clinker, has been found to accelerate the hydration rate of reduced BOFS. Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced slag is essential. If successful, the production of a hydraulic binder and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry. T2 - GeoMin Köln 2022 CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 11.09.2022 KW - BOFS KW - Portland Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivity PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Production of a hydraulic material from post-treated steelmaking slags N2 - Steelmaking slag is a by-product of steel production of which 4.5 Mt were produced in 2020 in Germany alone. It is mainly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. A smaller part is returned to the metallurgical circle, used as fertilizer or landfilled. With this use, iron oxides still contained in steelmaking slag are lost. In addition, the possibility of producing higher-grade products from steelmaking slag is foregone. In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of Portland cement clinker and crude iron from basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) via a reductive treatment. Carbothermal treatment of liquid BOFS causes a reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. Simultaneously, the chemical composition of the reduced slag is adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker. In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as a reducing agent. The resulting low-iron mineral product had a similar chemical composition to Portland cement clinker and was rich in the tricalcium silicate solid solution alite (Ca3SiO5). Based on its chemical and mineralogical composition, similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS has the potential to react comparably. In our study, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration compared to OPC and its hydraulic reaction was delayed. However, adding gypsum has been shown to accelerate the hydration rate of the reduced BOFS compared to that known from the calcium silicates of Portland cement clinker. Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced slag is essential. If successful, producing a hydraulic binder and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry. T2 - 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement ICCC 2023 CY - Bangkok, Thailand DA - 18.09.2023 KW - Steelmaking slag KW - Alite hydraulic reactivity KW - Clinker substitute PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58522 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Happel, O. T1 - Combination of leaching tests with ecotoxicity and chemical analysis – Lessons learnt N2 - The presentation describes analytical methods to characterize eluates from leaching tests and identify organic substances in leachates. Chances to obtain complementary information from ecotoxtests and chemical analysis are discussed. T2 - Workshop: Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products – test results, implementation in Guidance, Technical Standards and Ecolabelling CY - Online meeting DA - 21.03.2022 KW - Leaching KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Construction products PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leaching und Transformation von Bioziden aus Fassadenfarben N2 - Anhand von Beobachtungen aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen wird dargestellt, wie Wasserkontakt und Strahlung die Auslaugung und Transformation der Wirkstoffe Diuron und Terbutryn beeinflussen. Auf Optionen zur modellhaften Darstellung dieser Prozesse wird kurz eingegangen. T2 - OMiBiB - Optimierung und Minimierung des Biozideinsatzes in Baustoffen CY - Online meeting DA - 09.02.2022 KW - Leaching KW - Transformation KW - Biozide KW - Fassadenfarben PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54318 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leaching und Transformation von Bioziden aus Fassadenfarben N2 - Anhand von Beobachtungen aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen wurde dargestellt, wie Wasserkontakt und Strahlung die Auslaugung und Transformation der Wirkstoffe Diuron und Terbutryn beeinflussen. Auf Optionen zur modellhaften Darstellung dieser Prozesse wurde kurz eingegangen. T2 - Optimierung und Minimierung des Biozideinsatzes in Baustoffen CY - Online meeting DA - 09.02.2022 KW - Leaching KW - Transformation KW - Biozid KW - Fassadenfarbe PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55273 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted. Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably. Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes. Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments. Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact. T2 - European Technical Coatings Congress 2022 CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 12.07.2022 KW - Paints KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Emission PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Joachim T1 - Usage of BOF slag and next generation EAF slag in the cement industry N2 - Increasing amounts of new types of EAFS from the DRP-EAF-route and still significant amounts of BOFS from the DRP-SAF-BOF-route will be produced while BFS will vanish. In two BMBF funded research projects, BAM and FEhS examine the application of slags from future steel production in the cement industry. The project “SlagCEM” investigated the recovery of iron from BOFS while producing a mineral product with good cementitious properties. The reduction of BOFS to recover metallic iron along with the generation of a clinker-like material for the cement industry increases the viscosity of the BOFS. This would require a process at unfeasibly high temperatures of >1.700 °C. Therefore, SlagCEM aimed to modify the BOFS to reduce the viscosity to suitable ranges at lower temperatures of ~1.600 °C. A demonstration trial (20 tons) was carried out and the potential for substitution of OPC was determined. DRI-EOS investigates the utilization of increasing amounts of DRI-based EAFS in the cement industry to compensate the reduced production of GBFS. This requires an adjustment of the slag’s chemical composition and a rapid quenching to create an amorphous structure with latent hydraulic characteristics. The project studies the behavior of the modified slag during the metallurgical process and during solidification, any possibly negative impact on the cementitious or environmental properties as well as the potential to recover metals such as Fe, Cr, Mo and V. The final results of the project “SlagCEM”, finished in 2024, as well as the current state and insights of the project “DRI-EOS”, started in July 2022, shall be presented in this talk. T2 - 9th International Slag Valorisation Symposium CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 08.04.2025 KW - Steel slags KW - Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) KW - Cement KW - Slag valorisation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Joachim T1 - Production of raw materials for the cement industry based on steel making slags from future hydrogen based steel production routes N2 - Increasing amounts of new types of EAFS from the DRP-EAF-route and still significant amounts of BOFS from the DRP-SAF-BOF-route will be produced while BFS will vanish. In two BMBF funded research projects, BAM and FEhS examine the application of slags from future steel production in the cement industry. The project “SlagCEM” investigated the recovery of iron from BOFS while producing a mineral product with good cementitious properties. The reduction of BOFS to recover metallic iron along with the generation of a clinker-like material for the cement industry increases the viscosity of the BOFS. This would require a process at unfeasibly high temperatures of >1.700 °C. Therefore, SlagCEM aimed to modify the BOFS to reduce the viscosity to suitable ranges at lower temperatures of ~1.600 °C. A demonstration trial (20 tons) was carried out and the potential for substitution of OPC was determined. DRI-EOS investigates the utilization of increasing amounts of DRI-based EAFS in the cement industry to compensate the reduced production of GBFS. This requires an adjustment of the slag’s chemical composition and a rapid quenching to create an amorphous structure with latent hydraulic characteristics. The project studies the behavior of the modified slag during the metallurgical process and during solidification, any possibly negative impact on the cementitious or environmental properties as well as the potential to recover metals such as Fe, Cr, Mo and V. The final results of the project “SlagCEM”, finished in 2024, as well as the current state and insights of the project “DRI-EOS”, started in July 2022, shall be presented in this talk. T2 - Euroslag 2024 CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 23.10.2024 KW - Slag KW - Steel KW - Cement KW - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) KW - Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In adaptive laboratory evolution experiments we cultured selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides under selection regimes with increasing and stable biocide concentrations followed by antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance determination. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the rates of de novo mutations and HGT of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism. Our results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers under increasing biocide concentrations. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, our results indicate that a stable low-level biocide regime did not select for high level cross-resistance to antibiotics and other biocides. Moreover, material preservatives affected the rates of HGT via conjugation and the mutation rates at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives. T2 - 4th Evo Eco PhD Meeting CY - Lutherstadt Wittenberg DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Microbiology KW - Biocides KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Resistance evolution KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina T1 - Effect of biocides on the evolution and spread of resistance N2 - Biocides used as material preservatives are in contact with various environments during direct application or passive leaching from protected materials. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem and the environment is an important compartment for the evolution and transmission of AMR. Soil is an environment with a large reservoir of natural microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Those natural microbial communities are frequently exposed to biocides used as material preservatives. Previous studies have shown that antibiotics, metals and pesticides affect the underlying processes of resistance evolution and spread; namely de novo mutagenesis and horizontal gene transfer by conjugation and transformation in microbial communities. However, it is unknown if active substances used in material preservatives are involved in these processes. We show that biocides used as material preservatives affect rates of mutation and conjugation in microorganism in a species- and substance-dependent manner, while rates of transformation are not directly affected. Our data highlights the importance of assessing the contribution of material preservatives on AMR evolution and spread in the environment. T2 - Microbiome Network Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.07.2022 KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Mutation rate PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina T1 - Effect of biocides on the evolution and spread of resistance N2 - Biocides used as material preservatives are in contact with various environments during direct application or passive leaching from protected materials [1]. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem and the environment is an important compartment for the evolution and transmission of AMR [2,3]. Soil is an environment with a large reservoir of natural microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Those natural microbial communities are frequently exposed to biocides used as material preservatives. Previous studies have shown that antibiotics, metals and pesticides affect the underlying processes of resistance evolution and spread; namely de novo mutagenesis and horizontal gene transfer by conjugation and transformation in microbial communities. However, it is unknown if active substances used in material preservatives are involved in these processes. We show that biocides used as material preservatives affect rates of mutation and conjugation in microorganism in a species- and substance-dependent manner, while rates of transformation are not directly affected. Our data highlights the importance of assessing the contribution of material preservatives on AMR evolution and spread in the environment. T2 - RokoCon2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.09.2022 KW - Biocide KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Tolerance KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Mutation rate PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlögel, Kai A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - Enhancing the Sustainability of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP Strategies for Effective Feedstock Recycling as Reducing Agents in Pyrometallurgy N2 - Despite its contribution to tackling climate change by lightweight design, growing CFRP production also results in a global waste generation of 62 kt/a. Accordingly, the energy-intensive production process of carbon fibers (CF) necessitates sustainable recycling solutions. Herein we will give an overview of current recycling processes, discuss their limitations and present a novel approach for safe treatment of CF unsuitable for material recovery . Our project CF Pyro examines feedstock recycling in pyrometallurgical processes, focusing on reactivity of CF, process stability and prevention of hazardous WHO fiber release. Besides fundamental experimental breakthroughs, their broader impact on circular economy will be presented. T2 - CU Online Forum „Composites and Sustainability“ CY - Online meeting DA - 29.06.2021 KW - Carbon Fibers KW - Recycling KW - Electric Arc Furnace KW - CFRP KW - Pyrometallurgy KW - Steelmaking PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - Detection, Quantification and Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp T1 - CIC & HR-GFMAS: Über Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik - Entwicklung von AOF-Parametern anhand Combustion Ion Chromatography N2 - Kurzzsammenfassung der bisherigen Ergebnisse der Vorhaben 4320 und 4390 beim Netzwerktreffen des PerFluSan Netzwerks T2 - Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - PFAS KW - PFC KW - AOF KW - EOF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51625 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan N2 - Vorstellung der Projektarbeit der BAM auf dem 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan in Dresden T2 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan CY - Fraunhofer IKTS, Dresden, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - PFC KW - Sanierung KW - Kontamination KW - Boden PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50552 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik - CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich N2 - Gastvortrag auf der 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen über Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik und den CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich. T2 - 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen CY - Online meeting DA - 18.02.2021 KW - PFAS KW - Analytik KW - CIC KW - HR-GF-MAS KW - Summenparameter PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52148 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Current challenges on PFAS analytics N2 - Several thousand PFAS are in circulation and the current challenge lies in detection of these compounds. Wheter environmental contamination occurs via industrial emission or direct PFAS exposure, as through the use of AFFF fire fighting foams. Wheter PFAS need to be detected in consumer products or agricultral soil, or wheter human and wildlife exposure to PFSA needs to be evaluated, suitable analytical methods are required to identifiy the target class within a hugh variety of matrices. At the same time it is critical to detect trace amounts of compounds within various matrices, we want to make sure that we consider very volatile and mobile species, simultaneously want to assure that we do not overlook less and insoluble compounds. We require methods that allow both single and multi target analysis and want to have an ideal overview with the help of sum parameters. T2 - Workshop - Advancements of Analytical Techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2021 KW - PFAS KW - PFAS analytics KW - EOF/AOF PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Analysis of PFAS in Environmental Samples and Materials - Different Approaches via Fluorine K-Edge XANES Spectroscopy and Combustion Ion Chromatography N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged over the course of the last twenty years as a global pollution issue. Altogether, there are currently more than 4700 known but only partly characterized fluorinated compounds identified by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as shown by a recently published classification proposal. The ongoing production of new, yet unrestricted PFAS alternatives has become a major challenge for environmental routine analytics, since the state-of-the-art method LC-MS/MS relies on structural information and availability of isotope standards of the targeted compound. First reported by Miyake et al., fluorine sum parameters like adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) can be applied to survey and detect the presence of large amounts of unidentified organofluorine compounds in environmental matrices. Today fluorine sum parameters have been established as a useful supplement to classic target-analytical approaches of PFAS and were implemented for the first time as a sum value “PFAS-total” in the recently revised Drinking Water Directive (2020/2184) by the European Commission. In contrast, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has been widely applied to identify low concentration of element-specific contamination without pre-treatment in environmental samples in the past. The XANES approach enables a penetration depth of approx. 1 µm (at fluorine K-edge energy; depending on the matrix) which is significantly deeper than for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; penetration depth approx. 10 nm). Furthermore, the method is fast, non-destructive and only simple preparation of the samples is required. In our work, we combined both F-XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) in order to present a new analytical perspective on the investigation of PFAS in environmental media and material samples. T2 - SETAC Europe 2022 - 32nd Annual Meeting CY - Kopenhagen, Dänemark DA - 15.05.2022 KW - Sum parameter analysis KW - EOF KW - CIC KW - Fluor XANES KW - PFAS analysis PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - micro-XRF und XANES-Analytik von PFAS N2 - Ergebnispräsentation über gesammelte Ergebnisse der Synchrotron F µ-XRF und -XANES Spektroskopischen Untersuchungen von PFAS und PFAS-haltigen Materialien T2 - Online-Seminar des Fortbildungsverbundes Boden und Altlasten Baden-Württemberg CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.23 KW - PFAS KW - XANES KW - XRF KW - Röntgenspektroskopie KW - Synchrotron PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59077 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -