TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - Detection, Quantification and Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ben Efraim, R. T1 - Comparison of PFAS Adsorption and Electro-Sorption Using Pristine and Functionalized MWCNTs N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively utilized in various industrial processes, resulting in elevated concentrations in landfills and drinking water reservoirs. Despite recognizing that shortchained PFAS are harmful, they are often overlooked. Short-chain PFAS are more challenging to remove via adsorption and membrane separation processes, and their detection is complex, thus creating a critical gap in understanding their environmental impact. To improve their environmental monitoring, we aim to improve short-chain PFAS adsorption and electro-sorption on novel carbon-based adsorbers such as pristine and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and assess their adsorption mechanisms. Based on the obtained result, we aim to develop a PFAS passive sampling device. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sorption PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leube, Peter T1 - Quantification of ultrashort per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water samples via headspace gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) - a method development N2 - Ultrashort PFAS (≤ 3 carbon atoms) were overlooked for a long time in analytical monitoring. Beside through the use of these substances, they contribute to the PFAS background in the environment through (environmental/ bio-) degradation and incomplete destruction3 of PFAS with longer carbon chains or other fluorinated compounds. As part of the German-Israeli Cooperation in Water Technology Research project „Detection, quantification, and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater“ (DEFEAT-PFAS), we are developing an as simple as possible direct headspace (HS-)GC-MS method to detect trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and perfluoropropanioc acid (PFPrA), as well as trifluoroethanol (TFEtOH), pentafluoropropanol(PFPrOH) and hexafluoroiospropanol (HFIP) in water samples. Here we present the results of the PFAS mentioned in spiked ultrapure water solutions. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Ben Efraim, R. A1 - Nir, O. A1 - Chaudhary, M. A1 - Futterlieb, M. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - DEFEAT-PFAS: Detection, Quantification, and Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 UR - https://indico.scc.kit.edu/event/4029/attachments/7552/12045/Proceedings_Ger-Isr-Coop_Status-Seminar-2024.pdf SP - 33 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-60331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Detektion, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von insbesondere ultrakurzkettigen PFAS in Grundwasser N2 - Da PFAS in großem Umfang in einer Vielzahl von Produkten verwendet wurde, sind sie im Grundwasser in der Nähe vieler industrieller und militärischer Anlagen weltweit zu finden. Darüber hinaus führten neue Vorschriften und Beschränkungen für die Verwendung von langkettigen PFAS zu einer vermehrten Produktion kurzkettiger Alternativen. Ultrakurzkettige PFAS (≥C3) können natürliche und anthropogene Barrieren durchdringen und schließlich in Trinkwasserquellen gelangen. Zudem entfernen die meisten gängigen Trinkwasser-aufbereitungsverfahren die ultrakurzkettigen PFAS nicht ausreichend. Im Kooperationsprojekt DEFEAT-PFAS wird daher das Ziel verfolgt, Wissenslücken über Nachweis, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von kurz- (C4-C7) und ultrakurzkettige (C1-C3) PFAS, in kontaminiertem Grundwasser zu schließen. Die israelischen und deutschen Projektpartner entwickeln dafür analytische Methoden and selektive Passivsammler, um das zeitliche Profil von PFAS-Spezies im Grundwasser zu erfassen und überwachen. Darüber hinaus ein zweistufiges Verfahren entwickelt, welches darauf ausgelegt ist, die relativ niedrigen PFAS-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser durch neuartige Membranverfahren, Umkehrosmose im Batchbetrieb mit geschlossenem Kreislauf sowie Verbund-Nanofiltrationsmembranen, zu konzentrieren. Anschließend werden die PFAS angereicherten Konzentrate mittels Koagulation behandelt und das verbleibende PFAS an kohlenstoffhaltigen Nanomaterialien adsorbiert. T2 - Workshop des Netzwerks Perflusan CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Grundwasser KW - Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60334 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp ED - Thiel, Stephanie ED - Thome-Kozminesky, Elisabeth ED - Antrekowitsch, Helmut ED - Pomberger, Roland ED - Firsbach, Felix T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (IBA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA erforderlich. Informationen über über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für IBA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der IBA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequentiellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der IBA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass IBA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-911006-80-4 VL - 11 SP - 176 EP - 190 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-60281 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA erforderlich. Informationen über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für HMVA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der HMVA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequenziellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der HMVA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass HMVA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - PFAS analysis by fluorine K-edge XANES spectroscopy and thermal and mechanochemical treatment N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of more than 12,000 organofluorine surfactants. As a result of continuous and prolific use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water. . Current decontamination strategies of PFAS-burdened soils mainly consist of adsorption methods using adsorbents for fixation of PFAS in the ground. A second option is the utilization of a “pump and treat” process, cycling polluted soils through a washing plant leading to the concentration of the pollutants in the fine fraction. Both approaches are cost-intensive and not intended for the direct decomposition of all PFAS contaminants. Furthermore, the contaminated adsorbants have to be safely thermal treated for recovery. Hence, there is a great demand for innovative developments, dealing with new strategies of tackling the PFAS problem. Previously, mechanochemical treatment of polychlorinated organic compounds in soils showed an efficient dechlorination. Thus, we investigated mechanochemical treatment of PFAS contaminated soils with various additives in a ball mill. T2 - SEMICON CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 12.12.2024 KW - Mechanochemical treatment KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fuentes, Elsa A1 - Prieto, Beatriz T1 - Effect of climate change on phototrophic biofilms colonizing granitic rocks and their biodeteriogenic activity. N2 - Material cultural heritage from NW of the Iberian Peninsula is linked to the use or presence of granite, whether in historical buildings, sculptures, archaeological sites or any other artistic manifestation. This resistant material has the ideal physical characteristics that favor its longevity, but, like any material exposed to the environment, it is susceptible to deterioration. To this respect, environmental changes due to climate change and global change may modify biological colonization-substrate interactions. The main objective of the present research was to analyse the effects of Climate Change, more specifically changes in water availability, increased temperature, increased CO2 concentrations and changes in UV-B radiation patterns, on the survival and biodeteriogenic activity of phototrophic biofilms on granite heritage and the consequences for the built heritage. Both field and laboratory work were carried out. Field studies were conducted on three rural churches to characterise the current biological colonization. A higher proportion of algae than cyanobacteria was identified, with the genera Trentepohlia and Desmococcus standing out among the former. The most common current fungi are lichenised fungi, but black fungal genera such as Catenulostroma, Rhinocladiella and Knufia were also identified. Bacterial genera related to the production of sphinganes, EPS, carotenoids and some causing the so-called pink discolouration are also present. The effect of climate change on the growth and physiological state of the organisms was analysed in the laboratory. For this purpose, mixed biofilms were developed in the laboratory and exposed to changing conditions of temperature, water availability, CO2 and UV-B. A reduction in growth was observed with increasing water restriction, although in the initial colonization process, rock bioreceptivity was shown to be a more important aspect in favoring anchorage and retention of organisms. Temperature was shown to have a growth-enhancing effect when water availability was low, whereas an increase in CO2 only resulted in increased growth under conditions of high-water availability. Increased UV-B produced a reduction in growth, especially at the highest dose (equivalent to the current dose of a west-facing wall in southern Portugal, which is considered as high), while little difference in the physiological state of the organisms was observed at the current doses in Galicia (considered as medium) and southern Ireland (considered as low). Clear changes in microbial composition were observed, with a trend towards increased or greater resistance of cyanobacteria to higher temperature, lower water availability and higher UV-B doses. In addition, all these changes in development, physiological and microbial composition had an effect on the predominant pigments, tending towards more yellowish-brownish colourations, and on the ability of the organisms to generate biodeterioration by affecting ion concentrations on water solutions by enhancing their consumption or adhesion which lead to granite deterioration. Future work should take into account the combination of a greater number of climatic parameters simultaneously and also the possible resistances associated with the nature of the SAB community studied. T2 - 19th International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biofilm KW - Granite KW - Climate change KW - Biodeterioration KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Julseth, Mara Jean T1 - Chromosome chains in termite evolution N2 - Termites, the oldest eusocial insect group, display important divergent features compared to the eusocial Hymenoptera, including diploidy and an XY sex differentiation system. Termite males have frequently been shown to generate multivalent chromosome chains and rings during meiosis. This intriguing phenomenon could act on multiple evolutionary scales. Firstly, chain formation creates a higher probability of large-scale chromosomal translocations, which could play an important role in chromosome evolution across deep evolutionary time. Secondly, chains occurring in meiosis I should suppress recombination, leading to accumulation of genetic divergence in corresponding chromosomal regions, with potential consequences for speciation dynamics. Suppressed recombination may also represent a mechanism to maintain genetic heterozygosity, thereby theoretically mitigating against the negative effects of inbreeding. A high tolerance for inbreeding could have played a prominent role during the evolution of termite eusociality through its potential impact on inclusive fitness. Using newly sequenced near-chromosome-level reference genomes of native European Reticulitermes species, we will compare chromosomal translocations against other termite species as well as solitary relatives from Blattodea. Additionally, combining a large-scale population genomic data set with high resolution karyotypying across the southern European range, we aim to test the hypotheses that the occurrence and extent of chromosomal rings or chains i) are positively correlated with inbreeding, and ii) contribute to species divergence via the accumulation and fixation of genetic differences. In summary, this project seeks to identify the diverse roles that chain and ring chromosomes have played and continue to play in termite evolution. T2 - IUSSI 2024 CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Termites KW - Chromosomes KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Julseth, Mara Jean T1 - Chromosome evolution in Reticulitermes of europe - dynamics of chain formation N2 - Termites, the oldest eusocial insect group, display important divergent features compared to the eusocial Hymenoptera, including diploidy and an XY sex differentiation system. Termite males have frequently been shown to generate multivalent chromosome chains and rings during meiosis. This intriguing phenomenon could act on multiple evolutionary scales. Firstly, chain formation creates a higher probability of large-scale chromosomal translocations, which could play an important role in chromosome evolution across deep evolutionary time. Secondly, chains occurring in meiosis I should suppress recombination, leading to accumulation of genetic divergence in corresponding chromosomal regions, with potential consequences for speciation dynamics. Suppressed recombination may also represent a mechanism to maintain genetic heterozygosity, thereby theoretically mitigating against the negative effects of inbreeding. A high tolerance for inbreeding could have played a prominent role during the evolution of termite eusociality through its potential impact on inclusive fitness. Using newly sequenced near-chromosome-level reference genomes of native European Reticulitermes species, we will compare chromosomal translocations against other termite species as well as solitary relatives from Blattodea. Additionally, combining a large-scale population genomic data set with high resolution karyotypying across the southern European range, we aim to test the hypotheses that the occurrence and extent of chromosomal rings or chains i) are positively correlated with inbreeding, and ii) contribute to species divergence via the accumulation and fixation of genetic differences. In summary, this project seeks to identify the diverse roles that chain and ring chromosomes have played and continue to play in termite evolution. T2 - SPP Meeting Gevol CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 30.09.2024 KW - Termites KW - Chromosomes KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - Carbon Fibers as Secondary Resource - Safety during application in pyrometallurgy N2 - Transformation technologies rely on lightweight construction based on carbon fibers (CF). Therefore, carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) make an important contribution to climate protection and resource efficiency. Nevertheless, the waste stream of approximately 62 kt/a poses a major challenge. Because the energy intensive production of CF is predominantly based on fossil raw materials, sustainable recycling solutions are pushed forward. The currently predominating role mechanical recycling loses attractiveness and the market share of processes recovering the high value fibers by pyrolysis or solvolysis raise in importance. Nevertheless, fibers that are to short to continue circulating, analogous to paper fibers, demand for a safe treatment. Because energetic is not feasible due to an incomplete conversion in conventional waste treatment facilities. To circumvent the chemical limitations of the conversion, new reaction pathways need to be opened. Therefore, the CF Pyro project investigates the application of CF containing waste streams as a secondary raw material in pyrometallurgy, replacing fossil coal. It places particular emphasis on the reactivity of CF, process stability and the avoidance of emissions of harmful WHO fibers. Finally, a technology assessment based on the experimental results and developed in dialog with experts from industry, science and politics is presented. T2 - Workshop on releases of critical fibres CY - Dortmund, Germany DA - 13.09.2024 KW - Cabon Fibers KW - Recycling KW - Waste Treatment KW - Secondary Resource KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61278 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - CFK-Recycling N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse gegeben und deren Limitierungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen aufgezeigt, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Abschließend wird eine, auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen und im Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik entwickelten, Technologiebewertung vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.10.2024 KW - Cabonfasern KW - Recycling PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prajapati, Harshit Kumar T1 - Experimental evolution of Deformed Wing Virus in developing honeybees (Apis mellifera) N2 - The emergence of several infectious diseases in the last few decades has resulted in elevated honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. Especially, (+) single-stranded RNA viruses (like Deformed Wing Virus) have become prominent due to a novel vector from Asia, the ectoparasitic mite – Varroa destructor. The evolution of DWV virulence is thought to have shifted dramatically since the arrival of V. destructor. According to the virulence trade-off theory, viruses found in vector-invaded hosts should evolve a certain level of virulence that optimizes transmission and subsequent spread. In this study, we aim to test this prediction by passaging DWV in white-eyed pupae by microinjection (10 generations), to emulate the vectoring function of V. destructor. Isolated viruses will be quantified, genotyped, and subjected to 3 transmission selection regimes: (i) Early: at 8 days, (ii) Optimal: at 11 days, and (iii) Late: at 14 days of injection. Viral genomes from all passages will be analyzed by combined data from high-throughput (Illumina NextSeq) and long-read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing. Viral population dynamics will be reconstructed, linking of mutations to inter-host transmission and viral load, and site-/gene-specific tests of natural selection will be conducted T2 - Ecological Immunology Conference 2022 CY - Heidesee, Germany DA - 07.09.2022 KW - Evolution KW - Varroa KW - Honeybees PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prajapati, Harshit Kumar T1 - Bees got a virus? N2 - The poster was presented at the long night of sciences 2023, to spread awareness about the Deformed Wing Virus - a leading cause of honeybee colony losses worldwide. We also describe our research contributions to understanding the evolutionary dynamics of this virus. T2 - Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.06.2023 KW - Evolution KW - Varroa destructor KW - Honeybees KW - Virus PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61717 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prajapati, Harshit Kumar T1 - Transmission mediated adaptation of virulence in Deformed Wing Virus N2 - The emergence of several infectious diseases in the last few decades has resulted in elevated honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. Especially, (+) single-stranded RNA viruses like Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) have become prominent due to a novel vector from Asia, the ectoparasitic mite – Varroa destructor. The evolution of DWV may have been significantly affected by the establishment of a new transmission route, as represented by V. destructor. According to virulence-transmission trade-off theory, viruses found in vector-invaded hosts may evolve a level of virulence that maximizes transmission and subsequent spread in the colony. In this study, we tested this prediction by passaging DWV in white-eyed pupae by microinjection over 10 generations, to emulate the vectoring function of V. destructor, while subjecting the virus to 3 different transmission selection regimes: (i) Early: at 4 days, (ii) Optimal: at 6 days, and (iii) Late: at 8 days post-injection. The evolved viral genomes are analyzed by long-read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing. The reconstructed viral population dynamics are compared with the inter-host transmission and viral load, to identify fixed mutations contributing to the adapted virulence. Using a site-/gene-specific test of natural selection, we explore the phenotypic effects of virulence among the evolved viruses. T2 - International Virus Bioinformatics Meeting 2024 CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 28.05.2024 KW - Evolution KW - Varroa destructor KW - Honeybees KW - Virus PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prajapati, Harshit Kumar T1 - Transmission-mediated adaptation in virulence of a major honeybee pathogen - Deformed Wing Virus N2 - The emergence of several infectious diseases in the last few decades has resulted in elevated honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. Especially, (+) single-stranded RNA viruses like Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) have become prominent due to a novel vector from Asia, the ectoparasitic mite – Varroa destructor. The evolution of DWV may have been significantly affected by the establishment of a new transmission route, as represented by V. destructor. According to virulence-transmission trade-off theory, viruses found in vector-invaded hosts may evolve a level of virulence that maximizes transmission and subsequent spread in the colony. In this study, we tested this prediction by passaging DWV in white-eyed pupae by microinjection over 10 generations, to emulate the vectoring function of V. destructor, while subjecting the virus to 3 different transmission selection regimes: (i) Early: at 4 days, (ii) Optimal: at 6 days, and (iii) Late: at 8 days post-injection. The evolved viral genomes are analyzed by long-read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing. The reconstructed viral population dynamics are compared with the inter-host transmission and viral load, to identify fixed mutations contributing to the adapted virulence. Using a site-/gene-specific test of natural selection, we explore the phenotypic effects of virulence among the evolved viruses. T2 - European IUSSI 2024 CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Evolution KW - Varroa destructor KW - Honeybees KW - Virus PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - Carbonfaserhaltige Reststoffe als Sekundärrohstoff – Einsatz in der Pyrometallurgie N2 - Lightweighting is a key technology for tackling the challenges of the 21st century, in particular climate change. Lightweighting contributes to decreasing CO2 emissions, improves resource efficiency and supports the transition to sustainable mobility. In particular, carbon fibers (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) play a central role in various industries such as aviation, wind power and electric mobility. With the increasing demand, the waste streams of CF are also growing, and their recycling is crucial for environmental compatibility and the circular economy. The difficulty of CF recycling is to separate the CF from the polymer matrix to obtain high-quality recycling materials. Processes such as solvolysis and pyrolysis are used, with pyrolysis being the more commonly implemented. However, the process for obtaining recycled carbon fibers (rCF) also has disadvantages, since the fiber lengths and qualities can be affected by the recycling processes. Safety aspects are also important, since carbon fiber fragments can be potentially harmful. Processes must be developed for treating carbon fiber waste streams, that ensure safety, since landfilling is not possible due to the plastic matrix. Large-scale experiments have shown that the thermal recovery of CF in waste incinerators is incomplete, which is due to the chemical structure of CF. Pyrometallurgical utilization of CF is considered a promising approach. Here, CF can be chemically utilized in these high-temperature processes in such a way that their conversion is improved while minimizing the formation of fragments that are harmful. In this context, studies on the reactivity of CF in such processes are important to verify the efficiency and safety of the procedures. In summary, the safe and efficient use of CF waste not only contributes to the circular economy but also promotes the decarbonization of the steel industry. It is crucial to develop suitable processes to protect the environment and the health of workers while maintaining the value creation of CF. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Abfallwirtschaft und Energie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.01.2025 KW - Cabonfasern KW - CFK KW - Recycling KW - Secondary Resource KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62464 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franz, Mathias A1 - Armitage, Sophie A.O. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Subasi, Bengisu S. A1 - Rafaluk, Charlotte T1 - Trade-offs in virulence evolution: a Hierarchy-of-Hypotheses approach N2 - Understanding the evolution of virulence, that is, the harm pathogens cause their hosts, has major and wide-spread repercussions. A central concept of virulence evolution is the so-called ‘trade-off hypothesis’, a seemingly straightforward relationship between virulence and transmission. However, substantial ambiguity in terminology related to this hypothesis threatens progress in the field. To address this, we apply a Hierarchy-of-Hypotheses approach to provide structured, visual representations of ideas linked to this hypothesis. We illustrate that the trade-off hypothesis is a complex set of many different hypotheses and trade-offs, and we clarify ambiguities and biases in commonly used terminology in the literature. Thereby, we hope to facilitate a more precise understanding of what the trade-off hypothesis means, enabling more targeted and precise hypothesis testing. KW - Pathogen virulence KW - Trade-off KW - Trade-off hypothesis KW - Virulence evolution PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2025.01.006 SN - 1471-5007 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 188 EP - 195 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishra, Biswajit A1 - Kumar Singh, Amit A1 - Shankar Mahobia, Girija T1 - Hydrogen reduction studies of low-grade multimetallic magnetite ore pellets N2 - The hydrogen reducibility of pellets made from a low-grade multimetallic magnetite ore (Fe content ∼ 45 %) was investigated in the present study. Pellets were reduced in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K for 1 to 60 min. Pure Hydrogen (H2) gas (99.9 %) at three flow rates of 0.25 L/min, 0.5 L/min, and 1 L/min were blown during the reduction process. A maximum reduction degree of 94.07 %, metallization ratio of 0.925, and H2 gas utilization of 9.01 % were obtained at a temperature and a reduction time of 1173 K and 60 min, respectively. In order to optimize the hydrogen utilization, a reduction temperature of 1173 K, a reduction time of 45 min, and a gas flow rate of 0.25 L/min were selected, resulting in a reduction degree and metallization ratio of 90 % and 0.89, respectively. The cold crushing strength (CCS) of the reduced pellets initially decreased and then increased slightly, exhibiting behavior similar to high-grade ores. Imputities like SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO, present in the low grade ores are found to control the porosity of the pellets, directly affecting the CCS and reducibility of the pellets. KW - Cold Crushing Strength KW - Low-grade iron ores KW - Hydrogen Reduction KW - Metallization ratio KW - Gangue elements PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108823 SN - 0892-6875 VL - 215 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-62539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Slee, D. ED - Naidu, R. T1 - Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of various anthropogenic organic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms. Because this group contains more than 7 million compounds, they can have very different properties. PFAS analysis in environmental samples is currently mainly utilized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and related techniques as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to conduct target analysis. However, to get a better overview of the amount of “total” amount of PFAS, sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA), absorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) are in development. Additionally, for research purposes, several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy as well as19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, and Raman spectroscopy are available. Therefore, an overview is given on currently available analytical techniques for PFAS in environmental samples and their application possibilities discussed for different kinds of PFAS subgroups. KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Analytics KW - Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) KW - Sum parameter PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796797-005 SP - 143 EP - 168 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-62662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - VOC-Sampling inside display cases with focus on BEMMA evaluation N2 - Museum display cases aim to protect art and cultural goods not only from theft and vandalism, but also from dirt and dust. An often-heard argument within a call for tender of new display cases is that there should be no emission inside of the display case. This is nearly impossible for new ones especially when they must also fulfill the requirement of an air change rate of less than 0.1 per day. For example, constructions or decorations in exhibition spaces, storage containers in depot rooms, and exhibition display cases release volatile substances that might lead to irreversible changes or, under certain circumstances, damage to the stored or displayed objects. In Germany beneath the well-established Oddy-test also the BEMMA procedure is used to evaluate the construction materials. For larger amounts of display cases control measurements of VOCs at the end of construction or buildup is quite common. However, what is necessary to measure the air inside of display cases. What are the circumstances when the display cases were closed before the test period? Is it possible to organize a clean environment for reliable measurements. How comparable are the resulting VOCs with results from BEMMA test and control measurement at the end. The BEMMA procedure should include a further VOC-test at 60 °C. What are the benefits of this enlargement. Mainly materials that have a high potential to store VOCs inside of the material in combination with a less permeable surface should be evaluated stricter than others. T2 - IAQ 2024 The International Conference on Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - New York, USA DA - 18.11.2024 KW - Emission KW - Air quality KW - Display cases KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Song, Jessica T1 - (micro)Plastic biofilms: Keeping afloat by carving out a new niche N2 - As pervasive and persistent pollutants, microplastics exist alongside vast microbial communities in nature. These hardy substrates accumulate rich polymeric matrices from their surroundings that in turn offer nutrition and protection to diverse communities and their theatre of activity, representing a new ecological niche. In our research to date, biofilm communities demonstrate no specificity to plastic polymers but appear rather to be more strongly shaped by spatial and temporal factors. Other synthetic substrates such as tyre wear, however, signal towards some form of community selection that may manifest in the presence of leachates from the polymer itself. Contrary to these biofilms, polyaromatic hydrocarbons appear to observe the opposite pattern, with adsorbed concentrations on plastic more strongly dictated by the type of plastic polymer than the environment itself. Although community specificity has not yet been evidenced among different plastic polymers, our studies show that microplastics might shape communities in a different way. As suggested by our detection of carotenoid synthesis pathways and photosynthetic gene clusters among microplastic biofilms, we postulate this new niche to shape a specific functional toolkit adaptive among its members as a product of prolonged exposure to UV radiation at the sea’s surface. This opens exciting new avenues for further research into the functional capabilities of these biofilms and offers new perspective on their potential beyond subordinate processes such as biodegradation. Here, we present a synthesis of our collective research on microplastic biofilms, the factors that shape them, and their interactions with nature. T2 - MICRO 2024 Conference CY - Lanzarote, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Biofilms KW - Microplastics KW - Microbial ecology KW - 16S amplicon KW - Pollutants PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taghavi Kalajahi, Sara T1 - Pilot Study of a Laboratory- Based Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) Test Using Microbiological Consortia Sampled from the Field N2 - Experts widely agree that the verification of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) require the use of multiple lines of evidence (MLOE), including metallurgical, microbiological, operational/historical and environmental/chemical aspects. Existing standards related to MIC, such as NACE TM0106, TMO212 and TM0194, primarily aim to offer guidance on gathering such evidence. Working Group 5 of Euro-MIC COST action 20130 (Achieving standardization) proposed a laboratory-based approach that directly confirms the capability of the sampled consortium of microorganisms, obtained from the specific field location under investigation, to increase and/or alter the corrosion processes. It is necessary to verify this laboratory approach by conducting it in different laboratories, performed by different scientist. In the current study, the experiments based on the laboratory protocol of WG5 were conducted at Endures’s laboratory using environmental samples (sediment and seawater) from the North Sea. Metal coupons (carbon steel C1010) were exposed to sediment and seawater samples with varying microbial inoculums and controls over 150 days. Microbial identification, corrosion product analysis, and surface morphology assessments were conducted using molecular and microscopy techniques. The results indicate distinct microbial influences, particularly in treatments containing yeast, which fostered heightened anaerobic activity, notably by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Weight loss measurements and surface analysis revealed elevated corrosion rates and susceptibility to pitting corrosion in microbial inoculum treatments, with yeast presence exacerbating corrosion processes. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of iron sulfide in corrosion byproducts, affirming SRB activity. The findings emphasize the importance of employing a MLOE approach and investigating pitting corrosion to better understand the impact of microorganisms on metal corrosion in the marine environments. This study contributes to advancing knowledge in the field and developing standardization: the lab-to-field transition for MIC testing. T2 - MIC-STANDS CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 24.07.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), Multiple lines of evidence (MLOE) KW - Marine Corrosion KW - Achieving standardization PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taghavi Kalajahi, Sara T1 - The effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) control N2 - Cathodic protection (CP) is an electrochemical method, to manage corrosion in different industries, especially in buried and sub-merged environments. In those environments microorganisms are present and can affect the corrosion process and cause microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Most of the industry standards recommend performing CP using -800 mV (Ag/AgCl), however, if microorganisms capable of initiating MIC are present, for instance sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), it is recommended to use even more negative potentials. It is assumed that this will provide adequate protection of the metal. Currently there is no information or valid data in the context of CP, on the level of MIC threat and the extent to which more negative potentials can be used to provide adequate protection and not over-protection (due to hydrogen embrittlement threat). Conflicting statements can be found in the literature regarding the effectiveness of CP on MIC, from reducing biofilm attachment to increasing bacterial activity and biofilm attachment. Recently, the development and lower price of molecular microbiological methods (MMM) have opened the door for more effective studies of MIC mechanisms along with other electrochemical methods and surface analysis. In this work, the genetic functionality of biofilms formed in the laboratory under CP conditions is investigated using transcriptomics. Gene expression of SRB biofilms under different CP potentials (-800, -850 and -900 mV) will be studied; comparison with control will allow us to distinguish the specific genes that are differentially expressed, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of CP to affect bacterial activity and diversity. Keywords - cathodic protection, microbiologically influenced corrosion, molecular microbial methods. T2 - IBBS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klein, Luise T1 - Miniaturization Options in VOC Emissions Assessments of Consumer Products: Comparison of Test Chambers and Dynamic Headspace Extraction Systems N2 - Different emission testing devices were compared to measure reliable initial indoor air concen-trations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitting from consumer products. Compared to conventional medium- or large-scale test chambers, smaller devices including micro chambers and dynamic headspace extraction systems offer options for increased sample throughput, automation as well as reduced costs, which could facilitate their application in routine analysis of consumer product-related VOC emissions. T2 - Indoor Air 2024 CY - Honolulu, Hawaii, USA DA - 07.07.2024 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - Consumer product KW - Indoor air PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62098 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shafiey, Hassan A1 - Gogol-Döring, Andreas A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Doublet, Vincent A1 - Disayathanoowat, Terd A1 - Paxton, Robert J. T1 - A new variant of slow bee paralysis virus revealed by transcriptome analysis N2 - Using NGS data from an RNA-seq library, we reveal a novel variant of slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) in a pooled sample of adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) collected in southwest Germany. We provide its sequence (NCBI Accession No. PP100271) and demonstrate that it is infective for adult honey bees by feeding. KW - SBPV KW - Apis mellifera KW - +ss RNA virus KW - Iflaviridae KW - Transmission KW - NGS PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-620900 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2024.2425912 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-62090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klein, Luise T1 - Bestimmung der Aufnahmeraten von Carbonylen und VVOCs aus Raumluft in Passivprobenahmesystemen N2 - Für die Bewertung der Innenraumluftqualität könnte die Bestimmung der Konzentration von sehr flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VVOCs) von großer Wichtigkeit sein, aber für viele Komponenten fehlen die Daten. Auch und im Besonderen bei den GerES-Studien des UBAs erfolgt die Probenahme von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOCs) üblicherweise mit Passivsammlern über deren substanzspezifische Aufnahmeraten Rückschlüsse auf die Konzentration der einzelnen Verbindungen gezogen werden können. Reale Aufnahmeraten für die Berechnung der Innenraumluftkonzentration fehlen für viele der VVOCs. Ziel dieses UFOPLAN-Projektes ist es von 69 ausgewählten VVOCs und flüchtigen Carbonylen die Aufnahmeraten auf Passivsammler experimentell zu bestimmen. Dafür werden Erkenntnisse von zwei Vorgängerprojekten zur Entwicklung von Analysemethoden für VVOCs mittels Thermodesorptions-Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (TD-GC-MS) und zur Bestimmung der Aufnahmeraten von VOCs angewendet und angepasst. T2 - Innenraumluft 2024 CY - Dessau, Germany DA - 06.05.2024 KW - VVOC KW - Passivsammler KW - Innenraumluft PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62097 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - da Silva, Luiza Helena Bueno A1 - Goes, Aryel C. A1 - Rodrigues, Andre A1 - Fourcassié, Vincent A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Haifig, Ives T1 - Social immune response reflects infection progression in a soldierless termite N2 - Social interactions represent a double-edged sword. On one hand, sociality can facilitate sanitary collective behaviours; on the other hand, it creates opportunities for pathogen transmission. In termites, sanitary behaviours can entail a rescuing strategy at early stages of infection, followed by the elimination at later stages. We explored whether the neotropical soldierless species Anoplotermes pacificus employs a progressive approach towards infected nestmates, with different behavioural displays depending on the infection stage. We infected A. pacificus workers with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and incubated them for 2, 12, 15 and 20 h, corresponding to infection progression and, therefore, severity. Infected termites were placed with naïve nestmates and their behaviours were recorded for 3 h. Fungus-infected termites triggered up to fourfold higher levels of sanitary behaviour than in non-infected termites. Antennation behaviour decreased during the observation period, whereas sanitary behaviour, which we defined as directed behaviour towards the focal termite involving mouthparts, increased in frequency as incubation duration increased. Sanitary behaviour therefore appears to be a strategy for colony disinfection, which varies in intensity according to infection status, ultimately resulting in the immobilisation of infected individuals at later stages of infection. Alarm responses were also up to three times more frequent in treatment than in control groups and did not vary with incubation duration. A. pacificus workers therefore identify, communicate and respond to pathogen-treated individuals in a progressive manner, indicating that collective responses in this species are also significantly shaped by the stage of infection. By progressively modulating their social immune responses, termites may be able to optimize resource allocation within the colony by balancing the risk of individual infection versus protection of the group. KW - Anoplotermes pacificus KW - Isoptera KW - Infection KW - Metarhizium KW - Social immunity PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-024-03556-2 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 1 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-62397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Loose, Florian ED - Thiel, S. ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Quicker, P. ED - Gosten, A. ED - Stengler, E. T1 - Carbonfaserhaltige Reststoffe als Sekundärrohstoff – Einsatz in der Pyrometallurgie N2 - Für die Bewältigung der Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts, insbesondere des Klimawandel ist der Leichtbau eine Schlüsseltechnologie. Leichtbau trägt zur Reduzierung von CO2-Emissionen bei, verbessert die Ressourceneffizienz und unterstützt die Mobilitätswende. Insbesondere Carbonfasern (CF) und carbonfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe (CFK) spielen eine zentrale Rolle in verschiedenen Industriezweigen wie Luftfahrt, Windkraft und Elektromobilität. Mit der steigenden Nachfrage wachsen auch die Reststoffströme von CF, deren Recycling entscheidend für die Umweltverträglichkeit und die Kreislaufwirtschaft ist. Die Schwierigkeit des CF-Recyclings bestehen darin, die CF von der Kunststoffmatrix zu trennen, um hochwertige Recyclingmaterialien zu gewinnen. Verfahren wie Solvolyse und Pyrolyse werden genutzt, wobei überwiegend die Pyrolyse umgesetzt wird. Der Prozess zur Gewinnung von Recycling-Carbonfasern (rCF) hat jedoch auch Nachteile, da die Faserlängen und -qualitäten durch Recyclingprozesse beeinträchtigt werden können. Sicherheitsaspekte sind ebenfalls wichtig, da CF Bruchstücke potenziell gesundheitsschädlich sein können. Zur Behandlung von CF-Abfallströmen müssen Verfahren entwickelt werden, die eine sichere Verwertung ermöglichen, da Deponierung aufgrund der Kunststoffmatrix nicht möglich ist. Großversuche haben gezeigt, dass die thermische Verwertung von CF in Müllverbrennungsanlagen unvollständig ist, was auf die chemische Struktur von CF zurückzuführen ist. Die pyrometallurgische Nutzung von CF wird als vielversprechender Ansatz betrachtet. Hierbei können CF in diesen Hochtemperaturprozessen chemisch so genutzt werden, dass ihre Umwandlung verbessert und gleichzeitig die Bildung gesundheitsschädlicher Fragmente minimiert ist. In diesem Zusammenhang sind Studien zur Reaktivität von CF in solchen Prozessen wichtig, um die Effizienz und Sicherheit der Verfahren zu überprüfen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die sichere und effiziente Nutzung von CF-Abfällen nicht nur zur Kreislaufwirtschaft beiträgt, sondern auch die Dekarbonisierung der Stahlindustrie vorantreibt. Es ist entscheidend, geeignete Prozesse zu entwickeln, um die Umwelt und die Gesundheit der Arbeiter zu schützen und gleichzeitig die Wertschöpfung aus CF-Reststoffen zu erhalten. KW - Leichtbau KW - Carbonfasern KW - Recycling KW - Secondary Resource KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-911006-85-9 VL - 2 SP - 527 EP - 540 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-62463 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Quantification of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids in Water Samples via Static Headspace Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry N2 - Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are one of the most prominent and studied subgroups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which have attracted great interest in environmental and toxicology research due to their intensive use in combination with their persistence, mobility and potential threat to ecosystems and human health. The standard method to quantify PFCAs in water samples is liquid chromatography or, for additional quantification of ultrashort-chain PFCAs (carbon chain length of two or three carbon atoms) too, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, in each case coupled with mass spectrometry. However, there are a lot of laboratories using MS coupled to headspace gas chromatography systems (HS-GC-MS), usually to quantify a wide range of volatile organic compounds. While PFCAs themselves are difficult to measure with HS-GC-MS in water samples, this challenge can be solved by derivatizing the acids to more volatile compounds, like esters. This approach could enable laboratories using HS-GC-MS to analyse and monitor PFCAs in environmental water samples. By following this idea, we successfully developed a HS-GC-MS method to quantify PFCAs in ultrapure water. Trifluoric acid (TFA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOS) served as exemplary analytes of PFCAs, which were derivatized with methanol and concentrated sulfuric acid to form methyl esters. The method was optimized by varying different preparation and measurement parameters, leading to limits of detection and quantification in the two-digit ppt-range for all four analytes. The method was than tested on various real water samples, including tap and bottled water, groundwater, landfill leachate, treated wastewater and impinger water from a sewage sludge incineration experiment. Furthermore, snow samples from a ski slope were analysed too. TFA was the most frequently detected PFAA, with concentrations in the ppt and low ppb range. The detection and quantification of the remaining three PFCAs vary with the sample types and sampling location.Our results show that HS-GC-MS is suitable, and enables laboratories with this technique, to quantify PFCAs water samples. T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Groundwater KW - GC-MS PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63094 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Detection, quantification, and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater (DFEAT-PFAS) N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of chemicals used in the formulations of thousands of consumer goods. Because of the recent regulations and restrictions on the use of long chain (≥C8) PFAS a significant shift in the industry towards short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain alternatives has been recognized the last years. Due to the high polarity and water solubility of ultrashort PFAS, the potential for bioaccumulation is low. However, the high persistence of ultrashort-chain PFAS will result in environmental accumulation, especially in aquatic environments, leading to potential risks for aquatic organisms and increased human external exposure through drinking water. Ultrashort PFAS like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are low to moderately toxic to a range of organisms. In the project we are focusing on detecting and removing PFAS, especially ultrashort-chain PFAS from contaminated groundwater. Therefore, we suggest developing and optimizing short- and ultrashort-chain PFAS detection, quantification, and removal. We will design passive sampling devices, which can collect and monitor the temporal profile of PFAS species in groundwater. This will allow us to analyze PFAS contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using state-of-the-art novel analytical techniques. In addition, contaminated groundwater will be treated via a two-stage process, designed to concentrate the relatively low PFAS concentrations by novel membrane processes including closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membranes (MMCM). Afterwards the rejected streams, containing higher concentrations of PFAS will be treated by coagulation and the remaining PFAS adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs). T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Groundwater KW - Remediation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Capitain, C. A1 - Schüßler, M. A1 - Bugsel, B. A1 - Zweigle, J. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Zwiener, C. T1 - Implementation of matrix-matched semiquantification of PFAS in AFFF-contaminated soil N2 - This study presents a novel semiquantification approach for nontarget screening (NTS), combining matrix-matched calibration and ionization class-specific average calibration curves (ACCs) to address the lack of analytical reference standards for most per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Ionization class-specific ACCs for carboxylic and sulfonic acids, sulfonamides, and cationic PFAS result in high accuracy, with median absolute accuracy quotients below 2.27×. The approach was applied to soil impacted by aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) contamination. A total of 96 tentatively identified PFAS were semiquantified in addition to 28 quantified compounds based on available standards. Semiquantified concentrations exceeded those of target analytes, demonstrating the critical role of this method in capturing broader PFAS contamination. In this case, validation against extractable organofluorine (EOF) showed a 102% closed mass balance. The innovative approach not only enables comprehensive PFAS contamination assessment in complex matrices but also expands the scope of the NTS for environmental monitoring, remediation, and risk assessment of AFFF-contaminated sites. KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Contaminated soil KW - Non-targeted analysis KW - Combustion ion chromatography PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629445 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c14255 SN - 1520-5851 VL - 59 IS - 14 SP - 7338 EP - 7347 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-62944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hendricks, A. A1 - Phillips, T. K. A1 - Engl, T. A1 - Plarre, Rudy A1 - Martinson, V. G. T1 - The bacterial microbiome in spider beetles and deathwatch beetles N2 - The beetle family Ptinidae contains a number of economically important pests, such as the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne, the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum, and the diverse spider beetles. Many of these species are stored product pests, which target a diverse range of food sources, from dried tobacco to books made with organic materials. Despite the threat that the 2,200 species of Ptinidae beetles pose, fewer than 50 have been surveyed for microbial symbionts, and only a handful have been screened using contemporary genomic methods. In this study, we screen 116 individual specimens that cover most subfamilies of Ptinidae, with outgroup beetles from closely related families Dermestidae, Endecatomidae, and Bostrichidae. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon data to characterize the bacterial microbiomes of these specimens. The majority of these species had never been screened for microbes. We found that, unlike in their sister family, Bostrichidae, that has two mutualistic bacteria seen in most species, there are no consistent bacterial members of ptinid microbiomes. For specimens which had Wolbachia infections, we did additional screening using multilocus sequence typing and showed that our populations have different strains of Wolbachia than noted in previous publications. KW - Sodalis KW - Ptinidae KW - Anobiidae KW - Bostrichidae KW - Dermestidae KW - Bostrichoidea KW - Wolbachia PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631564 DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01981-24 SN - 2165-0497 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-63156 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - EI-GEO (S&T CALL 2017), Environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems N2 - 2021 marks the 10th anniversary of the first ERA.Net RUS joint call for European-Russian STI cooperation projects. Pooling the resources of more than 20 European and Russian funding agencies, more than 150 projects were funded with an estimated budget of about € 60 million. Being even larger than many thematic ERA.NETs, the ERA.Net RUS Plus has been the biggest and most successful regional ERA.NET so far. Indicating a strong demand for scientific cooperation, the smaller-scale projects funded within the ERA.Net RUS (Plus) calls perfectly complement Russian participation in the EU Framework Programmes. Not least of all, the ERA-Net RUS calls are examples of successful collaboration at a time when cooperation in other fields is complicated by the politically challenging situation. These calls contributed to keeping the communication channels open. Against this background a dedicated event in late 2021 highlighted what has been achieved within the first decade of the initiative. The project EI-GEO coordinated by BAM was selected as best practice project. The presentation displays the main results of the project and discusses the key success factors. T2 - ERA.Net RUS: Celebrating ten years of multilateral European-Russian Research and Innovation cooperation CY - Online meeting DA - 09.12.2021 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Coastal protection KW - European research area PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Nanomaterial characterisation - The long way to standardisation N2 - In 1981 the OECD published the Test Guideline on Particle size and size distribution. This TG is still a valid document for the measurement of particles all over the world. When nanomaterials gained importance, ISO set up a technical commitee for Nanotechnologies in 2005 and the OECD followed this step in 2006 with the Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials. In the following years ISO and OECD published several documents about nanomaterials and the systematisation developed. In 2017 it was finally clear that nanomaterials need to be adressed in another way than chemicals and in 2020 ECHA revised the REACH-Annexes accordingly and included nanomaterials. Unfortunately there is a little problem with this: Only a few applicable test guidelines exit for the measurement of the nanomaterials. Several test guidelines date from 1981 and do not address nanomaterials. The logical next step for the OECD would be to publish a series of test guidelines which are indeed currently prepared and will be shown in this talk. Finally there is an additional need for the future of NM standardisation: Digitalisation. T2 - Bilateral workshop with Uni Bermingham CY - Online meeting DA - 10.03.2021 KW - Nano KW - Standardisation KW - Test guideline KW - OECD KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Size matters! - Auf dem Weg zu einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien N2 - Vorstellung der Ergebnisse bei der Entwicklung einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien. Ergebnisse: Ideal sphärische Partikel sind gut und verlässlich mit vielen Methoden charakterisierbar. Reale (Nicht ideale) Materialien sind gut charakterisierbar, wenn eine gewisse Homogenität und Stabilität vorliegt. Stark inhomogene und stark agglomerierende Partikel liefern deutlich unterschiedliche Ergebnisse für verschiedene Methoden. Partikel mit geringen Größenunterschieden lassen sich mit allen Methoden gut charakterisieren. Partikel mit sehr deutlichen Größenunterschieden führen häufig zu einer Unterbewertung der kleineren Partikel. Vollautomatische Partikeldetektion bei elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen ist z.Zt. noch stark fehleranfällig und kann daher nicht empfohlen werden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass alle Methoden zur Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung Vor- und Nachteile haben. Es ist dringend zu empfehlen Größenverteilungen immer mit mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden zu bestimmen: Bildgebend und mit gute Anzahlstatistik. Verschiedene Durchmesser wurden in der TG-PSD mit einem Indexsystem versehen, welches zukünftig Verwechslungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Durchmessern vermeiden soll. Wird ein bestimmter Durchmesser benötigt (z.B. hydrodynamisch, aerodynamisch), muss die Methode passend gewählt werden. Eine Umrechnung von einem Durchmesser in einen anderen ist in der Regel fehlerbehaftet. Es wurde ein einheitliches Reporting-System in der TG-PSD eingeführt. T2 - Fachseminar des Umweltbundesamtes CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Prüfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial KW - BMU PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien N2 - Abschlusspräsentation des Projektes "OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien" - Projektteil Nanopartikel. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass alle Methoden zur Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung Vor- und Nachteile haben. Es wird dringend empfohlen Größenverteilungen immer mit mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden zu bestimmen: Bildgebend und mit gute Anzahlstatistik. Verschiedene Durchmesser wurden in der TG-PSD mit einem Indexsystem versehen, welches zukünftig Verwechslungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Durchmessern vermeiden soll. Wird ein bestimmter Durchmesser benötigt (z.B. hydrodynamisch, aerodynamisch), muss die Methode passend gewählt werden. Eine Umrechnung von einem Durchmesser in einen anderen ist in der Regel fehlerbehaftet. Es wurde ein einheitliches Reporting-System in der TG-PSD eingeführt. T2 - Fachgespräch zur OECD - TG PSD - BMU BMWi BAM BAuA UBA CY - Online meeting DA - 10.09.2021 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Nanopartikel KW - Prürfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53825 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 50, Heft 2 & 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2020 & 3/2020 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512342 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 50 IS - 2 & 3 SP - 1 EP - 151 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51234 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Size matters! - Auf dem Weg zu einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien _ Projektteil BAuA N2 - Vorstellung der Ergebnisse bei der Entwicklung einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien. (Projektteil Fasern.) Ergebnisse: Abweichungen zwischen SEM and TEM insbesondere bei langen Fasern Die Anwendung von TEM auf kurze Fasern < 5 µm beschränkt Für SEM wurde keine signifikante Abhängigkeit der Bestimmung der Faserdurchmesser von der Pixelgröße der Aufnahmen festgestellt Für TEM wurde eine Abhängigkeit der Bestimmung der Faserdurchmesser von der Pixelgröße festgestellt Der Einfluss der Bildauswertenden auf die Varianz der Ergebnisse ist klein im Vergleich zu der gesamten Varianz. Nanofasern können mit TEM und SEM bestimmt werden! T2 - Fachseminar des Umweltbundesamtes CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Nano KW - Nanofasern KW - OECD KW - Prüfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien - Projektteil Fasern N2 - Abschlusspräsentation des Projektes "OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien". (Projektteil Fasern) T2 - Fachgespräch zur OECD - TG PSD - BMU BMWi BAM BAuA UBA CY - Online meeting DA - 10.09.2021 KW - Nano KW - Nanofasern KW - OECD KW - Prüfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53826 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 51, Heft 2 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2021 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Gebührenverordnung KW - Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529061 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 71 EP - 110 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52906 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Beschleunigte Alterung von Geotextilien zur Ermittlung von Materialeigenschaften N2 - Geokunststoffe werden im Wasserbau häufig eingesetzt, beispielsweise bei Maßnahmen für den Küstenschutz oder in Ballastschichten für Windenergieanlagen. Eine zunehmende Anwendung von Geokunststoffen wird aufgrund der Ausweitung der Offshore-Windenergieerzeugung und des Schutzes auf steigende Wasserspiegel und extremere Wetterbedingungen infolge des Klimawandels beobachtet. Die Anwendung von Geokunststoffen in Wasserbauprojekten bietet zwar verschiedene wirtschaftliche und technische Vorteile, wurde jedoch kürzlich in Frage gestellt, da sich diese Materialien während ihrer Lebensdauer verschlechtern und langfristig gefährliche Auswirkungen auf die aquatische Umwelt haben können, insbesondere als Ursprung von Kunststoffabfällen oder als Quelle / Senke für Chemikalien wie Weichmacher und Stabilisatoren, die bei der Herstellung von Geokunststoffen verwendet werden, um deren Leistung zu verbessern. Der Vortrag geht auf diese Bedenken ein. T2 - Geotextilien im Wasserbau CY - Online Meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Wasserbau KW - Geotextilien KW - Beschleunigte Alterung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine T1 - New UV-protective glazing for the conservation of cultural assets N2 - For centuries, churches, secular buildings and museums have been furnished with valuable works of art. Many works of art are UV- and light-sensitive. It is well known that especially UV radiation causes damage and discoloration in paintings, textiles, plastics, wood and other materials. In particular, the wavelengths between 280 and 410 nm cause color changes, embrittlement or destruction of e.g. plastics over time. Therefore, strongly UV-absorbing glasses are advantageous for architecture and are necessary for the protection of cultural assets. As restorers in all disciplines become more and more aware, the demands placed on buildings and their furnishings in terms of climate are becoming increasingly detailed and precise. The aim in each case is to preserve the valuable artwork. For some years now, the industry has been offering the protection of cultural objects by installing special UV-protective glasses. Currently, UV protection for church buildings is realized by laminated safety glass equipped with appropriate UV-protective plastic films. Technically, this always means a second pane of glass in front of the windows, which is installed outside the building. This creates climatic gaps that are difficult to control and deterioration due to ageing effects can be expected. At the same time, this protective glazing is not invisible and has a considerable aesthetic influence on the interior and exterior appearance of the building. Meanwhile, the preservation of historical monuments accepts such aesthetic cuts on buildings in order to protect the artwork in the interior from UV light. To this day, however, the long-term durability of UV protection provided by inserted plastic films is still controversial. To date the only available alternative on the market is a mouth-blown UV protection glass which uses a so-called overlay to provide UV protection. This shows that UV protection can also be achieved by glasses without plastic films thus realizing an exclusive inorganic protection which normally is more stable than a polymeric one. So far there are not enough studies to prove long-term durability. The aim of this project is to provide existing glazing or new glazing to be created with a highly transparent layer that ensures this UV-protective filter function below 400 nm. The glass coating is to be applied to the glass over a large area and fired into the surface like a classic ceramic enamel paint with the same technics. In addition, it should be long-term durable in its function. It means, that the glass has to be fused at temperatures below 630 °C during the firing process, its chemical durability has to be high, its coefficient of thermal expansion has to be as close as the one of the substrate (usually float glass) and the glass has to absorb the UV-radiation within a thin thickness (thinner as 100 µm). In this project, the long-term durability of commercial UV-protective glasses is examined. New low melting glasses containing UV-absorbing ions are being developed. Their UV-absorption as a thin layer is analyzed as well as their chemical durability and their thermal properties. We are grateful to BMWI for the financial support in the frame of the Central Innovation Programme for SMEs (ZIM). T2 - HVG-DGG: 94. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Glass KW - Low melting KW - Chemical durability KW - Weathering tests KW - Aging test KW - UV absorption KW - UV protection KW - Architecture KW - Optical properties PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Willms, Thomas A1 - Kryk, Holger A1 - Hampel, Uwe T1 - An improved method for the analysis of the reaction products of the partial isobutane oxidation by gas chromatography using a green solvent N2 - In the present work, an improved GC/MS method for the analysis of the reaction products of the non-catalytic partial oxidation of isobutane at a starting temperature of 25°C has been developed and compared to a previously published method. Two green GC-solvents (dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC)) and several internal standards (hexane, benzene, toluene, DEC) have been tested. The separation of the products at low retention times (methanol, isobutane, isobutene) could be significantly improved. For the liquid main products t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), di-t-butyl peroxide (DTBP), t-butanol (TBA), propanone and most trace products (isopropanol, isobutanal, methyl formate, isopropyl formate, t-butyl formate and some acetates – 24 compounds in total), a coefficient of determination CoD > 0.999 has been achieved. For all weighing and GC/MS measurements uncertainties have been calculated. The peaks of the peak pair t-butyl formate (CoD >0.999) and isobutanol (CoD >0.99), have been simulated and used for calibrations. DEC gave a decomposition of TBHP on the column. With DMC, a problem of peak purity of TBHP appeared but could be resolved. The use of the green solvent DMC, compared to also studied traditional solvents like heptane and toluene, proved to be very beneficial, since it also permitted to determine polar compounds, e. g. carbon dioxide and formic acid. KW - GC/MS KW - Green solvent KW - Method development KW - Peroxide KW - Measurement uncertainties KW - Oxidation products KW - Simulation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.465892 SN - 0021-9673 VL - 1753 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 52, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2022 PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545287 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 54 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54528 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 52, Heft 2 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2022 KW - Festlegungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Anerkennungen PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550917 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 55 EP - 158 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55091 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Barqawi, Haitham T1 - Einfluss von Geokunststoffen auf die aquatische Umwelt N2 - Im Rahmen des Projekts konnte gezeigt werden, dass Geokunststoffe bei ausreichender Stabilisierung Einsatzdauern von über 100 Jahren besitzen. Es werden keine Stoffe freigesetzt, die für Wasserorganismen schädlich sind. An den Ostseestränden im Gebiet Kaliningrad werden nennenswerte Mengen von Kunststoffresten gefunden, die zum Teil aus Küstenschutzbauwerken stammen. Ursache ist hier jedoch eine verfehlte Materialauswahl. Hauptsächlich stammen die Kunststoffreste am Strand jedoch aus unsachgemäße Abfallbehandlung. KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Mikroplastik KW - Autoklaventest KW - Ökotoxtests PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556431 DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1813230285 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-55643 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 52, Heft 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2022 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558323 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 159 EP - 404 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55832 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - OECD Prüfrichtlinie 125 N2 - Diese Präsentation ist eine Einführung in die OECD TG 125 zur Bestimmung der Partikelgrößen von Nanomaterialien. Es wird auf die verchiedenen Probleme der Partikelgrößenbestimmung eingegangen wie z.B. verschiedene Oberflächenschichten, Äquivalenzdurchmesser und Verteilungsfunktionen. Gleichzeitig werden die neuen Begrifflichkeiten eingeführt, die in der TG 125 definiert neu werden. T2 - BAM Akademie Digitaler Info-Tag "Nano or not Nano" CY - Online meeting DA - 16.02.2023 KW - Nano KW - Partikel KW - Größe KW - Partikeldurchmesser KW - Äquivalenzdurchmesser PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58449 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Differentielles Mobilitäts Analyse System (DMAS) N2 - Die Bestimmung der Nanopartikelgrößen- und -formverteilung nach OECD TG 125 mit einem Differentiellen Mobilitäts Analyse System (DMAS), auch bekannt als SMPS, wird vorgestellt: - Generelles Messprinzip - Welchen Durchmesser misst die Methode? - Welche Partikel kann diese Methode messen? - Welche Informationen kann diese Methode liefern? - Wo stößt die Methode an ihre Grenzen? - Implementierung und Datenauswertung, - Reporting. Anschließend wurde eine Q&A-Session für DMAS/SMPS organisiert. T2 - BAM Akademie Digitaler Info-Tag "Nano or not Nano" CY - Online meeting DA - 16.02.2023 KW - Partikel KW - Nanopartikel KW - SMPS KW - Größenbestimmung KW - DMAS PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58450 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 53, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2023 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-574038 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 340 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-57403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 53, Heft 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2023 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585302 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - 463 EP - 516 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-58530 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Standard Operating Procedures in the digital context N2 - The intention of the presentation is to inspire a discussion on the needs and challenges for the digitalisation of SOPs. SOPs are available for the disciplines of physical-chemical characterisation, for toxicology, for environmental applications and for exposure applications. Furthermore the SOPs need to be integrated in the regulatory framework and need to be detailed enough for the digital processing. This is highlighted in this presentation. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - Nano KW - SOP KW - NFDI KW - Digitalisation KW - Operating Procedure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mezera, Marek T1 - Bacterial adhesion on femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Biofilm formation in industrial or medical settings is usually unwanted and leads to serious health problems and high costs. Inhibition of initial bacterial adhesion prevents biofilm formation and is, therefore, a major mechanism of antimicrobial action of surfaces. Surface topography largely influences the interaction between bacteria and surfaces which makes topography an ideal base for antifouling strategies and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical surface modifications. Femtosecond laser-processing was used to fabricate sub-micrometric surface structures on silicon and stainless steel for the development of antifouling topographies on technical materials. T2 - Future Tech Week 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Biofilm growth KW - Structural color KW - Femtosecond laser processing PY - 2020 UR - http://futuretechweek.fetfx.eu/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/2-5432af7ecff9e0243d7383ab3f931ed3/2020/09/BioCombs4Nanofibers_Poster-for-Future_Tech_Week_2020_08-09-2020_with_Reprint-permission_for_upload.pdf AN - OPUS4-51233 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Anja T1 - Bacterial adhesion on ultrashort laser processed surfaces N2 - Bacterial biofilms are multicellular communities adhering to surfaces and embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Due to physiological adaptations and the protective biofilm matrix itself, biofilm cells show enhanced resistance towards antimicrobial treatment. In medical and industrial settings, biofilms on e.g. for implants or for surfaces in food-processing industry can be a fertile source of bacterial pathogens and are repeatedly associated with persisting, nosocomial and foodborne infections. As extensive usage of antibiotics and biocides can lead to the emergence of resistances, various strategies are currently developed, tested and improved to realize anti-bacterial surface properties through surface functionalization steps avoiding antibiotics. In this study, contact-less and aseptic large-area ultrashort laser scan processing is employed to generate different surface structures in the nanometer- to micrometer-scale on technical materials, i.e. titanium-alloy, steel, and polymer. The processed surfaces were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and subjected to bacterial colonization studies with Escherichia coli test strains. For each material, biofilm results of the fs-laser treated surfaces are compared to that obtained on polished (non-irradiated) surfaces as a reference. Depending on the investigated surfaces, different bacterial adhesion patterns were found, suggesting an influence of geometrical size, shape and cell appendages of the bacteria and – above all – the laser-processed nanostructure of the surface itself. T2 - European Materials Research Society Spring Meeting 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 31.05.2021 KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Biofilm formation KW - Ultrashort laser processing KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) PY - 2021 UR - https://www.european-mrs.com/laser-material-processing-fundamental-interactions-innovative-applications-emrs AN - OPUS4-52765 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Critical needs and stakeholder networks for engineered particles in air N2 - In the frame of CCQM a new Task Group for particle characterization is being formed. This presentation is a gap analysis and stakeholder mapping for particles in air, from engineered to natural materials. The analysis was requested for the following points: (1) critical literature on stakeholder needs and relevant metrology (2) existing reference materials and relevant interlaboratory comparisons (3) relevant metrology projects (4) critical stakeholders and stakeholder networks and stakeholder surveys T2 - CCQM IAWG/SAWG TG Particle Metrology CY - Online meeting DA - 09.07.2024 KW - CCQM KW - Particle KW - Nano KW - Characterization KW - Aerosol PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Recycling von Faserverbundwerkstoffen N2 - Der Vortrag beschreibt Aktivitäten der BAM zum Recycling von carbonfaser-verstärkten Verbundwerkstoffen. T2 - Fachdialog Recycling von Windenergieanlagen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Polymer Matrix Composite KW - Carbon Fibres KW - Recycling KW - Pyrolysis KW - Recycling by Design PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Sub-4 nm particles from FFF-3D printing measured with the TSI 1 nm CPC and the Airmodus A11 nCNC N2 - Concerns have been raised as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) desktop 3D printer emits harmful ultrafine particles (dP < 100 nm) during operation in indoor spaces. However, the vast majority of previous emission studies have neglected the possible occurrence of sub-4 nm particles by using conventional condensation particle counter (CPC) for detection. Thus, the total particle emission could be systematically underestimated. This study has compared two diethylene glycol (DEG) based instruments to evaluate their suitability for measuring organic FFF particles in the sub-4 nm size range either as particle counter or as a particle size spectrometer. T2 - European Aerosol Conference 2024 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Air pollution KW - Emission testing KW - FFF-3D printing KW - Sub-4nm particles KW - Ultrafine particles PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Advanced lightweight applications – recycling versus reliability and fossil energy footprint N2 - Advanced light weight applications like aircrafts and wind turbine blades are made of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) with continuous fibre reinforcement and must withstand a high thermo-mechanical cyclic loading. The quality of the fibre matrix interface has a high impact on the fatigue life and was continuously improved over the years since the 50th. The fatigue life of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) used in aircraft industry is 10 to 100 times higher compared to glass fibre non crimp fabrics used for wind turbine blades. To assure a constant and reliable high quality and strength of reinforcement fibres, synthetic fibre production is state of the art (CF, GF). There is a need for recycling GFRP and CFRP waste due to the upcoming use. Pyrolysis and solvolysis are more expensive than the mechanical route however enable a more sustainable recycling. Natural fibres and recycled synthetic fibres have a high scatter in quality and strength. Hence it is a challenge to optimize the production / recycling processes to get a reliable quality for any demanding (second life) application. Chemical routes for using renewables resources and recycling, is going to be a good approach especially for polymer-matrix systems to get 100% quality (back) compared to the state of the art. Finally, a proper design, life-time extension and repair is preferable to recycling to keep the carbon footprint as low as possible. T2 - 27. INTERNATIONALES DRESDNER LEICHTBAUSYMPOSIUM CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 13.06.2024 KW - Polymer Matrix Composites KW - Carbon Fibre KW - Recycling KW - Circular Economy PY - 2024 UR - https://leichtbausymposium.de/deu/ AN - OPUS4-60683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Hensel, Jonas T1 - Application of fracture mechanics to weld fatigue N2 - The application of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue behavior of weldments is discussed with the focus on classic fatigue, i.e., the overall fatigue life and the fatigue strength in terms of an S-N curve and the endurance limit. The following issues are addressed: specific features of short fatigue crack propagation, an adequate initial crack size, multiple crack propagation and its statistical treatment as well as welding residual stresses. As an example, an approach of the authors is applied to the determination of FAT classes for a butt weld with varying weld toe geometry. KW - Weld fatigue KW - Weld toe geometry KW - Short crack propagation KW - FAT class concept PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105801 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 139 SP - 105801 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Anwendungen von maschinellem Lernen und KI an der BAM N2 - Im Austausch mit den anderen Bundesoberbehörden wurden die KI-Ansätze der verschiedenen Bundesoberbehörden zu spezifischen Themen der Nanowissenschaften präsentiert. Der Vortrag der BAM fokusiert sich auf die Themen "Self driving lab", semantische Segmentierung und Auswertung von elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern sowie die Generierung von ausführbaren Machineninstruktionen aus natürlicher Sprache. Abschließend wird der neue BAM DataStore vorgestellt. T2 - Nano-Behördenklausur 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.07.02024 KW - Nano KW - Bundesoberbehörden KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Neuronale Netzwerke KW - Elektronisches Laborbuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61819 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Development of a specific OECD Test Guideline on Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials N2 - In this research project, a new OECD Test Guideline (TG) for the determination of “Particle Size and Particle Size Distributions of Nanomaterials” was developed as the existing OECD TG 110 is considered to be outdated in terms of applicable size range (not covering sizes <200 nm) and methods. By its scope with an applicable size range from 1 to 1000 nm the new Test Guideline (TG PSD) covers the whole nanoscale. The TG PSD is applicable for particulate and fibrous nanomaterials. The prescribed, pairwise measurement of fibre diameter and length in the TG PSD allows for the first time to differen-tiate fibres with regard to their size-dependent hazard properties. Measurement instructions for each included method were validated within two separated interlaboratory comparisons, as a distinction between near spherical particles and fibres when applying the methods has to be made. Besides information on content and structure of the TG PSD, this final report outlines essential steps, considerations and organisational aspects during the development of the TG. Insights into the selec-tion, preparation and prevalidation of test materials used in the interlaboratory comparison are given. Finally, main results of the interlaboratory comparisons and their impacts on the TG PSD are pre-sented. N2 - Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts wurde eine neue OECD-Prüfrichtlinie (TG) für die Bestimmung von Partikelgrößen und Partikelgrößenverteilungen von Nanomaterialien entwickelt, da die existie-rende OECD TG 110 zur Bestimmung von Partikelgrößen in Bezug auf den anwendbaren Größenbe-reich und die gegebenen Methoden veraltet ist bzw. den Nanometerbereich < 200 nm nicht abdeckt. Mit ihrem Anwendungsbereich von 1 bis 1000 nm deckt die neue Prüfrichtlinie (TG PSD) die gesamte Nanoskala ab. Die TG PSD ist für partikel- und faserförmige Nanomaterialien anwendbar. Durch die, in der TG PSD vorgeschriebene, paarweise Messung von Faserdurchmesser und -länge ermöglicht diese TG zum ersten Mal Fasern hinsichtlich ihrer größenabhängigen Gefahrstoffeigenschaften zu unter-scheiden. Die Messanweisungen aller enthaltenen Methoden wurden im Rahmen von zwei getrennten Ringversuchen validiert, da bei der Anwendung der Methoden eine Unterscheidung zwischen Parti-keln und Fasern gemacht werden muss. Neben Angaben zum Inhalt und Struktur der TG PSD, befasst sich der vorliegende Abschlussbericht mit den wesentlichen Schritten, Überlegungen und organisatorischen Aspekten bei der Entwicklung der Prüfrichtlinie. Darüber hinaus werden Einblicke in die Auswahl, Vorbereitung und Prävalidierung der im Ringversuch verwendeten Testmaterialien gegeben. Schließlich werden die wichtigsten Ergeb-nisse aus den Ringversuchen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die TG PSD vorgestellt. KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Particle size distribution KW - Testguideline KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2021 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 47 PB - German Environment Agency CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-54021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Draft OECD Test Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals - Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials N2 - Final Draft of the OECD Test Guideline for Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials. The OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) has actively worked towards understanding possible safety issues for manufactured nanomaterials and has contributed significantly to resolving these by developing Test Guidelines, Guidance Documents, Test Reports and other publications with the aim of a safe use of manufactured nanomaterials. The OECD website (www.oecd.org/science/nanosafety) and the referenced publications contain more background information. Among others, the OECD Test Guideline “Particle Size Distribution/Fibre Length and Diameter Distributions” (TG 110, adopted in 1981) was identified to require an update to address the specific needs of manufactured nanomaterials as the TG 110 is currently only valid for particles and fibres with sizes above 250 nm. The WPMN prioritised to either update TG 110 to be applicable also to particles at the nanoscale or draft a new nanomaterial specific Test Guideline (TG). Eventually, it was decided to develop a new TG for particle size and particle size distribution measurements of nanomaterials covering the size range from 1 nm to 1000 nm for further justification. This TG overlaps with TG 110 in the size range from 250 nm to 1000 nm. When measuring particulate or fibrous materials, the appropriate TG should be selected depending on the size range of particles tested. In line with TG 110, the new TG for nanomaterials includes separate parts for particles and fibres. For the part of this TG which addresses particles, several methods applicable to nanomaterials were reviewed and included to take into account developments since 1981 when the TG110 was adopted. This TG includes the following methods: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation (CLS)/Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Mobility Analysis System (DMAS), (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA/NTA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). For measuring the diameter and length of fibres, analysing images captured with electron microscopy is currently the only method available. This TG includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). To test the validity of this TG, an ILC was performed. Test materials were chosen to reflect a broad 68 range of nanomaterial classes, e.g. metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon materials. Where possible, well-characterised test materials were used. Additionally, the test materials were chosen, so that they reflect a broad range of sizes representing the size range 1 nm to 1000 nm and finally, for fibres only, aspect ratios from length/diameter of 3 to > 50. KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Test guideline KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2021 UR - https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/draft-test-guideline-particle-size-distribution-nanomaterials.pdf SP - 1 PB - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-53828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Test Guideline No. 125 - Nanomaterial Particle Size and Size Distribution of Nanomaterials N2 - The OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) has actively worked towards understanding possible safety issues for manufactured nanomaterials and has contributed significantly to resolving these by developing Test Guidelines, Guidance Documents, Test Reports and other publications with the aim of a safe use of manufactured nanomaterials. To address the specific needs of manufactured nanomaterials, the OECD Test Guideline No. 110 “Particle Size Distribution/Fibre Length and Diameter Distributions” was identified as one of the test guidelines (TGs) to require an update. The current TG 110 (adopted in 1981) is only valid for particles and fibres with sizes above 250 nm. The WPMN prioritised to either update TG 110 to be applicable also to particles at the nanoscale or draft a new nanomaterial specific (TG). Eventually, it was decided to develop a new TG that covers the size range from 1 nm to 1000 nm, intended for particle size and particle size distribution measurements of nanomaterials. Paragraph 11 provides further justification on the need for such measurements for nanomaterials. This TG overlaps with TG 110 in the size range from 250 nm to 1000 nm. When measuring particulate or fibrous materials, the appropriate TG should be selected depending on the size range of particles tested. In line with TG 110, the new TG for nanomaterials includes separate parts for particles and fibres. For the part of this TG which addresses particles, several methods applicable to nanomaterials were reviewed and included to take into account developments since 1981 when the TG 110 was adopted. This TG includes the following methods: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation (CLS)/Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Mobility Analysis System (DMAS), (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA/NTA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The method Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) could not be sufficiently validated within the interlaboratory comparison (ILC) carried out for the different methods in this TG (see also paragraph 6 for further details on the ILC). Applicability of sp-ICP-MS is strongly limited to nanomaterials with high mass values in combination with a sufficiently high particle size. However, the general method ICP-MS is widely used and the sp-mode for the size measurement of specific nanomaterials was successfully performed in ILCs elsewhere. The method is therefore included in the Appendix Part C of this TG, which further details the limitations of sp-ICP-MS. For measuring the diameter and length of fibres, analysing images captured with electron microscopy is currently the only method available. This TG includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). To test the validity of this TG, an ILC was performed. Test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of nanomaterial classes, e.g. metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon materials. Where possible, well-characterised test materials were used. Additionally, the test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of sizes representing the size range 1 nm to 1000 nm. Specifically for fibres, a broad range of aspect ratios was included (length/diameter of 3 to > 50). Some of the test materials used are commercially available and further references are given in the validation report of the ILC. Sample preparation for physical chemical characterisation is critical for all listed methods. Due to the differences between individual nanomaterials and due to the wide range of individual material properties it is impossible to have a generic protocol to obtain the best possible sample preparation for every nanomaterial. Therefore, a generic protocol on sample preparation is not part of this TG. Information on sample preparation is given in the paragraphs 25-29, 33, 34 and 39 for particles and in paragraphs 159) for fibres. Further information on sample preparation of nanomaterials for physical chemical characterisation can be found in the OECD Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials and elsewhere. KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticle KW - OECD KW - Test guideline PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1787/20745753 SP - 1 EP - 72 PB - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-55191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Xiangju A1 - Huang, Yanliang A1 - Li, Jianzheng A1 - Yang, Dan A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Effect of microbial hydrogen consumption on the hydrogen permeation behaviour of AISI 4135 steel under cathodic protection N2 - The feasibility of microbial hydrogen consumption to mitigate the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) under different cathodic potentials was evaluated using the Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical test and the hydrogen permeation efficiency h. The hydrogen permeation efficiency h in the presence of strain GA-1 was lower than that in sterile medium. The cathodic potential inhibited the adherence of strain GA-1 to AISI 4135 steel surface, thereby reducing the hydrogen consumption of strain GA-1. The adherent GA-1 cells were capable of consuming ‘cathodic hydrogen’ and reducing the proportions of absorbed hydrogen, indicating that it is theoretically possible to control HE by hydrogen-consuming microbes. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.058 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - 4054 EP - 4064 PB - Elsevier BV CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Yanliang A1 - Liu, Xiangju A1 - Zhang, Qichao A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - De Marco, Roland T1 - Hydrogen release from carbon steel in chloride solution under anodic polarization N2 - The hydrogen permeation current increase was noticed for carbon steel in 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution under strong anodic potentials, which is contrary to the common understanding. Hydrogen permeation under cathodic potentials has been widely studied because of possible hydrogen embrittlement failures of high strength steels in seawater, but investigations of anodic polarization on hydrogen permeation are fairly rare, as the hydrogen evolution reaction shall be retarded. To corroborate the observed phenomenon, experiments were conducted using both as-received and vacuum-annealed sheet specimens. It was verified that the observed phenomena originated from the released hydrogen in traps by metal dissolution under anodic polarization. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.218 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 3307 EP - 3315 PB - Elsevier BV CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Laser-Textured Surfaces: A Way to Control Biofilm Formation? N2 - Bacterial biofilms pose serious problems in medical and industrial settings. One of the major societal challenges lies in the increasing resistance of bacteria against biocides used in antimicrobial treatments, e.g., via overabundant use in medicine, industry, and agriculture or cleaning and disinfection in private households. Hence, new efficient bacteria-repellent strategies avoiding the use of biocides are strongly desired. One promising route to achieve bacteria-repellent surfaces lies in the contactless and aseptic large-area laser-processing of technical surfaces. Tailored surface textures, enabled by different laser-processing strategies that result in topographic scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers may provide a solution to this challenge. This article presents a current state-of-the-art review of laser-surface subtractive texturing approaches for controlling the biofilm formation for different bacterial strains and in different environments. Based on specific properties of bacteria and laser-processed surfaces, the challenges of anti-microbial surface designs are discussed, and future directions will be outlined. KW - Antibacterial surfaces KW - Biofilms KW - Laser processing KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Microbial adhesions PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-588260 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202300753 SN - 1863-8899 SP - 1 EP - 41 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-58826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromer, C. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Radunz, S. A1 - Thiele, Dorothea A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Tschiche, H.R. T1 - ROS generating BODIPY loaded nanoparticles for photodynamic eradication of biofilms N2 - Bacterial biofilms can pose a serious health risk to humans and are less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfection than planktonic bacteria. Here, a novel method for biofilm eradication based on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy utilizing a nanoparticle in conjunction with a BODIPY derivative as photosensitizer was developed. Reactive oxygen species are generated upon illumination with visible light and lead to a strong, controllable and persistent eradication of both planktonic bacteria and biofilms. One of the biggest challenges in biofilm eradication is the penetration of the antimicrobial agent into the biofilm and its matrix. A biocompatible hydrophilic nanoparticle was utilized as a delivery system for the hydrophobic BODIPY dye and enabled its accumulation within the biofilm. This key feature of delivering the antimicrobial agent to the site of action where it is activated resulted in effective eradication of all tested biofilms. Here, 3 bacterial species that commonly form clinically relevant pathogenic biofilms were selected: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The development of this antimicrobial photodynamic therapy tool for biofilm eradication takes a promising step towards new methods for the much needed treatment of pathogenic biofilms. KW - Biofilm KW - Antimicrobials KW - Photodynamic therapy KW - BODIPY PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587588 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274715 SN - 1664-302X VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-58758 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P.M. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - NAP-XPS spectra of the bacterial cell-envelope of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria N2 - Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram-negative) bacteria purchased from Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures were analyzed using high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at near ambient pressure conditions (NAP-XPS), 1500 Pa water vapor atmosphere. Fresh layers of P. fluorescence bacteria were grown on Luria Broth agar plates. Bacteria were taken from the agar plate with a sterile spatula and gently spread on a Si-wafer piece for NAP-XPS analysis. The NAP-XPS spectra of the bacterial envelope of P. fluorescence were obtained using monochromatic Al Kα radiation and include a survey scan and high-resolution spectra of C 1s, N 1s, P 2p, and O 1s as well. The presentation of the C 1s high-resolution spectrum includes the results of peak fitting analysis. KW - Pseudomonas fluorescens KW - Cell-envelope KW - Water atmosphere KW - Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0001543 SN - 1055-5269 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 014008-1 PB - AVS AN - OPUS4-54464 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Anja T1 - Reducing Escherichia coli adhesion to PET by modulating spatial periods of laser-induced surface nanoripples N2 - Using nanofiber-like cell appendages, secreted proteins and sugars, bacteria can establish initial surface contact followed by irreversible adhesion and the formation of multicellular biofilms. Here, the stabilizing extracellular biofilm matrix together with physiological changes on the single cell level leads to an increased resilience towards harsh environmental conditions, antimicrobials, the host immune response and established cleaning procedures. Persistent microbial adhesion on e.g., medical implants, in water supply networks or food-processing industry is often associated with chronic inflammation, nosocomial and foodborne infections, enhanced biofouling and product contamination. To prevent persistent microbial colonization, antibacterial surface strategies often target the initial steps of biofilm formation and impede adhesion of single cells before a mature biofilm is being formed. While chemical coatings have been widely used, their restricted biocompatibility for eukaryotic cells and attenuated antibacterial-effects due to compound release limit their areas of application and alternative strategies focus on modified surfaces topographies to impede bacterial adhesion. In this work, we used ns-UV laser treatment (wavelength 248 nm and a pulse duration of 20 ns) to generate laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with different submicrometric periods ranging from ~210 to ~610 nm on commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foils. Following structurally and chemically analyses, PET samples were subjected to bacterial colonization studies with Escherichia coli TG1, a bacterial test strain with a strong biofilm formation capacity due to the formation of nanofiber-like cell-appendages (pili). Bacterial adhesion tests revealed that E. coli repellence decisively depends on the spatial periods of the LIPSS with the strongest reduction (~91%) in cell adhesion observed for LIPSS periods of 214 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and additional biofilm studies using a pili-deficient E. coli TG1 strain revealed the importance of extracellular appendages in the bacterial repellence observed here, thus, pointing out new antibiotics-free strategies for antibacterial surfaces by impeding nanofiber-mediated bacterial adhesion. T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2022 CY - Online meeting DA - 30.05.2022 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Bacterial adhesion tests KW - Bacteria repellent surfaces KW - Polymer foils KW - E. coli PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Schwibbert, Karin T1 - Laserstrukturierte Oberflächen: Ein Weg zur Kontrolle der Biofilmbildung? N2 - Bakterielle Biofilme stellen in medizinischen und industriellen Bereichen ein ernsthaftes Problem dar. Eine der größten gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen liegt in der zunehmenden Resistenz von Bakterien gegen Biozide, die bei antimikrobiellen Behandlungen eingesetzt werden, z.B. durch übermäßigen Einsatz in Medizin, Industrie und Landwirtschaft oder durch Reinigung und Desinfektion in Privathaushalten. Daher sind neue effiziente bakterienabweisende Strategien, die den Einsatz von Bioziden vermeiden, dringend erforderlich. Ein vielversprechender Weg zur Erzielung bakterienabweisender Oberflächen liegt in der berührungslosen und aseptischen großflächigen Laserbearbeitung von technischen Oberflächen. Maßgeschneiderte Oberflächentexturen, ermöglicht durch verschiedene Laserbearbeitungsstrategien, die zu topographischen Skalen im Bereich von Nanometern bis Mikrometern führen, können eine Lösung für diese Herausforderung darstellen. In dem Vortrag wird ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technik bei der subtraktiven Texturierung von Laseroberflächen zur Kontrolle der Biofilmbildung bei verschiedenen Bakterienstämmen und in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen gegeben. Auf der Grundlage spezifischer Eigenschaften von Bakterien und laserbearbeiteten Oberflächen werden die Herausforderungen antimikrobieller Oberflächendesigns erörtert und zukünftige Richtungen aufgezeigt. T2 - GRAVOSeminar, GRAVOmer Kompetenznetzwerk CY - Online meeting DA - 28.02.2024 KW - Laser-Materialbearbeitung KW - Ultrakurzpuls-Laser KW - Biofilme KW - Antibakterielle Oberflächen KW - Oberflächenfunktionalisierung PY - 2024 UR - https://gravomer.de/veranstaltungen-anzeigen/laserstrukturierte-oberflaechen-ein-weg-zur-kontrolle-der-biofilmbildung AN - OPUS4-59594 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash – leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Due to its large mineral fraction, incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration is an interesting raw material that can be used for road construction or to produce secondary building materials. However, leaching chloride, sulfate, and potentially harmful heavy metals may cause problems in using IBA in civil engineering. Investigating leaching behavior is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of IBA applications. Various test procedures are available for that purpose. In the present study, a long-term leaching test of a wet-mechanically treated IBA was performed in a lysimeter for almost six years. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. At the beginning of the lysimeter test, the Sb and V concentrations were low, but after approximately one year of operation at an L/S ratio of around 0.8 L/kg, a steady increase was observed. It was shown that this increase is the result of low Ca concentrations due to the formation of CaCO3. With the data, the solubility products from Ca-antimonate and Ca-vanadate were calculated. The unusual leaching behavior of Sb and V should be kept in mind when considering field scenarios and evaluating the impact on the environment. KW - Bottom ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534317 DO - https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15115 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 16 SP - 75 EP - 81 PB - CISA CY - Padua AN - OPUS4-53431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials N2 - This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject. KW - Leaching KW - Recycling KW - Nano-materials PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545099 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062208 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Happel, O. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kretzschmar, M. A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Investigating the ecotoxicity of construction product eluates as multicomponent mixtures N2 - The release of hazardous compounds from construction products can harm human health and the environment. To improve the sustainability of construction materials, the leaching of substances from construction products and their potential environmental impact should be assessed. Twenty-seven construction products from different product groups were examined with a combination of standardized leaching tests (dynamic surface leaching test and percolation test) and biotests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria, umu and Ames fluctuation tests). To identify the released substances, extensive qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses were performed, including gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic screening techniques. Results: Many of the tested eluates caused signifcant ecotoxic efects. Particularly high ecotoxicities were observed for grouts (lowest ineffective dilution (LID) up to 16384) and cork granules (LID up to 24578). The results of ecotoxicity tests allow the prioritization of the eluates that should be subjected to detailed chemical analyses. Organic screening by different methods and ranking the identifed substances based on recorded hazard classification is a suitable approach to identify the relevant toxic substances. Conclusions: Determining the ecotoxicity of eluates from construction products records the summary effect of all leachable substances. This instrument is especially useful for construction products of complex and largely unknown composition. The ecotoxicological and the chemical–analytical approach complement each other in an ideal way to characterize the potential hazard of eluates from construction products and to identify the environmentally hazardous components in these eluates. Our results confirm that the proposed harmonized methods for testing eluate toxicity are an adequate and applicable procedure to move toward a more sustainable way of building and to reduce toxic effects of construction products in their use phase in the environment. KW - Construction products KW - Building materials KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Biotests KW - Leaching KW - Eluates KW - Chemical analysis KW - Analytical screening techniques KW - Mixture toxicity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568864 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00711-w VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-56886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Taking a Look at the Surface: µ-XRF Mapping and Fluorine K-edge µ-XANES Spectroscopy of Organofluorinated Compounds in Environmental Samples and Consumer Products N2 - For the first time, µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in samples concentrations down to 100 µg/kg fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheet) were investigated. µ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualisation at the sample surface and enables localisation of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 µm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analysed via fluorine K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded µ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analysed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 µg/kg dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length >C8 (e.g. 580 µg/kg dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent from quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, µ-XRF mapping combined with µ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples. KW - PFAS KW - XRF KW - LC-MS/MS KW - XANES KW - Fluoride KW - Soil PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576109 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00107E SN - 2050-7887 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy N2 - Half of global material consumption involves mineral material. The circularity is still low so that the enhanced use of secondary building material is required to close loops. Three different secondary building materials are discussed based on exemplary research results: construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), soil-like material, and incineration bottom ash (IBA). Focus was placed on the environmental compatibility of the materials examined mainly by standardized leaching tests. C&D waste was investigated after a wet treatment using a jigging machine, and soil-like material and IBA were characterized with respect to their material composition. Their environmental compatibilities in particular were studied using standard leaching tests (batch tests and column tests). It was concluded that soil-like material can mostly be utilized even when the precautionary limit values set are exceeded by a factor of less than two. For C&D waste, the fine fraction below 2 mm and the content of brick material is problematic. IBA fulfills quality level “HMVA-2” following German regulations. Improved levels of utilization might be achievable with better treatment technologies. KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Soil-like material KW - Leaching KW - Circular economy PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576343 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106010 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-57634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Consumer Products PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Kretzschmar, M. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Happel, O. A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects N2 - Background: The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modifed cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects. Results: Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modifed cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identifed, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances. Conclusions: Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identifcation and development of environmentally friendly construction products. This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems. KW - Joint grouts KW - Leaching KW - Ecotoxixity PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562392 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00686-0 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Nassmechanische Aufbereitung von Bauschutt‐Brechsand mit der Setztechnik – ein Schritt auf dem Weg zum Ersatzbaustoff T1 - Wet-Mechanical Processing of Crushed-Sand from Construction-Waste - A First Step Towards a Circular Building Material N2 - Das Recycling von gemischten Baustoffen führt neben der Herstellung von Gesteinskörnungen parallel zu einem stärker schadstoffbelasteten Stoffstrom, der circa ein Drittel der ursprünglichen Masse ausmacht. Dieser sogenannte Brechsand endet derzeit in der Deponierung und wird somit der Kreislaufwirtschaft entzogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht nun die Aufbereitung dieses Materials unter Verwendung einer Setzmaschine im Pilotmaßstab. Hierbei wird die Eignung dieser Technik evaluiert und das Aufbereitungsprodukt als möglicher Ersatzbaustoff untersucht. N2 - Besides the generation of aggregates, recycling of mixed construction and demolition waste leads to a more polluted side stream accounting for up to one third of the input materials. This so-called crushed sand often ends up in landfills and is hence lost for a circular economy. This article reports about the processing of this material using a pilot plant jig. The suitability of jigging technology is evaluated, and the product is analyzed as possible circular building material. KW - Aufbereitung KW - Ersatzbaustoff KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Setzmaschine KW - Umweltverträglichkeit PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585978 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202300019 SN - 0009-286X VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 1916 EP - 1924 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-58597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Schinnen, Andrea A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Sawal, G. A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of pH-dependent extraction methods for PFAS in (fluoropolymer-based) consumer products: A comparative study between targeted and sum parameter analysis N2 - Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (