TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Werner W. A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Zero leakage? Landfill liner and capping systems in Germany JF - Environmental Geotechnics N2 - An approach to achieve 'zero leakage' is discussed with respect to experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping Systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental Problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970s and 1980s. Using a thick, high-quality high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GM) that is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner or geosynthetic clay liner of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well-equipped and properly third-party-controlled installer, and which is protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to the long-term performance of the GM may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analysing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak-detection Systems in combination with HDPE GMs. The survey was based on 32 German landfills with 1.276.500 m² of installed GMs. KW - Geomembranes KW - Landfill KW - Landfill lining PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.16.00031 SN - 2051-803X VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 1600031, 162 EP - 170 PB - ICE AN - OPUS4-48626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Matthias, Richter A1 - Christoph, Grimmer T1 - Zeolites loaded with VOCs as reference for material emissions testing N2 - Nowadays, people spend most of their time indoors. Thus, a good indoor air quality is important. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from furniture and building materials can cause health complaints1. Quantitative VOC-emission testing is carried out under standardized conditions in emission test chambers. In the presented project an emission reference material (ERM) is developed that emits a defined mixture of VOCs which is required for quality assurance and -control (QA/QC) measures. Porous materials (e.g zeolites, activated carbons, MOFs or aerogels) are used as reservoir materials and impregnated with VOC. The porous materials are selected, among others, by their pore size, pore size distribution, polarity and availability. Due to their regular pore structure zeolites are tested at first. For a prediction of the emission profile, the ERM is supposed to exhibit a constant emission rate over time. The aim is a stability of ≤ 10 % change in the emission rate over a minimum of 14 days. Method For impregnation, the material is placed into an autoclave inside a rotatable basket. The VOC is added and the autoclave is closed. Afterwards, CO2 is inserted. The closed system is then heated to the supercritical point of CO2 (31 °C, 73.75 bar). In this state, the CO2 acts as solvent for the VOC. By rotating the basket, the distribution of the VOC is ensured. After a few minutes, the pressure is decreased slowly and the CO2 is released. For the determination of the emission profile, the impregnated sample is placed into an emission test chamber. These chambers can be operated either with dry or humid air (50 ± 5 % rel. humidity). Every second to third day, air samples are taken and analyzed by gas chromatography. For an ideal impregnation, several different pressures and temperatures as well as impregnation times are tested. Results Two zeolite materials tested in dry air conditions reach emission profiles with a decrease of less than 10 % over 14 days (heptane and toluene, respectively). Further it was discovered that smaller pellets of the same zeolite show better results than bigger particles. When the pore size of a zeolite is too small, e.g. 0.3 nm, the VOC cannot be absorbed sufficiently. The main disadvantage of zeolites is their hygroscopicity because it has a large impact on the release of VOC when they are used in emission test chambers under standardized test conditions (23 °C, 50 % rel. humidity). Activated carbons have emission profiles with a larger change over 14 days. However, the high hydrophobicity allows measurements in humid air conditions which was not possible with the before mentioned hygroscopic zeolites. It is possible to impregnate powdered materials as well, and thus powdered non-hygroscopic (n.h.) zeolites were impregnated. Their emission profiles are comparable to those of the activated carbons. The use of methylated hygroscopic zeolites with a decrease in hygroscopicity did not yield successful emission measurements. The change over 14 days is calculated only for the stable phase (~250–300 h). The desired stability of ≤ 10 % change of the emission rate over 14 days could already be reached under dry testing conditions. Further investigations under humid conditions show that zeolites with high Si/Al-ratios are non-hygroscopic and comparable to activated carbons (20–30 % change). The next step is to reduce the change in the emission rate of these materials to the aimed ≤ 10 % over 14 days. T2 - Deutsche Zeolithtagung CY - Jena, Germany DA - 28.02.2024 KW - VOC KW - Emission KW - Quality assurance KW - Reference material KW - Zeolite PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF ink Analysis of some Herculaneum papyri JF - Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik N2 - Recent research has suggested that some of the inks used in Herculaneum papyri do not consist of pure carbon. Starting from this finding, in June 2018 a preliminary campaign of analysis by means of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) of external portions removed mechanically from their original rolls in the eighteenth century (the so-called scorze) took place at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. Also in this case, the aim of the survey was to investigate the ink composition in order to detect possible traces of metal. This article sums up the results of this survey. KW - Herculaneum papyri KW - Ink KW - XRF PY - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-51193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Capasso, M. ED - Davoli, P. ED - Pellé, N. T1 - XRF Ink Analysis of Selected Fragments from the Herculaneum Collection of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli T2 - Proceedings of the 29th lntemational Congress of Papyrology, Lecce 28 July-3 August 2019 N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P). KW - XRF KW - ink KW - Herculaneum KW - papyrus PY - 2022 UR - http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/29th_ICP/issue/view/1881 SN - 978-88-8305-177-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1285/i99788883051760 SP - 200 EP - 213 PB - Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento CY - Lecce AN - OPUS4-54756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF Ink analysis of selected fragments from the Herculaneum collection N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P). T2 - International Symposium on Archaeometry CY - Online meeting DA - 16.05.2022 KW - XRF KW - Ink KW - Herculaneum KW - Papyrus PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF ink analysis of selected fragments from the Herculaneum collection N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We are presenting here the first results of a preliminary analysis, which aimed at identifying scrolls whose ink contains metals. T2 - Konferenz: 29th International Congress of Papyrology CY - Lecce, Italy DA - 28.07.2019 KW - Herculaneum KW - Papyrus KW - Tomography KW - XRF KW - Ink PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Beblo-Vranesevic, K. A1 - Kjærvik, Marit A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Hardie, K. A1 - Brown, J. T1 - XPS surface analysis of bacterial samples N2 - This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze bacterial samples under near ambient pressure conditions in various states of hydration using different levels of humidity. Such investigations of bacterial cell wall surfaces in their hydrated state are essential for studying biological interfaces at work. The use of innovative near-ambient pressure (NAP-)XPS instrumentation allows the detailed analysis of irregularly-surfaced biofilms. NAP-XPS enables the surface analysis of bacterial samples in their natural hydrated state without complex sample preparation techniques such as freeze-drying or fast-freezing, which are needed for XPS analysis in ultrahigh vacuum. KW - Near ambient pressure XPS KW - Biofilms PY - 2018 UR - http://www.enviroai.com/uploads/1/0/2/8/102861712/xps_surface_analysis_of_bacillus_subtilis_biofilms_final.pdf IS - Application Note #000399 SP - 1 EP - 5 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of black Medieval Inks: Characterization and Interpretation. Case Study of an 11th century Egyptian Corpus N2 - This study focuses on the analysis of a corpus of manuscripts found in Fustat (medieval Cairo, Egypt) in the biggest medieval “archive” found until now: the Cairo Geniza. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents has been attracting scholars’ attention a lot but so far, the material aspects of these documents seem to have been mainly neglected. Application of scientific methods of analysis, especially X-Ray fluorescence characterization, contributes to our understanding of the materials used for production of manuscripts during the Middle ages. Our corpus of the 11th century manuscripts comprises manuscripts written by scribes belonging to three Jewish communities that co-existed in Cairo during this period: the Karaites, the so-called Jerusalemites (or Palestinian) and the so-called Babylonians (or Iraqi), three different communities with different traditions and different leaders. The differences manifest themselves also in the paleographical properties of the manuscripts produced within each community. Can we extend the differences detected by the paleographical analysis to differences in composition of the writing materials and especially the composition of the inks? Or can we relate the differences in the composition to the manuscript type (legal, private...), or to another criterion. In this presentation, we offer answers to some of the questions using statistical analysis of the measurements results. T2 - Konferenz Natural Sciences and Technology in Manuscript Analysis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 13.06.2018 KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - XRF analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Ciner, P. ED - Nunez, A. T1 - Writing Materials of the Dead See Scrolls T2 - The Discoveries of Manuscripts from Late Antiquity N2 - The first manuscripts from the Qumran caves were found in 1947. Within the following 10 years, clandestine and legal excavations revealed some 900 highly fragmented manuscripts from the late Second Temple period. This collection is generally known as Scrolls of the Judea Desert or Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). For many years after their discovery, text analysis and fragmeents attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with the scrolls. The uncertain archaeological provenance of the larger part of the collection added an additional difficulty to the formidable task of sorting some 19000 fragments. After 60 years of scholar research the question of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragmenst are still hotly debated. To dtermine a possible contribution to the debate from the point of view of writing materials, we used otpical and electron microscopy, various X-ray based techniques as well as vibratiional sprectroscopy. We validated our approach with SY - based studies using the advantages of the synchroton radiation source with respect to the benchtop devices. Our laboratory studies showed that often production and storage locality could be distinguished thenks to the specific residues ("fingerprint") they left on the material. Moreover, we have diescovered that diferrent parchment production processses coexisted in the antiquity, and the resulting writing materials can readily be distinguished. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Patristic Studies CY - San Juan, Argentina DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Text analysis KW - Fragmented manuscripts KW - X-ray based techniques KW - Archaeological provenance PY - 2021 SN - 978-2-503-59149-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1484/M.STR-EB.5.1211558 SN - 2566-073X VL - 0095/ 19 SP - 325 EP - 331 PB - Brepols CY - Turnhout, Belgium AN - OPUS4-54593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Writing materials analysis of 11th century Cairo Genizah's fragments N2 - This study focuses on the analysis of a corpus of manuscripts found in Fustat (medieval Cairo, Egypt) in the biggest medieval “archive” found until now: the Cairo Geniza. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents has been attracting scholars’ attention a lot but so far, the material aspects of these documents seem to have been mainly neglected. Application of scientific methods of analysis, especially X-Ray fluorescence characterization, contributes to our understanding of the materials used for production of manuscripts during the Middle ages. Our corpus of the 11th century manuscripts comprises manuscripts written by scribes belonging to three Jewish communities that co-existed in Cairo during this period: the Karaites, the so-called Jerusalemites (or Palestinian) and the so-called Babylonians (or Iraqi), three different communities with different traditions and different leaders. The differences manifest themselves also in the paleographical properties of the manuscripts produced within each community. Can we extend the differences detected by the paleographical analysis to differences in composition of the writing materials and especially the composition of the inks? Or can we relate the differences in the composition to the manuscript type (legal, private...), or to another criterion. In this presentation, we offer answers to some of the questions using statistical analysis of the measurements results. T2 - Konferenz 6th Meeting “X-ray and other techniques in investigations of the objects of cultural heritage” CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 17.05.2018 KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - XRF analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Nöller, Renate ED - Dora, C. ED - Fabian, C. ED - Knoche, M. ED - Linder, M. ED - Mittler, E. ED - Schmitz, W. T1 - Writing inks in the Manuscripta Americana – a pilot study T2 - Bibliothek und Wissenschaft N2 - The manuscripts – which have been inventoried as Manuscripta Americana in the State Library of Berlin and the Biblioteka Jagellońska in Krakow with the signatures Ms. Americ. 1-15 – are codices mainly from the colonial times of the 16th to 18th centuries. They uniquely reflect the relationships between indigenous culture and Spanish colonial masters. This study focusses on the scientific investigation of three manuscripts (Manuscripta Americana 3, 8, and 10) that are kept today in Krakow. It is assumed that these three parts belong together in a certain way, so various material analyses were carried out to prove this assumption. The scientific investigation focusses on the different black and brown writing inks. T2 - Manuscripta Americana: Aufarbeitung einer Sammlung CY - Ibero-Amerikanisches-Institut, SPK DA - 14.02.2019 KW - Humboldt Codices KW - Writing inks KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-447-11511-7 SN - 0067-8236 VL - 53 SP - 21 EP - 32 PB - Harrassowitz Verlag CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-51935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Gordon, N. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Writing and Correcting a Torah Scroll in Germany of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries JF - Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin N2 - Scientific material analysis of the elemental composition of inks from different strata of a manuscript has the potential to complement scholarly observations using palaeography and philology in reconstructing the history of the manuscript’s production, correction and repair. There are three typologically different classes of black writing inks: soot inks consist of carbon particles. KW - Manuscript studies KW - Hebrew studies KW - Ink analysis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540658 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.9749 VL - Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin 7, 2021 IS - 7 SP - 2 EP - 20 PB - Centre for the study of manuscript cultures CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-54065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Usmani, Shirin T1 - Wood treated with nano metal fluorides - relations between composition, size, and durability T2 - Wood Treated with Nano Metal Fluorides – Relations between Composition, Size, and Durability N2 - In this study, nanoscopic particles of magnesium Fluoride (MgF2) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) also known as nano metal fluorides (NMFs), were evaluated for their potential to improve wood durability. Even though these fluorides are sparingly soluble, their synthesis in the form of nano-sized particles turns them into promising candidates for wood preservation. Their distinct property of low-water solubility is proposed to maintain long-lasting protection of treated wood by reducing the leaching of fluoride. Analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized NMFs and their distribution in treated wood specimens. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that these fluoride particles are smaller than 10 nm. In nano metal fluoride (NMF) treated specimens, aggregates of these particles are uniformly distributed in the wood matrix as confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images and their corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy maps. The fluoride aggregates form a protective layer around the tracheid walls and block the bordered pits, thus reducing the possible flow path for water absorption into wood. This is reflected in the reduced swelling and increased hydrophobicity of wood treated with NMFs. The biocidal efficacy of NMFs was tested against brown-rot fungi (Coniophora puteanaand Rhodonia placenta), white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and termites (Coptotermes formosanus). The fungal and termite tests were performed in accordance with the EN 113 (1996) and EN 117 (2012) standards, respectively. Prior to fungal tests, the NMF treated wood specimens were leached according to the EN 84 (1997)standard. Compared to untreated specimens, the NMF treated wood specimens have a higher resistance to decay caused by brown-rot fungi, white-rot fungus, and termites. Although all NMF treatments in wood reduce the mass loss caused by fungal decay, only the combined treatment of MgF2 and CaF2 has efficacy against both brown-rot fungi and white-rot fungus. Similarly, wood treated with the combined NMF formulation is the least susceptible to attack by C. formosanus.It is proposed that combining MgF2 and CaF2changes their overall solubility to promote the release of fluoride ions at the optimal concentration needed for biocidal efficacy against fungi and termites. In this thesis, it was proven that even after leaching, sufficient fluoride was present to protect NMF treated wood from fungal decay. This shows that NMFs are robust enough for above ground contact outdoor applications of wood, where permanent wetness cannot be avoided according to Use Class 3.2, as per the EN 335 (2013) standard. Also, they pose a low risk to human health and the environment because they are sparingly soluble. Since NMFs significantly reduce the decay of wood, the CO2 fixed in it will be retained for longer than in unpreserved wood. Overall, the novel results of this study show the potential of NMFs to increase the service life of building materials made from non-durable wood. KW - Termites KW - Nano metal fluorides KW - Solubility KW - Wood protection KW - Fungi PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525108 DO - https://doi.org/10.18452/22553 SP - i EP - 118 PB - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Kaska, K. ED - Uhlirz, T1 - Why Do We Need to Study Inks? T2 - CHTN 23, 2018 proceedings N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 (Analysis of cultural artefacts and assets) of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. Using this protocol, scientists can assist scholars in addressing a rather broad range of historical questions that cannot be answered unequivocally through scholarly research alone. Among these are investigations on collaboration between scribes and scriptoria, on the usage and annotation of manuscripts and on their path through time and space in general. This research can thus help to reconstruct the circumstances of the production of written heritage as well as their history and transmission. To facilitate the dialogue between the scholars and the scientists a simple optical tool was developed to allow the scholars to perform preliminary ink analysis required for formulation of the question that in turn can be answered by scientific in-depth investigations. In this paper, ink types and their identification method is accompanied by examples of the recent work conducted on parchment manuscripts in the Austrian National Library. T2 - Congress Visual Heritage, CHNT 23 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Ink KW - Parchment PY - 2020 SP - 1.1 EP - 1.9 CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-50242 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lederer, J. A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Quina, M. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Funari, V. A1 - Fellner, J. A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Bontempi, E. A1 - Bogush, A. A1 - Blasenbauer, D. T1 - What waste management can learn from the traditional mining sector: Towards an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources JF - Waste management N2 - Many organizations in Europe collect data and perform research on municipal solid waste and the secondary raw materials that can be produced from them through recycling, urban mining, or landfill mining.However, the information generated and presented thereby is often highly aggregated, while research activities are many a time isolated. Both reduce the usability of the data and information generated. In order to better structure the knowledge generation on secondary raw materials production from municipal solid waste, we suggest to learn from the traditional raw materials mining Industry how to perform an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources. This is exemplarily shown for the case of the anthropogenic resource municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and airpollution control residues. A network of expert institutions from countries throughout Europe was build up to compile the information on legal and technological aspects for the recovery of different secondary raw materials from these residues, including construction minerals, metals, and salts. We highlight in our article the strength of the combined knowledge of an expert network not only on legal and technological, but also local and site-specific aspects of the recovery of secondary raw materials. By doing so, we hope to kick-off a discussion for how to organize and implement a structure for a better management of knowledge on anthropogenic resources, in order to provide a sustainable supply of secondary raw materials for a greener and more circular economy. KW - Waste management KW - Resources KW - Mining PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.054 VL - 113 SP - 154 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50876 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Pronobis-Gajdzis, M. A1 - Targowski, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - What should we take into an account in the characterization of iron-gall ink by means of X-ray fluorescence? N2 - The earliest known recipes for iron gall inks include four basic ingredients: oak galls – pathological growths of oak leaves; metal salts – usually referred to as vitriol; a binder such as gum Arabic; and water. The final product differs in the elemental composition due to the multitude of recipes as well as differences within the composition of the ink’s ingredients. Nowadays, based on the qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of X-ray fluorescence data, it is possible to distinguish inks on the basis of the so-called fingerprint model. The first goal of our study was to determine to what extent the type of XRF spectrometer affects the quality of the ink evaluation. We tested two types of spectrometers, semi-stationary machines equipped with polycapillary focusing optics and a handheld spectrometer with a diaphragm collimator and a relatively big interaction spot. The second goal was to address the issue of whether the ink composition might be affected by storage in a metal container. The presentation will discuss the role of the spectrometer type in the evaluation of a thin layer material such as ink. We have also learned that the iron-gall ink composition might depend on the type of vessel in which ink was being stored. T2 - Konferenz - XIV IADA Congress - Warsaw 2019 CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 23.09.2019 KW - Iron-gall ink KW - XRF KW - Inkwells KW - Ink composition PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future? N2 - Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers. T2 - CLOOP-Workshop "What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Controlled release fertilisers KW - Recycling fertilisers PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittmar, J. A1 - Meyer, Susann A1 - Sieling, T. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Smiatek, Jens A1 - Brand, Izabella T1 - What Does Ectoine Do to DNA? A Molecular-Scale Picture of Compatible Solute−Biopolymer Interactions JF - The Journal of Physical Chemistry N2 - Compatible solutes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophilic microorganisms. These molecules enable their survival in a high salinity environment. Ectoine is such a compatible solute. It is a zwitterionic molecule which strongly interacts with surrounding water molecules and changes the dynamics of the local hydration shell. Ectoine interacts with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. The molecular interaction between ectoine and biomolecules in particular the interaction between ectoine and DNA is far from being understood. In this paper we describe molecular aspects of the interaction between ectoine and double stranded DNA(dsDNA). Two 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments were immobilized on a Gold surface via a thiol-tether. The interaction between the dsDNA monolayers with diluted and concentrated ectoine solutions was examined by means of X-ray photoelectron and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies (PM IRRAS). Experimental results indicate that the ability of ectoine to bind water reduces the strength of hydrogen bonds formed to the ribose-phosphate backbone in the dsDNA. In diluted (0.1 M) ectoine solution, DNA interacts predominantly with water molecules. The sugar-phosphate backbone is involved in the formation of strong hydrogen bonds to water, which with elapsing time leads to a reorientation of the planes of nucleic acid bases. This reorientation destabilizes the hydrogen bonds strength between the bases and leads to a partial dehybridizaiton of the dsDNA. In concentrated ectoine solution (2.5 M), almost all water molecules interact with ectoine. Under this condition ectoine is able to interact directly with DNA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the direct interaction involves the nitrogen atoms in ectoine and phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The results of the quantum chemical calculations Show that rearrangements in the ribose-phosphate backbone, caused by a direct interaction with ectoine, facilitates contacts between O atom in the phosphate group and H atoms in a nucleic acid base. In the PM IRRA spectra, an increase in the number of the IR absorption modes in the base pair frequency region proves that the hydrogen bonds between bases become weaker. Thus, a sequence of reorientations caused by interaction with ectoine leads to a breakdown of hydrogen bonds between bases in the double helix. KW - Compatible solute KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Self-assembled monolayer KW - IR spectroscopy KW - XPS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05273 VL - 124 IS - 37 SP - 7999 EP - 8011 PB - ACS Publicatios AN - OPUS4-51182 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Haas, Marco A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kwiatkowski, Robert T1 - Wet-mechanical treatment: Processing of bituminous road construction waste in a jigging machine JF - AT Mineral Processing Europe N2 - Jigging machines are used in processing technology in many areas. Examples are the processing of coal, ores, and primary and secondary raw and waste materials. Even small differences in density are offen sufficient for successful sorting. In the work presented here, milled material from road construction waste contaminated with bitumen is to be separated from uncontaminated material. In this way, scarce landfill space could be saved and mineral material be returned to the material cycle. KW - Wet-mechanical treatment KW - Jig KW - Road construction waste PY - 2023 UR - https://www.at-minerals.com/de/artikel/aufbereitung-von-bitumenhaltigem-strassenaufbruch-in-einer-setzmaschine-4037512.html SN - 1434-9302 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 46 EP - 51 PB - Bauverlag BV GmbH CY - Gütersloh AN - OPUS4-59160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Wet treatments of fine bottom ash for the recovery of metals N2 - In Europe, nearly 19 Mt/y of bottom ash (BA) are produced. Of this quota, only 46 %wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. For the coarser fractions, the main obstacle to BA being used as recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. For the fine BA fractions, usually underexploited and landfilled, it is estimated that up to 0.95 Mt/y of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are not recovered in Europe. During the workshop, the key results of BASH Treat project will be presented: the results of 2 industrial tests performed in BA treatment plants in Germany and Sweden; a novel dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA coarse particles; a wet process for the recovery of heavy metal compounds from the fine fraction; a technical-economic assessment of the EU potential for the optimization of BA management. T2 - Crete 2021, 7th International Conference on Industrial & Hazardous Waste Management CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2021 KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery KW - Design of experiments PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Traub, Heike T1 - Weathering scenarios – Changes in polymer surface morphologies and leaching of brominated flame retardants N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the simulated aging of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene (PP)-samples containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006.For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected rain water samples derived from the used climate chamber, the samples were prepared in accordance with a validated protocol. Before the analyses, each sample was spiked with 2 µL of isotopically labeled BDE-209 (13C10-BDE-209) to serve as internal standard (ISTD) in the performed stable isotope dilution analysis. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane, the obtained aliquots of the extracts were concentrated to 200 µL and 2 µL of the resulting solution were injected to the GC/MS for quantification. Additionally, the total bromine contents are monitored for the aged and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as non-destructive and rapid method. Furthermore, results from surface analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for morphological characterization of the aged and untreated samples were presented and discussed. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated aging will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments (“atmospheric exposure”, in soil). The atmospheric exposure was performed by placing the samples on a weathering rack, which is aligned in SW direction (in a 45° angle to the horizon). The weathering data were regularly recorded by Deutscher Wetterdienst at this site. The surfaces of the test specimens (aged and stored references) were analyzed by ESEM as well as by LA-ICP-MS and by XRF. The surface of PS and PP specimens aged outdoors present the aging under real conditions and allow the comparison to the accelerated aged specimens by means of the weathering chamber. This way, we explore the efficiency of the accelerated aging procedure, which provides the advantage of well-defined and reproducible conditions compared to natural weathering, as a tool for testing different plastic materials. Additionally “in soil” experiments were conducted in-door in a well characterized testing soil. The soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining concrete basin inside of an air-conditioned room. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To assure a washing out process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. The water content is additionally monitored by weight of the basin, capturing water from raining periods. The correct humidity is a fundamental parameter for biological activity. Samples of PS resp. PP were of dimension 10x1cm and 5 specimens were placed up to the half in the soil per basin. Microbial activity of the soil, monitored by the reference polyurethane, sets HBCD resp. BDE-209 of the samples free and will be leached from the samples by raining water. Thereafter these will be captured by passive samplers placed in a distinct distance to the samples in the soil. The “in soil” experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. These experiments simulate the fate of the brominated flame retardants in the biosphere. T2 - Umwelt 2018 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 09.09.2018 KW - BFR KW - Weathering KW - PP KW - PS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yao, J. A1 - Jiang, T. A1 - Ji, Y. A1 - An-Stepec, Biwen Annie A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Cai, Z. A1 - Dong, C. A1 - Ge, Y. A1 - Qi, Z. T1 - Water-Fueled Autocatalytic Bactericidal Pathway based on e-Fenton-Like Reactions Triggered by Galvanic Corrosion and Extracellular Electron Transfer JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials N2 - Water is generally considered to be an undesirable substance in fuel system, which may lead to microbial contamination. The antibacterial strategies that can turn water into things of value with high disinfection efficacy have been urgently needed for fuel system. Here, we reveal a water-fueled autocatalytic bactericidal pathway comprised by bi-metal micro-electrode system, which can spontaneously produce reactive oxygen species (mainly H2O2 and O2•–) by the electron Fenton-like reaction in water medium without external energy., The respiratory chain component of bacteria and the galvanic corrosion on the coated metals were two electron sources in the system. The specific model of Ag-Ru water-fueled autocatalytic (WFA) microelectrode particles presents extremely high disinfection efficiency (>99.9999%) in less than one hour for three aerobic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis) in LB media and high disinfection efficiency for the anaerobic bacteria (Desulfovibrio alaskensis) in Postgate E media without natural light irradiation. Overall, the novel WFA Ag-Ru antibacterial material explored in this study has a high potential for sterilizing applications in fuel system and this work provides the potential for the development of non-chemical and water-based antibacterial materials, such as WFA Ag-Ru antibacterial coating on stainless steel. KW - Fenton-like reaction KW - Reactive oxygen species KW - Disinfection Fuel KW - Silver KW - Ruthenium KW - MIC PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555186 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129730 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 440 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - IWA Publishing, T1 - Wastewater as a resource: From rare earth metals to phosphorus T2 - Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future N2 - Wastewater contains a diverse array of organic and inorganic compounds and its complex composition strongly depends on the location and the connected dischargers. However, municipal wastewater as a carrier of feces and urine generally contains considerable amounts of the main nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The latter is in the focus of the discussions about the recovery potential of wastewater due to the relatively high mass flows of phosphorus in wastewater and the finite nature and decreasing quality of phosphate rock reserves. But due to the presence of the whole periodic table of elements, wastewater might contain further valuable components of interest for recovery including those defined as critical raw materials by the European Commission. Phosphorus and most of the other critical raw materials are fixed in the sewage sludge and after incineration in the sewage sludge ash (SSA). This is accompanied by high concentration factors from wastewater via sludge to ash. However, the mass fractions of the majority of elements in sewage sludge are comparable to those of the earth crust, indicating no relative enrichment. Nevertheless, enrichment factors of 100 or higher are given for phosphorus, copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, tin, lead and the platinum group elements indicating an anthropogenic input. An economic value of sewage sludge was estimated to $460,-/t calculated on the basis of the respective market prices for high purity elements – a theoretical value. A German survey of sewage sludge ashes showed that the mass fractions and the mass flows of most of the elements present in SSA are probably too low for an economic recovery. In most cases the mass flows are rather small compared to the imports and the chemical forms are not suitable for recovery. An exception is phosphorus that is present in high mass fractions up to 13% and that bears a high substitution potential. If the application of P-recovery technologies lead to a further concentration of valuable elements e.g. as by-products in side streams of the process, it would probably make also the recovery of other elements of economic interest. KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-78040-835-4 SN - 978-1-78040-836-1 SN - 978-1-78040-954-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408361 SP - 241 EP - 252 PB - IWA Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-45679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raniro, H.R. A1 - Soares, T.de M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Pavinato, P.S. T1 - Waste-derived fertilizers can increase phosphorus uptake by sugarcane and availability in a tropical soil JF - J. Plant Nutr. Soil. Sci. N2 - The use of highly water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers can lead to P fixation in the soil, reducing fertilization efficiency. Waste-derived, low water-solubility sources can potentially increase sugarcane’s P uptake compared to triple superphosphate by reducing adsorption to the soil. Aims:We aimed to test struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® for their agronomic potential as recycled fertilizers for sugarcane production in a typical tropical soil.We hypothesize that these sources can reduce P fixation in the soil, increasing its availability and sugarcane’s absorption. Methods: In a greenhouse pot experiment, two consecutive sugarcane cycles, 90 days each, were conducted in a Ferralsol. The recovered sources struvite, hazenite, AshDec®, and the conventional triple superphosphate were mixed in the soil in three P doses (30, 60, and 90 mg kg–1), aside a control (nil-P). At both harvests, sugarcane number of sprouts, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass yield, shoot phosphorus, and soil P fractionation were investigated. Results: At 90 days, struvite and hazenite performed better for dry mass yield (70.7 and 68.3 g pot–1, respectively) than AshDec® and triple superphosphate (59.8 and 57.4 g pot–1, respectively) and for shoot P, with 98.1, 91.6, 75.6, and 66.3 mg pot–1, respectively. At 180 days, struvite outperformed all treatments for dry mass yield (95.3 g pot–1) and AshDec® (75.5 mg pot–1) for shoot P. Struvite was 38% and hazenite 21% more efficient than triple superphosphate in P uptake, while AshDec® was 6% less efficient. Soil had higher labile P under struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® than triple superphosphate by the end of the first cycle, while only the later increased nonlabile P by the end of the experiment (180 days). Conclusions:Waste-derived P sources were more efficient in supplying P for sugarcane and delivering labile P in 180 days than triple superphosphate. KW - AshDec KW - Hazenite KW - P-efficiency KW - Recycled sources KW - Struvite PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544216 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202100410 SN - 1436-8730 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-54421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Quicker, P. ED - Elvers, B. T1 - Waste, Evaluation Methods T2 - Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry N2 - It is difficult to decide which waste management system fulfills best predefined sustainability goals such as maximum materials and energy recovery, least environmental impact, and lowest societal cost. Such decisions are based on many parameters. However, several evaluation methods exist with different scope and output, and the application of one or more evaluation methods provides an objective comparison of alternatives. KW - Waste treatment KW - Exergy KW - Lfe cycle assessment KW - Eco-efficiency analysis PY - 2019 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/14356007.o28_o02.pub2 SN - 978-3-52730-673-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o28_o02.pub2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-49715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Volatile organic compounds from building products - Results from six round robin tests with emission test chambers conducted between 2008 and 2018 JF - Indoor Air N2 - Emission testing of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials and products is commonly based on emission test chamber measurements. To ensure the comparability of results from different testing laboratories, their measurement performance must be verified. For this purpose, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) organizes an international proficiency test (round robin test, RRT) every two years using well-characterized test materials (one sealant, one furniture board, and four times a lacquer) with defined VOC emissions. The materials fulfilled the requirements of homogeneity, reproducibility, and stability. Altogether, 36 VOCs were included of which 33 gave test chamber air concentrations between 13 and 83 µg/m3. This is the typical concentration range to be expected and to be quantified when performing chamber tests. Three compounds had higher concentrations between 326 and 1105 µg/m3. In this paper, the relative standard deviations (RSD) of BAM round robin tests since 2008 are compared and the improvement of the comparability of the emission chamber testing is shown by the decrease of the mean RSD down to 28 % in 2018. In contrast, the first large European interlaboratory comparison in 1999 showed a mean RSD of 51 %. KW - Construction product KW - Emission test chamber KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Proficiency testing KW - Rround robin test KW - VOC emission PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526139 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12848 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 2049 EP - 2057 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-52613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Volatile organic compounds from building products - Results from seven proficiency tests with emission test chambers conducted between 2008 and 2021 N2 - Emission testing of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials and products is commonly based on emission test chamber measurements. To ensure the comparability of results from different testing laboratories their measurement performance must be verified. For this purpose, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) organizes an international proficiency test every two years using well-characterised test materials (one sealant, one furniture board and four times a lacquer) with defined VOC emissions. The materials fulfilled the requirements of homogeneity, reproducibility, and stability. Altogether, 41 VOCs were included of which 37 gave test chamber air concentrations between 10 and 98 µg/m³. This is the typical concentration range to be expected and to be quantified when performing chamber tests. Four compounds had higher concentrations between 250 and 1105 µg/m³. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of BAM proficiency tests since 2008 are compared and the improvement of the comparability of the emission chamber testing is shown by the decrease of the mean RSD down to 23% in 2021. In contrast, the first large European interlaboratory comparison in 1999 showed a mean RSD of 51%. T2 - Proficiency Testing in Analytical Chemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine CY - Windsor, United Kingdom DA - 25.09.2023 KW - Proficiency Test KW - VOC-Emission KW - Chamber-test PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC-Emissions from thermoplastic filaments for 3-D-printing N2 - Summary: A screening test for potential emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was run on different thermoplastic filaments used for 3D printing. The method of direct thermal desorption was used to simulate the high temperatures during the 3D printing process and to identify the main compounds emitted from the filaments. A large number of unexpected compounds were detected that might affect the user’s health and have an impact on indoor air chemistry. Introduction: The use of desktop 3D printers is increasing. Compared to other devices with known emissions, e.g. laser printers, there is still a lack of information on possible emissions of VOC and ultrafine particles during operation and the effect on indoor air quality. Most of the commercially available desktop 3D printers operate with a molten polymer deposition. For this process a solid thermoplastic filament is heated in an extrusion nozzle. Most filaments for desktop 3D printers use either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) as filament. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polycarbonate (PC). Method: Eight different thermoplastic filaments for 3D printers were analysed by direct thermal desorption followed by GC-MS identification of the emitted substances. Direct thermal desorption was done by desorbing 5 mg of the feedstock for 1 minute at a temperature of 210°C. This is an average temperature for 3D printing with thermoplastic filaments. Results and conclusions: The comparison of the 4 different filament groups showed the highest overall emissions from ABS, followed by PLA, PC and PVA. Filament ABS 2 emitted mainly SVOCs and triphenyl phosphate, the latter has the highest emission for a single compound from all evaluated filaments. Thermoplastic filaments are a new source of VOC emissions due to the high temperatures associated with 3D printing, which can reach up to 270°C. Some of the detected compounds like lactic acid, lactide and bisphenol A have never been described before in the indoor environment. Additionally some of the main substances could not be identified and some others might have the potential to affect the indoor air chemistry. The appearance of some newly detected compounds raises concerns about potential health effects for the users of 3D printers at home. T2 - 20th Conference | Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - 3D printing KW - Thermoplastic filaments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC, Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emissions from Additive Manufacturing and 3D-Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on Additive Manufacturing techniques and related potential risks from emission of hazardous gases and aerosols, based on emission characterizations in BAM. Voluntary mitigation strategies are presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - 3D Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Particulate emissions KW - Emissions of hazardous gases KW - Filament comparison PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nöller, Renate A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Dora, C. ED - Fabian, C. ED - Knoche, M. ED - Linder, M. ED - Mittler, E. ED - Schmitz, W. T1 - VIS-Spectroscopy of Aztec colors. Possible application of a non-destructive analytical method T2 - Bibliothek und Wissenschaft N2 - VIS-spectrometry is a rapid, non- invasive, mobile method that offers a first overview of possible colorants used for painting. This is worked out in detail for European paintings and applied for artefacts and illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts from Asia for example show colorful decoration identified to be mostly prepared with mineral pigments such as cinnabar, azurite, malachite or orpiment, which can be well confirmed by elemental analyses due to their color-giving metal ions. This is not the case for the colorants used in pictorial manuscripts from pre-Hispanic America, painted mainly with organic dyes from plants. The palette of colors used by the Aztecs is very rich due to their extensive empire and long- distance communication with vassal states liable to tributes including dyes of high quality. These include for example red cochineal, yellow zacatlaxcalli, tagetes, safflower, and achiotl, as well as blue indigo, or matlalli. T2 - Manuscripta Americana: Aufarbeitung einer Sammlung CY - Ibero-Amerikanisches-Institut, SPK DA - 14.02.2019 KW - Pigments KW - Dyes KW - Humboldt Codices KW - Non-destructive test PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-447-11511-7 SN - 0067-8236 VL - 53 SP - 35 EP - 57 PB - Harrassowitz Verlag CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-51934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hufsky, F. A1 - Ibrahim, B. A1 - Beer, M. A1 - Deng, L. A1 - Le Mercier, P. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Palmarini, M. A1 - Thiel, V. A1 - Marz, M. T1 - Virologists—Heroes need weapons JF - Plos Pathogens N2 - Virologists. You might know a couple of them, but unless you are a virologist yourself, the probability that you have collaborated with one in the past is low. The community is relatively small, but they pack a heavy punch and are expected to play a leading role in the research into pathogens that lies ahead. You may ask why we think virologists are our future. Suffice it to say that it is not just because they have invented technologies that belong to the space age, including use of viruses as vehicles to shuttle genes into cells[1], organic nanoparticles with specific tools attached to their surfaces to get inside target cells[2], and using genetically modified viruses as therapies to fight against cancer[3]. Did you know that virologists currently only know of about 3,200 viral species but that more than 320,000 mammal-associated viruses[4] are thought to await discovery? Just think about the viruses hidden in the Arctic ice[5] or in the insects and other animals from once cut-off regions in the world, which now face ever-increasing human exposure[6]. But a heroic (as well as an apocalyptic) role for virologists may also be on the horizon, as the adoption of phage therapy may, in the future, be used to control harmful bacteria when antibiotics fail KW - Virology KW - Bioinformatics PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-442402 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006771 SN - 1553-7366 SN - 1553-7374 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - Article e1006771, 1 EP - 3 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. AN - OPUS4-44240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Brandhorst, Antonia A1 - Catanzaro, Ilaria A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Versatile DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi N2 - Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by diverse Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g., in melanized reproduction and survival structures of the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeasts) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. For studying the relevance of constitutive DHN melanogenesis for tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses, adhesion to substrates and subsequent damage of colonized surfaces, the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola was chosen as gene functions in this fungus can be studied by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. The putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome of K. petricola, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Phenotypes of DHN-deficient mutants are studied. Here, we will discuss the role of the DHN melanin layer on the outer cell wall in tolerating UV irradiation. T2 - Annual conference 2023 of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Pigment KW - UV radiation KW - Tolerance PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stock, S. C. A1 - Koester, M. A1 - Nájera, F. A1 - Boy, J. A1 - Matus, F. A1 - Merino, C. A1 - Abdallah, K. A1 - Spielvogel, S. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Dippold, M. A. A1 - Kuzyakov, Y. ED - Nunan, Naoise T1 - Vegetation strategies for nitrogen and potassium acquisition along a climate and vegetation gradient: From semi-desert to temperate rainforest JF - Geoderma N2 - Nutrient acquisition strategies of plants regulate water flow and mass transport within ecosystems, shaping earth surface processes. Understanding plant strategies under current conditions is important to assess and predict responses of natural ecosystems to future climate and environmental changes. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) (re-)utilization from topsoil and their acquisition from subsoil and saprolite were evaluated in a continental transect, encompassing three study sites – an arid shrubland, a mediterranean woodland, and a temperate rainforest – on similar granitoid parent material in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. The short-term (<1 year) plant N and K acquisition was traced with 15N and the K analogs rubidium and cesium. To do so, the tracers were either injected into topsoil, subsoil, or saprolite, in the immediate vicinity of eight individual plants per study site and injection depth. The long-term (>decades) K uplift by plants was investigated by the vertical distribution of exchangeable K+ and Na+. Recoveries of 15N and K analogs by arid shrubland plants were similar from topsoil, subsoil, and saprolite. Mediterranean woodland shrubs recovered the tracers primarily from topsoil (i.e., 89 % of recovered 15N and 84 % of recovered K analogs). Forest plants recovered the tracers from topsoil (15N = 49 %, K analogs = 57 %) and partially from greater depth: 38 % of recovered 15N and 43 % of recovered K analogs were acquired from subsoil and saprolite, respectively. Low nutrient accessibility in the topsoil (e.g., because of frequent droughts) drives shrubland plants to expand their N and K uptake to deeper and moister soil and saprolite. Woodland and forest plants dominantly recycled nutrients from topsoil. In the forest, this strategy was complemented by short-term uplift of N and K from depth. The vertical distribution of exchangeable K indicated long-term uplift of K by roots in all three sites. This highlighted that long-term K uplift from depth complements the nutrient budget across the continental transect. KW - Subsoil nutrient tracing KW - N and K analog tracer KW - Nutrient uplift and recyclin KW - Nutrient cycles KW - (Semi)arid to humid-temperate natural ecosys KW - Tems KW - Chilean Coastal Cordillera PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116077 SN - 0016-7061 VL - 425 SP - 2 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-56129 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaufmann, Felix E.D. A1 - Hoffmann, Marie C. A1 - Bachmann, Kai A1 - Veksler, Ilya V. A1 - Trumbull, Robert B. A1 - Hecht, Lutz T1 - Variations in composition, texture, and platinum group element mineralization in the lower group and middle group chromitites of the Northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa JF - Economic Geology N2 - Small-scale variations in mineral chemistry, textures, and platinum group element (PGE) mineralization were investigated in the Lower and Middle Group chromitite layers LG6, LG6a, MG1, MG2, and MG2 II from vertical drill core profiles at the Thaba mine in the northwestern limb of the Bushveld Complex. We present detailed geochemical profiles of chromite composition and chromite crystal size distribution curves to shed light on the processes of chromite accumulation and textural modification as well as mineralization. Multiple samples within each layer were assayed for PGE concentrations, and the respective platinum group mineral association was determined by mineral liberation analysis (MLA). There is strong evidence for postcumulus changes in the chromitites. The crystal size distribution curves suggest that the primary chromite texture was coarsened by a combination of adcumulus growth and textural equilibration, while compaction of the crystal mush played only a minor role. Mineral compositions were also modified by postcumulus processes, but because of the very high modal amount of chromite and its local preservation in orthopyroxene oikocrysts, that phase retained much primary information. Vertical variations of chromite composition within chromitite layers and from one layer to another do not support the idea of chromite accumulation from crystal-rich slurries or crystal settling from a large magma chamber. Instead, we favor a successive buildup of chromitite layers by repeated injections of relatively thin layers of chromite-saturated magmas, with in situ crystallization occurring at the crystal mush-magma interface. The adcumulus growth of chromite grains to form massive chromitite required addition of Cr to the layers, which we attribute to downward percolation from the overlying magma. The PGE concentrations are elevated in all chromitite layers compared to adjacent silicate rocks and show a systematic increase upward from LG6 (avg 807 ppb Ir + Ru + Rh + Pt + Pd + Au) to MG2 II (avg 2,062 ppb). There are also significant internal variations in all layers, with enrichments at hanging and/or footwalls. The enriched nature of chromitites in PGEs compared to host pyroxenites is a General feature, independent of the layer thickness. The MLA results distinguish two principal groups of PGE mineral associations: the LG6, LG6, and MG1 are dominated by the malanite series, laurite, and PGE sulfarsenides, while the MG2 and MG2 II layers are characterized by laurite and PGE sulfides as well as Pt-Fe-Sn and PGE-Sb-Bi-Pb alloys. Differences in the PGE associations are attributed to postcumulus alteration of the MG2 and MG2 II layer, while the chromitites below, particularly LG6 and LG6a, contain a more pristine association. KW - Bushveld Complex KW - Chromitites KW - Platinum PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4641 SN - 0361-0128 VL - 114 IS - 3 SP - 569 EP - 590 PB - Society of Economic Geologists AN - OPUS4-48145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Barjenbruch, M. A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Ehm, J.H. T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany JF - Environmental Sciences Europe N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Phosphorus elimination PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55749 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - VAMAS Regional Report Germany N2 - Regional standardisation activities and how VAMAS can help in any way to promote activities are reported. Activities related to organisational updates, government initiatives/priorities (especially related to Materials), details of any strategy documents publicly available, networks within Germany and how we engage are presented. T2 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) 48th Steering Committee Meeting CY - New Delhi, India DA - 09.10.2023 KW - VAMAS KW - Standardisation PY - 2023 UR - https://www.nplindia.org/index.php/amcsnzt_2023/ AN - OPUS4-58572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Lehnik-Habrink, Petra A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Sauer, Andreas T1 - Validation of European horizontal methods for the analysis of PAH, PCB and dioxins in sludge, treated biowaste and soil JF - Environmental Science Europe N2 - Draft standards for the determination of organic pollutants in the solid matter of environmental matrices such as sludge, treated biowaste and soil have been basically developed in the framework of the European standardization project HORIZONTAL. A research project financed by the German Federal Environment Agency was initiated to finalize some of these CEN standard drafts, since fully validated standard procedures are crucial for the evaluation of their reliability in the context of implementation in legislation on environmental health. Approach: Appropriate test materials (< 2mm particle size) were prepared and homogenized from contaminated soils, sludge and treated biowaste containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, furans and dioxin-like-PCB and served, along with reference solutions, as the basis for international interlaboratory comparisons. Performance data of three analytical standard procedures were obtained by the statistical evaluation of results received from 11 to 29 participants per test material. Results: The overall variation coefficients of reproducibility (between-lab standard deviations) for the sum parameters were roughly between 10 and 35 %. The variation coefficients of repeatability (within-lab standard deviations) range between 3 % and 8 % and show no trend considering the substance groups or matrices. The highest coefficients of reproducibility were found for the analysis of PAHs, which were between 26 and 35 %, depending on the matrix, whereas 7-17 % reproducibility was observed for toxicity equivalents (TEQ) comprising dioxins, furans and dl-PCB. Conclusions: Overall, the results confirm that the procedures described in the Technical Specifications are fit for purpose for all three matrices and that the feasibility of the HORIZONTAL approach, to cover several matrices with one standard per analyte, was thereby proven. KW - Standardization KW - Analytical methods KW - Organic contaminants KW - Validation trial KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-479914 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0211-3 SN - 2190-4715 VL - 31 SP - 29, 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-47991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Aitken, M. D. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives? JF - Materials N2 - The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented. KW - Environmental simulations KW - Polymer-based products KW - Artificial weathering KW - Degradation KW - Leaching KW - Soil contact PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509310 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122709 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - Paper 2709, 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE) JF - Desalination and Water Treatment N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted. KW - Wastewater KW - Circular economy KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Desalination Publications CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA AN - OPUS4-50646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger ED - Trematerra, P. ED - Conti, B. T1 - Uninvited and welcomed guests in museums – biological management of clothes moths and woodworms T2 - IOBC-WPRS Bulletin N2 - In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations. Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the Museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides. Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in Museums and historic houses is just beginning. This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed. T2 - Working Group Meeting "Integrated Protection of Stored Products" CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Corynetes caeruleus KW - Biological control KW - Museum pests KW - Tineola bisselliella KW - Anobium punctatum KW - Apanteles carpatus KW - Baryscapus tineivorus PY - 2020 SN - 978-92-9067-333-0 VL - 148 SP - 266 EP - 273 AN - OPUS4-50543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Uninvited and Welcomed Guests in Museums – Biological management of clothes moths and woodworms N2 - In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations. Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides. Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in museums and historic houses is just beginning. This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed. T2 - IOBC-WPRS CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Biological Control KW - Museum Pests KW - Tineola bisselliella KW - Anobium punctatum KW - Apanteles carpatus KW - Baryscapus tineivorus KW - Corynetes caeruleus PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Understanding the technological evolution of writing materials. Scientific systematic study of inks from Coptic manuscripts N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques: XRF, FTIR, and Raman. In most cases, we can obtain satisfactory results using a non-invasive protocol. However, mixed inks that contain no metals evade such a protocol. These inks constitute a heterogeneous group of media used especially in the Middle East and the Islamicate world since at least the 10th century; they are characterized by blending carbon ink and tannins, with or without the addition of vitriol. Our own research aims primarily at recreating a socio-geographic history of inks, parchment, and papyrus and includes the comparative analysis of the writing materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ink and papyrus in Ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, and inks in documents from various contemporary medieval communities in Fustat (first nucleus of Cairo). During many years of study, we concluded that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for historical study of the ink in a large geographic area. Thanks to the collaboration with the ERC project “PAThs” (www.paths.uniroma1.it), based at the University of Rome La Sapienza, and within the activities of a PhD research dedicated to this topic, we therefore created a new branch of our project focused entirely on the analysis of Coptic inks, pigments, and dyes. This pioneering systematic study of writing materials coming from a specific area and time frame (5th-10th century) aims not only at a better understanding of the complex Coptic multicultural and plurilingual society, but also and mainly at clarifying the links among the Coptic and other societies between the ancient and medieval eras. Finally, it will cast light on the history of the technological development of inks in the eastern world, from Antiquity to the middle ages. T2 - Konferenz: Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research, Gordon Research Conference CY - Castelldefels, Spain DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Coptic KW - Ink KW - Manuscript PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46024 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Catanzaro, Ilaria A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Onofri, S. T1 - Understanding the role of DHN melanin in Cryomyces antarcticus N2 - Cryomyces antarcticus – a cryptoendolithic black fungus endemic to Antarctica – is taxonomically classified in phylum Ascomycota, class Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. C. antarcticus has shown high capability to survive extreme environmental conditions like those found in space (ionizing radiation, vacuum, microgravity), thus fueling fundamental astrobiological questions like “searching for life beyond Earth” (Onofri et al. 2020, Extremophiles Astrobiol Model). Its extraordinary resilience has been attributed to the presence of thick, highly melanized cell walls, which may contain both DHN and DOPA melanins (Pacelli et al. 2020, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol). To better understand the contribution of DHN melanin to the overall resilience of C. antarcticus, we initially adopted chemicals e.g., tricyclazole to inhibit the DHN melanin synthetic pathway; however, these studies gave inconclusive results. Eventually, we decided to generate melanin-deficient mutants by genetic engineering. Using the genetic toolkit developed for the black fungus Knufia petricola (Voigt et al. 2020, Sci Rep; Erdmann et al. 2022, Front Fungal Biol), we designed a strategy for mutating the key enzyme (polyketide synthase)-encoding gene capks1 by transient delivery of Cas9 and capks1-specific sgRNA from AMA-containing plasmids and PCR-generated donor DNA i.e., resistance cassettes flanked by ~75-bp-long sequences homologous to capks1. For this, the melanin-PKS encoding ortholog was identified in the C. antarcticus CBS 116301 genome (mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov) and used to design primers for re-sequencing of the capks1 locus in the strain CCFEE 515. Transformation of C. antarcticus is challenging because of its very slow growth; we expect that 4-6 months are needed from obtaining enough biomass for cell wall lysis until transferring putatively resistant transformants for genotyping. Important parameters were evaluated: protoplasts can be generated, and they survive the transformation procedure, and suitable concentrations of selective agents have been identified. Nowadays, we are waiting for the first C. antarcticus mutants considered to be deficient in DHN melanogenesis. T2 - 16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 05.03.2023 KW - Cryptoendolithic black fungus KW - DHN melanin KW - Astrobiology PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - He, Zhiming A1 - Dechesne, Arnaud A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Zhu, Yong-Guan A1 - Larsson, Joakim A1 - Smets, Barth T1 - Understanding Stimulation of Conjugal Gene Transfer by Nonantibiotic Compounds: How Far Are We? JF - Environmental Science & Technology N2 - A myriad of nonantibiotic compounds is released into the environment, some of which may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance by stimulating conjugation. Here, we analyzed a collection of studies to (i) identify patterns of transfer stimulation across groups and concentrations of chemicals, (ii) evaluate the strength of evidence for the proposed mechanisms behind conjugal stimulation, and (iii) examine the plausibility of alternative mechanisms. We show that stimulatory nonantibiotic compounds act at concentrations from 1/1000 to 1/10 of the minimal inhibitory concentration for the donor strain but that stimulation is always modest (less than 8-fold). The main proposed mechanisms for stimulation via the reactive oxygen species/SOS cascade and/or an increase in cell membrane permeability are not unequivocally supported by the literature. However, we identify the reactive oxygen species/SOS cascade as the most likely mechanism. This remains to be confirmed by firm molecular evidence. Such evidence and more standardized and high-throughput conjugation assays are needed to create technologies and solutions to limit the stimulation of conjugal gene transfer and contribute to mitigating global antibiotic resistance. KW - Antibiotic resistance KW - Horizontal gene transfer KW - Conjugation KW - Chemicals PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06060 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-60105 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gentzmann, Marie A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Serrano, Juan A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments JF - Journal of Geochemical Exploration N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite. The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc from bauxite residues. KW - Bauxite residue KW - Scandium KW - Leaching KW - Design of experiments KW - Red mud PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041 SN - 0375-6742 VL - 2022 IS - 240 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - UBA Projects on Particulate Emissions from Laser Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on past and ongoing projects in BAM on laser printer particulate emissions, funded by the German Environment Agency (UBA) in order to further develop award criteria for the Blue Angel ecolabel for office machines T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Laser Printer KW - Particulate emission KW - Blue Angel ecolabel KW - Office machines PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Mull, B. T1 - Two new promising approaches for quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing N2 - Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and reproducible emission rates were obtained. T2 - Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - FEM model PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Mull, B. T1 - Two new promising approaches for quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing T2 - Proceedings of Indoor Air 2018 - 15th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality & Climate N2 - Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and re-producible emission rates were obtained. T2 - Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - FEM model PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-45610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Armitage, S. AO A1 - Genersch, E. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Rafaluk-Mohr, C. A1 - Rolff, J. ED - Milutinovic, B. ED - Armitage, S. AO T1 - Tripartite interactions: how immunity, microbiota and pathogens interact and affect pathogen virulence evolution$ JF - Insect Science N2 - The bipartite interactions between insect hosts and their bacterial gut microbiota, or their bacterial pathogens, are empirically and theoretically well-explored. However, direct, and indirect tripartite interactions will also likely occur inside a host. These interactions will almost certainly affect the trajectory of pathogen virulence evolution, an area that is currently under researched. The interactions within tripartite associations can be competitive, that is, exploitative-competition, interference-competition or apparent-competition. Competitive interactions will be significantly influenced by non-competitive effects, for example, immunopathology, immunosuppression, and microbiota-mediated tolerance. Considering a combination of these interactions and effects, will enable an increased understanding of the evolution of pathogen virulence. This new perspective allows us to identify several novel research questions, which we hope will be a useful framework for future research. KW - Tripartite interactions KW - Community-level interactions KW - Microbiota KW - Pathogen virulence KW - Host immunity PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/J.cois.2021.12.011 VL - 50 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Inc. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-54357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Trends in selected fields of reference material production JF - Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry N2 - For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered. T2 - 150 years BAM: Science with impact CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.01.2021 KW - Reference material KW - ISO REMCO KW - Gas analysis KW - Food KW - Nanomaterials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 414 IS - Topical collection: Analytical methods and applications in the materials and life sciences SP - 4281 EP - 4289 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena T1 - Transformation of biocides in organic coatings due to UV radiation and water contact N2 - Transformation of carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone and terbutryn was investigated in two paints containing either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment. Test specimens of these coatings on glass were exposed to water contact and UVA-radiation under laboratory conditions. Panels of birch plywood were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Water contact, UVA radiation as well as pigments in the paints affected the pattern and amount of transformation products. T2 - Advanced Coationgs Technology '18 CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 13.11.2018 KW - Biocide KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - UV radiation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Towards circular economy for phosphorus in Poland N2 - In the transition to the Circular Economy (CE) model, where the added value of products is kept as long as possible and waste is eliminated, the sustainable management of raw materials plays a key role. In above CE model, especial attention is paid to CRMs which are economically and strategically important for the European economy, but have a high-risk associated with their supply. One of the most important element which can not be replaced and is an essential element for human nutrition, yet limited resource is phosphorus (P). An importance of issues related to sustainable P management results from EU legislation, which indicated P as a Critical Raw Material (CRM). The sustainable management of P-resources is especially important for the Baltic region. A consequence of waterborne loads passing into the sea, mainly as wastewater with a high P content is the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea environment. Due to the largest inputs of P (37%) into the Baltic Sea originate from Poland, the development of sustainable solutions aimed at more rational P management for this country is externally important. T2 - International Phosphorus Workshop 9 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 08.07.2019 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Circular economy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Towards an efficient procedure for the analysis of VVOC emissions N2 - This poster summarizes the points that need to be addressed towards the standardization of an efficient procedure for the analysis of VVOC emissions: Standard mixture generation and investigations on mutual reactivity, selection of an appropriate sorbent combination, water management and choice of a suited GC column. T2 - Indoor Air 2020: The 16th conference of the international society of indoor air quality and climate CY - Online meeting DA - 01.11.2020 KW - VVOCs KW - Analytical method KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - EN 16516 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A1 - Kunze, R. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Tools for Reverse and Forward Genetics in Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi are inhabitants of exposed natural and man-made surfaces in all climate zones. Genetic studies are hampered by slow growth, lacking sexual cycles and difficulties to transform these fungi. Recently, we implemented CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools enabling efficient targeted mutations of the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes/Chaetothyriales) for studying stress responses, the unusual types of cell division, mineral weathering and symbiotic interactions with phototrophic microbes (Voigt, Knabe et al. 2020, Sci Rep; Erdmann et al. 2022, Front Fungal Biol). To further explore the genome of this fungus as representative of the polyphyletic group of black fungi and to assign functions to yet unknown genes, a forward genetics approach is aimed. We chose the two-component Activator/ Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposon system from maize for generating a collection of insertional mutants by in-vivo mutagenesis. For the optimal use of this genetic tool, an inducible promoter for the expression of the Ac transposase and by this the regulatable transposition of the resistance cassette-containing Ds transposon is requested. However, endogenous promoters for nitrate assimilation and galactose catabolism that are often used in fungi for regulatable gene expression are not inducible by their substrates in K. petricola suggesting that the regulatory networks for nutrient acquisition differ significantly in the oligotrophic black fungi. Therefore, the metabolism-independent Tet-on system was adopted and validated using a Ptet::gfp construct. No GFP fluorescence was detected in absence of the inducer doxycycline (DOX) while fluorescence intensities increased with increasing inducer concentrations. Consequently, the Tet-on system is suitable for regulatable expression of endogenous and foreign genes in K. petricola. T2 - VAAM Fachgruppentagung "Molecular Biology of Fungi" CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany DA - 07.09.2022 KW - Rock-inhabiting fungus KW - Genetic tools KW - Controllable gene expression PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Tools for Knufia petricola: new techniques for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing N2 - Black microcolonial fungi represent a group of ascomycetes with similar adaptations for existing in natural and anthropogenically created extreme habitats. They exhibit slow yeast-like or meristematic growth, do not form specialized reproduction structures and accumulate the black pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in the multilayered cell walls. We chose the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola of the Chaetothyriales as a representative for developing methods for genetic manipulation, simulation of mineral weathering and study of symbiotic interactions. Here, we report on the expansion of the genetic toolkit by more efficient multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 using a plasmid-based system for expression of Cas9 and multiple sgRNAs and three additional resistance selection markers. The targeted integration of expression constructs by replacement of essential genes for pigment synthesis allows for an additional color screening of the transformants. The black-pink screening due to the elimination of pks1 (melanin) was applied for promoter studies using GFP fluorescence as reporter, while the black-white screening due to the concurrent elimination of pks1 (melanin) and phs1 (carotenoids) was used to identify transformants that contain the two expression constructs for co-localization or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. In addition, two intergenic regions (igr1, igr2) were identified in which expression constructs can be inserted without causing obvious phenotypes. Plasmids of the pNXR-XXX series (Schumacher, 2012) and new compatible entry plasmids were used for fast and easy generation of expression constructs and are suitable for use in other fungal systems as well. T2 - 31st Fungal Genetics Conference CY - USA, CA, Pacific Grove DA - 15.03.2022 KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Genetic engineering KW - Fluorescent proteins PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirabella, Francesca A1 - Mezera, Marek A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - ToF-SIMS as a new tool for nano-scale investigation of ps-laser-generated surface structures on titanium substrates N2 - In recent years, the fabrication of laser-generated surface structures on metals such as titanium surfaces have gained remarkable interests, being technologically relevant for applications in optics, medicine, fluid transport, tribology, and wetting of surfaces. The morphology of these structures, and so their chemistry, is influenced by the different laser processing parameters such as the laser fluence, wavelength, pulse repetition rate, laser light polarization type and direction, angle of incidence, and the effective number of laser pulses per beam spot area. However, the characterization of the different surface structures can be difficult because of constraints regarding the analytical information from both depth and the topographic artifacts which may limit the lateral and depth resolution of elemental distributions as well as their proper quantification. A promising technique to investigate these structures even at the nano-scale is Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), a very surface sensitive technique that at the same time allows to perform depth-profiling, imaging and 3D-reconstruction of selected ion-sputter fragment distributions on the surface. In this study we combine chemical analyses such as Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses with ToF-SIMS to fully characterize the evolution of various types of laser-generated micro- and nanostructures formed on Ti and Ti alloys at different laser fluence levels, effective number of pulses and at different pulse repetition rates (1 – 400 kHz), following irradiation by near-infrared ultrashort laser pulses (925 fs, 1030 nm) in air environment or under argon gas flow. We show how this combined surface analytical approach allows to evaluate alteration in the surface chemistry of the laser-generated surface structures depending on the laser processing parameters and the ambient environment. T2 - European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Fall Meeting 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - ToF SIMS KW - Nano characterization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Background. Disinfection is an important mitigation strategy to control and prevent the spread of infections. Incomplete or incorrect usage of disinfection may promote evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics. Ideally, disinfection reduces the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Objective. In this study, we investigated six active substances of disinfectants, preservatives, and antiseptics against a population of E. coli to identify the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Methods. We performed time-kill experiments and analyzed the data with a mathematical model to statistically infer whether the data is best explained by the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Results. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and isopropanol. In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure. In addition, we are currently performing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with the different disinfectants to investigate the potential consequences of tolerant sub-populations for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. T2 - Vereinigung Allgemeiner und Angewandter Mikrobiobiologie Jahreskongress 2023 CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Biocide KW - Desinfectant KW - E.coli PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Background. Disinfection is an important mitigation strategy to control and prevent the spread of infections. Incomplete or incorrect usage of disinfection may promote evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics. Ideally, disinfection reduces the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Objective. In this study, we investigated six active substances of disinfectants, preservatives, and antiseptics against a population of E. coli to identify the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Methods. We performed time-kill experiments and analyzed the data with a mathematical model to statistically infer whether the data is best explained by the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Results. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and isopropanol. In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure. In addition, we are currently performing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with the different disinfectants to investigate the potential consequences of tolerant sub-populations for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. T2 - FEMS Conference CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 10.07.2023 KW - Biocide KW - Desinfectant KW - E.coli PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guterman, R. A1 - Miao, H. A1 - Cataldo, V. A. A1 - Antonietti, M. A1 - Dimke, Thomas A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Thioimidazolium salts as a platform for nonvolatile alkylators and degradable antiseptics JF - ACS sustainable chemistry and engineering N2 - ABSTRACT: A collection of thioimidazolium salts were synthesized and used as a new class of nonvolatile alkylating agents. Their nonvolatility prevents exposure during use or handling and are thus drastically safer than conventional alkylating agents. We discovered that thioimidazolium Iodide salts cannot release volatile compounds in the solid state, but instead only decompose when molten. Since decomposition proceeds via alkyl iodide elimination, SN2 of iodide on the thioimidazolium cation is constrained in the solid state, and instead can occur only upon melting when ions are mobile. By smart design of these alkylators, the melting point and thus the decomposition temperature of these salts can be increased from 106 to 169 °C and release negligible volatile organic compounds prior to melting. Thioimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) ionic liquids act as a completely nonvolatile and air-stable TFSI-based alkylating agent and can be used for high-throughput Synthesis of TFSI ionic liquids without solvent. Alkyl groups from methyl to dodecyl can be transferred to a nucleophile and the product purified by sublimation of the thione byproduct, which can then be recycled. We also found that thioimidazolium salts with a dodecyl chain are bactericidal, yet can hydrolyze in water to form benign neutral products, and thus wont accumulate in the environment. These results demonstrate that thioimidazolium salts are a designable platform for the pursuit of safer and more environmentally friendly alkylating and antiseptic agents. KW - Alkylating agents KW - Decomposition point KW - Melting point KW - Nonvolatile KW - One-step ionic liquids synthesis KW - Antiseptic agents PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03874 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 6 IS - 11 SP - 15434 EP - 15440 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-46904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, K. H. A1 - Sattari, S. A1 - Beyranvand, S. A1 - Faghani, A. A1 - Ludwig, K. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Böttcher, C. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Thermoresponsive Amphiphilic Functionalization of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide to Study Graphene/Bacteria Hydrophobic Interactions JF - Langmuir N2 - An understanding of the interactions of 2D nanomaterials with pathogens is of vital importance to developing and controlling their antimicrobial properties. In this work, the interaction of functionalized graphene with tunable hydrophobicity and bacteria is investigated. Poly-(ethylene glycol)-block-(poly-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer (PEG-b-PNIPAM) with the triazine joint point was attached to the graphene Surface by a nitrene [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. By thermally switching between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states, functionalized graphene sheets were able to bind to bacteria. Bacteria were eventually disrupted when the functionality was switched to the hydrophobic state. On the basis of measuring the different microscopy methods and a live/dead viability assay, it was found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are more susceptible to hydrophobic interactions than B. cereus bacteria, under the same conditions. Our investigations confirm that hydrophobic interaction is one of the main driving forces at the presented graphene/bacteria interfaces and promotes the antibacterial activity of graphene derivatives significantly. KW - 2D nanomaterials KW - Functionalized graphene KW - Antimicrobial KW - Hydrophobic interaction PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03660 VL - 35 IS - 13 SP - 4736 EP - 4746 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-49235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Grevel, K.-D. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Dachs, E. A1 - Benisek, A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Majzlan, J. T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 JF - Journal of Materials Science N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4. Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams. KW - Formation enthalpy KW - Heat capacity KW - Phase transformation KW - Bioceramics KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Entropy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5 VL - 55 SP - 8477 EP - 8490 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Auer, G. T1 - Thermochemical treatment of waste products from iron and steel production T2 - Proceedings, European Metallurgical Conference 2019 N2 - Blast furnace (BF) sludge and electric arc furnace (EAF) dust are typical wastes that incur from iron and steel production. In addition to iron, calcium, carbon, and silicon they usually contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, and cadmium that are potentially hazardous to the environment, rendering disposal in landfills ecologically problematic and costly. Consequently, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and hybrid methods for selective elimination of non-ferrous heavy metals from BF sludge and EAF dust have been conceived, of which only the carbothermic reduction route taken in the so-called Waelz rotary kiln process has been proven to be economically successful. However, this process has several drawbacks regarding efficiency of heavy-metal removal and recovery of iron, and it does not allow processing of BF sludge. In this study, we investigated the efficiency and feasibility of selective chlorination and evaporation of non-ferrous heavy metals, particularly zinc and lead, in both BF sludge and EAF dust as an alternative, thermochemical processing route. To this end, hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride solution have been used as chlorinating agents, and the process of heavy-metal chlorination and evaporation has been investigated under inert operating conditions, at variable chlorine concentrations, and at temperatures between 500 and 1200 °C. High zinc and lead removal efficiencies of > 99.5 % were achieved with both chlorinating agents, but iron(II) chloride turned out to be overall more efficient for removal of zinc and lead from BF sludge and EAF dust. Interestingly, and in contrast to previous studies, the iron was completely retained in the processed solid residue, therefore rendering the processed residues virtually zinc- and lead-free raw materials that may either be used internally (e.g., feeding processed BF sludge and EAF dust back into the respective furnaces) or externally (e.g., for cement production). T2 - European Metallurgical Conference 2019 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Recycling KW - Selective chlorination KW - Zinc PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-940276-89-6 VL - 3 SP - 1267 EP - 1282 PB - GDMB CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-48362 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Auer, G. T1 - Thermochemical treatment of waste products from iron and steel production N2 - This presentation summarizes the development of a novel thermochemical process for recycling of zinc and lead-bearing wastes (blast furnace sludge and electric arc furnace dust) that accumulate during iron and steel production. T2 - European Metallurgical Conference 2019 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Recycling KW - Selective chlorination KW - Zinc PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48364 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piehl, Patrick A1 - Auer, G. A1 - Kehrmann, A. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermochemical treatment of steel work dusts and sludges for the recovery of zinc and iron N2 - During iron and steel production, several by-products such as slags, dusts, and sludges are generated in addition to pig iron and steel as primary products. Especially for filter dusts and sludges containing zinc and lead from gas purification, there are still considerable recycling problems. However, the high heavy metal contents make landfilling of these dusts and sludges cost-intensive and ecologically problematic. In addition, the relatively high zinc and iron loads represent a valuable resource, which can make reprocessing of the material with recovery of the zinc and iron loads as secondary raw materials ecologically as well as economically attractive. Nevertheless, established recycling methods like the Waelz process fall short in regaining more than one valuable metal from the dusts and operate only under narrow ranges of material compositions, which makes it problematic to adapt these processes to new dust compositions as are to be formed in future steel work operations. To tackle these problems, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Ferro Duo GmbH investigate innovative recycling methods for steelwork dusts and sludges in a joint project. This mainly focusses on regaining valuable metals such as iron as well as zinc from blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) by thermochemical treatment. Therefore, mixtures of these materials are heated under inert atmosphere employing the carbon present in BFS as internal reducing agent. During the process, metallic iron is formed in the solid reaction product while zinc and other volatile heavy metals are evaporated. This paves the way for the generation of zinc as well as sponge iron as two separate products valuable for metallurgical processes. The process basically consists of heating a mixture of BFS and EAFD to temperatures between 700 and 1100 °C under inert (e.g., nitrogen) or reducing (e.g., CO) gas flow. When a suitable mixing ratio is applied, the carbon present in the BFS can be effectively used as reducing agent for iron and zinc present in both starting materials generating a solid residue with high metallic iron and low carbon content as well as a gas stream laden with zinc and other volatile heavy metals, that can be regained by off-gas treatment. The project aims at testing this concept as a continuous process in a pilot plant established by Ferro Duo GmbH with BAM supplying comprehensive scientific support by lab- and small scale-experiments. Additionally, considering the necessity to mitigate CO2 emissions and the resulting shift in compositions of steel work dusts and sludges, our research also investigates replacement of carbon present in the sludges by hydrogen as potentially carbon-neutral reducing agent. Here, the use of non-explosive forming gas as reducing agent for EAFD shows potential to give a product high in metallic iron while zinc and other heavy metals are effectively evaporated from the solid material making it possible to regain them from the exhaust gas stream. T2 - 11th European Slag Conference CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 04.10.2022 KW - Elektroofenstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Recycling KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung KW - Zink PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55950 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland JF - Energies N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production. KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes KW - Critical raw materials KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage Sludge PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 5461 AN - OPUS4-51446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schaaf, T. A1 - Künstler, J. T1 - Thermochemical P recycling from ash by AshDec ® process N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind. Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet. T2 - Wastewater, Water and Resource Recovery (Workshop) CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2022 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Ashdec PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for investigating the thermal degradation of polyurethanes JF - Analytical Methods N2 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was used to investigate the thermal degradation of two different polyurethanes (PU). PU samples were heated at different heating rates and the desorbed products were collected in a cold injection system and thereafter submitted to GC-MS. Prospects and limitations of the detection and quantification of semi-volatile degradation products were investigated. A temperature dependent PU depolymerization was found at temperatures above 200 °C proved by an increasing release of 1,4-butanediol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) representing the main building blocks of both polymers. Their release was monitored quantitatively based on external calibration with authentic compounds. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the residues obtained after thermodesorption confirmed the initial competitive degradation mechanism indicating an equilibrium of crosslinking and depolymerization as previously suggested. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of SEC fractions of thermally degraded PUs provided additional hints on degradation mechanism. KW - Thermo-desorption KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Polyurethanes KW - Thermal degradation PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AY00173C SN - 1759-9660 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Royal Society for Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auer, G. A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermal zinc extraction from steel mill dust JF - World of Metallurgy – Erzmetall N2 - Treatment and reusing of hazardous wastes have become significant issues of modern societies. Blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are such typical wastes, because they usually contain high amounts of undesirable elements such as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb). These elements can cause operational problems in reusing of BFS and EAFD. In this study, the Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing have investigated a novel approach for eliminating and/or recovering Zn and Pb from both wastes. Applied was a selective chlorination and volatilization of Zn and Pb as chlorides at temperatures between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Both product obtained, Zn and Pb in the form of ZnCl2 and PbCl2 and the purified solid mineral compound are attractive materials for further use. Hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride were used as chlorination agents. Exceptionally high Zn and Pb removal efficiencies of >99.5 % could be achieved with both chlorination agents, whereby iron(II) chloride exhibited better performance. KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Chlorination KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Lead KW - Zinc KW - Thermochemical treatment PY - 2019 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 31 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-47288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment JF - Journal of Plant Nutrition N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blotevogel, J. A1 - Lu, W. A1 - Rappé, A. A1 - Kennedy, E. A1 - Stockenhuber, M. A1 - Weber, N. A1 - Lucas, J. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, O. T1 - Thermal Destruction of PFAS N2 - Thermal treatment processes are currently the only full-scale option for thedestruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large waste streams. While all organic molecules including PFAS are susceptible to thermal destruction, their decomposition rates are controlled by process variables such as temperature, reaction atmosphere, and residence time. Concerns exist about the formation of products of incomplete destruction and their emission from hazardous waste incinerators. This talk will summarize the current stateof-the-art of thermal PFAS destruction, identify research needs, and showcase future research designed to address critical knowledge gaps. T2 - Department of Defense's (DoD) Energy and Environment Innovation Symposium CY - Washington DC, USA DA - 28.11.2023 KW - Thermal treatment KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Krutzsch, M. T1 - The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials T2 - Proceedings of the 28th Congress of Papyrology, Barcelona 1-6 August 2016 N2 - Our experimental knowledge about the inks of antiquity and late antiquity rarely goes beyond their visual description. In rare cases, inks typology has been determined by means of microscopy and reflectography, i.e. using their physical and optical properties, respectively. Since carbon, plant and iron gall inks belong to different classes of compounds they could be easily distinguished had only pure inks been used. Even these crude observations suggest that the inks used differed greatly in their composition. Reconstruction of the ink recipes with the help of advanced non-destructive analytical techniques could serve as a powerful accessory for in the studies of ancient papyri. The proposed paper will present a short survey of the methods of material analysis and the challenges offered by ancient inks. The examples of the ink studies from the collections of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem and Egyptian Museum in Berlin will conclude the paper. T2 - 28th Congress of Papyrology CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 01.08.2016 KW - Papyrus KW - Ink PY - 2019 SP - 773 EP - 781 AN - OPUS4-49532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aumont, Cedric A1 - Beránková, T. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Radek, R. A1 - Akama, P. D. A1 - Sillam-Dussès, D. A1 - Sobotnik, J. ED - Scholtz, G. T1 - The ultrastructure of the rostral gland in soldiers of Verrucositermes tuberosus (Blattodea: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) JF - Arthropod Structure & Development N2 - The soil-feeding habit is an evolutionary novelty found in some advanced groups of termites. The study of such groups is important to revealing interesting adaptations to this way-of-life. The genus Verrucositermes is one such example, characterized by peculiar outgrowths on the head capsule, antennae and maxillary palps, which are not found in any other termite. These structures have been hypothesized to be linked to the presence of a new exocrine organ, the rostral gland, whose structure has remained unexplored. We have thus studied the ultrastructure of the epidermal layer of the head capsule of Verrucositermes tuberosus soldiers.We describe the ultrastructure of the rostral gland, which consists of class 3 secretory cells only. The dominant secretory organelles comprise rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which provide secretions delivered to the surface of the head, likely made of peptide-derived components of unclear function. We discuss a possible role of the rostral gland of soldiers as an adaptation to the frequent encounter with soil pathogens during search for new food resources. KW - Soil-feeding habit KW - Advanced groups of termites KW - New exocrine organ KW - Rostral gland KW - Epidemal layer KW - Peptide-derived components PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2023.101238 SN - 1467-8039 VL - 73 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-57046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alder-Rangel, A. A1 - Idnurm, A. A1 - Brand, A. A1 - Brown, A. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kelliher, C. A1 - Campos, C. A1 - Levin, D. A1 - Bell-Pedersen, D. A1 - Dadachova, E. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Gadd, G. A1 - Braus, G. A1 - Braga, G. A1 - Brancini, G. A1 - Walker, G. A1 - Druzhinina, I. A1 - Pocsi, I. A1 - Dijksterhuis, J. A1 - Aguirre, J. A1 - Hallsworth, J. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Ho Wong, K. A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Corrochano, L. A1 - Kupiec, M. A1 - Momany, M. A1 - Molin, M. A1 - Requena, N. A1 - Yarden, O. A1 - Cordero, R. A1 - Fischer, R. A1 - Pascon, R. A1 - Mancinelli, R. A1 - Emri, T. A1 - Basso, T. A1 - Rangel, D. T1 - The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS JF - Fungal Biology N2 - Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Agricultural mycology KW - Fungal stress mechanisms and responses KW - Industrial mycology KW - Medical mycology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 235 EP - 252 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schütz, R. A1 - Maragh, J. A1 - Weaver, J. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Masic, A. T1 - The Temple Scroll: Reconstructing an ancient manufacturing practice JF - Science advances N2 - The miraculously preserved 2000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient texts of invaluable historical significance, were discovered in the mid-20th century in the caves of the Judean desert. The texts were mainly written on parchment and exhibit vast diversity in their states of preservation. One particular scroll, the 8-m-long Temple Scroll is especially notable because of its exceptional thinness and bright ivory color. The parchment has a layered structure, consisting of a collagenous base material and an atypical inorganic overlayer. We analyzed the chemistry of the inorganic layer using x-ray and Raman spectroscopies and discovered a variety of evaporitic sulfate salts. This points toward a unique ancient production technology in which the parchment was modified through the addition of the inorganic layer as a writing surface. Furthermore, understanding the properties of these minerals is particularly critical for the development of suitable conservation methods for the preservation of these invaluable historical documents. KW - Temple Scroll KW - Dead Sea Scrolls PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-495314 DO - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7494 VL - 5 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - AAAS AN - OPUS4-49531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - The study of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion under flow conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an expensive but unpredictable problem for the industries. The most well-known culprit for MIC is the sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM), such as members from the genus Desulfovibrio. It has been widely accepted that SRM can contribute significantly to MIC through the production of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) or in some cases a direct electron uptake from the metal surface. However, in a real environmental system, SRM is not exclusive and often involved with other microorganisms that may also contribute to MIC, such as methanogens. Methanogenic archaea can produce methane (CH4) using H2+CO2, formate, methylated amines or acetate. Methanogens are highly abundant in the environment and many are found in very extreme conditions, such as high temperature and high salinity. Previous researches have demonstrated that methanogens are capable of MIC, though the specific mechanisms are still under investigation. In the oil and gas industry, methanogens are not considered as the main contributor for MIC since the corrosion rates are often too low. However, the tests for methanogen-induced MIC are usually performed at static conditions, which cannot represent the system accurately. Here, we developed a novel anaerobic system to evaluate the corrosion potential of methanogens under flow conditions. We will use the Methanococcus maripaludis KA1 strain, which was isolated from a crude oil tank, as the organism of interest. A separate system for Desulfovibrio alaskensis will be established for corrosion rate comparisons. Furthermore, we will study the synergistic effects of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis on MIC under flow. T2 - Eurocorr 2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion KW - Methanogen KW - Korrosion KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Methanogenesis KW - Flow system KW - Model PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Brandhorst, Antonia A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - The roles of DHN melanin and the stress-activated MAP kinase in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola N2 - Black fungi/yeasts exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. Due to their slow growth, robust cell walls and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of their phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. Using recently developed genetic tools, it is now possible to manipulate the genome of the rock-inhabiting model fungus Knufia petricola. Thus, gene functions and the cell biology of black fungi can be studied using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed extremotolerance of K. petricola. The mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively. The other putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Sak1 encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by droplet tests on media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even without environmental pressure and are hypersensitive to different stresses: e.g. osmotic, oxidative, membrane, pH and heat stress. Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress. T2 - 16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 05.03.2023 KW - Black fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Pigments PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - The role of the stress-activated MAP kinase SAK1 in Knufia petricola N2 - Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are highly conserved in animals, plants, and fungi and represent fundamental parts of signaling networks in eukaryotic cells. Black DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) melanin and orange carotenoids are produced by many fungi in specific cell types/under certain conditions for protecting cells from abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Microcolonial black fungi constitutively produce DHN melanin, contain the conserved carotenogenic gene cluster, exhibit slow yeast-like growth and survive in extreme environments. Thus, the question arises to which extent pigment formation and responses mediated by the stress-activated MAP kinase module contribute to the observed extremotolerance. We address this question in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, the only representative of the extremotolerant black fungi that is genetically amendable. Here, the mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively (Voigt Knabe et al. 2020, Sci Rep). The gene encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. In addition, strains were generated that express a GFP-SAK1 fusion protein from the sak1 locus to follow the cytosolic/nuclear shuttling of SAK1 upon stress. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by dropping cell suspensions on solid media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even under non-stress conditions and are hypersensitive to different stress conditions: reduced growth is observed on media inducing, for instance, osmotic, oxidative, membrane, and pH stress, and upon incubation at 30 °C (heat stress). Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress. T2 - VAAM Fachgruppentragung "Molecular Biology of Fungi" CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany DA - 07.09.2022 KW - Fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Signal transduction PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Hennehan, M.J. A1 - Frick, D.A. A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - The role of melanin in fungal mineral weathering and metal corrosion N2 - Melanins are organic pigments produced by most fungi. These organisms either fix these pigments in their cell wall or secrete them into their extracellular environment to protect themselves against an array of physicochemical stresses (e.g., UV irradiation, desiccation, ...). Melanin can adsorb metals like Fe. How this affects fungal uptake of Fe and deterioration of Fe-containing minerals and metals is however less known. To study this, we use the model fungi Knufia petricola A95, a rock-inhabiting fungus known to deteriorate minerals and have melanised cell walls, and Amorphotheca resinae, able to contaminate fuel tanks, secrete melanin and corrode metals. In K. petricola, we have deleted genes involved in melanin production and Fe uptake using CRISPR/Cas. Through comparison of the geochemical signatures of these gene deletion mutants with those of the wild type (WT), we explore the specific mineral/metal deterioration mechanisms of melanised fungi. Fe isotope signatures of the biomass of melanin- and Fe uptake-deficient mutants of K. petricola revealed that Fe adsorbed either directly onto melanin or after being reduced by Fe reductases. Importantly, once adsorbed to melanin, Fe could not be mobilised and taken up into the cell: both the WT and its melanin-deficient mutant, previously grown at Fe replete conditions, showed similar growth at Fe deficient conditions. Olivine dissolution experiments revealed that Fe oxidation inhibits dissolution. K. petricola was able to enhance dissolution when this inhibition is strongest (at pH 6) and prevented dissolution when this inhibition is weakest (at pH 4). The fungus therefore dissolves olivine by interacting with the oxidised Fe at the olivine surface. However, Fe uptake did not seem to be involved: mutants deficient in various Fe uptake mechanism dissolved olivine at the same rate as the WT. This indicates that Fe adsorption onto melanin might play a key role. This is also shown by K. petricola’s ability to enhance olivine dissolution even further if secreting a melanin precursor and A. resinae’s corrosion of carbon steel whilst secreting melanin. Combined, our results imply that the Fe adsorbed to melanin cannot be taken up but enables fungi to deteriorate Fe-containing substrates at a higher rate. T2 - Goldschmidt 2023 Conference CY - Lyon, Frankreich DA - 10.07.2023 KW - MIC KW - Bio-weathering KW - Olivine PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58523 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Werner W. A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 - 4th Pan American Conference on Geosynthetics N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-51484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas A1 - Müller, Werner W. T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Dementyeva, Polina A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Ryo, M. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering JF - npj Materials degradation N2 - The roles extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play in mineral attachment and weathering were studied using genetically modified biofilms of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola strain A95. Mutants deficient in melanin and/or carotenoid synthesis were grown as air-exposed biofilms. Extracted EPS were quantified and characterised using a combination of analytical techniques. The absence of melanin affected the quantity and composition of the produced EPS: mutants no longer able to form melanin synthesised more EPS containing fewer pullulan-related glycosidic linkages. Moreover, the melanin-producing strains attached more strongly to the mineral olivine and dissolved it at a higher rate. We hypothesise that the pullulan-related linkages, with their known adhesion functionality, enable fungal attachment and weathering. The released phenolic intermediates of melanin synthesis in the Δsdh1 mutant might play a role similar to Fe-chelating siderophores, driving olivine dissolution even further. These data demonstrate the need for careful compositional and quantitative analyses of biofilm-created microenvironments. KW - Biofilms PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00253-1 SN - 2397-2106 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-54902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Development of Monodisperse Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Certified Reference Material for Size and Shape JF - Microscopy and Microanalysis N2 - BAM is currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance to the material and life sciences. As a first candidate of this series, we present cubic iron oxide nanoparticles with a nominal edge length of 8 nm. These particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate in high boiling organic solvents adapting well-known literature procedures. After dilution to a concentration suitable for electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) as well as for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the candidate nanoRM was bottled and assessed for homogeneity and stability by both methods following the guidelines of ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35. The particle sizes obtained by both STEM-in-SEM and TEM are in excellent agreement with a minimum Feret of 8.3 nm ± 0.7 nm. The aspect ratio (AR) of the iron oxide cubes were extracted from the images as the ratio of minimum Feret to Feret resulting in an AR of 1.18 for TEM to 1.25 for SEM. Alternatively, a rectangular bounding box was fitted originating from the minimum Feret and the longest distance through the particle in perpendicular direction. This led to AR values of 1.05 for TEM and 1.12 for SEM, respectively. The results confirm the almost ideal cubic shape. KW - Reference nanoparticles KW - Iron oxide KW - Cubical shape KW - Electron microscopy KW - SAXS KW - Nano CRM KW - Size PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622003610 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 28 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 802 EP - 805 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-55599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Caldararo, N. A1 - Rimon, H. ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - The Role of DNA Analysis in the Study of the Biblical Manuscripts T2 - Textual History of the Bible N2 - Interest in the type of skin used in scriptural materials and preparation methods increased from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. This was due partly to the number of newly discovered fragments and to the invention of new instruments and scientific procedures to identify animal skins and produce qualitative means to demonstrate specific preparation reagents and techniques. The invention of various means of analyzing the DNA of organic materials brought about a revolution in archaeology and in conservation. Difficulties in overcoming contamination of archaeological samples resulted in a number of controversies but also produced advances and improvement in the techniques of ancient DNA analysis and interpretation of results. KW - DNA KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 120 EP - 123 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klinge, A. A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Payet, J. ED - Venkatarama Reddy, B. V. ED - Mani, M. ED - Walker, P. T1 - The Relevance of Earthen Plasters for Eco Innovative, Cost-Efficient and Healthy Construction—Results from the EU-Funded Research Project [H]house T2 - Earthen Dwellings and Structures - Current Status in their Adoption N2 - The European building sector is moving towards more complex and high-tech building approaches. While focusing on energy efficiency, aspects e.g. occupant health, sustainability and life cycle costing are often neglected. This study highlights the potential of earthen plasters in combination with natural ventilation for low-tech solutions. The EU funded project [H]house established the outstanding performance of earthen materials in light of hygrothermal and air purifying properties, which were further supported by experimental data from monitoring of naturally ventilated pilot buildings in Berlin. Additionally, [H]house demonstrated through LCC an increased cost efficiency of earth based low-tech solutions in comparison to conventional constructions relying on mechanical ventilation. KW - Climate responsive materials KW - Low-tech approach KW - IEQ KW - natural ventilation KW - LCC PY - 2019 SN - 978-981-13-5882-1 SN - 978-981-13-5883-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5883-8_32 SN - 2363-7633 SN - 2363-7641 SP - 371 EP - 382 PB - Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. CY - Singapur AN - OPUS4-47792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wünsch, Christoph A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Maletz, Roman ED - Dornack, Christina ED - Ziyang, Lou T1 - The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the source-separated collection of household waste in Germany T2 - Source Separation and Recycling - Implementation and Benefits for a Circular Economy N2 - The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. The results show that the treatment of the mixed collected household waste in sanitary landfills would lead to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The treatment in MBTs with the recovery of valuables and the further disposal of the biologically stabilized fraction on landfills, as well as the treatment of the high calorific fraction (also called refuse derived fuel – RDF) in RDF plants, coal-fired power plants, or cement kilns, would lead to small amounts of avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The thermal treatment in waste incineration plants would lead to moderate amounts of avoided greenhouse gases. Only with the actually practiced separate collection and treatment of household waste were significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions avoided. In total, this is approximately 5.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents for approximately 45.5 million tons of separate collected and treated household waste in Germany in 2014. KW - Greenhouse gas accounting KW - Greenhouse gas mitigation KW - Household waste KW - Material recycling KW - Separate collection PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69071-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_35 VL - 63 SP - 269 EP - 287 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Berlin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-44937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Christiansen, T. A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Biocca, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - The quest for the mixed inks JF - manuscript cultures N2 - In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 41 EP - 48 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albarrán Martínez, M. J. A1 - Ghigo, Tea T1 - The practice of writing inside an Egyptian monastic settlement JF - Heritage Science N2 - Over the last few years, the Federal Institute for material research (BAM, Berlin) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC, University of Hamburg) have initiated a systematic material investigation of black inks produced from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages (ca. fourth century CE–fourteenth/fifteenth centuries CE), aimed primarily at extending and complementing findings from previous sporadic studies. Part of this systematic investigation has focused on Egyptian Coptic manuscripts, and the present preliminary study is one of its outputs. It centres on a corpus of 45 Coptic manuscripts—43 papyri and 2 ostraca—preserved at the Palau-Ribes and Roca-Puig collections in Barcelona. The manuscripts come from the Monastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit, one of the largest monastic settlements in Egypt between the Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period (sixth–eighth centuries CE). The composition of their black inks was investigated in situ using near-infrared reflectography (NIRR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analyses determined that the manuscripts were written using different types of ink: pure carbon ink; carbon ink containing iron; mixed inks containing carbon, polyphenols and metallic elements; and iron-gall ink. The variety of inks used for the documentary texts seems to reflect the articulate administrative system of the monastery of Bawit. This study reveals that, in contrast to the documents, written mostly with carbon-based inks, literary biblical texts were written with iron-gall ink. The frequent reuse of papyrus paper for certain categories of documents may suggest that carbon-based inks were used for ephemeral manuscripts, since they were easy to erase by abrasion. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - Coptic manuscripts KW - Bawit KW - Mixed ink KW - Near-infrared refectography KW - X-ray fuorescence PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528833 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00541-0 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Open CY - Rome, Italy AN - OPUS4-52883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bodechtel, S. A1 - Fuhrmann, A. A1 - Henning, A. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Kreische, W. A1 - Mäder, M. T1 - The Madonna with the Wash-Basin by Giulio Romano: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Painting’s History JF - Studies in conservation N2 - In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists. KW - Giulio Romano KW - Holy Family KW - Basin KW - Reworking KW - Pentimenti KW - Portrayal of St Joseph KW - Sixteenth-century painting technique KW - Raphael school KW - Zinc KW - Antimony black (stibnite) KW - Vasari PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2022.2118302 VL - 2022 SP - 2 EP - 12 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-55970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palma-Onetto, V. A1 - Hoskova, K. A1 - Krizkova, B. A1 - Krejcirova, R. A1 - Pflegerova, J. A1 - Bubenickova, F. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Dahlsjo, C. A. L. A1 - Dahlsjo, J. A1 - Bourguignon, T. A1 - Sillam-Dusses, D. A1 - Sobotnik, J. T1 - The labral gland in termites: evolution and function JF - Biological journal of the Linnean Society N2 - The evolutionary success of termites has been driven largely by a complex communication system operated by a rich set of exocrine glands. As many as 20 different exocrine organs are known in termites. While some of these organs are relatively well known, only anecdotal observations exist for others. One of the exocrine organs that has received negligible attention so far is the labral gland. In this study, we examined the structure and ultrastructure of the Labrum in soldiers of 28 termite species. We confirm that the labral gland is present in all termite species, and comprises two secretory regions located on the ventral side of the labrum and the dorso-apical part of the hypopharynx. The Labrum of Neoisoptera has a hyaline tip, which was secondarily lost in Nasutitermitinae, Microcerotermes and species with snapping soldiers. The epithelium of the gland generally consists of class 1 secretory cells, with an addition of class 3 secretory cells in some species. A common feature of the secretory cells is the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle known to produce lipidic and often volatile secretions. Our observations suggest that the labral gland is involved in communication rather than defence as previously suggested. Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the structure of the labral gland in soldiers across all Termite taxa. KW - Exocrine gland KW - Hypopharynx KW - Labrum KW - Termitoidae KW - Ultrastructure KW - Isoptera PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx162 SN - 0024-4066 SN - 1095-8312 VL - 126 IS - 3 SP - 587 EP - 597 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-44666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Colini, Claudia T1 - The Interdisciplinary Alchemist: Reproduction and Study of Black Inks from the Islamicate World N2 - The identification of the materials constituting an artefact is the basis of any correct conservation project, for this reason (among others) in the last 50 years analytical techniques have been applied to the study of manuscripts. Unfortunately, the scientific investigation of Arabic books is still uncommon, focusing mainly on single case studies, often producing unclear results, especially for black inks. This lack of knowledge prompted a recent research in which black ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources on bookmaking, their feasibility has been assessed, and finally some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive and non-destructive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed. In this talk I will present some instances of how this approach can help textual criticism, for example in evaluating variants and determining the competence of authors and compilers. At the same time the research highlights how much this scientific work depends on textual studies, especially concerning the identification of ingredients. Moreover, I will focus on some of the problematics I faced both during the textual interpretation and the actual reproduction of the recipes and how they influenced the results of the scientific analyses. In particular I’ll look into the role played by the degree of purity of the components and the function (real and perceived) of some of the ingredients. T2 - International Medieval Conference 2019 CY - Leeds, UK DA - 01.07.2019 KW - Black Ink KW - Arabic Recipes KW - Interdisciplinary PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50114 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - de Lima Vasconcelos, S. A1 - Sattler, M. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - The Influence of textile floor coverings on the indoor air quality T2 - Proceedings of CLIMA 2019 N2 - Textile floor coverings are often used in offices and residential buildings. Large areas like meeting rooms, cinemas, theaters and hotels are often equipped with such coverings. They contribute to the comfort of the users as they provide high pedaling comfort and sound absorption. The weakness of these building materials is due to the odor emission that is released from the floor covering, which affects the comfort of the users. A bad air quality and the resulting dissatisfaction can lead to lower employee productivity. The research project of the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (HTW-Berlin) is promoted by the German Environment Agency (UBA). The project has the following title: Low-emission and low-odor building products for energy-efficient buildings - Development of requirements and concepts for the Blue Angel from a climate protection perspective; investigates the emission and odor behavior of textile floor coverings (Emissions- und geruchsarme Bauprodukte für energieeffiziente Gebäude - Entwicklung von Anforderungen und Konzepten für den Blauen Engel aus Klimaschutzsicht; untersucht das Emissions- und Geruchsverhalten textiler Bodenbeläge). T2 - Clima 2019 Congress CY - Bucharest, Romania DA - 26.05.2019 KW - VOC Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - Bodenbelag KW - AgBB Bewertung PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-487341 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102051 SN - 2267-1242 VL - 111 SP - 02051-1 EP - 02051-6 PB - EDP Sciences AN - OPUS4-48734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted. Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably. Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes. Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments. Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact. T2 - European Technical Coatings Congress 2022 CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 12.07.2022 KW - Paints KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Emission PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, H. T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints JF - Materials N2 - Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - Driving rain KW - Global radiation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560651 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207368 VL - 15 IS - 20 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Dommisch, H. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The impact of methanogenic Archaea on material, environment and health N2 - Microbiologically influence corrosion (MIC) has become a big concern due the increased usage of different metals by our society. Microorganisms can use metal as an electron donor, causing unpredictable but serious damages. Nowadays it is known that besides sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), other microorganisms including acetogens, iron oxidizers and methanogens can also induce MIC. Current studies related to methanogen-induced MIC (MI-MIC) mainly focused on environmental isolates from the oil and gas industry (e.g. Methanococcus maripaludis) with industrial materials e.g. iron. However, MI-MIC can occur in many other environments as well, including the oral cavity. Methanobrevibacter oralis is a methanogen isolated from the human oral cavity and was found more frequently in patients suffering from peri-implantitis/periodontitis. Titanium-implants removed from those patients have also showed clear signs of corrosion. The aim of our study is to establish and analyze corrosion potentials of dental metals (e.g. titanium) by oral methanogens. Periodontal pockets samples from patients suffering from periodontitis/peri-implantitis were taken for methanogenic and SRB enrichments. Stainless steel, pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy was used for corrosion studies. Corrosion rates and methane production were measured using weight-loss method and gas chromatography, respectively. Metal surfaces were visualized with scanning electron microscopy. Microbial communities in the dental pockets of healthy people and patients will be compared using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Overall, this is the first study investigating the susceptibility of different dental implant materials to corrosion using human-related Archaea. The outcomes of this study can be further explored for a variety of clinical applications. T2 - ISME 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Methanogens KW - Corrosion KW - Biofilm PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45932 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Annie, Biwen A1 - Rene, Hesse A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Ji Zheng, Yao A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - The impact and potential of halophilic microorganisms on alternative fuels N2 - As more industrial interests focusing on using salt caverns and repurposed gas or petroleum reservoirs for alternative fuel storage, i.e. CO2/H2, the question raises whether microorganisms may impact the infrastructure, gas purity and storage condition over time. Environments with high salinity (> 1.5 Meq of NaCl) are resided by halophiles (salt-loving microorganisms). To compensate for the intensive osmotic stress, they have resorted to two main adaptation strategies: 1) production of compatible solutes and 2) accumulation of intracellular KCl. Microbial community analysis of several high salinity environments revealed a number of recurring genera, including Halomonas and Halanaerobium. However, the impact of halophiles on the overall integrity and stability of the storage facilities remain largely unknown. To evaluate the suitability and stability of saline storage facilities, several model halophilic microorganisms, such as members of Halomonas, will be selected as testing subjects. First, the impact of halophiles on the infrastructure will be determined using an integrative approach by combining a number of techniques, including electrochemistry, TOF-SIMS, SEM/FIB/EDS and FIB-TEM. Second, the abilities of halophiles to alter the fuel composition (i.e. increase/decrease the fractions of H2) will be monitored using gas chromatography by growing them under high pressure. As a result of climate change and the accompanying mandatory shift to renewable energy resources, microorganisms will continue to play an important role in the energy sector, both to their benefit and detriment. Thus, it is important to achieve a certain level of understanding regarding the activities and mechanisms of halophiles prior to large-scaled excursions. T2 - ISMOS-8 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.06.2021 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Hydrogen KW - Gas storage KW - Contamination PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of termite immunity N2 - The termites are a derived eusocial lineage of otherwise non-social cockroaches. Understanding the proximal and ultimate drivers of this major evolutionary transition represents an important goal in biology. One outstanding question concerns the evolution of termite immunity, which is thought to have undergone broad-sweeping adaptations in order to enhance group-level immune protection. To understand the evolutionary origins of termite immunity, we conducted qualitative and quantitative transcriptome analyses along a gradient of sociality. Firstly, we aimed to identify large-scale genetic shifts in immune traits linked to eusociality by comparing immune gene repertoires in solitary and subsocial cockroaches and across a range of eusocial termite lineages. Secondly, we compared the responses of a solitary cockroach, a subsocial wood-roach and different castes of a lower termite species to a non-specific immune challenge, in order to understand how sociality may have influenced the evolution of immune gene regulation. Firstly, we found that termites have a broadly representative repertoire of canonical immune genes as compared to gregarious cockroaches and subsocial wood-roaches. Secondly, with respect to immune challenge, the solitary cockroach and the subsocial wood-roach displayed a similarly comprehensive induced response, while the termite response was considerably dampened by comparison and strongly influenced by caste; with reproductives displaying a generally higher constitutive level of immune-gene expression compared to sterile castes. In summary we did not find termite eusociality to be associated with significant changes in immune gene diversity, but rather to be linked with significant modifications to the regulation of immunity following the origin of division of labour. T2 - Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Lecture Series, Universität Münster CY - Münster, Germany DA - 20.02.2019 KW - Immunity KW - Evolution KW - Ecology KW - Termite KW - Molecular PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of termite immunity N2 - A broad suite of immune adaptations have evolved in social insects which hold close parallels with the immune systems of multicellular individuals. However, comparatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of immunity in social insects. We tackle this by identifying immune genes from 18 cockroach and termite species, spanning a gradient of social lifestyles. Termites have undergone contractions of major immune gene families during the early origin of the group, particularly in antimicrobial effector and receptor proteins, followed by later re-expansions in some lineages. In a comparative gene expression analysis, we find that reproductive individuals of a termite invest more in innate immune regulation than other castes. When colonies encounter immune-challenged nestmates, gene expression responses are weak in reproductives but this pattern is reversed when colony members are immune-challenged individually, with reproductives eliciting a greater response to treatment than other castes. Finally, responses to immune challenge were more comprehensive in both subsocial and solitary cockroaches compared to termites, indicating a reduced overall ability to respond to infection in termites. Our study indicates that the emergence of termite sociality was associated with the evolution of a tapered yet caste-adapted immune system. T2 - 112th Annual Meeting of the German Zoological Society CY - Jena, Germany DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Social KW - E$volution KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -