TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Ammoniakbestimmung mit einem portablen Fluoreszenzsensor N2 - Ammoniakemissionen in die Umwelt erfolgen insbesondere durch die Landwirtschaft (93,6 %), aber auch durch Verbrennungsprozesse in der die Abfallwirtschaft (2,3 %) und den Straßenverkehr (1,8 %). Dieser Stoff ist selbst in geringen Konzentrationen nicht nur eine Geruchsbelästigung, sondern auch eine Substanz mit ökologischer und klimatischer Relevanz. Die Bestimmung von Ammoniak in relevanten Konzentrationen von kleiner 25 μg m-3 erfolgt im Allgemeinen über NH4+ als Analyten, spektralfotometrisch oder mit der Ionenchromatographie nach Überführung in die flüssige Phase. Wegen der niedrigen Konzentrationen an Ammoniak in der Außenluft wird meist eine gesammelte Probe verwendet oder die Bestimmung erfolgt nach einer aktiven, anreichernden Probenahme. Die eigenen Arbeiten sollen dazu beitragen, die Ammoniak-Bestimmung in der Außenluft präziser, sowie schneller und kostengünstiger zu machen. Die BAM prüfte daher kommerzielle elektrochemische und Metalloxid-basierte Sensoren, die für diesen Konzentrationsbereich aber nur bedingt geeignet sind. Deshalb wurden alternativ eigene Entwicklungen zum Nachweis von Ammoniak im Spurenbereich aufgenommen, wobei der Analyt über die Änderung der Fluoreszenz eines BODIPY-Farbstoffs bei 550 nm mittels eines portablen Fluoreszenz-Sensors direkt aus der Gasphase gemessen wird. Zur Kalibrierung von Ammoniak-Sensoren und -Messgeräten steht ein stationäres System basierend auf der Mischung von zertifizierten Prüfgasen aus Druckflaschen mit kalibrierten Massendurchfluss-regler (MFC) zur Verfügung. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine chemische Analyse der verwendeten Gasgemische mittels eines Massenspektrometers. Für die Kalibrierung und Prüfung von Sensoren und Messgeräten vor Ort wurde ein mobiles Prüfsystem entwickelt. Die Generierung von Ammoniak-haltigen Gasen im Spurenbereich von 0,5 nmol/mol bis 500 nmol/mol erfolgt durch das Permeationsverfahren nach ISO 6145-10. Für die Realisierung der Rückführbarkeit der Ammoniakbestimmung werden von den Nationalen Metrologischen Instituten sowie designierten Instituten Standards bereitgestellt und auch weiterentwickelt. Die primären metrologischen Standards beruhen auf SI-Einheiten und sind die Basis für eine Rückführbarkeit der Sensoren bzw. Analysengeräte. T2 - 5. Fachsymposium „Intelligente Sensorik/Analytik und sichere Sensornetze: Innovative Technologien und neue Anwendungsfelder“ CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 14.11.2018 KW - Ammoniak KW - Sensor KW - Multigassensorik PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46926 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration. Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase. Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist. N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process. The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke. KW - Tantal KW - Recycling KW - Reduktionsprozess KW - Perowskit KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen PY - 2020 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-51064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - 17th International Conference Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - Chemical characterization KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - UFP KW - Chamber measurement PY - 2021 SP - 251 EP - 252 AN - OPUS4-54255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Systematic ranking of filaments regarding their particulate emissions during fused filament fabrication 3D printing by means of a proposed standard test method N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. KW - Emission test method KW - FFF-printing KW - Particle emission KW - Indoor air quality KW - FFF-filament PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545087 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13010 SN - 1600-0668 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA AN - OPUS4-54508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Proposal of a standard test method for the quantification of particulate matter during 3D printing and the systematic ranking of filament materials N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. T2 - 11th International Aerosol Conference CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Indoor emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Test method KW - Exposure risk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - UFP KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Chemical characterization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, S. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Eggert, G. A1 - Krekel, C. T1 - Are cellulose ethers safe for the conservation of artwork? New insights in their VOC activity by means of Oddy testing N2 - Cellulose ethers, like methyl cellulose (MC) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), are widely used in conservation. They also occur as additives and rheology modifiers in various products like dispersions or gels. Do such products release harmful volatile organic compounds (VOC) during their accelerated aging? A mass testing series utilizing the Oddy test of 60 commercial cellulose ethers ranks the products in safe for permanent use (P, no corrosion), only for temporary use (T, slight corrosion), and unsuitable at all (F, heavy corrosion). Results show that 55% of the products passed the test whereas 33% are for temporary use as slight corrosion occurred on at least one metal coupon and only 11% failed the Oddy test. Raman measurements of the corrosion products identified oxides like massicot, litharge, cuprite, and tenorite among carbonates (hydrocerussite, plumbonacrite), and acetates like basic lead acetate, lead acetate trihydrate as well as lead formate as main phases. For example, commercial, industrial Klucel® G (HPC) scored a T rating through slight corrosion on the lead coupon. Basic lead acetate among other phases indicates the presence of acetic acid. Additional measurements of the sample with thermal desorption GC–MS utilizing the BEMMA scheme confirm the high acetic acid outgassing and reveal the presence of a small amount of formaldehyde. KW - Cellulose ether KW - Corrosion KW - Oddy test KW - VOC KW - BEMMA PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-547591 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00688-4 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Open AN - OPUS4-54759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Feldmann, Ines T1 - Low melting glasses for transparent and environmentally-resistant enamels N2 - Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For indoor applications it is possible to produce decorated glass by using enamel colours and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications out of doors. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and can damage it. There are only a few colours on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colours are opaque. To extend the colour palette, chemically resistant low melting coloured glasses are being developed which are transparent and intensively toned even in thin coating thicknesses. To achieve such an ambitious aim, many parameters have to combine and act in a complex manner. New compositions of lead borosilicate, zinc borosilicate and lead-zinc borosilicate glasses were produced and milled as powder. The thermal properties as well as the environmental stability were analysed. The influence of PbO and ZnO on the thermal properties and the environmental stability were investigated. Evaluation of the fusing results shows that the production and mixture of transparent vitreous enamels for the exterior side of glasses is possible. The tests made it clear that the original materials for making the vitreous enamels must be excellently ground and prepared to achieve a satisfactory result. The method to produce durable vitreous enamels for exterior application also seems to allow the production of glass colours. KW - Low melting glasses KW - Enamels KW - Heavy metal free KW - Corrosion KW - Chemical durability KW - Aging tests KW - Architecture KW - Colored glasses PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.13036/17533546.60.4.002 SN - 1753-3546 SN - 1753-3554 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 97 EP - 104 PB - Society of Glass Technology CY - Sheffield, UK AN - OPUS4-48835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael T1 - Entwicklung von transparenten farbigen keramischen Schmelzfarben für den Einsatz auf digitalen Druckmaschinen N2 - Ziel des Projektes war es, schwermetallfreie Schmelzfarben für den Einsatz auf einem Digitaldrucker zu entwickeln. Dafür sollten die Glasfarben, bei Temperaturen unter 630°C verarbeitbar und deren Eigenschaften kompatibel mit denen von Floatgläsern sein. Zudem sollte die aufgeschmolzene Farbe transparent und im Außenbereich eingesetzt beständig sein. Weiterhin mussten die Farben eine Partikelkorngröße kleiner als 20µm besitzen, um die Druckköpfe des Digitaldruckers nicht zu verstopfen. Gute Dispergierbarkeit, thixotropes Verhalten und eine schnelle Trocknung waren weitere Voraussetzungen. Die Ersetzung von PbO durch ZnO und Bi2O3 wurde getestet und zeigte positive Ergebnisse. Ein geeigneter Mahl-und Dispergierprozess wurde entwickelt. Bei der Firma „glas&räume“ wurden die Musterfarben getestet und zeigten ein gutes Druckverhalten. Bedingt durch das Tintenstrahlverfahren erreicht der Farbauftrag keine 100%ige Transparenz. Trotzdem erscheint die transparente keramische Schmelzfarbe im Vergleich zur Verwendung von opaker Schmelzfarbe tatsächlich völlig transparent. Der Unterschied ist signifikant und öffnet so ein neues Kapitel im keramischen Digitaldruck. KW - Glass KW - Low melting KW - Chemical durability KW - Dispersion of glass particle KW - Printing KW - Architecture KW - Weathering KW - Architektur KW - Chemische Beständigkeit KW - Dispergierung von Glaspartikeln KW - Glas KW - Niedrig schmelzend KW - Druck KW - Bewitterung PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 61 AN - OPUS4-44650 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Heidrich, Christa A1 - Sander, Christoph T1 - New UV-protective glazing for the conservation of cultural assets N2 - For centuries, churches, secular buildings and museums have been furnished with valuable works of art. Many works of art are UV- and light-sensitive. It is well known that especially UV radiation causes damage and discoloration in paintings, textiles, plastics, wood and other materials. In particular, the wavelengths between 280 and 410 nm cause color changes, embrittlement or destruction of e.g. plastics over time. Therefore, strongly UV-absorbing glasses are advantageous for architecture and are necessary for the protection of cultural assets. As restorers in all disciplines become more and more aware, the demands placed on buildings and their furnishings in terms of climate are becoming increasingly detailed and precise. The aim in each case is to preserve the valuable artwork. For some years now, the industry has been offering the protection of cultural objects by installing special UV-protective glasses. Currently, UV protection for church buildings is realized by laminated safety glass equipped with appropriate UV-protective plastic films. Technically, this always means a second pane of glass in front of the windows, which is installed outside the building. This creates climatic gaps that are difficult to control and deterioration due to ageing effects can be expected. At the same time, this protective glazing is not invisible and has a considerable aesthetic influence on the interior and exterior appearance of the building. Meanwhile, the preservation of historical monuments accepts such aesthetic cuts on buildings in order to protect the artwork in the interior from UV light. To this day, however, the long-term durability of UV protection provided by inserted plastic films is still controversial. To date the only available alternative on the market is a mouth-blown UV protection glass which uses a so-called overlay to provide UV protection. This shows that UV protection can also be achieved by glasses without plastic films thus realizing an exclusive inorganic protection which normally is more stable than a polymeric one. So far there are not enough studies to prove long-term durability. The aim of this project is to provide existing glazing or new glazing to be created with a highly transparent layer that ensures this UV-protective filter function below 400 nm. The glass coating is to be applied to the glass over a large area and fired into the surface like a classic ceramic enamel paint with the same technics. In addition, it should be long-term durable in its function. It means, that the glass has to be fused at temperatures below 630 °C during the firing process, its chemical durability has to be high, its coefficient of thermal expansion has to be as close as the one of the substrate (usually float glass) and the glass has to absorb the UV-radiation within a thin thickness (thinner as 100 µm). In this project, the long-term durability of commercial UV-protective glasses is examined. New low melting glasses containing UV-absorbing ions are being developed. Their UV-absorption as a thin layer is analyzed as well as their chemical durability and their thermal properties. We are grateful to BMWI for the financial support in the frame of the Central Innovation Programme for SMEs (ZIM). T2 - HVG-DGG: 94. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Glass KW - Low melting KW - Chemical durability KW - Weathering tests KW - Aging test KW - UV absorption KW - UV protection KW - Architecture KW - Optical properties PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Sander, C. T1 - Development of low melting glasses as durable transparent enamel colors for the manufacture of decorated glass panels N2 - Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For applications indoor it is possible to produce decor glass by using enamel colors and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications outdoor. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and damage it strongly. There are only few colors on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colors are opaque. In order to extend the color palette, chemically resistant colored glasses are being developed which are transparent, relatively low melting and intensively toned even in thin coat thickness. To achieve such ambitious aim, many parameters have to match which act in complex manner. Metal oxides were used to color the glasses. A lead-free glass composition was developed to avoid an exposition of heavy metals to the environment. The glasses were characterized, in particular in terms of their thermal properties, their crystallization and corrosion behavior as well as their chemical and environmental durability. Different practical applications will be shown. T2 - 15th International Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference CY - Saint-Malon, France DA - 08.07.2018 KW - Glass KW - Chemical durability KW - Corrosion KW - Enamel colors KW - Low melting KW - Environmental friendly KW - Architecture KW - Thermal properties PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rasch, Fabian A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Prüfwertes für Ultrafeinstaubpartikel beim Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel für Drucker N2 - Berichtet wird über ein abgeschlossenes Folgeprojekt zu vorangegangenen Forschungsprojekte zum gleichen Thema. In diesem Projekt wurde das Messverfahren und der Prüfwert für die Partikelemission aus Bürogeräten (siehe Vergabegrundlage DE-UZ 205, Anhang S-M) validiert und weiterentwickelt. Dies geschah erstens durch Auswertung der Qualität der im Zuge der Antragsbearbeitung für das Umweltzeichen beim RAL vorgelegten Prüfberichte der zugelassenen Prüfinstitute und - basierend darauf - durch Erarbeitung von technisch-methodischen Veränderungsvorschlägen für die Prüfung der chemischen Emissionen, inklusive der Partikelemissionen. Zweitens wurde zur Beurteilung der Veränderung der Emissionen aktueller gegenüber älteren Geräte-generationen ein nicht repräsentativer Pool von table-top-Laserdruckern aufgebaut und die chemischen Emissionen wurden gemäß DE-UZ-205, Anhang S-M gemessen. Ergänzend wurde eine quantitative chemische Analyse der anorganischen Feststoffe - insbesondere der Metalle - in den emittierten Aerosolen vorgenommen die Feststoffgehalte um 2 Massen-% ergaben. Diese Ergebnisse wurden gemeinsam mit neueren wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung der Emissionen aus Laserdruckern ausgewertet, es besteht kein Handlungsbedarf hinsichtlich einer Veränderung von Prüfkriterien und Prüfwerten. Drittens wurde untersucht und bestätigt, dass mit dem Ziel eines zukünftigen Umweltzeichens das Emissionsverhalten Kunststoff verarbeitender 3D-FDM-Drucker und/oder die darin verarbeiteten Verbrauchsmaterialien (Filamente) mit dem für Laserdrucker entwickelten Mess- und Prüfschema charakterisiert und quantifiziert werden können. Untersuchungen an Stereo-lithografie (SLA)-Druckern und Vorrichtungen zur Nach-Aushärtung (Curing Units) ergaben keine nachweisbaren Partikelemissionen. KW - Blauer Engel KW - Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion KW - Emissionen KW - Aerosole KW - Schadgase PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/weiterentwicklung-des-pruefwertes-fuer SN - 1862-4804 VL - 217 SP - 5 EP - 82 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-51745 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Czömpöly, O. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou, M. A1 - Tsakanika, L. A1 - Lymperopoulou, T. A1 - Goddard, S. A1 - Fiebig, M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of Element Mass Concentrations in Ambient Aerosols by Combination of Cascade Impactor Sampling and Mobile Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments, as well as for enforcing EU air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled over long time periods on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). During the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling is combined for the first time with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy to develop a tool for quantifying particle element compositions within short time intervals and even on-site. This makes variations of aerosol chemistry observable with time resolution only a few hours and with good size resolution in the PM10 range. The study investigates the proof of principles of this methodological approach. Acrylic discs and silicon wafers are shown to be suitable impactor carriers with sufficiently smooth and clean surfaces, and a non-destructive elemental mass concentration measurement with a lower limit of detection around 10 pg/m3 could be achieved. We demonstrate the traceability of field TXRF measurements to a radiometrically calibrated TXRF reference, and the results from both analytical methods correspond satisfactorily. KW - TXRF KW - Reference method KW - Cascade impactor KW - Ambient aerosols KW - Particles KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Element mass concentration KW - Size resolved chemical composition KW - Time resolved chemical composition KW - ICP-MS PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521860 UR - http://www.aerometproject.com/ DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030309 SN - 2073-4433 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 309 EP - 337 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-52186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Jacobi, T. A1 - Rasch, Fabian A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Emissions of fine and ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds from different filament materials operated on a low-cost 3D printer T1 - Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel sowie flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen beim Einsatz verschiedener Filamentmaterialien in einem „low-cost“-3D-Drucker N2 - 3D-printing or additive manufacturing has many promising and unique advantages. Especially low cost molten polymer Deposition Printers are increasingly populär in the private and educational sector. Their environmental friendliness can be questioned due to recently reported ultrafine particle and suspected VOC emissions, To further investigate 3D-printing as a potential indoor air pollution source we characterized fine and ultrafine particle emissions from a molten polymer deposition printer producing a 3D object with ten marketable polymer filament materials under controlled conditions in a test chamber. VOC emissions from the filaments have also been compared. Using a straightforward emission model time dependent and averaged particle emission rates were determined. The results indicate that under comparable conditions some filament materials produce mainly ultrafine particles up to an average rate of 1013 per minute. This value is in the upper ränge of typical indoor ultrafine particle sources (e.g. Smoking, frying, candle light, laser printer). The observed material-specific rates differ by five Orders of magnitude. Filament-specific gaseous emissions of organic compounds such as bisphenol A, styrene and others were also detected. Our results suggest a detailed evaluation of related risks and considering protective measures such as housing and filtering. N2 - 3D-Druck oder additive Herstellungsverfahren haben eine Menge vielversprechender und einzigartiger Vorteile. Insbesondere günstige 3D-Drucker für Polymere werden im privaten und ausbildenden Bereich zunehmend beliebter. Ihre Umweltfreundlichkeit kann aufgrund jüngst berichteter Emissionen ultrafeiner Partikel und vermuteter VOC-Emissionen infrage gestellt werden. Um 3D-Drucker für Polymere als mögliche Quelle von Innenraumluftverunreinigungen weiter zu untersuchen, charakterisierten wir die Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel bei der Herstellung eines 3D-Objekts unter Verwendung zehn marktgängiger Polymerfilamente unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in einer Emissionsprüfkammer. Die VOC-Emissionen der verschiedenen Filamente wurden ebenfalls verglichen. Die zeitabhängigen und gemittelten Partikelemissionsraten wurden durch Anwendung eines einfachen Emissionsmodells bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen einige Filamente mit einer mittleren Rate von 10 KW - Emission KW - Ultrafine particles KW - VOC KW - 3D printer PY - 2018 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 79 EP - 87 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-44954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Overview on the EMPIR Project "AEROMET" N2 - Overview on the ongoing EU EMPIR Project "AEROMET" Aerosol Metrology for Atmospheric Science and Air Quality, Overview on preliminary resuilts in Workpackages 3 "Calibration of MPSS and CPCs" and 4 "Quantifying airborne particle compositions in the field" T2 - Meeting des ISO TC24/SC4, Joint session of Working Groups 9 "Single particle light interaction methods" and 12 "Electrical mobility and number concentration analysis for aerosol particles" CY - Graz, Austria DA - 11.04.2019 KW - Ambient air pollution KW - EU EMPIR KW - Chemical analysis KW - Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy KW - Airborne Particles PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Instruments for Fine and Ultrafine Particle Emission Characterization N2 - An overview on instruments and methods for the measurement and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from local sources is presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Aerosol spectroscopy KW - Particulate emission KW - Chemical analysis KW - Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy KW - Calibration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Regulatory Trends in the EU for Chemicals and Nanomaterials N2 - The presentation gives an overview on existing and upcoming REACH regulations in the EU concerning nanomaterials. T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Nanomaterials KW - REACH KW - EU regulations PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Czömpöly, O. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stoßnach, H. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou, M. A1 - Tsakanika, L. A. A1 - Lymperopoulou, T. A1 - Goddart, S. A1 - Fiebig, M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Rissler, J. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Element mass concentrations in ambient aerosols, a comparison of results from filter sampling & ICP-MS ans cascade impactor sampling & mobile total reflection X-RAY fluorescence spectroscopy N2 - Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments and required by EU air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Within the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling was combined with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy. The study aimed at a proof of principles for this new mobile and on-size tool for the quantification of aerosol element compositions and element mass concentrations within short time intervals of less than 12 h. In a field campaign the method’s technical feasibility could be demonstrated. The TXRF results were traced back to a stationary, reference-free XRS setup in the laboratory of the German national metrology institute PTB at the BESSY II electron storage ring in Berlin, Germany. Simultaneous PM10-filter sampling, followed by standardized lab-based analysis, allowed for a comparison of the field campaign data of both methods. As Fig. 1 shows, the correspondence between PM10 filter sampling and ICP-MS, and on the other hand, cascade impactor sampling and TXRF is quite encouraging. However, for some of the analysed elements, e.g. V and Pb, the observed deviations are higher than expected and this highlights the fact, that spectral deconvolution strategies for TXRF on cascade impactor samples still need some improvement. This work was supported by the EMPIR programme, co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, through grant agreements 16ENV07 AEROMET and 19ENV08 AEROMET II T2 - 12th International Conference on Instrumental Methods of Analysis (IMA-2021) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Reference method KW - Cascade impactor KW - Ambient aerosols KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Element mass concentration KW - Size resolved chemical composition KW - Time resolved chemical composition KW - ICP-MS PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stabile, L. T1 - AEROMET - Observation of quickly changing element mass concentrations in an ambient aerosol using portable TXRF N2 - Measurements of aerosol particles are vital for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. The project AEROMET, which has been started in June 2017 aims at implementing improvements in a) the uncertainty of particle mass, size and number concentration measurements and b) in the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Both are demanded by existing networks within the EU as well as by global atmospheric research. On-site measurement campaigns One of the objects is the application of mobile x-ray spectroscopy techniques combined with aerosol sampling techniques for quantifying particle compositions in the field for real time analysis. During two in-field measurement campaigns in Budapest, Hungary in May 2018 and Cassino, Italy in September 2018 the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols were monitored under dynamic conditions. Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filter substrates. During this project new sampling methods with specially designed substrate holders for an in-situ TXRF analysis were developed and applied for the first time. This approach allows a direct time and size resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination. Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor - size range from 0,03 µm to 10 µm - which was equipped with special adapters for acrylic discs of 30 mm diameter, serving as substrates. TXRF analysis was performed on site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH) equipped with a Mo X-ray tube and a 30 mm² Silicon Drift Detector (SDD). Excitation conditions were 50 kV, 600 µA, measurement time 1000 s. Quantification was based on internal standardization using 50 ng of Y in solution, which was pipetted into the centre of the discs prior to sampling. At moderate air pollution levels, i.e. PM10 ~ 20 µg/m³, sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough for the detection of elements in different particle size bins. The in-situ approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling, as the below example from the Cassino field campaign on 11 Sept. 2018 shows: The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their significant temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements in the aerosol remain unchanged. The validation of these results by backup measurements is planned. T2 - European Aerosol Conference EAC 2019 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 25.08.2019 KW - TXRF KW - Ambient air KW - Aerosol KW - Cascade impactor KW - Element analysis PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of element mass concentrations in aerosols by combination of cascade impactor sampling and in-situ TXRF Spectroscopy N2 - A mobile Bruker S2 Picofox TXRF spectrometer has been used in two field campaigns within the EMPIR env07 AEROMET project for the on-site analysis of cascade impactor aerosol samples.The results show that even at moderate air pollution levels – i.e.PM10 fairly below 20 μg/m³ - element mass concentrations in air in the range of 100 pg/m³could be measured in up to 13 size bins after sampling times of less than only 0.5 days. T2 - UFP 2019 Ultrafeinstaub in der Atmosphäre und in Innenräumen, 3. Symposium CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 19.09.2019 KW - TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Cascade impactor KW - Aerosol element alanysis KW - Aerosol element mass concentration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC, Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emissions from Additive Manufacturing and 3D-Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on Additive Manufacturing techniques and related potential risks from emission of hazardous gases and aerosols, based on emission characterizations in BAM. Voluntary mitigation strategies are presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - 3D Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Particulate emissions KW - Emissions of hazardous gases KW - Filament comparison PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - UBA Projects on Particulate Emissions from Laser Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on past and ongoing projects in BAM on laser printer particulate emissions, funded by the German Environment Agency (UBA) in order to further develop award criteria for the Blue Angel ecolabel for office machines T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Laser Printer KW - Particulate emission KW - Blue Angel ecolabel KW - Office machines PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Bereitstellung qualitätsgesicherter VOC-Aufnahmeraten für axiale Passivsammler N2 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs Passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is a simple, cost efficient and representative method to determine VOCs concentrations in indoor air. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used, defined as the ratio of the uptaken mass and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ considerably from ideal values (UR,id). Literature values in national and international standards, are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover the number of itemized substances is limited. The aim of this study was to review and expand this set of uptake rates by determination of own quality assured laboratory values.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 100 µg/m³ (approximately 100 300 ppm min). Seven day uptake rates in ISO16017 2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. N2 - Die passive Probenahme von VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) mit Tenax® TA und Thermodesorption GC/MS Analytik ist eine einfache, kosteneffiziente und repräsentative Methode zur Bestimmung der VOC-Konzentrationen in der Innenraumluft. In der Theorie ist die Stoffaufnahme in den Passivsammler nur abhängig vom Diffusionskoeffizienten der Substanz in Luft und der Geometrie des Sammlers (ideale Adsorption). Um sie zu charakterisieren, wird die Aufnahmerate (UR), definiert als Quotient der Massenaufnahme und dem Produkt aus Konzentration und Expositionszeit, verwendet. Viele effektive Aufnahmeraten (UR,eff) unterscheiden sich beträchtlich von idealen (theoretischen) Werten (UR,id). Literaturwerte sind in nationalen und internationalen Normen lediglich für bestimmte Expositionszeiten vorgegeben, während detaillierte Informationen über den zugehörigen Konzentrationsbereich fehlen. Außerdem ist die Anzahl der insgesamt in der Literatur beschriebenen Substanzen begrenzt. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es diesen Fundus an Aufnahmeraten zu begutachten und zu prüfen und ihn durch die Bestimmung eigener qualitätsgesicherter Laborwerte zu ergänzen. Die bestimmten Aufnahmeraten werden als akkurat bezüglich ihrer relativen Standardabweichung und Vergleichbarkeit zu Literaturwerten betrachtet und können für Expositionszeiten von 7 Tagen bei Konzentrationen von 50 100 µg/m³ (ca. 100 300 ppm min) empfohlen werden. Die Sieben Tage Aufnahmeraten aus ISO16017 2 und ASTM D6196 sind nicht generell für diesen Zweck geeignet, wie exemplarisch für Benzol gezeigt wurde. T2 - Kongress 29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Passive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-949241-04-8 AN - OPUS4-55209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Determination and classification of seven-day uptake rates for indoor air VOCs into tube type diffusive samplers with Tenax® TA N2 - Axial passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is an accepted alternative to active sampling in occupational hygiene. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used defined as the ratio of the mass adsorbed and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ to an increasing degree from ideal values (UR,id) with increasing exposure doses (denominator of the given definition of UR), (Tolnai, 2001). In national and international standards, uptake rates are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover, especially for long exposure periods as applied in indoor air monitoring, the number of itemized substances is limited. Therefore it is the aim of this contribution to review and expand uptake rate data by comparison of literature and own laboratory values of assured quality. Passive samplers were exposed to nine single compound atmospheres of known concentrations for seven days. Concentrations were checked twice a day via active sampling.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 – 100 μg m-3 (approximately 100 – 300 ppm min). Seven-day uptake rates in ISO16017-2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. Thus, it is crucial for optimization of the method to produce more reliable uptake rate data, including specific information about applicable exposure times and concentrations, which will be promoted in the course of this ongoing study. T2 - Healthy Buildings America 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.01.2022 KW - Diffusive sampling KW - Volatile organic compounds (VOC) KW - Effective uptake rate PY - 2022 UR - https://www.isiaq.org/docs/HB2021America262.pdf AN - OPUS4-54372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Ahtianinen, J. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. ED - Bosse, H. ED - Buhr, E. ED - Dziomba, T. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Klein, T. ED - Krumrey, M. T1 - OECD Test Guidelines development for chemicals safety assessment of nanomaterials N2 - The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research. But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, for nanomaterials it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials. T2 - NanoWorkshop 2018: Workshop on Reference Nanomaterials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - OECD KW - Nano KW - Guideline KW - Nanomaterials KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-95606-440-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/110.20190412 SN - 0179-0609 VL - F-61 SP - 279 EP - 279 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt CY - Braunschweig und Berlin AN - OPUS4-49515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Ahtiainen, J. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - OECD Test Guidelines development for chemicals safety assessment of nanomaterials N2 - The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research. But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable also for nanomaterials. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials. The poster will present the status quo on recent TGs and GDs development for nanomaterials at OECD level with relevance for physical-chemical characterisation. Emphasis will be given to the proposed OECD TG on particle size and size distribution for manufactured nanomaterials. The development of such a TG is of special importance as particle size and size distribution is considered as major information for nanomaterial identification and characterization. A reliable and reproducible characterisation of particle size and size distribution is also needed for chemicals risk assessment of nanomaterials, for instance to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials. The presented poster will illustrate the way from the idea for a new TG and new GD to an accepted OECD TG/GD. T2 - BAM-PTB Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Nanomaterials KW - Test Guideline KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Development of a specific OECD Test Guideline on Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution of Nanomaterials N2 - In this research project, a new OECD Test Guideline (TG) for the determination of “Particle Size and Particle Size Distributions of Nanomaterials” was developed as the existing OECD TG 110 is considered to be outdated in terms of applicable size range (not covering sizes <200 nm) and methods. By its scope with an applicable size range from 1 to 1000 nm the new Test Guideline (TG PSD) covers the whole nanoscale. The TG PSD is applicable for particulate and fibrous nanomaterials. The prescribed, pairwise measurement of fibre diameter and length in the TG PSD allows for the first time to differen-tiate fibres with regard to their size-dependent hazard properties. Measurement instructions for each included method were validated within two separated interlaboratory comparisons, as a distinction between near spherical particles and fibres when applying the methods has to be made. Besides information on content and structure of the TG PSD, this final report outlines essential steps, considerations and organisational aspects during the development of the TG. Insights into the selec-tion, preparation and prevalidation of test materials used in the interlaboratory comparison are given. Finally, main results of the interlaboratory comparisons and their impacts on the TG PSD are pre-sented. N2 - Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts wurde eine neue OECD-Prüfrichtlinie (TG) für die Bestimmung von Partikelgrößen und Partikelgrößenverteilungen von Nanomaterialien entwickelt, da die existie-rende OECD TG 110 zur Bestimmung von Partikelgrößen in Bezug auf den anwendbaren Größenbe-reich und die gegebenen Methoden veraltet ist bzw. den Nanometerbereich < 200 nm nicht abdeckt. Mit ihrem Anwendungsbereich von 1 bis 1000 nm deckt die neue Prüfrichtlinie (TG PSD) die gesamte Nanoskala ab. Die TG PSD ist für partikel- und faserförmige Nanomaterialien anwendbar. Durch die, in der TG PSD vorgeschriebene, paarweise Messung von Faserdurchmesser und -länge ermöglicht diese TG zum ersten Mal Fasern hinsichtlich ihrer größenabhängigen Gefahrstoffeigenschaften zu unter-scheiden. Die Messanweisungen aller enthaltenen Methoden wurden im Rahmen von zwei getrennten Ringversuchen validiert, da bei der Anwendung der Methoden eine Unterscheidung zwischen Parti-keln und Fasern gemacht werden muss. Neben Angaben zum Inhalt und Struktur der TG PSD, befasst sich der vorliegende Abschlussbericht mit den wesentlichen Schritten, Überlegungen und organisatorischen Aspekten bei der Entwicklung der Prüfrichtlinie. Darüber hinaus werden Einblicke in die Auswahl, Vorbereitung und Prävalidierung der im Ringversuch verwendeten Testmaterialien gegeben. Schließlich werden die wichtigsten Ergeb-nisse aus den Ringversuchen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die TG PSD vorgestellt. KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Particle size distribution KW - Testguideline KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2021 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 47 PB - German Environment Agency CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-54021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution: Comparability of measurement results N2 - OECD-Prüfrichtlinien werden weltweit für regulatorische Zwecke angewandt, da sie eine harmonisierte und über internationale Ringversuche validierte Vorschrift zur Analyse vorgeben. Die bestehende Prüfrichtlinie TG 110 zur Größencharakterisierung von Partikeln und Fasern ist für viele Methoden und Materialklassen nicht geeignet, weswegen es Bedarf an einer Neuentwicklung gibt. Im Fokus der neuen TG steht die reproduzierbare und vergleichbare Anwendung von Methoden zur Bestimmung von Partikelgröße sowie Größenverteilung annährend sphärischer und faserförmiger Nanomaterialien im Bereich 1-1000 nm. Berücksichtigt werden die häufig angewandten Methoden zur Größencharakterisierung mit ihren unterschiedlichen physikalisch-technischen Limitierungen und die Bestimmung unterschiedlicher Durchmesser (hydrodynamischer, Feret…). Weiterhin sind materialspezifische Einflüsse durch die Partikel sowie das Messmedium zu berücksichtigen. Jede der Methoden soll unter Berücksichtigung von ISO-Standards und den materialspezifischen Limitierungen in der neuen Prüfrichtlinie beschrieben und über einen Ringversuch validiert werden. T2 - BAM BfR Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.03.2019 KW - OECD KW - Nanoparticle KW - Particle Size KW - Nano KW - Characterization PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Radnick, Jörg T1 - Perspektive der BAM auf neuartige Materialien N2 - Neuartige Materialien, die bekannte (Werk-)Stoffe mit neuen Funktionalitäten ausstatten, spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle im Bereich der Materialforschung und -prüfung. Das Spektrum neuartiger Materialien reicht von der gezielten Oberflächenfunktionalisierung und -strukturierung makroskopischer Materialien, dünnen Beschichtungen bis hin zu mikro- und nanoskaligen Kompositmaterialien und funktionalen Materialien an der Schnittstelle zur Biologie, Biotechnologie, nachhaltige Energiespeicherung und Sensorik. Dabei bieten neuartige Materialien die Chance, Werkstoffe und Produkte mit erweiterter oder verbesserter Funktionalität zu erhalten und Sicherheit bereits im Designprozess zu berücksichtigen. Durch dieses breite Anwendungsspektrum und die Herausforderungen, die solche Materialien für die Sicherheit in Chemie und Technik mit sich bringen, sind diese in allen Themenfeldern der BAM repräsentiert (Material, Analytical Sciences, Energie, Infrastruktur und Umwelt). Die Aufgaben der BAM erstrecken sich dabei von der Herstellung von Referenzmaterialien für Industrie, Forschung und Regulation, über die Erstellung von standardisierten Referenzverfahren für nachhaltige Messungen im Umwelt- und Lebenswissenschaftsbereich bis hin zur Bereitstellung von belastbaren und zitierbaren Referenzdaten. Durch die genaue Charakterisierung neuartiger Materialien können potentiell problematische Substanzen identifiziert und deren Risiken besser abgeschätzt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden einige aktuelle Beispiele aus diesen Bereichen vorgestellt. T2 - NanoDialog der Bundesregierung - Chancen und Risiken von Neuartigen Materialien CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.05.2019 KW - Advanced Materials KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Neuartige Materialien PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49594 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Determination of recovery rates of adsorbents for sampling very volatile organic compounds (C1-C6) in dry and humid air in the sub-ppb range by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry N2 - The reliable measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in indoor air by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) in order to include them into evaluation schemes for building products even nowadays is a great challenge. For capturing these small molecules with carbon numbers ranging from C 1 –C 6 , strong adsorbents are needed. In the present study, recovery rates of nine suitable adsorbents of the groups of porous polymers, graphitised carbon blacks (GCB) and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) are tested against a complex test gas standard containing 29 VVOC. By consideration of the recovery and the relative humidity (50% RH), combinations of the GCB Carbograph 5TD, the two CMS Carboxen 1003 and Carbosieve SII as well as the porous polymer Tenax® GR were identified to be potentially suitable for sampling the majority of the VVOC out of the gas mix. The results reveal a better performance of the adsorbents in combination than being used alone, particularly under humid sampling conditions. The recovery rates of the chosen compounds on each adsorbent should be in the range of 80–120%. KW - VVOC KW - Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance KW - Recovery rate KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461389 VL - 1626 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Mull, B. T1 - Two new promising approaches for quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing N2 - Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and re-producible emission rates were obtained. T2 - Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - FEM model PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-45610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Klinge, A. A1 - Radeljic, L. A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Natural building materials for interior fitting and refurbishment - What about indoor emissions? N2 - Indoor air quality can be adversely affected by emissions from building materials, consequently having a negative impact on human health and well-being. In this study, more than 30 natural building materials (earth dry boards and plasters, bio-based insulation materials, and boards made of wood, flax, reed, straw, etc.) used for interior works were investigated as to their emissions of (semi-) volatile organic compounds ((S)VOC), formaldehyde, and radon. The study focused on the emissions from complete wall build-ups as they can be used for internal Partition walls and the internal insulation of external walls. Test chambers were designed, allowing the compounds to release only from the surface of the material facing indoors under testing Parameters that were chosen to simulate model room conditions. The emission test results were evaluated using the AgBB evaluation scheme, a procedure for the health-related evaluation of construction products and currently applied for the approval of specific groups of building materials in Germany. Seventeen out of 19 sample build-ups tested in this study would have passed this scheme since they generally proved to be low-emitting and although the combined emissions of multiple materials were tested, 50% of the measurements could be terminated before half of the total testing time. KW - Bio-based insulation KW - Earthen building materials KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Semivolatile organic compounds KW - Radon PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519634 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010234 VL - 14 IS - 1 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 234-1 EP - 234-14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Mull, B. T1 - Two new promising approaches for quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing N2 - Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and reproducible emission rates were obtained. T2 - Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - FEM model PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Keller, Lisa-Marie A1 - Scholz, Lena A1 - Weigert, Florian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Nanocarriers – Challenges Imposed by Material Characterization N2 - A brief perspective of BAM on nanocarriers is presented including examples with special emphasis on the characterization of such materials and underlying challenges. In this respect, also ongoing activities at BAM on different types of core/shell nanomaterials and related systems are briefly summarized. T2 - Kolloquium BfR CY - Online meeting DA - 18.03.2021 KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanocarrier KW - Size KW - Surface chemistry KW - Release kinetics KW - Chemical composition KW - Core/shell nanoparticle KW - Quantum dot KW - Spectroscopy KW - Fluorescence PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Trends in selected fields of reference material production N2 - For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered. T2 - 150 years BAM: Science with impact CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.01.2021 KW - Reference material KW - ISO REMCO KW - Gas analysis KW - Food KW - Nanomaterials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 414 IS - Topical collection: Analytical methods and applications in the materials and life sciences SP - 4281 EP - 4289 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Reimann, Mandy T1 - Mobile anodization for the conservation of damaged architectural aluminium elements N2 - Initial situation: Aluminum is an often-used building material in modern architecture, not only for construction but as well for facades and decorative elements. In the 1950th and 1960th, after World War II, many buildings in Germany were constructed with aluminum or contain elements of colored anodized aluminum. In the last years a larger number of these buildings are increasingly in the sight of conservation works including the aluminum parts such as window frames or facade coverings. Damaged Aluminum Surfaces: Common damages are a change of color or gloss changes through weathering processes, drill holes or marks due to later modifications, scratches in the anodized layer due to extensive wear e.g. at handrails or door handles. To repair damaged aluminum surfaces, there are usually two options: smaller damaged areas are repaired by using a touch-up pen. In case of larger damages, the complete re-anodization is necessary. This includes to de-anodize the surface with cleaning and grinding the whole aluminum object. Both possibilities are disadvantageous for the objects. The touch-up pen often does not match the color of the original surface together with an insufficient corrosion protection for outdoors. While the newly anodized surface differs in color and gloss from the originally applied color. Research Approach: The whole procedure contrasts with the principal approach in conservation which aims to intervene as less as possible, in case of the conservation of an object. To fulfill this approach in a more appropriate way the research project focuses on a mobile and partial application for colored, anodized aluminum parts. To anodize aluminum the application of an electrolyte onto the surface together with sufficient voltage and current is necessary. Generally diluted sulfuric acid is used as electrolyte. Different possibilities are examined to enable the mobile application of the electrolyte, e. g. the application by producing a gel matrix or like in electroplating by pen or brush wrapped with a fleece fabric. Experimental part: First experiments are conducted to examine the structure of the anodized layer in relation with proper cleaning, anodization time with applied voltage and current and the coloring process. The aim was to reduce the preparation procedure and the anodization time as much as possible to facilitate the mobile application. Examinations with Keyence microscope, Eddy current testing and REM are performed to characterize the layers. The results are shown in table 1. A clear connection between proper cleaning, anodization time, voltage and amperage and the achieved thickness of the anodized layer is significant. Cracks in the layer show that raising the voltage and amperage results in thicker layers but as well in a crumbled and less stable anodized surface. Gel preparation: In addition to the anodization process with a liquid e.g. sulfuric acid a gel application is tested to prevent the electrolyte from rinsing down during the mobile application. For this purpose, several gel-forming agents are tested together with their stability in acid systems. It was observed, that the consistency of the gels varies dependent of the time. Conductivity: The conductivity of sulfuric acid combined with different gel-systems was measured and compared in order to predict the possible growth of layers during anodic oxidation process. Further steps: Determination and optimization of application parameters like voltage, amperage and anodization-time to build up a preferably stable and sufficient thick anodized layer. Examination of gel preparation to guarantee a stable product, enforcing with textile tape for easy application. T2 - Architectural Aluminum in the 21st Century CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 24.03.2018 KW - Aluminum KW - Anodization KW - Historic buildings KW - Mobile application PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Reimann, M. T1 - Conservation of damaged architectural aluminum elements N2 - Aluminum is an often-used building material in modern architecture. In recent years buildings from the 1950th and 1960th are increasingly subject of conservation works including the aluminum parts. Typical surface damages are signs of corrosion caused by weathering processes or scratches in the anodized layer due to extensive wear. To repair damaged aluminum surfaces, there are usually two options: smaller areas are repaired by using a touch-up pen, for larger damages it is necessary to remove the anodized layer completely. Both possibilities are disadvantageous for the objects; the touch-up pen often does not match the color together with an insufficient corrosion protection, while newly anodized layers often differ in color and gloss from the original surface. For this reason, a research project was initiated to develop a mobile method to repair anodized aluminum parts. The first step focusses on the mobile anodization process by using the electrolyte with a gel substrate. Different cathodic materials are to be tested together with appropriate cooling material. The anodized area should be isolated to protect undamaged areas. Examinations of the produced layers are conducted by using Keyence microscope, eddy current testing and ESEM analysis. Further steps are to transform the coloring and sealing process for mobile application. Color could be applied by using a brush or by spray while the sealing process could be performed with water vapor. An heatable putty knife could be used, if heating up the area will be necessary. Once the application process is developed, the anodization will be tested on samples with artificial damages, fixed in horizontal and vertical positions. The stability of the anodized surface will be examined by accelerated ageing in a climate chamber and outdoor weathering. The electrolyte (diluted sulfuric acid) was combined with a gel binder to enable a mobile application. Several thickening agents were tested concerning their conductivity and stability in acid systems. Anodization tests with different cathodic material and shapes were conducted. The temperature during anodization was controlled and adjusted if necessary. The anodized area was restricted by using either a lacquer, an adhesive or a removable silicon barrier. The fist results show the feasibility of the method on enclosed areas. The achieved thickness was measured by eddy current testing and the structure was controlled by ESEM analysis. The examinations show a connection between thickness and porosity of the anodized layers and the temperature during the application process. Next steps are testing mobile coloring and sealing methods followed by mobile anodization on artificial damaged areas. T2 - Metal 2019 CY - Neuchâtel, Switzerland DA - 02.09.2019 KW - Mobile anodisation KW - Aluminium KW - Conservation KW - Damage repair PY - 2020 UR - https://www.lulu.com/shop/claudia-chemello-and-laura-brambilla-and-edith-joseph/metal-2019-proceedings-of-the-interim-meeting-of-the-icom-cc-metals-working-group-september-2-6-2019-neuch%C3%A2tel-switzerland-ebook/ebook/product-24517161.html AN - OPUS4-51479 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantitative elemental analysis of ambient aerosol particles using portable TXRF N2 - A reliable analysis of aerosol particle is curial for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects [1]. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. Within the AEROMET project [2] procedures are developed aiming at reducing the uncertainties of particle mass, size, and number concentration measurements including the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Here, we present an approach how to improve the uncertainties of the particle mass by mobile total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. The combination of TXRF and aerosols sampling techniques supported by reference-free synchrotron radiation-based XRF enables a quantitative real-time analysis of particle mass. During in-field campaigns, the procedure was tested, monitoring the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols under dynamic conditions. This approach allows a direct time and size-resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination. Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor on acrylic discs. TXRF analysis was performed on-site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH). The TXRF quantification was based on internal standardization. At moderate air pollution levels (PM10 20 µg/m³) sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough to detect elements in different particle size bins. The on-site approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling. The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements remain unchanged. T2 - 11th International Conference on “Instrumental Methods of Analysis” CY - Ioannina, Greece DA - 22.09.2019 KW - Air quality KW - Novel sample preparation techniques KW - Analytical chemistry KW - Metals PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49249 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Iznaguen, Hassan A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Witt, Angelika A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Oleszak, Katrin A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Bewitterungsszenarien im Vergleich – Veränderungen in der Oberflächenmorphologie von Polypropylen (PP) und Polystyrol (PS) unter dem Aspekt des Austrags von polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln N2 - Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umwelt-beständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden. T2 - 47. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Blankenloch-Stutensee, Germany DA - 21.03.2018 KW - Schadstoffaustrag KW - Umweltsimulation KW - Bewitterung PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-18507-2-7 VL - 47 SP - 115 EP - 128 AN - OPUS4-49802 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Iznaguen, H. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Witt, Angelika A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Oleszak, K. A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Environmental sustainability and –stability of Materials concerning the Migration of pollutants N2 - MaUS is an acronym for ”Material und Umweltsimulationen“. Plastics are in the focus of environmental politics due to their long-term behaviour and therefore to their persistence. Not only that they appear as visible contaminants in the sea and on the beach, but their unknown behaviour concerning their additives as well as the related transformation products are anxious. Therefore, we wish to establish a certified reference method to provide a method for testing plastics. Aim of this project is the development of fast motion standard reference methods for testing plastics regarding to their environmental compatibility. To establish these testing methods, we use polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) with environmental relevant brominated flame retardants, known for their persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties. In case of PS the material contains 1 wt% of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecan (HBCD) and in case of PP 0.1 wt% bromodiphenylether (BDE-209), which is known as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Furthermore, we use polycarbonate (PC), which is still used as material in baby flasks and releases Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic active substance. As an additional material PTFE is used for its importance as a source for two ubiquitous environmental substances (PFOS and PFOA), whose toxicological effects are still incompletely known. The focus in this current work is set on the transfer of potential pollutants out of applied materials mentioned above into environmental compartments like water or soil. Here an accelerated aging concept should be developed to shortened time consuming natural processes. For these resulting simulations we use a programmable weathering chamber with dry and wet periods and with high and low temperatures. These programmes run for several weeks and according to a defined sampling schedule we take water samples, run a clean-up procedure by SPE (Molecular imprinted polymers (MiPs) resp. polymer-based cartridges (Waters Oasis HLB)) and analyse them by HPLC-UV resp. LC-MS/MS. Of most interest in case of flame retardants are photocatalytic transformation products. Therefore, we conduct a non-target-screening resp. a suspected target-screening by LC-MS/MS and HRMS. T2 - Project meeting PlasticsEurope - BAM CY - Leverkusen, Germany DA - 06.11.2018 KW - Environmental simulation KW - Pollutants PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Reger, Christian T1 - LA-ICP-MS- und RFA-Messungen für die Bestimmung von polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln(PBFSM) in Polystyrol- und Polypropylenproben N2 - Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umwelt-beständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe (polybromierte Flammschutzmittel) in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden. T2 - Kolloquium "Aquatische Ökologie" CY - Essen, Germany DA - 27.11.2019 KW - Umweltsimulation KW - PBFSM KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - RFA PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49975 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Iznaguen, H. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Witt, Angelika A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Oleszak, K. A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - TF-Projekt MaUS: Material und Umweltsimulation N2 - Gegenstand des Projekts ist die Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polycarbonat, Polytetrafluorethylen, Polystyrol und Polypropylen zum Einsatz. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden, die es gestatten, Schnellprüfverfahren zu etablieren, die die Simulation der realen Beanspruchungen im Zeitraffermodell anwendbar machen. Somit sollen standardisierbare Schnellbeanspruchungs-verfahren erarbeitet werden, die als Prüfeinrichtungen etabliert werden und von externen Auftraggebern zur Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von neuen Materialien genutzt werden können. Die Umweltwirkungen (chemisch-physikalisch und mikrobiologisch) sollen so definiert eingesetzt werden, dass eine reproduzierbare Prüfung möglich wird. Aus diesen Verfahren und Methoden sollen Normen abgeleitet werden, die eine standardisierte Materialprüfung ermöglichen. T2 - Projektmeeting BAM - Covestro CY - Leverkusen, Germany DA - 29.05.2018 KW - Umweltsimulation KW - Schadstoffaustrag PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47025 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Westphalen, Tanja T1 - Environmental sustainability and –stability of materials concerning the migration of pollutants N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the accelerated weathering of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene samples (PP) containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006. For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected raining water the samples were prepared in accordance to a validated protocol. Before the analyses each sample was spiked with isotopically labeled BDE-209. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane. The obtained extracts were concentrated, and the resulting solutions were analyzed by GC/MS. Additionally, the total bromine content was monitored for the weathered and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as a non-destructive and rapid method. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated weathering will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments. Here, the surfaces of the test pieces were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS and XRF as well. Moreover, soil bed tests were conducted in a well characterized model soil. This soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining basin inside of an air-conditioned cellar. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To induce a leaching process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. A defined humidity is a fundamental parameter for a biological activity in the soil. The test polymers were placed up to the half in the soil. Microbial activity of the soil is monitored by a reference polymer (polyurethane) and should induce the release of HBCD and BDE-209 out of the test materials. These released analytes will be captured by passive samplers (silicone tubes) placed in a distinct distance to the polymer samples in the soil. The soil bed experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. T2 - Goldschmidt 2019 CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 18.08.2019 KW - Pollutants KW - Environmental simulation KW - Migration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Traub, Heike T1 - Weathering scenarios – Changes in polymer surface morphologies and leaching of brominated flame retardants N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the simulated aging of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene (PP)-samples containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006.For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected rain water samples derived from the used climate chamber, the samples were prepared in accordance with a validated protocol. Before the analyses, each sample was spiked with 2 µL of isotopically labeled BDE-209 (13C10-BDE-209) to serve as internal standard (ISTD) in the performed stable isotope dilution analysis. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane, the obtained aliquots of the extracts were concentrated to 200 µL and 2 µL of the resulting solution were injected to the GC/MS for quantification. Additionally, the total bromine contents are monitored for the aged and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as non-destructive and rapid method. Furthermore, results from surface analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for morphological characterization of the aged and untreated samples were presented and discussed. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated aging will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments (“atmospheric exposure”, in soil). The atmospheric exposure was performed by placing the samples on a weathering rack, which is aligned in SW direction (in a 45° angle to the horizon). The weathering data were regularly recorded by Deutscher Wetterdienst at this site. The surfaces of the test specimens (aged and stored references) were analyzed by ESEM as well as by LA-ICP-MS and by XRF. The surface of PS and PP specimens aged outdoors present the aging under real conditions and allow the comparison to the accelerated aged specimens by means of the weathering chamber. This way, we explore the efficiency of the accelerated aging procedure, which provides the advantage of well-defined and reproducible conditions compared to natural weathering, as a tool for testing different plastic materials. Additionally “in soil” experiments were conducted in-door in a well characterized testing soil. The soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining concrete basin inside of an air-conditioned room. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To assure a washing out process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. The water content is additionally monitored by weight of the basin, capturing water from raining periods. The correct humidity is a fundamental parameter for biological activity. Samples of PS resp. PP were of dimension 10x1cm and 5 specimens were placed up to the half in the soil per basin. Microbial activity of the soil, monitored by the reference polyurethane, sets HBCD resp. BDE-209 of the samples free and will be leached from the samples by raining water. Thereafter these will be captured by passive samplers placed in a distinct distance to the samples in the soil. The “in soil” experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. These experiments simulate the fate of the brominated flame retardants in the biosphere. T2 - Umwelt 2018 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 09.09.2018 KW - BFR KW - Weathering KW - PP KW - PS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Iznaguen, H. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Witt, Angelika A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Oleszak, K. A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Bewitterungsszenarien im Vergleich – Veränderungen in der Oberflächenmorphologie von Polypropylen (PP) und Polystyrol (PS) unter dem Aspekt des Austrags von polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the simulated aging of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene (PP)-samples containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006.For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected rain water samples derived from the used climate chamber, the samples were prepared in accordance with a validated protocol. Before the analyses, each sample was spiked with 2 µL of isotopically labeled BDE-209 (13C10-BDE-209) to serve as internal standard (ISTD) in the performed stable isotope dilution analysis. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane, the obtained aliquots of the extracts were concentrated to 200 µL and 2 µL of the resulting solution were injected to the GC/MS for quantification. Additionally, the total bromine contents are monitored for the aged and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as non-destructive and rapid method. Furthermore, results from surface analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for morphological characterization of the aged and untreated samples were presented and discussed. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated aging will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments (“atmospheric exposure”, in soil). The atmospheric exposure was performed by placing the samples on a weathering rack, which is aligned in SW direction (in a 45° angle to the horizon). The weathering data were regularly recorded by Deutscher Wetterdienst at this site. The surfaces of the test specimens (aged and stored references) were analyzed by ESEM as well as by LA-ICP-MS and by XRF. The surface of PS and PP specimens aged outdoors present the aging under real conditions and allow the comparison to the accelerated aged specimens by means of the weathering chamber. This way, we explore the efficiency of the accelerated aging procedure, which provides the advantage of well-defined and reproducible conditions compared to natural weathering, as a tool for testing different plastic materials. Additionally “in soil” experiments were conducted in-door in a well characterized testing soil. The soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining concrete basin inside of an air-conditioned room. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To assure a washing out process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. The water content is additionally monitored by weight of the basin, capturing water from raining periods. The correct humidity is a fundamental parameter for biological activity. Samples of PS resp. PP were of dimension 10x1cm and 5 specimens were placed up to the half in the soil per basin. Microbial activity of the soil, monitored by the reference polyurethane, sets HBCD resp. BDE-209 of the samples free and will be leached from the samples by raining water. Thereafter these will be captured by passive samplers placed in a distinct distance to the samples in the soil. The “in soil” experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. These experiments simulate the fate of the brominated flame retardants in the biosphere. N2 - Gegenstand der vorzustellenden Arbeiten ist die Prüfung der Umweltbeständigkeit und -verträglichkeit von Materialien und Produkten hinsichtlich der Emission von potenziellen Schadstoffen in die Umwelt. Hierzu werden chemisch-physikalische Einflüsse (Bewitterung) und mikrobielle Beanspruchungen an Modellmaterialien evaluiert. So werden die Freisetzungsraten von Schadstoffen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchung beschrieben. Als Modellmaterialien kommen die Polymere Polystyrol (PS) und Polypropylen (PP) zum Einsatz, die jeweils mit polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln (PBFSM) versehen sind. Synergistische Effekte der Bewitterungsparameter und der mikrobiologischen Beanspruchung sollen dabei ebenso betrachtet werden, wie die gezielte Alterung. Auch findet eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens der ausgetragenen Schadstoffe in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden oder Wasser statt. Hier sind mit Hilfe der zu entwickelnden Screening- und non-Target-Analyseverfahren die Transformation und der Metabolismus durch Mikroorganismen zu beschreiben. Auch soll mit Hilfe der RFA und der LA-ICP-MS die Abreicherung der PBFSM in den Modellmaterialien beschrieben werden. Aus den Ergebnissen sollen Korrelationen zwischen den künstlichen Alterungsverfahren und realen Szenarien abgeleitet werden. T2 - 47. Jahrestagung der GUS 2018 CY - Stutensee - Blankenloch, Germany DA - 21.03.2018 KW - Polypropylen KW - Polystyrol KW - Flammschutzmittel KW - XRF KW - LA-ICP-MS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47024 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja A1 - Scales, Brittan A1 - Hassenrück, Christiane A1 - Moldaenke, Lynn A1 - Rummel, Christoph A1 - Völkner, Corinna A1 - Hassa, Julia A1 - Rückert, Christian A1 - Rynek, Robby A1 - Busche, Tobias A1 - Kalinowski, Jörn A1 - Jahnke, Annika A1 - Schmitt-Jansen, Mechthild A1 - Wendt-Potthoff, Katrin T1 - Hunting for pigments in plastic biofilms from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch N2 - Each year, an immense amount of plastic debris enters marine ecosystems, much of which ends up in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). The plastic fragments are home to a diverse community of microorganisms, and while researchers have gained a better understanding of these marine plastic biofilms, we lack insights into the physiology and genomic potential of the bacteria that colonize them. Examining the lifestyle of plastic colonizers from the GPGP is particularly intriguing, as the high concentration of plastics in this accumulation zone might allow for a microbial adaptation to this unique man-made habitat. A range of pigmentation was observed in 67 isolated strains obtained directly from plastic pieces sampled from the GPGP surface water. Sequence comparison between the cultivated bacterial strains and the 16S rRNA gene amplicon dataset confirmed that most of the cultivates could also be captured through DNA-only methods. Whole genome analysis of four taxonomically diverse representatives revealed multiple carotenoid pathways, including those to produce less common glycosylated carotenoids, like sarcinaxanthin glucoside. Further, we identified a potentially new Rhodobacteraceae species containing a photosynthetic gene cluster (PGC). Absorption analysis confirmed the actual production of the carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll a. Floating plastics represent a habitat with strong UV-light exposure, making the protection with antioxidant carotenoids as well as the ability to use light as an energy source highly beneficial traits for plastic colonizers. Our findings indicate, that the production of pigments is a common adaption mechanism for plastic-associated bacteria, and that plastic biofilms present a so far overlooked source of rare carotenoids and light-harvesting mechanisms. T2 - Annual Conference of The Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Plastic biofilm KW - Phototrophic bacteria KW - Plastic pollution PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - On the intersection of microbiome and material research: what can be achieved? N2 - Any surface in the environment acts as hotspot for microbial attachment and activity. These biofilms represent the interface between humans and the environment. While in the past biofilms were often seen as disturbance, we now start to understand the enormous potential of beneficial biofilms. They can be used in a broad range of applications and are sources for new microorganisms and traits. After all, biofilms represent a great example for a collaborative lifestyle. T2 - Bioeconomy Changemakers Festival, Hereon CY - Teltow, Germany DA - 14.03.2024 KW - Biofilm KW - Microbiome KW - Sustainability KW - Biosphere KW - Microplastics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja T1 - The Microplastic Microbiome N2 - Microplastics represent man-made and newly emerging surfaces in our ecosystems, where they interact with microorganisms. The ecosystem in focus of this presentation will be the aquatic environment. It will be portrayed, which microorganisms use microplastics as a habitat, how environmental factors shape this colonization, and why the biodegradation of plastics in the ocean is an overall unlikely process. We will also discuss whether potentially pathogenic microorganisms use microplastics as a raft. Finally, possible adaptation mechanisms of plastic-colonizing microorganisms will be presented, such as the production of photoreactive molecules. The microplastic microbiome has a large potential to harbor so far unknown species with curious traits, representing an exciting research topic for the future. T2 - Geomicrobiological and Geochemical Colloquium, GFZ CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - Microbiome KW - Biofilm PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nöller, Renate A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Kasztovszky, Z. A1 - Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Z. A1 - Kovács, I. T1 - Characteristic Features of Lapis Lazuli from Different Provenances, Revised by µXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE N2 - The objective of this study is to find out, to what extent the geochemical characteristics of lapis lazuli can be utilized in respect to its provenance. A wide range of variables is taken into consideration depending on the quantity of samples analysed from a specific geological region and the methods applied. In order to provide evidence, a multi-technique analytical approach using µXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE is applied to samples from the most famous deposits of lapis lazuli. Special elements determined as fingerprints are compared in relation to the forming conditions obvious in textural features. The results and statistical output allow a differentiation that enables an optimized local classification of the blue stone. An absolute requirement for all geo-tracing performed on blue colored cultural objects of unknown provenance is awareness of the limits of analysis. The possible sources of lapis lazuli are tested by analysing the blue pigment used as paint on murals and ink on manuscripts from the Silk Road. KW - Lapis lazuli KW - Micro-XRF KW - ESEM KW - PGAA KW - PIXE KW - Pigment analyses KW - Provenance studies PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-491181 DO - https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2193/2019.02.003 SN - 2328-2193 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 57 EP - 69 PB - David CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-49118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymeric Capsules with VOCs for Controlled Emission N2 - Micro-(nano-)encapsulation technology involves building of a barrier between the core and the environment and offers a number of benefits to preserve the functional and physicochemical properties of core material. Tremendous progress has been made in synthesizing well-defined capsules to achieve desired properties such as particle size, chemical composition, and controlled release of the payload. Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate with a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERM). These are urgently needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes (QA/QC) required by test standards for the determination of chemical emissions of construction and other materials for interior use. As such ERMs are hardly available on the market, the EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ [1] was started to fill this gap by developing a material with temporally constant emission of VOCs typically found in indoor air. Different capsules in a size range between 5 and 50 μm were synthesized through an interfacial polyaddition/polycondensation reaction in direct (water-in-oil) system. As VOC several types of hydrophobic liquid materials were used. After synthesis, the morphology and physicochemical properties of capsules were characterized by electron microscopy, FTIR and DSC/TGA. An encapsulation efficiency up to 90% could be reached. The emission kinetic of volatile agents was studied in emission test chambers at 23 °C and 50% RH for 14 days. First results indicate that variation of the cross-linking grade of the shell material is one important parameter to adjust the desired emission rate. The overall aim is to achieve a consistent emission profile that decreases by less than 10 % over a target period of at least 14 days. T2 - 36th European Colloid & Interface Society Conference CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Capsules KW - Volatile organic compound KW - Polymer KW - Material emissions KW - Reference materials PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56039 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymeric Capsules with VOCs for Controlled Emission N2 - Micro-(nano-)encapsulation technology involves building a barrier between the core and the environment and offers several benefits to preserve the functional and physicochemical properties of core material. Tremendous progress has been made in synthesizing well-defined capsules to achieve desired properties such as particle size, chemical composition, and controlled release of loaded compounds. Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate with a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERM). These are urgently needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes (QA/QC) required by test standards for the determination of chemical emissions of construction and other materials for interior use. As such ERMs are hardly available on the market, the EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ was started to fill this gap by developing a material with temporally constant emission of VOCs typically found in indoor air. T2 - 36th European Colloid & Interface Society Conference CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Capsules KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Material emissions KW - QA/QC KW - Reference materials PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Löhmann, Oliver A1 - Lindemann, Franziska A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Embedding and cross-sectioning as a sample preparation procedure for accurate and representative size and shape measurement of nanopowders N2 - Reliable measurement of the size of polydisperse, complex-shaped commercial nanopowders is a difficult but necessary task, e.g., for regulatory requirements and toxicity risk assessment. Suitable methods exist for the accurate characterization of the size of non-aggregated, stabilized, spherical and monodisperse nanoparticles. In contrast, industrial nanoscale powders usually require dedicated sample preparation procedures developed for the analysis method of choice. These nano-powders tend to agglomerate and/or aggregate, a behavior which in combination with an innate broad particle size distribution and irregular shape often significantly alters the achievable accuracy of the measured size parameters. The present study systematically tests two commercially available nanoscale powders using different sample preparation methods for correlative analysis by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method and differential mobility analysis. One focus was set on the sample preparation by embedding nanoparticles in carbon-based hot-mounting resin. Literature on this topic is scarce and the accuracy of the data extracted from cross sections of these particles is unclearly stated. In this paper systematic simulations on the deviation of the size parameters of well-defined series of nanoparticles with different shapes from the nominal value were carried out and the contributing factors are discussed. KW - Nanopowder KW - Electron microscopy KW - Sample preparation KW - Cross-sectioning KW - Cerium oxide KW - Zinc oxide PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593289 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-51094-0 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-59328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Development of Monodisperse Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Certified Reference Material for Size and Shape N2 - BAM is currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance to the material and life sciences. As a first candidate of this series, we present cubic iron oxide nanoparticles with a nominal edge length of 8 nm. These particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate in high boiling organic solvents adapting well-known literature procedures. After dilution to a concentration suitable for electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) as well as for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the candidate nanoRM was bottled and assessed for homogeneity and stability by both methods following the guidelines of ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35. The particle sizes obtained by both STEM-in-SEM and TEM are in excellent agreement with a minimum Feret of 8.3 nm ± 0.7 nm. The aspect ratio (AR) of the iron oxide cubes were extracted from the images as the ratio of minimum Feret to Feret resulting in an AR of 1.18 for TEM to 1.25 for SEM. Alternatively, a rectangular bounding box was fitted originating from the minimum Feret and the longest distance through the particle in perpendicular direction. This led to AR values of 1.05 for TEM and 1.12 for SEM, respectively. The results confirm the almost ideal cubic shape. KW - Reference nanoparticles KW - Iron oxide KW - Cubical shape KW - Electron microscopy KW - SAXS KW - Nano CRM KW - Size PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622003610 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 28 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 802 EP - 805 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-55599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Measurement of particle emissions in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes and its potential for in-situ process monitoring N2 - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production especially for complex and lightweight structures or functional designs. In L PBF processes several by-products including welding plume and its condensates, spatter and ejected powder are generated during laser exposure. Investigations of micro- and nano-sized by-products have received little attention in literature. This study focuses on the analysis of particle emissions in L PBF of 316L stainless steel using a scattered light aerosol spectrometer and a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer during the process which allows for in-situ analysis of particle sizes in the range of 6 nm to 100 µm. A distinct correlation of emission signals to part position can be revealed. In addition, a significant influence of laser scanning vector directions on emission signals is presented. Furthermore, differing powder layer thicknesses can be recognised by deviations in emission signals. T2 - Euro PM 2019 CY - Maastricht, The Netherlands DA - 13.10.2019 KW - Plume KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) KW - Additive Manufacturing (AM) KW - Spatter KW - Fume KW - Particle gas emission KW - Aerosol measurements PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-49388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Measurement of particle emissions in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes and its potential for in-situ process monitoring N2 - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production especially for complex and lightweight structures or functional designs. In L PBF processes several by-products including welding plume and its condensates, spatter and ejected powder are generated during laser exposure. Investigations of micro- and nano-sized by-products have received little attention in literature. This study focuses on the analysis of particle emissions in L PBF of 316L stainless steel using a scattered light aerosol spectrometer and a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer during the process which allows for in-situ analysis of particle sizes in the range of 6 nm to 100 µm. A distinct correlation of emission signals to part position can be revealed. In addition, a significant influence of laser scanning vector directions on emission signals is presented. Furthermore, differing powder layer thicknesses can be recognised by deviations in emission signals. T2 - Euro PM2019 CY - Maastricht, The Netherlands DA - 13.10.2019 KW - Aerosol measurements KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) KW - Additive Manufacturing (AM) KW - Spatter KW - Fume KW - Plume KW - Particle gas emission PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49387 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liaskos, C. A1 - Rhoderick, G. A1 - Hodges, J. A1 - Possolo, A. A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Pilot comparison CCQM-P177 - monoterpenes in nitrogen at 2.5 nmol/mol - final report N2 - Growing awareness of the impact of monoterpenes on climate, atmospheric chemistry, and indoor air quality has necessitated the development of measurement standards to globally monitor and control their emissions. For National Metrology Institutes to develop such standards, it is essential that they demonstrate measurement equivalence for assigned values at the highest levels of accuracy. This report describes the results of a pilot comparison for 4 key monoterpene species: α-pinene, 3-carene, R-limonene and 1,8-cineole, at a nominal amount-of-substance fraction of 2.5 nmol mol-1. The objective of this comparison is to evaluate participant capabilities to measure trace-level monoterpenes using their own calibration techniques. KW - Pilot comparison KW - CCQM KW - Monoterpene KW - Accuracy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/08018 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 57 IS - 1A SP - 08018-1 EP - 08018-21 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-51111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. ED - Bosse, H. ED - Buhr, E. ED - Dziomba, T. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Klein, T. ED - Krumrey, M. T1 - OECD Test Guideline on particle size and particle size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials: simultaneous measurement of length and diameter of fibers N2 - The new OECD test guideline will address the following four main steps in the determination of the length and width distributions of fibers: sample preparation, image acquisition, data evaluation and uncertainty analysis. As the sample preparation has to be optimized for each material, general quality criteria will be given in the protocol. For full visibility of a fiber the appropriate resolution has to be chosen. In the data evaluation the length and diameter of each fiber will be determined concurrently to allow for application of different regulatory definitions. The quality of the results critically depends on the sample preparation as well as the data evaluation. In this step the classification rules have to be formulated and followed accurately in order to optimize reproducibility of the method. The SOP will be validated in an international round robin test, which is planned for 2018/2019. T2 - NanoWorkshop 2018: Workshop on Reference Nanomaterials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - OECD KW - Nano KW - Guideline KW - Particle size distributuion KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-95606-440-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/110.20190412 SN - 0179-0609 VL - F-61 SP - 302 EP - 302 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt CY - Braunschweig und Berlin AN - OPUS4-49514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - OECD Test Guideline on particle size and particle size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials: simultaneous measurement of length and diameter of fibers N2 - The new OECD test guideline will address the following four main steps in the determination of the length and width distributions of fibers: sample preparation, image acquisition, data evaluation and uncertainty analysis. As the sample preparation has to be optimized for each material, general quality criteria will be given in the protocol. For full visibility of a fiber the appropriate resolution has to be chosen. In the data evaluation the length and diameter of each fiber will be determined concurrently to allow for application of different regulatory definitions. The quality of the results critically depends on the sample preparation as well as the data evaluation. In this step the classification rules have to be formulated and followed accurately in order to optimize reproducibility of the method. The SOP will be validated in an international round robin test, which is planned for 2018/2019. T2 - BAM-PTB-Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - Fibre KW - Fiber KW - OECD KW - Size distribution PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - Test Guideline on Particle Size and Size Distribution of Manufactured Nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Workshop zur gemeinsamen Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden „Nanomaterialien und andere innovative Werkstoffe: anwendungssicher und umweltverträglich“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.09.2019 KW - OECD KW - Nano KW - Guideline KW - Particle size distributuion KW - Prüfrichtlinie PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. T1 - Size matters! - Auf dem Weg zu einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien _ Projektteil BAuA N2 - Vorstellung der Ergebnisse bei der Entwicklung einer neuen OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien. (Projektteil Fasern.) Ergebnisse: Abweichungen zwischen SEM and TEM insbesondere bei langen Fasern Die Anwendung von TEM auf kurze Fasern < 5 µm beschränkt Für SEM wurde keine signifikante Abhängigkeit der Bestimmung der Faserdurchmesser von der Pixelgröße der Aufnahmen festgestellt Für TEM wurde eine Abhängigkeit der Bestimmung der Faserdurchmesser von der Pixelgröße festgestellt Der Einfluss der Bildauswertenden auf die Varianz der Ergebnisse ist klein im Vergleich zu der gesamten Varianz. Nanofasern können mit TEM und SEM bestimmt werden! T2 - Fachseminar des Umweltbundesamtes CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Nano KW - Nanofasern KW - OECD KW - Prüfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. T1 - OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien - Projektteil Fasern N2 - Abschlusspräsentation des Projektes "OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgröße und Anzahlgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien". (Projektteil Fasern) T2 - Fachgespräch zur OECD - TG PSD - BMU BMWi BAM BAuA UBA CY - Online meeting DA - 10.09.2021 KW - Nano KW - Nanofasern KW - OECD KW - Prüfrichtlinie KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53826 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Schwirn, K. T1 - Test guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 1000 nm. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Expertenaustausch Nanocluster und Malta-Initiative CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.10.2018 KW - Nanopartikel KW - Testguideline KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nano particle PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Schwirn, K. T1 - Test guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 1000 nm. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Expertenaustausch Nanocluster und Malta-Initiative CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.10.2018 KW - Nanopartikel KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nano particle KW - Test guideline PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromer, Charlotte A1 - Katz, Aaron A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Laux, Peter A1 - Luch, Andreas A1 - Tschiche, Harald R. T1 - A targeted fluorescent nanosensor for ratiometric pH sensing at the cell surface N2 - AbstractThe correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5–9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role. KW - pH sensor KW - pH KW - Targeting, Nanoparticles KW - pHe KW - Nanosensor KW - Extracellular pH PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604339 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62976-2 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-60433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klinge, A. A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Payet, J. ED - Venkatarama Reddy, B. V. ED - Mani, M. ED - Walker, P. T1 - The Relevance of Earthen Plasters for Eco Innovative, Cost-Efficient and Healthy Construction—Results from the EU-Funded Research Project [H]house N2 - The European building sector is moving towards more complex and high-tech building approaches. While focusing on energy efficiency, aspects e.g. occupant health, sustainability and life cycle costing are often neglected. This study highlights the potential of earthen plasters in combination with natural ventilation for low-tech solutions. The EU funded project [H]house established the outstanding performance of earthen materials in light of hygrothermal and air purifying properties, which were further supported by experimental data from monitoring of naturally ventilated pilot buildings in Berlin. Additionally, [H]house demonstrated through LCC an increased cost efficiency of earth based low-tech solutions in comparison to conventional constructions relying on mechanical ventilation. KW - Climate responsive materials KW - Low-tech approach KW - IEQ KW - natural ventilation KW - LCC PY - 2019 SN - 978-981-13-5882-1 SN - 978-981-13-5883-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5883-8_32 SN - 2363-7633 SN - 2363-7641 SP - 371 EP - 382 PB - Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. CY - Singapur AN - OPUS4-47792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Hönicke, P. A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, B. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Reliable chemical analysis of aerosols by reference-free X-ray spectrometry for monitoring airborne particulate matter N2 - The physical and chemical analysis of aerosols using reliable and physically traceable methods is important for the thorough investigation of airborne particles to support a better understanding of their origin as well as their health and climate impacts. Within the European Metrology Research AeroMet project,the aim of hysikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt’s (PTB) X-ray spectrometry group is to develop and establish traceable and reliable X-ray methods to measure the elemental mass deposition per unit area, the elemental composition,and the chemical binding state of particulate matter supported by a flat substrate. This approach can substantially contribute to support quantitative analytical methods during on-site measurement campaigns where portable Instrumentation is employed by qualifying suitable calibration samples for commercial analytical X-ray instruments and by investigating samples collected during the field campaign. KW - AEROMET project KW - X-Ray analysis KW - TXRF KW - Aerosols KW - Particles KW - Air pollution KW - Elemental composition PY - 2020 UR - https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/reliable-chemical-analysis-of-aerosols-by-reference-free-x-ray-spectrometry-for-monitoring-airborne-particulate-matter SN - 0887-6703 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 42 EP - 46 PB - MJH Life Sciences CY - Cranbury, NJ AN - OPUS4-53357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Kochovski, Z. A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Ni- and Co-Struvites: Revealing Crystallization Mechanisms and Crystal Engineering toward Applicational Use of Transition Metal Phosphates N2 - Industrial and agricultural waste streams (waste water, sludges, tailings, etc.) which contain high concentrations of NH4+, PO43–, and transition metals are environmentally harmful and toxic pollutants. At the same time, phosphorous and transition metals constitute highly valuable resources. Typically, separate pathways have been considered to extract hazardous transition metals or phosphate independently from each other. Investigations on the simultaneous removal of multiple components have been carried out only to a limited extent. Here, we report the synthesis routes for Ni- and Co-struvites (NH4MPO4·6H2O, M = Ni2+ and Co2+), which allow for P, ammonia, and metal co-precipitation. By evaluating different reaction parameters, the phase and stability of transition metal struvites as well as their crystal morphologies and sizes could be optimized. Ni-struvite is stable in a wide reactant concentration range and at different metal/phosphorus (M/P) ratios, whereas Co-struvite only forms at low M/P ratios. Detailed investigations of the precipitation process using ex situ and in situ techniques provided insights into the crystallization mechanisms/crystal engineering of these materials. M-struvites crystallize via intermediate colloidal amorphous nanophases, which subsequently aggregate and condense to final crystals after extended reaction times. However, the exact reaction kinetics of the formation of a final crystalline product varies significantly depending on the involved metal cation in the precipitation process: several seconds (Mg) to minutes (Ni) to hours (Co). The achieved level of control over the morphology and size makes precipitation of transition metal struvites a promising method for direct metal recovery and binding them in the form of valuable phosphate raw materials. Under this paradigm, the crystals can be potentially up-cycled as precursor powders for electrochemical or (electro)catalytic applications, which require transition metal phosphates. KW - Crystallization KW - Struvite KW - Nickel KW - Cobalt KW - Phosphorous recovery KW - Up-cycling KW - Aqueous synthesis PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00284 VL - 22 IS - 7 SP - 4305 EP - 4315 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington D.C. AN - OPUS4-55286 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Fink, Friedrich A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - ten Elshof, J. E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Thermally processed Ni-and Co-struvites as functional materials for proton conductivity N2 - We present how mesoporosity can be engineered in transition metal phosphate (TMPs) materials in a template-free manner. The method involves the transformation of a precursor metal phosphate phase, called M-struvite (NH4MPO4·6H2O, M = Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, NixCo1−x2+). It relies on the thermal decomposition of crystalline M-struvite precursors to an amorphous and simultaneously mesoporous phase, which forms during degassing of NH3 and H2O. The temporal evolution of mesoporous frameworks and the response of the metal coordination environment were followed by in situ and ex situ scattering and diffraction, as well as X-ray spectroscopy. Despite sharing the same precursor struvite structure, different amorphous and mesoporous structures were obtained depending on the involved transition metal. We highlight the systematic differences in absolute surface area, pore shape, pore size, and phase transitions depending on the metal cation present in the analogous M-struvites. The amorphous structures of thermally decomposed Mg-, Ni- and NixCo1−x-struvites exhibit high surface areas and pore volumes (240 m2 g−1 and 0.32 cm−3 g−1 for Mg and 90 m2 g−1 and 0.13 cm−3 g−1 for Ni). We propose that the low-cost, environmentally friendly M-struvites could be obtained as recycling products from industrial and agricultural wastewaters. These waste products could be then upcycled into mesoporous TMPs through a simple thermal treatment for further application, for instance in (electro)catalysis. KW - Struvite KW - Phosphates KW - Transition metals KW - Proton conductivity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575862 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DT00839H SN - 1477-9226 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Royal Society of Chemisty (RSC) CY - London/Cambridge AN - OPUS4-57586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Walker, G. A1 - Witten, J. T1 - Innenraumluftqualität und Bauprodukte N2 - Der Mensch verbringt die überwiegende Zeit des Tages in Innenräumen von Gebäuden. Der Aufenthalt in Innenräumen umfasst das Wohnen, Bürotätigkeiten oder auch Nutzung öffentlicher Gebäude wie Kindertagesstätten, Schulen, Sporthallen und Bibliotheken. Um Innenräume von Gebäuden ohne Gefährdung für die menschliche Gesundheit nutzen zu können, müssen diese bei ihrer Errichtung und Verwendung dauerhaft die an sie gestellten hohen Anforderungen zu Gesundheit und Hygiene erfüllen. Die Innenraumluftqualität und ihre Wahrnehmung durch die Raumnutzer spielt für das individuelle Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit eine entscheidende Rolle. Dieses Buch richtet sich bevorzugt an Bauplaner, Architekten, Bauingenieure und Bauherren aber auch an Bauproduktehersteller. Ihnen allen fällt die wichtige Aufgabe zu, Aufenthaltsräume von Gebäuden durch eine gezielte Bauproduktverwendung zu gestalten und dauerhaft nutzbar zu machen. Die Frage, ob der Aufenthalt in Gebäuden den Menschen gesundheitlich beeinträchtigen oder sogar krank machen kann, hängt wesentlich von der qualitativen und quantitativen Zusammensetzung der Raumluft ab. „Innenraumluftqualität und Bauprodukte“ enthält Angaben über wichtige Inhaltsstoffe der Raumluft und damit verbundene Einflussfaktoren, und geht im Besonderen auf Emissionen aus Bauprodukten ein. So vermögen Bauprodukte oftmals als großflächige Emissionsquellen die Innenraumluft mit verschiedenartigen Stoffen und Stoffgemischen anzureichern, mit der Folge, dass Raumnutzer diesen dauerhaft und teilweise intensiv ausgesetzt sind. Das Buch vermittelt wichtige Erkenntnisse über flüchtige organische Verbindungen (VOC) aus Bauprodukten sowie deren Verhalten in der Raumluft etwa in Bezug auf Emissionsdauer, Hausstaubdeposition und Sekundärquellenbildung. Auf spezifische VOC-Einzelstoffemissionen – sehr flüchtige (VVOC) bis hin zu schwerflüchtigen (SVOC) – und einzelne chemische Stoffgruppen in Zusammenhang mit ihrem Vorkommen in Bauprodukten wird eingegangen. Die wesentlichen Voraussetzungen und die Bedeutung einzelner VOC und VOC-Stoffgemische für die Expositionssituation und die Gesundheit von Raumnutzern werden in einem eigenen Kapitel beschrieben. Wichtige Kenntnisse über gesundheitliche Stoffwirkungen werden transparent erläutert. Angesprochen werden der inhalative Aufnahmepfad, Effekte durch Reizstoffe an den Atemwegen, andere toxische Wirkungen und die Auswirkungen von geruchsintensiven und -belästigenden Stoffen.Das Kapitel „Bewertung der Innenraumluftqualität“ vermittelt die allgemein anerkannte Vorgehensweise zur Beurteilung der Luftqualität und erstreckt sich auf chemische Stoffe, Geruchseinwirkungen sowie auf das Edelgas Radon. Bauplaner, Architekten, Bauingenieure und Bauherren werden in die Lage versetzt, die Bedeutung und Anwendung verschiedener Beurteilungsparameter und ihre Beurteilungswerte anschaulich nachzuvollziehen und deren Verwendung in Beurteilungen und Prüfberichten gezielt einzuordnen. Im Detail wird die notwendige Abgrenzung der Verwendung der Begrifflichkeiten „Grenzwerte“ und „toxikologisch begründete Innenraumluftrichtwerte des Ausschusses für Innenraumrichtwerte (AIR)“ mit den dazugehörigen aktuellen Richtwerten (RW II bzw. RW I) erklärt. Auch die Bedeutung und der Anwendungsbereich internationaler Beurteilungen der WHO und der europäischen Chemikalienbewertung (REACH) werden erläutert. Das Buch liefert Informationen über die Ermittlung und Verwendung statistisch abgeleiteter Beurteilungswerte, die als Referenzwerte definiert sind. Die Ergebnisse aktueller Referenzwertstudien zum Vorkommen einzelner VOC und von VOC-Stoffgemischen als Summe aller nachgewiesenen VOC (TVOC-Wert) in Wohnräumen, Büros und auch öffentlichen Gebäuden wie Schulen – einschließlich ihrer Methodik und Analytik – werden erläutert und diskutiert. Der Verwendungszweck eines Bauproduktes in Gebäuden zwingt dazu, bereits vor dessen Einbau mittels konkretisierten Produktanforderungen eine Beurteilung des Gesundheitsschutzniveaus für die späteren Raumnutzer zu gewährleisten. Daher sind alle am Bau beteiligten Personen wie Bauplaner, Architekten, Bauingenieure und Bauproduktehersteller gefordert. Zwar treten in den Bauproduktemissionen viele VOC in eher geringeren Konzentrationen auf, jedoch zeigen einige nachweisbare Einzelstoffe sowohl Reizeffekte oder andere toxische Wirkungen als auch erhebliche Geruchsintensitäten auf. „Innenraumluftqualität und Bauprodukte“ geht aus diesem Grund zwei bedeutsamen Fragen nach: Wie lässt sich das Gefährdungspotenzial der emittierten VOC aus Bauprodukten bevorzugt bewerten und wie lassen sich die Anforderungen an den Aufenthaltsraum zum Gesundheitsschutzniveau in Bezug auf Bauproduktemissionen prüfen, beurteilen und letztlich gewährleisten? Hierzu gibt das Buch aktuelle Informationen zum anerkannten Prüf- und Bewertungsverfahren vom Ausschuss zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten (AgBB). Über das breit etablierte AgBB-Schema zur gesundheitlichen Beurteilung von Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) aus innenraumrelevanten Bauprodukten wird im Detail nachvollziehbar berichtet. Im Fokus steht die Anwendung des AgBB-Schemas in der Praxis. In einem umfangreichen Kapitel wird auf die Durchführung von Materialemissionsmessungen sowie Bewertungen der Geruchsemissionen und die dafür notwendigen Voraussetzungen eingegangen. Abbildungen und Messberichte geben einen weitreichenden Einblick zum Verständnis einer Prüfkammeruntersuchung auf flüchtige organische Verbindungen (VVOC, VOC, SVOC). Zur Verdeutlichung werden beispielhaft Messdaten angeführt zu unterschiedlichen Bauprodukten, wie Bodenbelägen, Bodenbelagsklebstoffen, Holz und Holzwerkstoffen, Lacken und Farben, Kunstharzfertigputzen und Dichtstoffen. Das Buch bietet tabellarische Übersichten über das Vorkommen und die Konzentration ermittelter VOC-Emissionen aus Bauprodukten verschiedener Produktgruppen und zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, wie in der Praxis bestimmte SVOC-Emissionen, etwa Flammschutzmittel und Biozide, sowie Sekundäremissionen aus Bauprodukten analysiert und quantifiziert werden können. Darüber hinaus gibt es einen Überblick über die geltenden baurechtlichen Anforderungen in Bezug auf Hygiene und Gesundheit. Öffentlich-rechtliche Mindestforderungen zur Sicherstellung des Gesundheitsschutzniveaus für in Innenräume von Gebäuden eingebrachte Bauprodukte werden mit den zugrunde zu legenden Bestimmungen der Musterbauordnung (MBO) und ihrer neuen Muster-Verwaltungsvorschrift Technische Baubestimmungen (MVV TB) beschrieben. Eigens wird ein Einblick in rechtliche Regelungen – in Bezug auf die gesundheitsbezogenen Anforderungen an bauliche Anlagen, die über die „Anforderungen an bauliche Anlagen bezüglich des Gesundheitsschutzes (ABG)“ konkretisiert sind – gegeben. Es wird ersichtlich, dass die Anforderungen für Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) aus Bauprodukten mindestens denen des AgBB entsprechen. Die in Europa noch lückenhafte und unvollständige Harmonisierung der Normen zum Gesundheitsschutz wird dargelegt. Das Buch leistet so Hilfestellung, um trotzdem gemäß den MBO- bzw. MVV TB-Anforderungen gesundheitsbezogene Angaben zu Produktleistungen zu ermöglichen. KW - Innenraumluftqualität KW - Bauprodukte KW - Luftschadstoffe PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-481-03710-9 SN - 978-3-481-03711-6 SP - 1 EP - 202 PB - Verlagsgesellschaft Rudolf Müller GmbH Co. KG CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-46845 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte für eine saubere Innenraumluft N2 - Mit dem Fokus auf eine saubere Innenraumluft wird darauf eingegangen, welche Emissionen aus Materialien und Produkten es gibt und wie sie nach Art und Flüchtigkeit definiert sind und wie sie gemessen werden. Im weiteren wird dargestellt, was und wie viel aus Materialien und Produkten emittieren kann und wie die Emissionen zu bewerten sind. Hierbei wird auch auf besonders emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte eingegangen. T2 - Kolloquium am Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz, Sommersemester 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.05.2018 KW - Emissionen KW - Luft KW - VOC KW - Aerosol KW - Radon KW - Geruch PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45052 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Stand der Technik der Emissionsmessungen für das Umweltkompartiment Luft N2 - Der mitteleuropäische Mensch hält sich 80 – 90 % der Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Je nach Aktivität atmet er 10 – 20 m³ bzw. 12 - 24 kg Luft täglich, das ist weit mehr als das Doppelte der Summe an Essen und Trinken. Die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Bestimmung von Emissionen aus Bauprodukten in die Luft liegen vor – harmonisierte horizontale Prüfnorm EN 16516. Es dürften mittlerweile zig-tausende Emissionsdatensätze vorliegen. Defizite gibt es bei der Kennzeichnung zur Unterscheidung emissionsarmer und emissionsreicher Produkte, die bestehende CE-Kennzeichnung ist unvollständig, ersatzweise gibt es nationale Regelungen. Gerade bei modernen, dichten Bauten mit geringem natürlichen Luftwechsel sind hohe Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu erwarten, wenn nicht emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte zum Einsatz kommen. T2 - Eurolab-Workshop Anforderungen an Bauprodukte - Umweltrelevante Aspekte sowie die gesamtheitliche Bewertung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2019 KW - Gesundheit KW - Emissionsmessungen KW - Bauprodukte KW - Luft KW - Bauproduktenverordnung PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49596 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jann, Oliver ED - Oswald, M. ED - Zöller, M. T1 - Schadstoffe im Innenbereich – Fachhandel-, Baumarkt-, Bioprodukte: Nicht deklarierte Emissionen versus Verwendbarkeit – eine Qual der Wahl! N2 - Es lässt sich feststellen, dass eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Bauprodukten freigesetzt werden kann. Hierbei gibt es in den meisten Bauproduktgruppen sowohl emissionsarme als auch emissionsreiche Produkte. Manche Verbindungen sind produktgruppenspezifisch; so werden beispielsweise Siloxane aus Silikondichtmassen freigesetzt, andere Verbindungen sind eher unspezifisch wie Formaldehyd und Essigsäure, die aber in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen aus einer Vielzahl von Produkten abgegeben werden und zu den am häufigsten emittierten Verbindungen zählen. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass VOC-Analytik und Gerüche im Allgemeinen keinen Zusammenhang zeigen. Gerade bei modernen, dichten Bauten mit geringem natürlichem Luftwechsel sind hohe Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu erwarten, wenn nicht emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte zum Einsatz kommen. T2 - AIBAU 2019 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 08.04.2019 KW - Luftschadstoffe KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emission KW - Innenraum PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-658-27446-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27446-7_4 VL - 2019 SP - 65 EP - 74 PB - Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020 CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-50081 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Schadstoffe im Innenbereich – Fachhandel-, Baumarkt-, Bioprodukte: Nicht deklarierte Emissionen versus Verwendbarkeit - Eine Qual der Wahl! N2 - Es lässt sich feststellen, dass eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Bauprodukten freigesetzt werden kann. Hierbei gibt es in den meisten Bauproduktgruppen sowohl emissionsarme als auch emissionsreiche Produkte. Manche Verbindungen sind produktgruppenspezifisch; so werden beispielsweise Siloxane aus Silikondichtmassen freigesetzt, andere Verbindungen sind eher unspezifisch wie Formaldehyd und Essigsäure, die aber in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen aus einer Vielzahl von Produkten abgegeben werden und zu den am häufigsten emittierten Verbindungen zählen. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass VOC-Analytik und Gerüche im Allgemeinen keinen Zusammenhang zeigen. Gerade bei modernen, dichten Bauten mit geringem natürlichem Luftwechsel sind hohe Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu erwarten, wenn nicht emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte zum Einsatz kommen. T2 - AIBAU 2019 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 08.04.2019 KW - Innenraum KW - Luftschadstoffe KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emission PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47924 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - James, G. L. A1 - Latif, M. T. A1 - Isa, M. N. M. A1 - Bakar, M. F. A. A1 - Yusuf, N. Y. M. A1 - Broughton, William A1 - Murad, A. M. A1 - Abu Bakar, F. D. T1 - Metagenomic datasets of air samples collected during episodes of severe smoke-haze in Malaysia N2 - Transboundary emissions of smoke-haze from land and forest fires have recurred annually during the dry period (June to October, over the past few decades) in South East Asia. Hazardous air quality has been recorded in Malaysia during these episodes. Agricultural practices such as slash-and-burn of biomass and peat fires particularly in Sumatera and Kalimantan, Indonesia, have been implicated as the major causes of the haze. Past findings have shown that a diversity of microbes can thrive in air including in smoke-haze polluted air. In this study, metagenomic data were generated to reveal the diversity of microorganisms in air during days with and without haze. Air samples were collected during non-haze (2013A01) and two haze (2013A04 and 2013A05) periods in the month of June 2013. DNA was extracted from the samples, subjected to Multiple Displacement Amplification and whole genome sequencing (Next Generation Sequencing) using the HiSeq 2000 Platform. Extensive bio-informatic analyses of the raw sequence data then followed. Raw reads from these six air samples were deposited in the NCBI SRA databases under Bioproject PRJNA662021 with accession numbers SRX9087478, SRX9087479 and SRX9087480. KW - Forest fires KW - Haze Samples KW - NGS KW - Multiple Displacement Amplification PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528973 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107124 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 36 SP - 107124 PB - Elsevier Inc. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-52897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Brosig, L. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Mertes, A. A1 - de Lima Vasconcelos, S. T1 - Emissions- und geruchsarme Bauprodukte für energieeffiziente Gebäude – Entwicklung von Anforderungen und Konzepten für den Blauen Engel aus Klimaschutzsicht N2 - Menschen, die in der gemäßigten Klimazone leben, verbringen bis zu 90% ihres Lebens in Innenräumen. Deshalb hat das Innenraumklima eine sehr große Bedeutung für deren Wohlergehen, Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit. In Deutschland wird ca. 40% der eingesetzten Primärenergie für das Heizen, Kühlen und Klimatisieren der Innenräume verwendet. Das Forschungsvorhaben hat eine Laufzeit vom Oktober 2013 bis März 2017. Es wird in Kooperation mit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) und der Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (HTW Berlin) durchgeführt. Die HTW Berlin koordiniert das Projekt. Die Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) wird teilweise über einen Auftrag in das Projekt integriert. Ziel des Projektes ist es Baustoffe auf ihre Geruchsemissionen zu untersuchen, um Bauprodukte mit niedrigen Emissionen und Gerüchen identifizieren zu können. Den Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern wird somit die Möglichkeit gegeben emissions- und geruchsarme Baustoffe zu wählen. Die Aufgabenstellung des Projektes ist nachfolgend aufgeführt: Arbeitspaket 1: Geruchsmessung bei Produkten mit dem Blauen Engel (siehe Kapitel 4 und 5); Arbeitspaket 2: Untersuchung von Vergleichsmaßstäben (siehe Kapitel 6); Arbeitspaket 3: Untersuchung der Linearität der Acetonskala (siehe Kapitel 7); Arbeitspaket 4: Erstellung einer Produktdatenbank (siehe Kapitel 8). Die Geruchsuntersuchung ist in den Vergabekriterien für den „Blauen Engel“ für textile Bodenbeläge (RAL UZ-128) eingebunden worden. Aus den weiteren Untersuchungen sind für die Normung wichtige Erkenntnisse erarbeitet worden. KW - VOC Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - Bewertung KW - Innenraumluftqualtität KW - Bodenbeläge PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-487223 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissions-geruchsarme-bauprodukte-fuer UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-08-20-texte_92-2019_emissionsarme-bauprodukte.pdf SN - 1862-4804 VL - 92 SP - 1 EP - 106 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-48722 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Kunstgüter in Vitrinen: was helfen Materialuntersuchungen gemäß BEMMA-Schema? N2 - Moderne Vitrinen sollen gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtigkeit und die Abwesenheit jeglicher Fremdstoffe in den Vitrinen gewährleisten. Diese Anforderungen sind zeitgleich kaum erfüllbar, da es emissionsfreie Materialien (vor allem Kleb- und Beschichtungsstoffe) nicht gibt. Um die potentiellen Emissionen zu minimieren wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt, welches inzwischen als BEMMA-Schema (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) in die Museumswelt Einzug genommen hat. Die erfolgreiche Bewertung der für den Bau verwendeten Materialien gemäß BEMMA-Schema resultiert nicht in einer emissionsfreien Vitrine, sondern soll bei der Auswahl geeigneter Materialien zur Herstellung möglichst emissionsarmer Vitrinen helfen. Konkrete handwerkliche Durchführungen beim Bau, Dichtheits¬anforderungen, wie auch die Aufstellbedingungen (Umgebung der Vitrine) beeinflussen die Emissionscharakteristik der fertigen Vitrine in der Praxis. Eine saubere Vitrine hilft nichts in einer belasteten Umgebung oder auch bei emittierenden Exponaten. Inzwischen liegen Erfahrungen mit dem Schema seit 2012 vor. Der Messablauf sieht vor, dass von den Materialien kleine Muster mit der Mikrokammer (Markes) innerhalb von 2 Tagen untersucht werden. Dabei wird mit Silikagelkartuschen auf Ameisen- und Essigsäure, mit DNPH auf Aldehyde und Ketone und mit Tenax® sowohl auf VOC als auch für die spezifische Oxim-Analytik die Abluft der Mikrokammern untersucht. Die Bewertungskriterien basieren auf den Ergebnissen einer Vorstudie mit ca. 150 verschiedenen Produkten im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012. T2 - 12. Fachkongress der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) CY - Hallstadt (Bamberg), Germany DA - 17.10.2019 KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrinen PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-930576-11-1 VL - 12. Fachkongress SP - 245 EP - 249 PB - Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) e. V. CY - Springe-Eldagsen AN - OPUS4-49326 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Neues BAM-Zertifizierungsverfahren für emissionsarme Materialien zum Bau von Museumsvitrinen N2 - Museumsvitrinen sollen Kunst- und Kulturgut „ins rechte Licht“ setzen und vor Diebstahl oder Vandalismus schützen. Vergleicht man historische Schauvitrinen, die zumeist aus einfachen Glasscheiben in Holzrahmungen bestehen, mit heutigen Konstruktionen, lässt sich eine Entwicklung zu hochtechnisierten Gebilden ablesen, die deutlich mehr Ansprüchen genügen müssen als in der Vergangenheit. Zahlreiche Beispiele verdeutlichen, dass Kunstwerke nicht nur außerhalb, sondern auch innerhalb von Museen oder Archiven ungünstigen Umwelteinflüssen ausgesetzt sind. So können Einbauten bzw. Dekorationen in Ausstellungsräumen, Aufbewahrungsbehältnisse in Depoträumen oder Ausstellungsvitrinen flüchtige Substanzen, sogenannte VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) freisetzen, die zu irreversiblen Veränderungen an den Objekten führen und diese schädigen. Hierzu zählen organische Säuren, wie Ameisen- oder Essigsäure, aber auch Verbindungen, die Sulfide enthalten. Hier wird die an der BAM entwickelte BEMMA-Bewertungsmethode vorgestellt, die von Museen verwendet werden kann Materialien mit einem geringeren Emissionspotential auszusuchen. KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrine PY - 2020 SN - 2194-3648 VL - 2020 IS - zwei SP - 80 EP - 81 PB - SchmittART CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-51489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Aktuelle Ringversuche der BAM zu VOC und Gerüchen N2 - Ein Ringversuch ist eine Methode der externen Qualitätssicherung für sowohl Messverfahren als auch die Eignung von Mess- und Prüflaboratorien. Dabei werden möglichst identische Proben mit identischen Verfahren oder mit unterschiedlichen Verfahren untersucht. Die Teilnahme an Ringversuchen ist für alle akkreditierten Laboratorien ein wesentlicher Baustein der institutsinternen und -externen Qualitätssicherung. Je mehr Faktoren Einfluss auf das Endergebnis haben können, desto wichtiger ist es diese Faktoren zu kennen und deren Einflüsse durch weitestgehende Vergleichbarkeit der Messverfahren zu minimieren. Für die Bewertung von Emissionen aus Bauprodukten haben sich Emissionsmess-kammer-Untersuchungen als Messverfahren etabliert. Um den Geruch auch für Innenraumanwendungen bewertbar zu machen sind in den letzten Jahren erste Normen entstanden (z. B. DIN ISO 16000-28 und VDI 4302-1). Um die Eignung dieser Normen und deren Anwendung zu untersuchen sind seit 2012 nunmehr 3 Ringversuche der BAM auch zum Thema Geruch durchgeführt worden. Die bislang durchgeführten Ringversuche mit dem Ziel der Geruchsbewertung wiesen Standardabweichungen von ca. 24 bis 30 % um den jeweiligen Mittelwert auf und wiesen somit ähnliche Werte auf, die auch bei den VOC-Vergleichen ermittelt wurden. Diese Entwicklungen werden hier aufgezeigt. T2 - 26. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Geruch KW - Ringversuch KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emission KW - Emissionskammer PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49237 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Kunstgüter in Vitrinen: was helfen Materialuntersuchungen gemäß BEMMA-Schema? N2 - Moderne Vitrinen sollen gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtigkeit und die Abwesenheit jeglicher Fremdstoffe in den Vitrinen gewährleisten. Diese Anforderungen sind zeitgleich kaum erfüllbar, da es emissionsfreie Materialien (vor allem Kleb- und Beschichtungsstoffe) nicht gibt. Um die potentiellen Emissionen zu minimieren wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt, welches inzwischen als BEMMA-Schema (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) in die Museumswelt Einzug genommen hat. Die erfolgreiche Bewertung der für den Bau verwendeten Materialien gemäß BEMMA-Schema resultiert nicht in einer emissionsfreien Vitrine, sondern soll bei der Auswahl geeigneter Materialien zur Herstellung möglichst emissionsarmer Vitrinen helfen. Konkrete handwerkliche Durchführungen beim Bau, Dichtheits-anforderungen, wie auch die Aufstellbedingungen (Umgebung der Vitrine) beeinflussen die Emissionscharakteristik der fertigen Vitrine in der Praxis. Eine saubere Vitrine hilft nichts in einer belasteten Umgebung oder auch bei emittierenden Exponaten. Inzwischen liegen Erfahrungen mit dem Schema seit 2012 vor. Der Messablauf sieht vor, dass von den Materialien kleine Muster mit der Mikrokammer (Markes) innerhalb von 2 Tagen untersucht werden. Dabei wird mit Silikagelkartuschen auf Ameisen- und Essigsäure, mit DNPH auf Aldehyde und Ketone und mit Tenax® sowohl auf VOC als auch für die spezifische Oxim-Analytik die Abluft der Mikrokammern untersucht. Die Bewertungskriterien basieren auf den Ergebnissen einer Vorstudie mit ca. 150 verschiedenen Produkten im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012. T2 - 12. Fachkongress der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ökologischer Forschungsinstiute (AGÖF) CY - Hallstadt (Bamberg), Germany DA - 17.10.2019 KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrinen PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49327 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Quality Improvement of VOC chamber emission tests observed for 10 years with round robin tests N2 - In Europe, the Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 2011/305/EU) sets basic requirements (BR) on how construction works must be designed and built. BR 3 “hygiene, health and the environment” states low emissions of toxic gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCVOCs), particles, etc. from building materials. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional Commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. The participation in Round Robin Tests (RRTRRTs) is a means to prove a laboratory’s proficiency. Since 2006 BAM offers such proficiency test for emission chamber test every two years. Any commercially available product on the market can be used as reference material, provided it is thoroughly characterised. However, these materials often emit only a few and material specific VOCs and appropriate homogeneity is not given. Therefore, alternative materials should be found. BAM used different materials over the years. Currently, the best suited reference material is a cured lacquer surface which contained several VOCs added to the liquid lacquer system. The round robin tests 2014, 2016 and 2018 were conducted with such a system. Compounds like Styrene or n-Alkanes like Decane or Tridecane were tested in many of the proficiency test operated by BAM. Up to now the relative standard deviation of these compounds decrease continuously. Starting with values about 30 % in 2008 we reached values for the mentioned compounds 15 to 20 % now. But even for more polar compounds improved results were received. Over the years the results of a large group of laboratories detected many compounds with much higher accuracy than at the beginning. So, the comparability between results of different laboratories becomes much better. T2 - International Conference on Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Chemicals CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.09.2018 KW - Chamber test KW - Round robin test KW - VOC-emission PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47906 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Selection of low emittiong material for the construction of display cases based on the BEMMA procedure N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d 1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful immissions inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially high concentrations of organic acids, which can emit from e.g. sealing materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure witch is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. textiles, plastics, sealing material, coatings and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. The BEMMA scheme is not a guarantee for an emission free display case, but a necessary requirement for the choice of suitable materials for emission and immission reduced display cases. T2 - Materials Testing Symposium CY - New York City, USA DA - 06.11.2019 KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - Dispay case KW - BEMMA KW - VOC PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - BEMMA als Auswahlkriterium für Vitrinenbaumaterialien N2 - BEMMA steht für Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen. Es ist die Kurzbezeichnung für ein Schema/Verfahren zur Untersuchung und Bewertung flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Werkstoffen, die im mittelbaren Kontakt mit historischen Materialien des Kunst- und Kulturgutes stehen. Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen seit ca. 2010 bis 2017 werden präsentiert und diskutiert. T2 - Ringvorlesung der HTW Analyse und Wahrnehmung: Kulturgut erforschen und erhalten CY - HTW Berlin, Germany DA - 16.01.2018 KW - Museumsvitrine KW - VOC-Emissionen KW - BEMMA Bewertung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-43828 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Zertifizierung emissionarmer Materialien für Museumsvitrinen N2 - Anregungen aus dem N.i.Ke.-Workshop 2017 und künftige Anforderungen. BEMMA steht für Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen. Es ist die Kurzbezeichnung für ein Schema/Verfahren zur Untersuchung und Bewertung flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Werkstoffen, die im mittelbaren Kontakt mit historischen Materialien des Kunst- und Kulturgutes stehen. Hier wird der Status-Quo des Erreichten dargestellt. Wie wird das Schema in der Museumsöffentlichkeit wahrgenommen und seine Akzeptanz. T2 - BZS-Beirat CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 19.01.2018 KW - BEMMA KW - Museumsvitrinen KW - VOC-Emissionen PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-43860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horender, S. A1 - Auderset, K. A1 - Quincey, P. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Skov, S. N. A1 - Dierschel, K. A1 - Smith, T. O.M. A1 - Williams, K. A1 - Aegerter, C. C. A1 - Kalbermatter, D. M. A1 - Gaie-Levrel, F. A1 - Vasilatou, K. T1 - Facility for production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) inthe laboratory: application in the intercomparison of automated PMmonitors with the reference gravimetric method N2 - A new facility has been developed which allows for a stable and reproducible production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) in the laboratory. The set-up consists of multiple aerosol generators, a custom-made flow tube homogeniser, isokinetic sampling probes, and a system to control aerosol temperature and humidity. Model aerosols containing elemental carbon, secondary organic matter from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, mineral dust particles,and water were generated under different environmental conditions and at different number and mass concentrations. The aerosol physical and chemical properties were characterised with an array of experimental methods, including scanning mobility particle sizing, ion chromatography, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and thermo-optical analysis. The facility is very versatile and can find applications in the calibration and performance characterisation of aerosol instruments monitoring ambient air. In this study, we performed, as proof of concept, an intercomparison of three different commercial PM (particulate matter) monitors (TEOM1405, DustTrak DRX 8533 and Fidas Frog) with the gravimetric reference method under three simulated environmental scenarios. The results are presented and compared to previous field studies. We believe that the laboratory-based method for simulating ambient aerosols presented here could provide in the future a useful alternative to time-consuming and expensive field campaigns, which are often required for instrument certification and calibration. KW - Model aerosols KW - Intercomparison KW - PM monitors KW - Aerosol gravimetry PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521342 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1225-2021 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 1225 EP - 1238 PB - Copernicus Publications AN - OPUS4-52134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Robustness validation of a test procedure for the determination of the radon-222 exhalation rate from construction products in VOC emission test chambers N2 - This study investigated the adaptation of the state-of-the-art test procedure for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials into indoor air to test for the radon exhalation from stony construction products. A complete robustness validation including all relevant parameters showed that the procedure can be well applied by testing institutes already holding available the required VOC testing infrastructure that solely needs to be complemented by calibrated commercial radon measurement instrumentation. When measurements of the radon exhalation from construction materials become mandatory by law, test capacity can easily be applied. This work can serve as a recommendation for the European standardisation that still is on hold in this point. KW - Radon exhalation KW - Construction products KW - Emission test chamber KW - Robustness validation KW - Standardisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109372 SN - 0969-8043 VL - 166 IS - 109372 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Competence Center nano@BAM Welcomes ISO/TC 229 Meeting in Berlin N2 - The Competence Center nano@BAM is presented. Examples directly related to the activities of the ISO Technical Committee TC 229 Nanotechnologies as well as BAM projects on nano reference measurement procedures, nano reference materials and nano reference data sets are showed. T2 - The 32nd ISO/TC 229 IEC/TC 113 JWG2 General Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.11.2023 KW - ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nano@BAM KW - Reference materials KW - Reference data KW - Reference procedures PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - VAMAS Regional Report Germany N2 - Regional standardisation activities and how VAMAS can help in any way to promote activities are reported. Activities related to organisational updates, government initiatives/priorities (especially related to Materials), details of any strategy documents publicly available, networks within Germany and how we engage are presented. T2 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) 48th Steering Committee Meeting CY - New Delhi, India DA - 09.10.2023 KW - VAMAS KW - Standardisation PY - 2023 UR - https://www.nplindia.org/index.php/amcsnzt_2023/ AN - OPUS4-58572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Daum, Werner A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Nitsche, Michael A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Evans, Alexander T1 - Additive manufacturing at the BAM: We focus on Safety N2 - In Germany, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is addressing challenges in the implementation of additive manufacturing on the industrial landscape for safety-critical applications. KW - Process development KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - In-situ Process Monitoring KW - Non-destructive Materials KW - Characterisation KW - Safety KW - Fatigue KW - Environment KW - Standardisation PY - 2019 UR - https://static.asminternational.org/amp/201910/22/ SN - 0882-7958 VL - 177 IS - 7 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - ASM International CY - Materials Park, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-49780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Prozessmonitoring für die additive Fertigung: Entwicklungen an der BAM N2 - Das Prozessmonitoring stellt einen wichtigen Baustein für eine Qualitätssicherung additiv gefertigter Bauteile dar, insbesondere bei kleinen Losgrößen. Der Vortrag zeigt einen Überblick aktueller Entwicklungen der BAM im Bereich des Prozessmonitorings für das Laserstrahlschmelzen (laser powder bed fusion) metallischer Werkstoffe. Durch Vergleich mit der Referenzmethode Computertomografie wird am Beispiel der thermografischen Verfahren gezeigt, wie relevante Defekte in Bauteilen detektiert werden können und Einsatzpotenziale sowie Limitierungen aufgezeigt. T2 - Forum Additive Fertigung Rheinland-Pfalz CY - Ludwigshafen, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Optische Tomografie KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Prozessmonitoring KW - Thermografie PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49958 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heuser, Lina A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Silver diffusion in low-melting alkali zinc borate model glasses studied by means of SNMS, TEM and XAS N2 - In many late-breaking research fields as in photovoltaics, microelectronics, nuclear waste glasses or at least mirror glasses silver diffusion in glasses is relevant to the issues of high-level functionality and recycling. The present study is focused on silver diffusion in innovative, low-melting alkali zinc borate glasses (X2O-ZnO-B2O3, X = Li, Na, K, Rb) potentially usable for silver metallization-pastes in solar cells. The glasses were coated with a thin metallic silver layer and heat treatments in air and nitrogen close to Tg at 470 °C for 2 h were performed. After heat treatment under air and nitrogen atmospheres the coating thickness, measured by a white light interferometer, was about 1.8 µm thick. Silver depth profiles determined by means of secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) indicate the fastest silver diffusion to a depth of 3.5 µm for Li2O-ZnO-B2O3 (LZB) glass. Nevertheless, the influence of the different alkali ions on the silver diffusion is small. The oxygen availability determines the silver diffusion into the glasses. The oxygen promotes the oxidation of the silver layer enabling Ag+ to diffuse into the glass and to precipitate as Ag0. Both species were detected by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The precipitated metallic silver particles in Na2O-ZnO-B2O3 (NZB) glass have a mean size of 5.9 nm ± 1.2 nm diameter, which was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phase separation in zinc-rich and zinc-poor phases with a mean diameter of 75 nm ± 20 nm occurred in NZB glass after heat treatment. Ion diffusion of the glasses into the silver layer was suggested by EDX-line scans. T2 - 94. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Silver diffusion KW - Alkali zinc borate glass KW - Metallic silver precipitates KW - Phase separation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbig, B. A1 - Jörres, R. A. A1 - Schierl, R. A1 - Simon, M. A1 - Langner, Jeanette A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Nowak, D. A1 - Karrasch, S. T1 - Psychological and cognitive effects of laser printer emissions: A controlled exposure study N2 - The possible impact of ultrafine particles from laser printers on human health is controversially discussed although there are persons reporting substantial symptoms in relation to these emissions. A randomized, single-blinded, cross-over experimental design with two exposure conditions (high-level and low-level exposure) was conducted with 23 healthy subjects, 14 subjects with mild asthma, and 15 persons reporting symptoms associated with laser printer emissions. To separate physiological and psychological effects, a secondary physiologically based categorization of susceptibility to particle effects was used. In line with results from physiological and biochemical assessments, we found no coherent, differential, or clinically relevant effects of different exposure conditions on subjective complaints and cognitive performance in terms of attention, short-term memory, and psychomotor performance. However, results regarding the psychological characteristics of participants and their situational perception confirm differences between the participants groups: Subjects reporting symptoms associated with laser printer emissions showed a higher psychological susceptibility for adverse reactions in line with previous results on persons with multiple chemical sensitivity or idiopathic environmental intolerance. In conclusion, acute psychological and cognitive effects of laser printer emissions were small and could be attributed only to different participant groups but not to differences in exposure conditions in terms of particle number concentrations. KW - Cognitive performance KW - Exposure KW - Idiopathic environmental intolerance KW - Laser printer emission KW - Multiple chemical sensitivity KW - Subjective complaints PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12429 SN - 1600-0668 SN - 0905-6947 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 124 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CY - 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA AN - OPUS4-43945 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gugin, Nikita A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Mix and wait – a relaxed way for synthesizing ZIF-8 N2 - Herein we report the synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) by an easy “mix and wait” procedure. In a closed vial, without any interference, the mixture of 2-methylimidazole and basic zinc carbonate assembles into the crystalline product with approx. 90% conversion after 70 h. The reaction exhibits sigmoidal kinetics due to the self-generated water which accelerates the reaction. KW - In-situ analysis KW - Mechanochemistry KW - MOF KW - Synthesis KW - ZIF-8 PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00740A VL - 12 SP - 8940 EP - 8944 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-54684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Strzelczyk, Rebecca A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Constant emitting reference material for material test procedures N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10% variability over 14 days). Different approaches, such as the impregnation of porous materials, are being tested. The generation as well as results of the most promising materials will be presented. T2 - Airmon 2022 CY - Bristol, UK DA - 07.11.2022 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Emission test chamber procedure KW - Quality assurance KW - Reference material PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Pokharel, R. A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Schuessler, J.A. A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schott, J. T1 - How the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 enhances olivine dissolution through attachment N2 - Free-living and mycorrhizal fungi are able to enhance the weathering of rock and other solid substrates. Deciphering the exact mechanisms of these natural processes requires their experimental simulation. Moreover, by performing these simulations with genetically amenable rock-weathering fungi, one can knock-out certain fungal traits and consequently identify their weathering-relevant function. Here, the effect of the rock-inhabiting fungus, Knufia petricola A95, on the dissolution kinetics of an Fe-bearing olivine (Mg1.86Fe0.19SiO4) is investigated at 25 °C and pH 6 using reproducible batch and mixed flow experiments. The availability of a melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) of K. petricola A95, which produces more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) than the wild type (WT), enables the comparative study of the role of melanin and EPS in olivine dissolution. In abiotic dissolution experiments, the olivine dissolution rate decreased considerably over time at pH 6 but not at pH 3.5. This inhibition of abiotic olivine dissolution at pH 6 was most likely caused by the in-situ oxidation of ferrous Fe and/or the precipitation of ferric hydroxides at the olivine surface. In corresponding biotic experiments at pH 6, both the wild type K. petricola and its melanin-deficient mutant ΔKppks solubilised and bound significant amounts of Fe released by olivine dissolution. Fe oxidation and precipitation were thus prevented and olivine dissolution proceeded faster than in the abiotic experiments. By sequestering Fe directly at the olivine surface, the attached wild type K. petricola cells were particularly efficient at preventing the oxidation of Fe at the mineral surface: the slowdown of olivine dissolution almost completely disappeared. The attachment capacity of these wild type cells is most likely mediated by wild type-specific EPS. Our presented experimental systems allow the oxidation of mineral-released Fe and include a rock-inhabiting fungus, thus simulating chemical, physical and biological conditions that set dissolution rates in a way that is relevant to natural ecosystems. KW - Black fungi KW - Bio-weathering KW - Forsterite KW - Knock-out mutant KW - Extracellular polymeric substances KW - Melanin Adhesion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509332 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.05.010 VL - 282 SP - 76 EP - 97 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Pokharel, R. A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Wirth, R. A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Benning, L. G. A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Feldmann, Ines T1 - Olivine weathering by the genetically amenable rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola A95 N2 - In arid sun-exposed environments, rock-inhabiting fungi dominate microbial communities on rock surfaces. Fungi are known to enhance rock weathering, although the exact mechanisms are not completely understood. These natural processes can be simulated by reproducible experimental systems. Particularly attractive are genetically amenable rock-weathering fungi, where certain traits can be knocked-out to identify weathering-relevant functions. Here, we studied the effect of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola A95 and its melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) on the weathering of a Fe-bearing olivine. We examined the olivine dissolution kinetics and looked at the olivine-fungus interface. For the former we inoculated olivine powder with the fungus in batch and mixed flow reactors and analysed the medium solution by ICP-OES, for the latter biofilm-covered olivine sections from flow-through reactors were analysed by FIB-TEM. In general olivine dissolution was lower when olivine was incubated without fungi: the abiotic olivine dissolution rates were lowest and the surface of the abiotically reacted olivine sections showed no etching. Various chemical analyses show Fe (oxyhydr)oxide precipitation on top of the abiotically reacted olivine, indicating its role in inhibiting olivine dissolution. Both the wild type (WT) and ΔKppks solubilised and bound significant amounts of Fe released by olivine dissolution. Fe (oxyhydr)oxide precipitation was thus reduced, explaining the enhanced olivine dissolution in their presence. Particularly efficient at preventing Fe precipitation were attached WT cells: the inhibition of olivine dissolution almost completely disappeared. The attachment capacity of the WT is most likely caused by the production of WT-specific extracellular polymeric substances. Our presented experimental systems allowed the precipitation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and included a rock-inhabiting fungus and thus simulated weathering processes relevant to natural ecosystems. T2 - ISEB 2019 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 23.09.2019 KW - Olivine KW - Weathering KW - Fungus PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Schultes, P. A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Formaldehyde emissions from wooden toys: Comparison of different measurement methods and assessment of exposure N2 - Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to Levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 µg/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered. KW - EN 717-3 KW - Formaldehyde KW - Wooden toys KW - Emission test chamber KW - Flask method KW - Microchamber PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520196 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020262 VL - 14 IS - 2 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 262-1 EP - 262-16 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-52019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Selection of gas standards, gas chromatography column and adsorbents for the measurement of very volatile organic compounds (C1–C6) in indoor air N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard gives directions to adapt the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). The same techniques with sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) should be used. However, VVOCs require gaseous standards, an adapted GC column and a reliable sampling adsorbent. This work presents experimental results to tackle those three experimental gaps. A stable standard gas mixture containing 47 VVOCs, 13 VOCs and an internal standard was successfully generated. It was employed to study the suitability of seven types of chromatography columns. The use of PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) columns such as PoraBOND Q is well suitable for VVOC analysis. The recoveries of the 60 analytes on a total of 16 adsorbents and their combinations were determined: A combination of the graphitized carbon black Carbograph 5TD 40/60 and the carbon molecular sieve CarbosieveTM SII showed great recoveries for all analytes. Carbon molecular sieves adsorb water which can impair the analysis. A dry purge of the multi-sorbent in the sampling direction led to a complete water removal and promising recoveries of the analytes. KW - VVOC KW - VOC KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - Gas chromatography KW - Thermal desorption KW - Air sampling PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.340561 SN - 0003-2670 VL - 1238 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-56366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air by sorbent-based active sampling: Identifying the gaps towards standardisation N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard describes a method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air by sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It also gives directions to adapt this methodology to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). Indeed, toxicologically based guideline values are being implemented for these compounds and it becomes necessary to measure them. But a comprehensive and robust measurement method is lacking. This work highlights the points that still need to be explored towards the standardisation of a suitable procedure: investigations on sorbent combinations, the suitability of chromatography columns and the use of gaseous standards are required. The biggest challenge remains in the fact that strong sorbents adsorb water together with VVOCs. Water may impair the analysis and the optimal approach to eliminate it is still to be found and integrated into the sampling strategy. KW - Solvents KW - Air analysis KW - VOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography KW - ISO 16000-6 PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523919 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116265 VL - 140 SP - 116265 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Emissions of volatile organic compounds from polymer-based consumer products: comparison of three emission chamber sizes N2 - The ISO 16000 standard series provide guidelines for emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials. However, polymer-based consumer products such as toys may also release harmful substances into indoor air. In such cases, the existing standard procedures are unsuitable for official control laboratories due to high costs for large emission testing chambers. This paper aims at developing and comparing alternative and more competitive methods for the emission testing of consumer products. The influence of the emission chamber size was investigated as smaller chambers are more suited to the common size of consumer products and may help to reduce the costs of testing. Comparison of the performance of a 203 l emission test chamber with two smaller chambers with the capacity of 24 l and 44 ml, respectively, was carried out by using a polyurethane reference material spiked with 14 VOCs during the course of 28 days. The area-specific emission rates obtained in the small chambers were always similar to those of the 203 l reference chamber after a few hours. This implies that smaller chambers can provide at least useful numbers on the extent of polymer-based consumer product emissions into indoor air, thereby supporting meaningful exposure assessments. KW - Comparison KW - Consumer products KW - Emission chamber KW - Reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-493697 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12605 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - Wiley VCH-Verlag AN - OPUS4-49369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -