TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from wastewater - Developments and perspective in Germany N2 - A new sewage sludge ordinance was set in force in Germany in 2017 that makes phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge mandatory. The technological possibilities for P-recovery from waste water, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash were presented. T2 - International Workshop Nutrient Stewardship & Next-Generation Fertilisers CY - Heron Island, Australia DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus Recovery from Waste Streams N2 - Phosphate rock is a non renewable resource and should be replaced by secondary raw materials due to different reason. The potential for P-recovery from waste streams is shown as well as technologies for recovery. T2 - Advanced Recycling Technologies CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.12.2018 KW - Phopshorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - P-recovery technologies - developments and perspective in germany N2 - Technologies for P-recovery from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes were presented and discussed. T2 - InPhos Workshop II Sustainable Phosphorus Management CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.12.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - IWA Publishing, T1 - Wastewater as a resource: From rare earth metals to phosphorus N2 - Wastewater contains a diverse array of organic and inorganic compounds and its complex composition strongly depends on the location and the connected dischargers. However, municipal wastewater as a carrier of feces and urine generally contains considerable amounts of the main nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The latter is in the focus of the discussions about the recovery potential of wastewater due to the relatively high mass flows of phosphorus in wastewater and the finite nature and decreasing quality of phosphate rock reserves. But due to the presence of the whole periodic table of elements, wastewater might contain further valuable components of interest for recovery including those defined as critical raw materials by the European Commission. Phosphorus and most of the other critical raw materials are fixed in the sewage sludge and after incineration in the sewage sludge ash (SSA). This is accompanied by high concentration factors from wastewater via sludge to ash. However, the mass fractions of the majority of elements in sewage sludge are comparable to those of the earth crust, indicating no relative enrichment. Nevertheless, enrichment factors of 100 or higher are given for phosphorus, copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, tin, lead and the platinum group elements indicating an anthropogenic input. An economic value of sewage sludge was estimated to $460,-/t calculated on the basis of the respective market prices for high purity elements – a theoretical value. A German survey of sewage sludge ashes showed that the mass fractions and the mass flows of most of the elements present in SSA are probably too low for an economic recovery. In most cases the mass flows are rather small compared to the imports and the chemical forms are not suitable for recovery. An exception is phosphorus that is present in high mass fractions up to 13% and that bears a high substitution potential. If the application of P-recovery technologies lead to a further concentration of valuable elements e.g. as by-products in side streams of the process, it would probably make also the recovery of other elements of economic interest. KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-78040-835-4 SN - 978-1-78040-836-1 SN - 978-1-78040-954-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408361 SP - 241 EP - 252 PB - IWA Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-45679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Investigating the effects of biocides and corrosion inhibitors on corrosive methanogens N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is the deterioration of metals due to the metabolic activities of microorganisms. Microorganisms can take electrons directly from the metal surface (EMIC) thereby causing corrosion. Well known culprits of EMIC are: sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), acetogens and methanogens. Our aims - Develop a novel flow system to study MIC by methanogens to mimic industrial Environments - Investigate the inhibitory concentrations of biocides targeting SRB on corrosive methanogenic strains - Investigate the inhibitory effects of corrosion inhibitors on methanogens - Compare the inhibitory concentrations to SRB T2 - BAM meeting CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 06.06.2018 KW - MIC projekt KW - Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material degradation KW - Biocide PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - The study of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion under flow conditions N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an expensive but unpredictable problem for the industries. The most well-known culprit for MIC is the sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM), such as members from the genus Desulfovibrio. It has been widely accepted that SRM can contribute significantly to MIC through the production of hydrogen sulfide (HS-) or in some cases a direct electron uptake from the metal surface. However, in a real environmental system, SRM is not exclusive and often involved with other microorganisms that may also contribute to MIC, such as methanogens. Methanogenic archaea can produce methane (CH4) using H2+CO2, formate, methylated amines or acetate. Methanogens are highly abundant in the environment and many are found in very extreme conditions, such as high temperature and high salinity. Previous researches have demonstrated that methanogens are capable of MIC, though the specific mechanisms are still under investigation. In the oil and gas industry, methanogens are not considered as the main contributor for MIC since the corrosion rates are often too low. However, the tests for methanogen-induced MIC are usually performed at static conditions, which cannot represent the system accurately. Here, we developed a novel anaerobic system to evaluate the corrosion potential of methanogens under flow conditions. We will use the Methanococcus maripaludis KA1 strain, which was isolated from a crude oil tank, as the organism of interest. A separate system for Desulfovibrio alaskensis will be established for corrosion rate comparisons. Furthermore, we will study the synergistic effects of M. maripaludis and D. alaskensis on MIC under flow. T2 - Eurocorr 2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion KW - Methanogen KW - Korrosion KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Methanogenesis KW - Flow system KW - Model PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Jürgens, Frederike A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leachiing tests - a useful tool for the environmental impact assessment of construction products? N2 - Construction products and waste materials used for construction can be in contact with the environment and may release potential harmful compounds. Information on the total content of these substances in the product is not sufficient to assess its envrionmental impact since it does not consider realistic exposure conditions.The impact of these compounds is often assessed by using the total content in the product. This estimation lacks realistic exposure conditions. Concerning the pathway to soil and groundwater by contact with rain or seepage water leaching tests, which were developed and standardized by the European Committee for Standardization, are available. While for secondary construction products and waste this investigation of the leaching behaviour is standard procedure and is already part of regulation in Germany (draft ordinance on reuse of mineral waste) and within Europe (landfill directive) the release from primary construction products got in the focus more recently. Several monitoring studies found unexpected high concentrations of substances used as herbicides and fungicides in surface water and stormwater originating from urban areas. As some of these compounds are even banned for the use in agricultural applications in Europe alternative sources as roof materials and façade coatings exposed to rain were suggested. Further field and laboratory tests confirmed construction products as sources of these substances in water. The aim of this presentation is to show exemplary results of existing leaching methods and underline the strength and weaknesses of the test system with selected examples from our work. We especially draw the attention to the research which is still needed to close the gap between the results of leaching experiments and the subsequent risk assessment of the products. T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Rome, Italy DA - 13.05.2018 KW - Leaching KW - DSLT KW - Construction products PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Seoul, Korea DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Recycling materials KW - HP14 PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Ilvonen, O. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances N2 - Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another Task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, nontargeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds—including Degradation products—are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests’ suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment. KW - Prospective risk assessment KW - Groundwater KW - Surface water KW - Soil KW - Ecotoxicological tests KW - Targeted and nontargeted PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0144-2 SN - 2190-4715 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 30 SP - Article 14, 1 EP - 12 PB - SpringerOpen CY - London AN - OPUS4-44914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bartelmeß, Jürgen A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Chlvi-Iborra, Katherine A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Developments Towards a BODIPY-based fluorometric sensing device for multiple hazardous gases N2 - Fluorometric sensing is a versatile approach for trace analysis outside of the laboratory, requiring suitable sensor materials and their integration into sensing devices. The versatility of fluorophores as probes, especially in terms of the possibility to tailor their optical as well as their recognition properties by synthetic modifications in a wide range, renders them as superior active component for the preparation of optical sensing devices. Recent works at BAM in this field include, for example, the detection of nerve gas agents, illustrating impressively the aforementioned benefits of fluorophores in optical sensing applications. In the interdisciplinary project presented here, we target hazardous gases such as ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide, next to others, which pose a major threat to human health and environmental safety and for which the availability of a sensitive and reliable detection method is highly desirable. The dyes presented follow a “turn-on” fluorescence schematic, which allows for the selective and sensitive detection of the respective gaseous analyte. The immobilization of the probe in polymeric matrices is then the next step toward the fabrication of a prototype device for molecular sensing. Further steps in the project include the assembly of instruments for test-atmosphere generation, the referencing of the sensor system, development and implementation of an optical setup, and the testing of the prototype device under laboratory conditions and in the field. In this presentation, we give an overview over the recent developments on this topic in our groups. Highlights are hydrogen sulfide sensitive, BODIPY based transition metal complexes, which allow for a sensitive as well as selective detection of the toxic gas. In addition, we present a novel class of highly substituted BODIPY derivatives – pocket-BODIPYs – which are of a synthetically high versatility and can readily be modified to create pockets in the periphery of the molecule of defined geometries. This is illustrated on the successful encapsulation of benzene by a pocket-BODIPY derivative, confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis as well as by further spectroscopic and analytical methods. T2 - International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanins (ICPP-10) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 01.07.2018 KW - BODIPY dye KW - Fluorometric sensing KW - Gas sensing PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bastuck, M. A1 - Baur, T. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Mull, B. A1 - Schütze, A. A1 - Sauerwald, T. T1 - Comparison of ppb-level gas measurements with a metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensor in two independent laboratories N2 - In this work, we use a gas sensor system consisting of a commercially available gas sensor in temperature cycled operation. It is trained with an extensive gas profile for detection and quantification of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the ppb range independent of a varying background of other, less harmful VOCs and inorganic interfering gases like humidity or hydrogen. This training was then validated using a different gas mixture generation apparatus at an independent lab providing analytical methods as reference. While the varying background impedes selective detection of benzene and naphthalene at the low concentrations supplied, both formaldehyde and total VOC can well be quantified, after calibration transfer, by models trained with data from one system and evaluated with data from the other system. The lowest achievable root mean squared errors of prediction were 49 ppb for formaldehyde (in a concentration range of 20–200 ppb) and 150 μg/m³ (in a concentration range of 25–450 μg/m³) for total VOC. The latter uncertainty improves to 13 μg/m³ with a more confined model range of 220–320 μg/m³. The data from the second lab indicate an interfering gas which cannot be detected analytically but strongly influences the sensor signal. This demonstrates the need to take into account all sensor relevant gases, like, e.g., hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in analytical reference measurements. KW - Indoor air quality KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Calibration transfer KW - Selective quantification KW - Inter-lab comparison PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.06.097 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 273 SP - 1037 EP - 1046 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-45609 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beyer, Sebastian A1 - Schürmann, Robin A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Blocki, A. A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Maintaining Stable Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF) Templates during Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coating N2 - Equipping ZIF particles with a polyelectrolyte membrane provides functional groups at their interface, enabling further conjugations necessary for applications such as targeted drug delivery. Previous approaches to coat ZIF particles with polyelectrolytes led to surface corrosion of the template material. This work overcomes previous limitations by performing a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte coating onto ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 particles in nonaqueous environment. Using the 2-methylimidazolium salt of polystyrensulfonic acid instead of the acid itself and polyethyleneimine in methanol led to intact ZIF particles after polyelectrolyte coating. This was verified by electron microscopy. Further, zetapotential and atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed a continuous polyelectrolyte multilayer built up. The here reported adaption to the well-studied (LbL) polyelectrolyte selfassembly process provides a facile method to equip ZIF particles with a nanometer thin polyelectrolyte multilayer membrane. KW - Zeolithe KW - Molecular Organic Frameworks KW - MOF KW - ZIF KW - Layer-by-Layer KW - Beschichtung KW - Polyelektrolyt PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-447729 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2017.11.004 SN - 2215-0382 VL - 22 SP - 14 EP - 17 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-44772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blaeß, Carsten A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Brauer, D.S. T1 - Sintering ability of fluoride-containing bioactive glass powder N2 - Sintered bioactive glass scaffolds of defined shape and porosity, e.g. made via additive manufacturing, must provide sufficient bioactivity and sinterability. As higher bioactivity is often linked to high corrosion and crystallization tendency, a certain compromise between sintering ability and bioactivity is therefore required. Groh et al. developed a fluoride-containing bioactive glass (F3), which allows fiber drawing and shows a bioactivity well comparable to that of Bioglass®45S5. To study whether and to what extent the sinterability of F3 glass powder is controlled by particle size, coarse and fine F3 glass powders (300-310µm and 0-32µm) were prepared by crushing, sieving and milling. Sintering, degassing and phase transformation during heating were studied with heating microscopy, vacuum hot extraction (VHE), DTA, XRD, and SEM. For the coarse glass powder, sintering proceeds slowly and is limited by surface crystallization of primary Na2CaSi2O6 crystals. Although the crystallization onset of Na2CaSi2O6 is shifted to lower temperature, full densification is attained for the fine powder. This finding indicate that certain porosity might be tuned via particle size variation. Above 900°C, intensive foaming is evident for the fine powder. VHE studies revealed that carbon species are the main foaming source. T2 - 92. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 28.05.2018 KW - Sintering KW - Bioactive glass KW - Crystallization PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Bosch, S. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Scientific service project Z02 at the CSMC: Material-science methods of reconstructing the history of manuscripts N2 - Z02 is one of the three technically supporting projects at the CSMC. In collaboration with Z01 and Z03, it aims at bridging the gap between humanities and natural sciences and technology. To that purpose, we set up a laboratory with a range of high-end instruments, most of them mobile, allowing thorough non-destructive analysis of manuscripts. In addition to working on constantly improving the laboratory and the methods of analysis, a substantial part of our activities is dedicated to service, by supporting different research projects conducted at the center. In this talk, we will present our equipment and the possibilities offered by the different techniques available regarding the different kinds of missions: typology and classification of inks, provenance studies, recovery of faded inscriptions and palimpsests, reconstruction of the history of manuscripts, authentication and dating. We will give a brief overview of our past and ongoing activities in the frame of the second phase of the CSMC. Finally, a selection of three projects will be presented in greater detail to highlight the possibilities of our laboratory and the diversity of missions which can be carried out: - Support of project C08 on East Frankish manuscripts containing collections of formulae - Identifying color materials applied in Muhammad Juki's Shahnamah with non-invasive combined methods - Checking for the presence of metals in the Herculaneum papyri T2 - 3rd International Conference on Natural Sciences and Technology in Manuscript Analysis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 13.06.2018 KW - CSMC KW - Manuscript KW - Ink KW - Pigment PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Bosch, S. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Scientific service project z02 at the csmc: material-science methods of reconstructing the history of manuscripts N2 - Z02 is one of the three technically supporting projects at the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC). In collaboration with the other two service projects, Z01 and Z03, it aims at bridging the gap between humanities and natural sciences and technology. To that purpose, we set up a laboratory with a range of high-end instruments, most of them mobile, allowing thorough non-destructive analysis of manuscripts. In addition to working on constantly improving the laboratory and the methods of analysis, a substantial part of our activities is dedicated to service, by supporting different research projects conducted at the centre. In this talk, we will present our equipment and the possibilities offered by the different techniques available regarding the different kinds of missions: typology and classification of inks, provenance studies, recovery of faded inscriptions and palimpsests, reconstruction of the history of manuscripts, authentication and dating. We will give a brief overview of our past and ongoing activities in the frame of the second phase of the CSMC. Finally, a selection of projects will be presented in greater detail to highlight the possibilities of our laboratory and the diversity of missions which can be carried out. T2 - Konferenz: Art & Archaeology 2018 CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 09.12.2018 KW - Manuscripts KW - Inks KW - CSMC KW - Pigments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47039 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borzekowski, Antje A1 - Drewitz, T. A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rohn, S. A1 - Maul, R. T1 - Biosynthesis and characterization of zearalenone-14-sulfate, zearalenone-14-glucoside and zearalenone-16-glucoside using common fungal strains N2 - Zearalenone (ZEN) and its phase II sulfate and glucoside metabolites have been detected in food and feed commodities. After consumption, the conjugates can be hydrolyzed by the human intestinal microbiota leading to liberation of ZEN that implies an underestimation of the true ZEN exposure. To include ZEN conjugates in routine analysis, reliable standards are needed, which are currently not available. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a facilitated biosynthesis of ZEN-14-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside and ZEN-16-glucoside. A metabolite screening was conducted by adding ZEN to liquid fungi cultures of known ZEN conjugating Aspergillus and Rhizopus strains. Cultivation conditions and ZEN incubation time were varied. All media samples were analyzed for metabolite formation by HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, a consecutive biosynthesis was developed by using Fusarium graminearum for ZEN biosynthesis with subsequent conjugation of the toxin by utilizing Aspergillus and Rhizopus species. ZEN-14-sulfate (yield: 49%) is exclusively formed by Aspergillus oryzae. ZEN-14-glucoside (yield: 67%) and ZEN-16-glucoside (yield: 39%) are formed by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, respectively. Purities of ≥73% ZEN-14-sulfate, ≥82% ZEN-14-glucoside and ≥50% ZEN-16-glucoside were obtained by 1H-NMR. In total, under optimized cultivation conditions, fungi can be easily utilized for a targeted and regioselective synthesis of ZEN conjugates. KW - Mycotoxin KW - Zearalenone KW - Conjugate KW - Biosynthesis KW - Fusarium KW - Aspergillus KW - Rhizopus PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-444246 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030104 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - Article 104, 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-44424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bosch, S. A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Janke, A. A1 - Shevchuk, I. ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - The Atri fragment revisited I: Multispectral imaging and ink identification N2 - This paper reports the outcome of an interdisciplinary team’s application of multispectral imaging techniques and material analysis to a music fragment from the first decades of the fifteenth century: Atri, Archivio Capitolare, Museo della Basilica Cattedrale, Biblioteca del Capitolo della Cattedrale, Frammento 17. This important parchment leaf has rarely been investigated since its discovery 45 years ago. Thanks to the applied techniques and methods (such as the evaluation of the data using the fingerprint model), it is now possible to discuss new evidence supporting conclusions regarding the fragment’s origin and afterlife. KW - Archaeometry KW - Cultural heritage KW - Non-destructiv testing PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 141 EP - 156 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - OECD Test Guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials. In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs. Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error. In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods. The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential. T2 - BAM-PTB Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Test Guideline KW - Size distribution KW - Particle PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - C., Ruibal A1 - L., Selbmann A1 - Serap, Avci A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Roof-Inhabiting Cousins of Rock-Inhabiting Fungi: Novel Melanized Microcolonial Fungal Species from Photocatalytically Reactive Subaerial Surfaces N2 - Subaerial biofilms (SAB) are an important factor in weathering, biofouling, and biodeterioration of bare rocks, building materials, and solar panel surfaces. The realm of SAB is continually widened by modern materials, and the settlers on these exposed solid surfaces always include melanized, stress-tolerant microcolonial ascomycetes. After their first discovery on desert rock surfaces, these melanized chaetothyrialean and dothidealean ascomycetes have been found on Mediterranean monuments after biocidal treatments, Antarctic rocks and solar panels. New man-made modifications of surfaces (e.g., treatment with biocides or photocatalytically active layers) accommodate the exceptional stress-tolerance of microcolonial fungi and thus further select for this well-protected ecological group. Melanized fungal strains were isolated from a microbial community that developed on highly photocatalytic roof tiles after a long-term environmental exposure in a maritime-influenced region in northwestern Germany. Four of the isolated strains are described here as a novel species, Constantinomyces oldenburgensis, based on multilocus ITS, LSU, RPB2 gene phylogeny. Their closest relative is a still-unnamed rock-inhabiting strain TRN431, here described as C. patonensis. Both species cluster in Capnodiales, among typical melanized microcolonial rock fungi from different stress habitats, including Antarctica. These novel strains flourish in hostile conditions of highly oxidizing material surfaces, and shall be used in reference procedures in material testing. KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Multilocus phylogeny KW - Photocatalytic surfaces KW - Subaerial biofilms KW - Stress tolerance KW - Constantinomyces PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-455182 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/life8030030 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 30 EP - 44 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-45518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Composition analysis of writing materials in Geniza fragments N2 - The Cairo Geniza is an “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt), located south of the center of modern Cairo. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts, mostly in fragmentary form. The larger part of the Cairo Geniza is stored today in the Cambridge University Library (CUL). The Geniza provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences seem to manifest themselves also in the paleographical, codicological and some material properties of the manuscripts produced by each community. The aim of this project is to compare the inks used in the Jewish documents depending on different variables: support (paper, parchment), purpose of the manuscript (legal, private, religious), provenance of the scribe. For the determination of the inks type and composition we had to choose non-invasive, non-destructive and portable techniques to analyse the corpus directly in the CUL. The analyses were carried out with a mobile energy dispersive micro-X-ray spectrometer ArtTAX® (Bruker GmbH, Berlin, Germany), which consists of an air-cooled, low-power molybdenum tube, polycapillary X-ray optics (measuring spot size 70 µm in diameter), an electrothermally cooled Xflash detector, and a CCD camera for sample positioning (Bronk et al 2001, Hahn et al. 2010). All measurements are executed using a 30 W low-power Mo tube, 50 kV, 600 µA Mo tube, and with an acquisition time of 15 s (live time) to minimize the risk of damage (Fig. 1, 2). Fig. 1: XRF spectrometer probe above a manuscript fragment Fig. 2: Typical element profile of a XRF linescan The Dino Lite digital stereomicroscope (Fig. 3) features built-in LED illumination at 395 nm and 940 nm and a customized external white light source. During use, the microscope is fastened to a small tripod or mounted on a Plexiglas ring holder that incorporates a white light source. Fig. 3: Dino Lite digital stereomicroscope Fig. 4: Details of one fragment (T-S 16.124) observed with the Dino microscope (x20). On the left, when illuminated with NIR (Near-Infrared, 940 nm) light, the ink fades, indicating iron-gall ink. On the right, the image under NIR light does not change. It is carbon ink. On example of these studies is the manuscript T-S 16.124 (Cambridge University Library, Fig. 5) whom belongs to the third corpus. It is a deed, written in Hebrew, dated from 1328 (= 1017 CE) and witnessed by a very high number of people (6) comparing to the standard of similar documents (between 2 and 3), from at least two different Jewish communities in Fustat (trans congregational). The verso is written in Arabic (Bareket 1999). Fig. 5: Manuscript T-S 16.124 (Cambridge University Library) To compare the inks, we used the fingerprint model. This method relies on the determination of characteristic elemental compositions and represents the amount of a minor constituent relative to the main component, iron in iron gall ink (Malzer et al. 2004, Hahn et al. 2004, Rabin et al 2014). However, a calculation of a fingerprint based on XRF measurements is not possible in the case of carbon ink since carbon, its main component, cannot be detected with this technique. Fig. 6: Ink fingerprint T-S 16-124 (recto) normalized to iron (Fe) Conclusion We show that using reflectography and XRF analysis it is possible to sort the inks according to their type. In the case of the iron-gall inks, use of the ink fingerprint, i.e. amount of the vitriol components normalized to iron we can make direct comparisons of the ink composition. We would like also to stress that though the methods of material analysis listed above have been successfully employed in the field of cultural heritage and conservation including ancient and medieval manuscripts they have not yet been used to study fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Therefore, we believe that this research project is a pioneering study that will provide new insights into the history of Hebrew writing materials, their production techniques and materials and, thus, contribute new data to the field of Hebrew paleography. T2 - Konferenz DESY “Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2018” CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - Ink KW - XRF Analysis KW - Manuscript PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46042 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of black Medieval Inks: Characterization and Interpretation. Case Study of an 11th century Egyptian Corpus N2 - This study focuses on the analysis of a corpus of manuscripts found in Fustat (medieval Cairo, Egypt) in the biggest medieval “archive” found until now: the Cairo Geniza. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents has been attracting scholars’ attention a lot but so far, the material aspects of these documents seem to have been mainly neglected. Application of scientific methods of analysis, especially X-Ray fluorescence characterization, contributes to our understanding of the materials used for production of manuscripts during the Middle ages. Our corpus of the 11th century manuscripts comprises manuscripts written by scribes belonging to three Jewish communities that co-existed in Cairo during this period: the Karaites, the so-called Jerusalemites (or Palestinian) and the so-called Babylonians (or Iraqi), three different communities with different traditions and different leaders. The differences manifest themselves also in the paleographical properties of the manuscripts produced within each community. Can we extend the differences detected by the paleographical analysis to differences in composition of the writing materials and especially the composition of the inks? Or can we relate the differences in the composition to the manuscript type (legal, private...), or to another criterion. In this presentation, we offer answers to some of the questions using statistical analysis of the measurements results. T2 - Konferenz Natural Sciences and Technology in Manuscript Analysis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 13.06.2018 KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - XRF analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Writing materials analysis of 11th century Cairo Genizah's fragments N2 - This study focuses on the analysis of a corpus of manuscripts found in Fustat (medieval Cairo, Egypt) in the biggest medieval “archive” found until now: the Cairo Geniza. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents has been attracting scholars’ attention a lot but so far, the material aspects of these documents seem to have been mainly neglected. Application of scientific methods of analysis, especially X-Ray fluorescence characterization, contributes to our understanding of the materials used for production of manuscripts during the Middle ages. Our corpus of the 11th century manuscripts comprises manuscripts written by scribes belonging to three Jewish communities that co-existed in Cairo during this period: the Karaites, the so-called Jerusalemites (or Palestinian) and the so-called Babylonians (or Iraqi), three different communities with different traditions and different leaders. The differences manifest themselves also in the paleographical properties of the manuscripts produced within each community. Can we extend the differences detected by the paleographical analysis to differences in composition of the writing materials and especially the composition of the inks? Or can we relate the differences in the composition to the manuscript type (legal, private...), or to another criterion. In this presentation, we offer answers to some of the questions using statistical analysis of the measurements results. T2 - Konferenz 6th Meeting “X-ray and other techniques in investigations of the objects of cultural heritage” CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 17.05.2018 KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - XRF analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Cairo Genizah documents of the 11th century: analysis of writing materials N2 - The Cairo Genizah is a well-known “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt), located south of the center of modern Cairo. The giant collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts, mostly in fragmentary form. The larger part of the Cairo Genizah is stored today in the Cambridge University Library, containing about 200,000 fragments. The Genizah provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish and non-Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences manifest themselves also in the paleographical properties of the manuscripts produced by each community. Although Genizah manuscripts have attracted a great deal of scholarly attention, the material aspects of these documents seem to have been largely neglected. The current study aims to obtain information on the composition of the writing supports and the inks used, in order to obtain insights on trade, local production techniques and social structures. Can we extend the differences detected by the paleographical analysis to differences in composition of the writing materials ? Can we relate the differences in the composition to a community, to the manuscript type (legal, private...), or to another criterion? T2 - Konferenz EAJS CY - Crakow, Poland DA - 14.07.2018 KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - XRF analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Cairo Genizah documents of the 11th century: analysis of writing materials N2 - The Cairo Geniza is an “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt). The collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts. The Geniza provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences seem to manifest themselves also in the paleographical, codicological and some material properties of the manuscripts produced by each community. The aim of this project is to compare the inks used in the Jewish documents depending on different variables: support (paper, parchment), purpose of the manuscript (legal, private, religious), provenance of the scribe. For the determination of the inks type and composition we had to choose non-invasive, non-destructive and portable techniques to analyze the corpus directly on-situ. The analyses were carried out with a micro-X-ray spectrometer ArtTAX® (Bruker GmbH) and a digital stereomicroscope features built-in LED illumination at 395 nm and 940nm, Dino Lite. We would like to stress that though the methods of material analysis listed above have been successfully employed in the field of cultural heritage and conservation including ancient and medieval manuscripts they have not yet been used to study fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Therefore, we believe that this research project is a pioneering study that will provide new insights into the history of Hebrew writing materials, their production techniques and materials and, thus, contribute new data to the field of Hebrew paleography. T2 - Konferenz Art&Archaeology2018 – 3rd International Conference CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 09.12.2018 KW - XRF KW - Ink KW - Manuscripts KW - Cairo Genizah KW - Reflectography PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Christiansen, T. A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Biocca, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - The quest for the mixed inks N2 - In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 41 EP - 48 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Davis, Hannah A1 - Meconcelli, Stefania A1 - Radek, R. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Termites shape their collective behavioural response based on stage of infection N2 - Social insects employ a range of behaviours to protect their colonies against disease, but little is known about how such collective behaviours are orchestrated. This is especially true for the social Blattodea (termites). We developed an experimental approach that allowed us to explore how the social response to disease is co-ordinated by multistep host-pathogen interactions. We infected the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and then, at different stages of infection, reintroduced them to healthy nestmates and recorded behavioural responses. As expected, termites groomed pathogen-exposed individuals significantly more than controls; however, grooming was significantly elevated after fungal germination than before, demonstrating the importance of fungal status to hygienic behaviour. Significantly, we found that cannibalism became prevalent only after exposed termites became visibly ill, highlighting the importance of host condition as a cue for social hygienic behaviour. Our study reveals the presence of a coordinated social response to disease that depends on stage of infection. Specifically, we show how the host may play a key role in triggering its own sacrifice. Sacrificial self-flagging has been observed in other social insects: our results demonstrate that termites have independently evolved to both recognize and destructively respond to sickness. KW - Social KW - Immunity KW - Cannibalism KW - Entomopathogen PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-463239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32721-7 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 8 SP - 14433, 1 EP - 10 PB - Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-46323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Beblo-Vranesevic, K. A1 - Kjærvik, Marit A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Hardie, K. A1 - Brown, J. T1 - XPS surface analysis of bacterial samples N2 - This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze bacterial samples under near ambient pressure conditions in various states of hydration using different levels of humidity. Such investigations of bacterial cell wall surfaces in their hydrated state are essential for studying biological interfaces at work. The use of innovative near-ambient pressure (NAP-)XPS instrumentation allows the detailed analysis of irregularly-surfaced biofilms. NAP-XPS enables the surface analysis of bacterial samples in their natural hydrated state without complex sample preparation techniques such as freeze-drying or fast-freezing, which are needed for XPS analysis in ultrahigh vacuum. KW - Near ambient pressure XPS KW - Biofilms PY - 2018 UR - http://www.enviroai.com/uploads/1/0/2/8/102861712/xps_surface_analysis_of_bacillus_subtilis_biofilms_final.pdf IS - Application Note #000399 SP - 1 EP - 5 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Initial attachment of bacteria on PE-HD by fluorescence microscopy and colony-forming unit N2 - The first documentation of fuel biodeterioration dates back to the late 19th century. However, extensive studies concerning the microbial fuel contamination started in 1980’s. Polymeric fuel storage tanks containing diesel and biodiesel provide environmental conditions for microbial growth. Several studies demonstrated that bacteria, which were found in contaminated fuel systems, can use fuels as macronutrient; but such bacteria can also cause microbiologically influenced corrosion and fouling. The aim of this study is to investigate the initial attachment behavior of bacteria, isolated from a diesel contamination, on neat and photooxidized high-density polyethylene (PE-HD). Two common PE-HD’s, less- and biodiesel-stabilized, were radiated to UV light representing a tank exposed to sunlight. The effect of photooxidiation on PE-HD’s surface were characterized chemically by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The attached bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis on the polymer surface were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and colony-forming unit tests (CFU). T2 - MoDeSt2018 CY - Tokio, Japan DA - 02.09.2018 KW - PE-HD KW - Initial attachment KW - UV-irradiation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Esiukova, Elena A1 - Chubarenko, Boris A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Debris of geosynthetic materials on the shore of South-Eastern Baltic (Kaliningrad Oblast, Russian Federation) N2 - Geosynthetics are widely used in hydraulic engineering and within coastal protection constructions at the Baltic Sea shore, such as walls, promenades, and gabions walls. Storms influence leads to deformation of some of the protection structures and cause the release of geotextiles onto the beach. Fragments of geotextile migrate along the shore, experiencing additional degradation and destruction down to macro-, meso-, and micro-particles. During October 2017 - March 2018, the Baltic Sea shore along the Sambia Peninsula (Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation) was monitored to establish the contamination of sandy beaches by geotextiles that had degraded. Several local sources of pollution of beaches by geosynthetic materials were established. T2 - 7th IEEE/OES Baltic Symposium "Clean and Safe Baltic Sea and Energy Security for the Baltic countries" CY - Klaipeda, Lithuania DA - 12.06.2018 KW - Baltic Sea KW - Geotextiles KW - Geosynthetics KW - Degradation KW - Coastal protection PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-4467-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2018.8634842 SN - 2150-6035 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE Xplore Digital Library CY - New York AN - OPUS4-47760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Vieth, B. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Investigations on emission properties of VOCs from consumer products made of polymers N2 - There is a need for an assessment of the emission properties of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products. A method comparison was carried out to evaluate adapted and cost-effective procedures for such items. Smaller and automated emission chambers de-picted similar kinetics compared to a 203 L standard chamber. Toy samples made of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) emitted more VOCs compared to other tested polymeric products. The emissions from 2 selected samples were studied to allow an evaluation of the resulting room concentration and external exposure of a child. Obtained concentrations were not of concern. T2 - Conference on Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission chamber testing KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Consumer articles PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Hutler, C. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Vieth, B. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Investigations on emission properties of VOCs from consumer products made of polymers N2 - There is a need for an assessment of the emission properties of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products. A method comparison was carried out to evaluate adapted and cost-effective procedures for such items. Smaller and automated emission chambers depicted similar kinetics compared to a 203 L standard chamber. Toy samples made of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) emitted more VOCs compared to other tested polymeric products. The emissions from 2 selected samples were studied to allow an evaluation of the resulting room concentration and external exposure of a child. Obtained concentrations were not of concern. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2018 CY - Philadelphia, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission chamber KW - VOC KW - Consumer article PY - 2018 SP - Paper 381, 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-45654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geissbühler, M. A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2 N2 - The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 133 EP - 139 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Buzi, Paola A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - New approaches to the analysis of ancient inks N2 - 4.5 protocol for ink analysis and new possible fronteers: SERS and ASAP-MS. T2 - Art and Archaeology conference - Jerusalem CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 10.12.2018 KW - ASAP-MS KW - Ancient INKS KW - NIR reflectography KW - XRF KW - SERS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Understanding the technological evolution of writing materials. Scientific systematic study of inks from Coptic manuscripts N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques: XRF, FTIR, and Raman. In most cases, we can obtain satisfactory results using a non-invasive protocol. However, mixed inks that contain no metals evade such a protocol. These inks constitute a heterogeneous group of media used especially in the Middle East and the Islamicate world since at least the 10th century; they are characterized by blending carbon ink and tannins, with or without the addition of vitriol. Our own research aims primarily at recreating a socio-geographic history of inks, parchment, and papyrus and includes the comparative analysis of the writing materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ink and papyrus in Ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, and inks in documents from various contemporary medieval communities in Fustat (first nucleus of Cairo). During many years of study, we concluded that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for historical study of the ink in a large geographic area. Thanks to the collaboration with the ERC project “PAThs” (www.paths.uniroma1.it), based at the University of Rome La Sapienza, and within the activities of a PhD research dedicated to this topic, we therefore created a new branch of our project focused entirely on the analysis of Coptic inks, pigments, and dyes. This pioneering systematic study of writing materials coming from a specific area and time frame (5th-10th century) aims not only at a better understanding of the complex Coptic multicultural and plurilingual society, but also and mainly at clarifying the links among the Coptic and other societies between the ancient and medieval eras. Finally, it will cast light on the history of the technological development of inks in the eastern world, from Antiquity to the middle ages. T2 - Konferenz: Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research, Gordon Research Conference CY - Castelldefels, Spain DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Coptic KW - Ink KW - Manuscript PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46024 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Nehring, G. A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Comprehensive analysis of manuscripts. Systematic study of Coptik inks N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. The XRF elemental analysis aims primarily at understanding the fingerprints of inks containing metals, making it possible to distinguish among different inks. Our own research aims primarily at recreating a socio-geographic history of inks, parchment, and papyrus and includes the comparative analysis of the writing materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ink and papyrus in Ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, and inks in documents from various contemporary medieval communities in Fustat (first nucleus of Cairo). During many years of study, we concluded that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for historical study of the ink in a large geographic area. Thanks to the collaboration with the ERC project “PAThs” (www.paths.uniroma1.it), based at the University of Rome La Sapienza, and within the activities of a PhD research dedicated to this topic, we therefore created a new branch of our project focused entirely on the analysis of Coptic inks, pigments, and dyes. This pioneering systematic study of writing materials coming from a specific area and time frame (5th-10th century) aims not only at a better understanding of the complex Coptic multicultural and plurilingual society, but also and mainly at clarifying the links among the Coptic and other societies between the ancient and medieval eras. Finally, it will cast light on the history of the technological development of inks in the eastern world, from Antiquity to the middle ages. T2 - 7th Meeting 'X-ray and other techniques in investigations of the objects of cultural heritage' CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 17.05.2018 KW - Coptic KW - Ink KW - Manuscript PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Buzi, Paola T1 - Archaeometric analysis of Coptic inks N2 - We try to get as closer as possible to the ink composition, given that we have to work with non-invasive techniqes and on very degraded supports. T2 - Summer School in Coptic Literature CY - Hamburg, Centre for study Manuscript cultures, Germany DA - 17-09-2018 KW - Ink KW - Archaeometry PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46133 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - An Attempt at a Systematic study of inks from Coptic manuscripts N2 - It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 157 EP - 163 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guterman, R. A1 - Miao, H. A1 - Cataldo, V. A. A1 - Antonietti, M. A1 - Dimke, Thomas A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Thioimidazolium salts as a platform for nonvolatile alkylators and degradable antiseptics N2 - ABSTRACT: A collection of thioimidazolium salts were synthesized and used as a new class of nonvolatile alkylating agents. Their nonvolatility prevents exposure during use or handling and are thus drastically safer than conventional alkylating agents. We discovered that thioimidazolium Iodide salts cannot release volatile compounds in the solid state, but instead only decompose when molten. Since decomposition proceeds via alkyl iodide elimination, SN2 of iodide on the thioimidazolium cation is constrained in the solid state, and instead can occur only upon melting when ions are mobile. By smart design of these alkylators, the melting point and thus the decomposition temperature of these salts can be increased from 106 to 169 °C and release negligible volatile organic compounds prior to melting. Thioimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) ionic liquids act as a completely nonvolatile and air-stable TFSI-based alkylating agent and can be used for high-throughput Synthesis of TFSI ionic liquids without solvent. Alkyl groups from methyl to dodecyl can be transferred to a nucleophile and the product purified by sublimation of the thione byproduct, which can then be recycled. We also found that thioimidazolium salts with a dodecyl chain are bactericidal, yet can hydrolyze in water to form benign neutral products, and thus wont accumulate in the environment. These results demonstrate that thioimidazolium salts are a designable platform for the pursuit of safer and more environmentally friendly alkylating and antiseptic agents. KW - Alkylating agents KW - Decomposition point KW - Melting point KW - Nonvolatile KW - One-step ionic liquids synthesis KW - Antiseptic agents PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03874 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 6 IS - 11 SP - 15434 EP - 15440 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-46904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - He, Shulin A1 - Johnston, P. R. A1 - Kuropka, B. A1 - Lokatis, S. A1 - Weise, C. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Termite soldiers contribute to social immunity by synthesizing potent oral secretions N2 - The importance of soldiers to termite Society defence has long been recognized, but the contribution of soldiers to other societal functions, such as colony immunity, is less well understood. We explore this issue by examining the role of soldiers in protecting nestmates against pathogen infection. Even though they are unable to engage in grooming behaviour, we find that the presence of soldiers of the Darwin termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, significantly improves the survival of nestmates following entomopathogenic infection. We also show that the copious exocrine oral secretions produced by Darwin termite soldiers contain a high concentration of Proteins involved in digestion, chemical biosynthesis, and immunity. The oral secretions produced by soldiers are sufficient to protect nestmates against infection, and they have potent inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of microbes. Our findings support the view that soldiers may play an important role in colony immunity, and broaden our understanding of the possible function of soldiers during the origin of soldier-first societies. KW - External KW - Social KW - Immunity KW - Soldier KW - Antimicrobial KW - Proteome PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12499 SN - 1365-2583 SN - 0962-1075 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 564 EP - 576 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-45726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heiles, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - Palaeography and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: Manuscript production and censorship of the fifteenth century German manuscript Cod. germ. 1 of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg N2 - The manuscript Codex germanicus 1 (Cod. germ. 1) of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg is a fifteenth-century German-language manuscript. It comprises two codicological units and has an especially complex developmental history. To trace this developmental history, neglected until now in the research literature, the manuscript was investigated, for the first time not solely with classical codicological and palaeographical methods, but also with the aid of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, in order to determine the composition of the writing materials. These methods made it possible, first, to support and check palaeographic findings and, second, to gain information about the stratigraphy of the manuscript where palaeographic methods find their limits – in regard to short entries, rubrications, and non-alphabetical signs. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 109 EP - 132 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbig, B. A1 - Jörres, R. A. A1 - Schierl, R. A1 - Simon, M. A1 - Langner, Jeanette A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Nowak, D. A1 - Karrasch, S. T1 - Psychological and cognitive effects of laser printer emissions: A controlled exposure study N2 - The possible impact of ultrafine particles from laser printers on human health is controversially discussed although there are persons reporting substantial symptoms in relation to these emissions. A randomized, single-blinded, cross-over experimental design with two exposure conditions (high-level and low-level exposure) was conducted with 23 healthy subjects, 14 subjects with mild asthma, and 15 persons reporting symptoms associated with laser printer emissions. To separate physiological and psychological effects, a secondary physiologically based categorization of susceptibility to particle effects was used. In line with results from physiological and biochemical assessments, we found no coherent, differential, or clinically relevant effects of different exposure conditions on subjective complaints and cognitive performance in terms of attention, short-term memory, and psychomotor performance. However, results regarding the psychological characteristics of participants and their situational perception confirm differences between the participants groups: Subjects reporting symptoms associated with laser printer emissions showed a higher psychological susceptibility for adverse reactions in line with previous results on persons with multiple chemical sensitivity or idiopathic environmental intolerance. In conclusion, acute psychological and cognitive effects of laser printer emissions were small and could be attributed only to different participant groups but not to differences in exposure conditions in terms of particle number concentrations. KW - Cognitive performance KW - Exposure KW - Idiopathic environmental intolerance KW - Laser printer emission KW - Multiple chemical sensitivity KW - Subjective complaints PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12429 SN - 1600-0668 SN - 0905-6947 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 124 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CY - 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA AN - OPUS4-43945 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Scandium and scandium-aluminium alloy production from European metallurgical by-products N2 - The SCALE Project is a Horizon2020 Project (GA°730105) that aims to develope a secure supply chain for Scandium in Europe. To achieve that, the whole value chain is investigated and new methodologies and techniques are being developed. In BAM we are characterizing potential Scandium-bearing industrial by-products. T2 - Poster presentation during Exploration Geology Short Course DMG CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 19.02.2018 KW - Scandium KW - Red Mud KW - Aluminium KW - SCALE PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Wollik, Elia A1 - Bley, Teresa Johanna T1 - Recovery of copper from small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash by means of density separation N2 - Small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. Investigations with a centrifugal concentrator were carried out using samples, which had been treated with different impact devices. Partly the impacts of single devices were visible in outlines, but mostly the surfaces of the metals were still covered with mineral residues. To generate copper rich fractions, parameters of the separation process should ensure mass yields <2%, best between 0.5 and 1%. The density of the concentrates is then generally >3.2 g/cm3. Best results were achieved with material from a special treatment train which is adapted to grain sizes <2 mm. Reliable copper contents between 20 and 40% (single runs >50%) could be realised. However, considering the required mass yields, referred to this subset only 150–170 g copper would be recovered from 1 Mg MSWI BA. Furthermore, this copper is only in parts present in elemental form. A dependable added value of such treatment step seems to be given only, if that enables a recycling of the mineral aggregates (tailings) in parallel to avoid landfill costs. KW - Bottom ash KW - Density separation KW - Copper PY - 2018 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19397038.2017.1355415 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2017.1355415 SN - 1939-7038 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 250 EP - 260 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-46148 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Quality Improvement of VOC chamber emission tests observed for 10 years with round robin tests N2 - In Europe, the Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 2011/305/EU) sets basic requirements (BR) on how construction works must be designed and built. BR 3 “hygiene, health and the environment” states low emissions of toxic gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCVOCs), particles, etc. from building materials. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional Commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. The participation in Round Robin Tests (RRTRRTs) is a means to prove a laboratory’s proficiency. Since 2006 BAM offers such proficiency test for emission chamber test every two years. Any commercially available product on the market can be used as reference material, provided it is thoroughly characterised. However, these materials often emit only a few and material specific VOCs and appropriate homogeneity is not given. Therefore, alternative materials should be found. BAM used different materials over the years. Currently, the best suited reference material is a cured lacquer surface which contained several VOCs added to the liquid lacquer system. The round robin tests 2014, 2016 and 2018 were conducted with such a system. Compounds like Styrene or n-Alkanes like Decane or Tridecane were tested in many of the proficiency test operated by BAM. Up to now the relative standard deviation of these compounds decrease continuously. Starting with values about 30 % in 2008 we reached values for the mentioned compounds 15 to 20 % now. But even for more polar compounds improved results were received. Over the years the results of a large group of laboratories detected many compounds with much higher accuracy than at the beginning. So, the comparability between results of different laboratories becomes much better. T2 - International Conference on Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Chemicals CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.09.2018 KW - Chamber test KW - Round robin test KW - VOC-emission PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47906 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoyer, C. A1 - Pfütze, C. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Trommler, U. A1 - Steinbach, S. A1 - Klutzny, Kerstin A1 - Holzer, F. A1 - Rabe, C. A1 - Höhlig, B. A1 - Schmidt, S. A1 - Roland, U. T1 - Chemical-free pest control by dielectric heating with radio waves and microwaves: Thermal effects N2 - Thermal pest control with hot air is widely accepted as an alternative to chemical methods. However, it requires relatively long treatment times owing to the low thermal conductivity of wood. Direct dielectric heating that applies radio waves or microwaves has the advantage of more homogeneous heating. However, Sound experimental data on this technique are currently rare. Therefore, the thermal treatment of wood-destroying insects with radio waves and microwaves was studied with two model pests, Anobium punctatum and Hylotrupes bajulus, and with Tenebrio molitor as a reference. The secure elimination of pests was achieved, and the corresponding treatment time was in the range of a few minutes. Temperature profiles were more homogeneous when applying radio waves. KW - Dielectric heating KW - Microwaves KW - Pest control KW - Radio waves KW - Wood protection PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201600712 SN - 1521-4125 SN - 0930-7516 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 108 EP - 115 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-43527 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Mallow, O. A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Combined disc pelletisation and thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash N2 - An environmentally friendly and cost efficient way for the management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash represents its thermal co-treatment together with combustible waste. However, the safe introduction and storage of MSWI fly ash in the waste bunker is challenging and associated with severe problems (e.g. dust emissions, generation of undefined lumps and heat in case of moistened MSWI fly ash). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of pelletisation as a pretreatment of MSWI fly ash. In particular, MSWI fly ash was characterised after sampling, pelletisation and thermal treatment and the transfer of constituents to secondary fly ash and flue gas was investigated. For this purpose, MSWI fly ash pellets with a water content of about 0.15 kg/kg and a diameter of about 8 mm have been produced by disc pelletiser and treated in an electrically heated pilot-scale rotary kiln at different temperatures, ranging from 450°C to 1050°C. The total contents of selected elements in the MSWI fly ash before and after thermal treatment and in the generated secondary fly ash have been analysed in order to understand the fate of each element. Furthermore, leachable contents of selected elements and total content of persistent organic pollutants of the thermally treated MSWI fly ash were determined. Due to the low total content of Hg (0.7 mg/kg) and the low leachate content of Pb (<0.36 mg/kg), even at the lowest treatment temperature of 450°C, thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets can be classified as nonhazardous waste. However, temperatures of at least 650°C are necessary to decrease the toxic equivalency of PCDD/F and DL-PCB. The removal of toxic heavy metals like Cd and Pb is significantly improved at temperatures of 850°C, 950°C or even 1050°C. The observed metal removal led to relatively high contents of e.g. Cu (up to 11,000 mg/kg), Pb (up to 91,000 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 21,000 mg/kg) in the secondary fly ash. This metal enriched secondary fly ash might represent a potential raw material for metal recovery (e.g. via acidic leaching). Due to the high content of total dissolved solids observed in the leachate of thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets, a wet extraction procedure is suggested to enable its safe disposal at non-hazardous waste landfills. KW - MSWI fly ash KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.020 SN - 0956-053X VL - 73 SP - 381 EP - 391 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-44481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hufsky, F. A1 - Ibrahim, B. A1 - Beer, M. A1 - Deng, L. A1 - Le Mercier, P. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Palmarini, M. A1 - Thiel, V. A1 - Marz, M. T1 - Virologists—Heroes need weapons N2 - Virologists. You might know a couple of them, but unless you are a virologist yourself, the probability that you have collaborated with one in the past is low. The community is relatively small, but they pack a heavy punch and are expected to play a leading role in the research into pathogens that lies ahead. You may ask why we think virologists are our future. Suffice it to say that it is not just because they have invented technologies that belong to the space age, including use of viruses as vehicles to shuttle genes into cells[1], organic nanoparticles with specific tools attached to their surfaces to get inside target cells[2], and using genetically modified viruses as therapies to fight against cancer[3]. Did you know that virologists currently only know of about 3,200 viral species but that more than 320,000 mammal-associated viruses[4] are thought to await discovery? Just think about the viruses hidden in the Arctic ice[5] or in the insects and other animals from once cut-off regions in the world, which now face ever-increasing human exposure[6]. But a heroic (as well as an apocalyptic) role for virologists may also be on the horizon, as the adoption of phage therapy may, in the future, be used to control harmful bacteria when antibiotics fail KW - Virology KW - Bioinformatics PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-442402 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006771 SN - 1553-7366 SN - 1553-7374 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - Article e1006771, 1 EP - 3 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. AN - OPUS4-44240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ibrahim, B. A1 - Arkhipova, K. A1 - Andeweg, A.C. A1 - Posada-Céspedes, S. A1 - Enault, F. A1 - Gruber, A. A1 - Koonin, E.V. A1 - Kupczok, A. A1 - Lemey, P. A1 - McHardy, A.C. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Pickett, B.E. A1 - Robertson, D.L. A1 - Scheuermann, R.H. A1 - Zhernakova, A. A1 - Zwart, M.P. A1 - Schönhuth, A. A1 - Dutilh, B.E. A1 - Marz, M. T1 - Bioinformatics meets virology: The European virus bioinformatics center's second annual meeting N2 - The Second Annual Meeting of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), held in Utrecht, Netherlands, focused on computational approaches in virology, with topics including (but not limited to) virus discovery, diagnostics, (meta-)genomics, modeling, epidemiology, molecular structure, evolution, and viral ecology. The goals of the Second Annual Meeting were threefold: (i) to bring together virologists and bioinformaticians from across the academic, industrial, professional, and training sectors to share best practice; (ii) to provide a meaningful and interactive scientific environment to promote discussion and collaboration between students, postdoctoral fellows, and both new and established investigators; (iii) to inspire and suggest new research directions and questions. Approximately 120 researchers from around the world attended the Second Annual Meeting of the EVBC this year, including 15 renowned international speakers. This report presents an overview of new developments and novel research findings that emerged during the meeting. KW - Bioinformatics KW - Software KW - Virology KW - Viruses PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-458814 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050256 SN - 1999-4915 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 256, 1 EP - 19 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-45881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ibrahim, B. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Hufsky, F. A1 - Beer, M. A1 - Ding, L. A1 - Le Mercier, P. A1 - Palmarini, M. A1 - Thiel, V. A1 - Marz, M. T1 - A new era of virus bioinformatics N2 - Despite the recognized excellence of virology and bioinformatics, these two communities have interacted surprisingly sporadically, aside from some pioneering work on HIV-1 and influenza. Bringing together the Expertise of bioinformaticians and virologists is crucial, since very specific but fundamental computational approaches are required for virus research, particularly in an era of big data. Collaboration between virologists and bioinformaticians is necessary to improve existing analytical tools, cloud-based systems, computational resources, data sharing approaches, new diagnostic tools, and bioinformatic training. Here, we highlight current progress and discuss potential avenues for future developments in this promising era of virus bioinformatics. We end by presenting an overview of current technologies, and by outlining some of the Major challenges and Advantages that bioinformatics will bring to the field of virology. KW - Bioinformatics virology viruses software PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.009 SN - 0168-1702 SN - 1872-7492 VL - 251 SP - 86 EP - 90 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-45880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact N2 - Around 5 million tonnes of MSWI bottom ash (BA) are generated per year in Germany. The incineration itself serves for metals as a concentrating and cleaning process. However, due to the almost exclusive wet extraction out of the furnace chamber the various metals are integrated in a heterogeneous and instable matrix. The metal recovery is therefore still a challenge relating the recovery rate and the purity, respectively. With state of the art treatment trains in Germany around 7.7% of ferrous metals and 1.3% of non-ferrous metals can be recovered out of MSWI BA. Large quantities of the mineral fraction are reused for sub-base material in road construction. A three month ageing period has been established as the common practice of further treatment of bottom ash before reuse applications. In the course of this aging the pH value of bottom ash decreases and contaminants are immobilized by processes like carbonation, hydration and oxidation. In particular leaching of heavy metals may be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels. However, the aging results in fixing of other valuable resources such as metals. Two laboratory scale lysimeters (30 cm in diameter) are being operated for more than three years aiming at the investigation of the long-term leaching behavior of a 0.25/45 mm mineral material obtained by treatment of MSWI bottom ash directly after incineration by a wet processing technology. Artificial rainwater is used as leachant (pH ≈ 6, ingredients NO32-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). The lysimeters are irrigated related to an average annual precipitation rate of 600 mm/a leading to a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of about 0.7 per year of operation. Lysimeter tests are more adequate to simulate field scenarios and long-term leaching behavior in contrast to laboratory column tests particularly due to the unsaturated conditions and realistic contact time with the leachant. In comparison to the leaching of bottom ash (aged for 3 month and non-treated) in column tests the chloride and sulfate leaching in the lysimeters was reduced as a consequence of the previous wet processing. The sulfate release kept almost constant limited by CaSO4 solubility up to an L/S of about 0.7 l/kg. The chloride concentrations dropped quickly, starting from 7300 mg/l, and are now at an almost constant level of 50 mg/l which is significantly above the chloride concentration in the leachant. After an initial decrease of the pH from about 10.4 to 8 at L/S of 0.2 l/kg, the pH increased again and leveled out around 9.8 up to L/S 2.2 l/kg. At an L/S of about 2.5 l/kg now, Cr, Cu are still released. The Cu and Cr concentrations in the leachates were about 760 µg/l and 90 µg/l respectively at the beginning. For both metals the concentration decreased to about 35 µg/l now. The Mo concentrations dropped steadily from 1300 to 250 µg/l, whereas V and Sb concentrations increased in the course of the tests. Fe and Mn are not detectable anymore. More results of this experimental study will be presented and discussed with a special focus on elements forming oxyanions. T2 - 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Lysimeter, Antimony KW - MSWI bottom ash KW - Leaching PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface characterisation of biofilms by nearambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy N2 - The XPS information depth of approximately 10 nm is in the same size range as the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria, which makes XPS a suitable tool for determining the elemental composition of the bacterial surface and monitor changes caused by outer stress like dehydration or exposure to antimicrobials. However, bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state, and therefore only compatible to ultra-high vacuum after extensive sample preparation, which may degrade the sample constituents. This issue is addressed by the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, which enables bacteria and biofilms to be characterised in their native wet state. Artificial biofilms, bacteria and biofilms of Escherichia coli have been characterised with the laboratory NAP-XPS instrument EnviroESCA from SPECS GmbH, at pressures ranging from high vacuum to 12 mbar, and in both humid and dry environment. By studying biological samples in their native wet state, new insight about composition and transport of drugs through cell membranes and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms can be obtained. T2 - Royal Society of Chemistry Twitter Conference CY - Worldwide (online conference) DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface characterisation of bacteria and biofilms by NAP-XPS N2 - The XPS information depth of approximately 10 nm is in the same size range as the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria, which makes XPS a suitable tool for determining the elemental composition of the bacterial surface and monitor changes caused by outer stress like dehydration or exposure to antimicrobials. However, bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state, and therefore only compatible to ultra-high vacuum after extensive sample preparation, which may degrade the sample constituents. This issue is addressed by the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, which enables bacteria and biofilms to be characterised in their native wet state. Artificial biofilms, bacteria and biofilms of Escherichia coli have been characterised with the laboratory NAP-XPS instrument EnviroESCA from SPECS GmbH, at pressures ranging from high vacuum to 12 mbar, and in both humid and dry environment. By studying biological samples in their native wet state, new insight about composition and transport of drugs through cell membranes and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms can be obtained. In this contribution, the latest progress on biofilm characterisation by NAP-XPS will be presented, and measurement capabilities and limitations will be discussed. T2 - Die Frühjahrstagung der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.03.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Quantitative biocide profile measurements by calibrated NAP-XPS N2 - Progress update for the EMPIR-project MetVBadBugs- Quantitative measurement and imaging of drug-uptake by bacteria with antimicrobial resistance. T2 - MetVBadBugs 26 M project meeting CY - South Mimms, UK DA - 05.07.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - Alginate KW - Antibiotics KW - E. coli KW - XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin T1 - Surface characterisation of biological samples by near-ambient pressure XPS N2 - A presentation held for the seminar "Ausgewählte analytische Methoden der Physik" hosted by Prof. Birgit Kanngießer at TU Berlin. The first part focus on depth-dependent XPS-measurements (XPS, synchrotron HAXPES) to obtain a concentration profile of iodine in an artificial biofilm. In the second part, NAP-XPS measurements of various bacterial samples are presented. T2 - Forschungsseminar "Ausgewählte analytische Methoden der Physik", TU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.07.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - Alginate KW - Agarose KW - HAXPES KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45505 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Dietrich, P. T1 - Progress on characterisation of biofilms by NAP-XPS N2 - Progress talk on characterisation of biofilms by NAP-XPS in the framework of the MetVBadBugs EURAMET-project T2 - MetVBadBugs 24 M project meeting CY - Turin, Italy DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Defedov, A. A1 - Wöll, C. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Exploring the capabilities of NAP-XPS: Application to metal-organic frameworks, nanoparticles and biofilms N2 - Near-ambient pressure XPS makes it possible to characterise samples not compatible to ultra-high vacuum, and enables the study of liquid-solid, gas-liquid and gas-solid interfaces. NAP-XPS meas-urements of biofilms, suspended nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks were performed with EnviroESCA developed by SPECS. An interesting application is surface characterisation of biofilms, which are bacterial communities embedded in a self-produced polysaccharide matrix. Various model systems ranging from pure polysaccharides of alginate to biofilms harvested directly from the growth medium have been char-acterised in humid conditions[1]. NAP-XPS also makes it possible to characterise nanoparticles in solution. Silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution were characterised and the Ag 3d-spectrum compared to spectra obtained of dried nanoparticles in UHV-conditions[2]. The binding energy of the Ag 3d-core level peak was shifted by 0,6 eV towards higher binding energy for suspended nanoparticles compared to the dried sample measured in UHV. This can be assigned to a change in surface potential at the water-nanoparticle interface. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are suitable materials for gas storage of small molecules due to their nanoporous, crystalline structure. However, instability in humidity remains an issue for many types of MOFs. XPS-measurements of the MOF-structure HKUST-1 were performed in various NAP-conditions to assess the stability of the sample and its interaction with the gas molecules as water, methanol and pyridine. T2 - 5th AP-XPS Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.12.18 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - NAP-XPS KW - Metal organic frameworks KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Depth-dependent analysis of model biofilms by combining laboratory- and synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy N2 - Synchrotron XPS in the soft-X-ray regime is suitable for the detection of light elements commonly found in biological samples. Various model systems of biofilms have been developed and characterised at synchrotron- and lab-based facilities. By obtaining the chemical composition at various information depths, the vertical distribution of iodine in an artificial biofilm have been determined. T2 - Tenth Joint BER II and BESSY II User Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.12.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - HAXPES KW - XPS KW - Iodine KW - Synchrotron-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Investigations of biofilms in various conditions by near-ambient pressure XPS N2 - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides elemental and chemical information from the outermost ~10 nm of the sample surface. This is in the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the outer bacterial membrane of gram-negative bacteria, as well as outer membrane molecules as exopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, commonly attached to the cell surface. With the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, bacteria can be analysed with minimal sample preparation. EnviroESCA is a laboratory based NAP-XPS instrument, equipped with a monochromated Al Kα radiation source and a differentially pumped energy analyser connected to an exchangeable sample environment. It allows for measurements in various gas-atmospheres, including water vapor, which makes it possible to characterise bacteria and other biological samples close to their natural, hydrated state. Artificial model-biofilms of exopolysaccharides, planktonic Pseudomonas Fluorescens and biofilms of Escherichia Coli have been characterised in hydrated and dried state. High-resolution XPS-spectra from carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous can be assigned to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in general agreement with literature. Especially the carbon 1s peak is of interest. A series of measurements of an E. coli biofilm from 11 mbar in humid environment to 1 mbar air reveal changes in the C1s peak, which suggests that the bacterial surface undergo substantial Change. T2 - BAM PhD-retreat CY - Warnemünde, Germany DA - 28.09.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface characterisation of Escherichia coli under various conditions by near-ambient pressure XPS N2 - Bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state and therefore not compatible to ultra-high vacuum techniques such as XPS without prior sample preparation involving freeze drying or fast freezing. This has changed with the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, which makes it possible to characterise the bacterial surface with minimal sample preparation. This paper presents NAP-XPS measurements of Escherichia coli under various NAP conditions: at 11 mbar in a humid environment, at 2 mbar after drying in the chamber, pre-dried at 4 mbar, and at 1 mbar after overnight pumping at 10^−4 mbar. The high-resolution spectra of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are presented and found to be in general agreement with XPS measurements from freeze-dried and fast-frozen bacteria. However, it was found that the amount of carbon components associated with polysaccharides increases relative to aliphatic carbon during drying and increases further after overnight pumping. This implies that drying has an impact on the bacterial surface. T2 - European conference on applications of surface and interface analysis (ECASIA'17) CY - Montpellier, France DA - 24.09.2018 KW - Bacteria KW - E. coli KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-454047 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6480 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 996 EP - 1000 PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA AN - OPUS4-45404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Near-ambient pressure XPS of hydrated Escherichia coli samples with EnviroESCA N2 - This application note presents how EnviroESCA can be used to analyze E. coli biofilms on silicon under near ambient pressure conditions in various states of hydration. Such investigations of the outer bacterial cell surface in their hydrated state are essential for studying biological interfaces at work. KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 UR - http://www.enviroai.com/uploads/1/0/2/8/102861712/nap_xps_of_escherichia_coli_samples.pdf IS - Application Note #000400 SP - 1 EP - 4 CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-45720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Dommisch, H. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The impact of methanogenic Archaea on material, environment and health N2 - Microbiologically influence corrosion (MIC) has become a big concern due the increased usage of different metals by our society. Microorganisms can use metal as an electron donor, causing unpredictable but serious damages. Nowadays it is known that besides sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), other microorganisms including acetogens, iron oxidizers and methanogens can also induce MIC. Current studies related to methanogen-induced MIC (MI-MIC) mainly focused on environmental isolates from the oil and gas industry (e.g. Methanococcus maripaludis) with industrial materials e.g. iron. However, MI-MIC can occur in many other environments as well, including the oral cavity. Methanobrevibacter oralis is a methanogen isolated from the human oral cavity and was found more frequently in patients suffering from peri-implantitis/periodontitis. Titanium-implants removed from those patients have also showed clear signs of corrosion. The aim of our study is to establish and analyze corrosion potentials of dental metals (e.g. titanium) by oral methanogens. Periodontal pockets samples from patients suffering from periodontitis/peri-implantitis were taken for methanogenic and SRB enrichments. Stainless steel, pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy was used for corrosion studies. Corrosion rates and methane production were measured using weight-loss method and gas chromatography, respectively. Metal surfaces were visualized with scanning electron microscopy. Microbial communities in the dental pockets of healthy people and patients will be compared using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Overall, this is the first study investigating the susceptibility of different dental implant materials to corrosion using human-related Archaea. The outcomes of this study can be further explored for a variety of clinical applications. T2 - ISME 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Methanogens KW - Corrosion KW - Biofilm PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45932 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Gurtler, V. ED - Trevors, J. T. T1 - Territories of rock-inhabiting fungi: Survival on and alteration of solid air-exposed surfaces N2 - Subaerial biofilms that are omnipresent at the interface between all solid substrates and the atmosphere are composed of a unique and widespread group of ascomycetes called rock-inhabiting fungi or microcolonial fungi (MCF), typically in communities with other microorganisms. While subaerial biofilms in toto have important roles in mineral weathering and biodeterioration of materials, methodological approaches to subaerial biofilm communities are diverse and frequently focussed on MCF. Here, we review the historical development of the research methods applied in the field and consider perspectives to increase our understanding of the biofilm-induced changes of solid substrate surfaces. KW - Biologically induced mineral weathering KW - Geobiology KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Subaerial biofilm KW - Symbiosis PY - 2018 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0580951718300047 SN - 9780128146040 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mim.2018.06.001 VL - 45 SP - Chapter 6, 145 EP - 169 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47181 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Investigating the effects of biocides and corrosion inhibitors on corrosive methanogens N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is the deterioration of metals due to the metabolic activities of microorganisms. Microorganisms can take electrons directly from the metal surface (EMIC) thereby causing corrosion. Well known culprits of EMIC are: sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), acetogens and methanogens. T2 - AMiCI WG2 workshop Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 7.7.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Biocides KW - Methanogens PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Widdel, F. T1 - Microbial corrosion of iron coupled to methanogenesis by strains from different environments N2 - Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) which act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide, and by withdrawal of the available electrons (Fe → Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻ ; E° = 0.47 V) in electrical contact through surface attachment. Also methanogenic archaea are supposed to cause MIC. Because they do not produce hydrogen sulfide, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. Precipitation of siderite (4Fe + 5HCO₃⁻ + 5H⁺ → 4FeCO₃ + CH₄ + 3H₂O) can lead to an insulating layer on the metal surface and lower the corrosion rate. Still, the extent of FeCO₃ precipitation may be significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as pH and advective processes. To investigate the corrosive potential of methanogens, we studied strains isolated from marine sediments (Methanococcus maripaludis 14266, 2067, Methanobacterium-affiliated strain IM1), crude oil tanks (Methanococcus maripaludis Mic1c10, KA1) and the oral cavity (Methanobrevibacter oralis) in a closed (batch) culture, and in a sand-packed flow-through cell with pH control and simulation of a fluctuating environment. Results indicate that the rates of iron corrosion due to coupled methanogenesis (up to 0.3 mm/yr) are comparable to that caused by SRM. Surface analyses of the metal showed severe pitting. Such knowledge and deeper understanding also from an electrokinetic point of view may not only provide further models in microbial electrophysiology, but also contribute to mitigation strategies in MIC. T2 - ISME 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Methanogens KW - Biofilm KW - Flow-System KW - Iron PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Hermann, Annett A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Investigation of methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion under dynamic environments N2 - Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) which act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide, and by withdrawal of the available electrons in electrical contact with the metal. Methanogenic archaea can also cause MIC by directly withdrawing electrons from the iron surface for methanogenesis. However, the mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. Precipitation of siderite, a by-product of methanogenesis, (4Fe + 5HCO3 + 5H+  4FeCO3 + CH4 + 3H2O) can lead to an insulating layer on the metal surface and lower the corrosion rate. Still, the extent of FeCO3 precipitation may be significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as pH and advective processes. T2 - IGD-TP Exchange Forum 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.12.2048 KW - Archaea KW - Biocorrosion KW - MIC KW - Environmental Simulation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Widdel, F. T1 - Microbial corrosion of iron coupled to methanogenesis by strains from different environments N2 - Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) which act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide, and by withdrawal of the available electrons in electrical contact with the metal. Methanogenic archaea are supposed to cause MIC. Because they do not produce hydrogen sulfide, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. Precipitation of siderite (4Fe + 5HCO3 + 5H+  4FeCO3 + CH4 + 3H2O) can lead to an insulating layer on the metal surface and lower the corrosion rate. Still, the extent of FeCO3 precipitation may be significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as pH and advective processes. T2 - EMBO-Workshop CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 02.08.2018 KW - Methanogens KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - Environmental Simulation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Widdel, F. T1 - Microbial corrosion of iron coupled to methanogenesis by strains from different environments N2 - Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) which act upon the metal by the reactiveness of hydrogen sulfide, and by withdrawal of the available electrons in electrical contact with the metal. Methanogenic archaea are supposed to cause MIC. Because they do not produce hydrogen sulfide, withdrawal of electrons may be their main corrosive mechanism; however, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process are poorly understood. Precipitation of siderite (4Fe + 5HCO3 + 5H+  4FeCO3 + CH4 + 3H2O) can lead to an insulating layer on the metal surface and lower the corrosion rate. Still, the extent of FeCO3 precipitation may be significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as pH and advective processes. T2 - ISME CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.08.2018 KW - Methanogens KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - Environmental Simulation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - Microbial corrosion coupled to methanogenesis by strains from different environments N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms, either chemically (formation of hydrogen sulfide) or electrically (direct electron uptake). Methanogenetic Archaea are also known to be involved in iron corrosion, forming a multi-species biofilm on corroding metallic structures. However, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process in methanogen-induced MIC are poorly understood. T2 - Beirat Material CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.04.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Methanogens KW - Archaea KW - Implants KW - Biofilm PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Schwirn, K. T1 - Test guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 1000 nm. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Expertenaustausch Nanocluster und Malta-Initiative CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.10.2018 KW - Nanopartikel KW - Testguideline KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nano particle PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Schwirn, K. T1 - Test guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 1000 nm. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently. In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019. T2 - Expertenaustausch Nanocluster und Malta-Initiative CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.10.2018 KW - Nanopartikel KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nano particle KW - Test guideline PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - OECD Test Guideline on particle size and particle size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials: simultaneous measurement of length and diameter of fibers N2 - The new OECD test guideline will address the following four main steps in the determination of the length and width distributions of fibers: sample preparation, image acquisition, data evaluation and uncertainty analysis. As the sample preparation has to be optimized for each material, general quality criteria will be given in the protocol. For full visibility of a fiber the appropriate resolution has to be chosen. In the data evaluation the length and diameter of each fiber will be determined concurrently to allow for application of different regulatory definitions. The quality of the results critically depends on the sample preparation as well as the data evaluation. In this step the classification rules have to be formulated and followed accurately in order to optimize reproducibility of the method. The SOP will be validated in an international round robin test, which is planned for 2018/2019. T2 - BAM-PTB-Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - Fibre KW - Fiber KW - OECD KW - Size distribution PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Landsberger, B. A1 - Frauendorf, H. A1 - Adler, C. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Capability and limitation of anoxic treatments in museum collections protection N2 - Without precaution, insects may cause serious damage to Museum collections. Quarantine of potentially infested objects can be logistically challenging. Anoxia under controlled nitrogen atmosphere is a most compatible but also time-consuming method to eradicate insect pests in all kinds of different materials. Treatment results are usually effected by duration, temperature, humidity and residual oxygen content. During a two-year research project, 34 relevant pest insect species of all developmental stages were tested in several different materials (wood, paper, wool) to monitor treatment success and to determine optimum treatment parameters. Duration of Treatment ranged from one to three weeks at temperatures of 20 - 27 °C. As expected, results showed significant differences in mortality among tested species. Highest tolerance of hypoxic conditions was found in older larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus. However, this species is an unlikely museum pest. Anobiids and other wood boring beetles are more often an issue related to cultural heritage. Tested imbedding materials in general had no mortality lowering influence. A combination of three weeks exposure time at up to 0.5 % residual oxygen and at 24 °C and 50 % RH is recommended for infested artefacts. T2 - 12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2018 KW - Anoxia KW - Nitrogen KW - Cultural Heritage KW - Hylotrupes bajulus PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marchant, H. K. A1 - Tegetmeyer, H. E. A1 - Ahmerkamp, S. A1 - Holtappels, M. A1 - Lavik, G. A1 - Graf, J. A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Mussmann, M. A1 - Strous, M. A1 - Kuypers, M. M. M. T1 - Metabolic specialization of denitrifiers in permeable sediments controls N2O emissions N2 - Coastal oceans receive large amounts of anthropogenic fixed nitrogen (N), most of which is denitrified in the sediment before reaching the open ocean. Sandy sediments, which are common in coastal regions, seem to play an important role in catalysing this N‐loss. Permeable sediments are characterized by advective porewater transport, which supplies high fluxes of organic matter into the sediment, but also leads to fluctuations in oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Little is known about how the denitrifying communities in these sediments are adapted to such fluctuations. Our combined results indicate that denitrification in eutrophied sandy sediments from the world's largest tidal flat system, the Wadden Sea, is carried out by different groups of microorganisms. This segregation leads to the formation of N2O which is advectively transported to the overlying waters and thereby emitted to the atmosphere. At the same time, the production of N2O within the sediment supports a subset of Flavobacteriia which appear to be specialized on N2O reduction. If the mechanisms shown here are active in other coastal zones, then denitrification in eutrophied sandy sediments may substantially contribute to current marine N2O emissions. KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Denitrification KW - Cross-feeding PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-463061 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1462-2920.14385 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14385 SN - 1462-2920 SN - 1462-2912 VL - 20 IS - 12 SP - 4486 EP - 4502 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-46306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria A1 - Gebhardt, Christopher A1 - Toepel, Jörg A1 - Barry, J. A1 - Munzke, N. A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Monitoring microbial soiling in photovoltaic systems: A qPCR-based approach N2 - Soiling of photovoltaic (PV) systems compromises their performance causing a significant power loss and demanding periodical cleaning actions. This phenomenon raises great concerns in the solar energy field, thus leading to notable research efforts over the last decades. Soiling is caused by a dual action of dust deposition and biofouling. However, surprisingly, the microbiological contribution to PV soiling is often overlooked or underestimated. In this study, a variety of qPCR-based methods have been developed to quantify the microbial load of fungi, bacteria and phototrophs on PV panels. These protocols were evaluated by comparison with culturedependent methods, and were implemented with real solar plants for two years. The results show that the developed molecular methods are highly sensitive and reliable to monitor the microbial component of the soiling. Fungal biomass was clearly dominant in all analysed PV modules, while bacteria and phototrophs showed much lower abundance. Light microscopy and qPCR results revealed that melanised microcolonial fungi and phototrophs are the main biofilm-forming microorganisms on the studied solar panels. In particular, the fungal qPCR protocol is proposed as a useful tool for monitoring of PV soiling, and investigating the microbial contribution to specific soiling cases. KW - Solar panels KW - PV modules KW - Real-time qPCR KW - Bacteria KW - Fungi KW - Phototrophs PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.12.008 SN - 0964-8305 VL - 129 SP - 13 EP - 22 PB - Elsevier Science AN - OPUS4-43892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Borzekowski, Antje A1 - Drewitz, Tatjana A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rohn, S. T1 - Biosynthesis of zearalenone conjugates by fungi N2 - Zearalenone (ZEN) and its sulfate and glucoside conjugates have been detected in (a broad variety of) food and feed commodities1. Both conjugated derivatives are formed as part of fungal or plant secondary metabolism and thus, belong to the group of modified mycotoxins2. After consumption of contaminated foodstuff, the conjugates can be hydrolyzed by human intestinal microbiota leading to liberation of ZEN that implies an underestimation of the true ZEN exposure. In order to include ZEN conjugates in routine analysis, as well as for toxicological investigation reliable standards are needed. The objective of the present study was to develop a simple and economic method for biosynthesis of ZEN conjugates. Preceding experiments on the biotransformation of ZEN by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species showed a mixed metabolite formation3. Therefore, these known ZEN conjugating fungal strains were screened for their potential to selectively synthesize the ZEN derivatives ZEN-14-sulfate (Z14S), ZEN-14-glucoside (Z14G) and ZEN-16-glucoside (Z16G). The screening was conducted by adding ZEN to liquid fungal cultures. Cultivation conditions and ZEN incubation time were varied. All media samples were analyzed for metabolite formation by HPLC-MS/MS. Z14S was exclusively formed by A. oryzae. Under optimized conditions a specific biosynthesis of Z14G by R. oryzae and Z16G by R. oligosporus was achieved. After liquid-liquid-extraction and preparative chromatographic cleanup 1H-NMR purities of ≥ 73% for Z14S, ≥ 82% for Z14G and ≥ 50% for Z16G were obtained. In addition, a consecutive biosynthesis was developed by first using Fusarium graminearum for ZEN biosynthesis on rice based liquid medium. After inactivation of Fusarium the subsequent conjugation reaction was conducted utilizing Aspergillus and Rhizopus species under the various optimized conditions. In this study an easy and cost-efficient biosynthesis for Z14S, Z14G and Z16G was developed. The developed biosynthesis could be also used for other metabolites like ZEL conjugates. Our results of the in vitro screening indicate also the formation of a ZEL-glucoside and α ZEL-sulfate as major metabolites by R. oryzae. In sum, under optimized cultivation conditions fungi can be easily utilized for a targeted and stereospecific synthesis of ZEN conjugates. T2 - 10th World Mycotoxin Forum Conference CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 12.03.2018 KW - Mycotoxins KW - Food safety KW - Analytical standards PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Evolution, recombination and virulence of emerging bee viruses N2 - Bee populations have declined significantly in recent years and this is thought to be attributable at least in part to the (re-)emergence of viruses. These viruses are predominantly positive single stranded (+ss) RNA viruses belonging to the Picornavirales. Managed honeybees are often infested with the invasive mite, Varroa destructor, which vectors RNA viruses including Deformed wing virus (DWV, family Iflaviridae): a leading culprit of colony losses. Many bee viruses have been sequenced and structural features are now available for viruses such as DWV. DWV consists of at least 3 distinct genotypes, two of which have been shown to be differentially virulent in honeybees. Molecular studies have demonstrated that DWV has a mean evolutionary rate of 1.35 x 10-3 per site per year. For such viruses – in contrast to their eukaryotic hosts – ecological and evolutionary timescales significantly overlap. This rapid evolution allows RNA viruses to adapt quickly to novel host environments with recombination representing an additional key source of genetic variation. Interestingly, recombination between genotypes of DWV has recently been shown to be a common occurrence in honeybees. A challenge has been to develop bioinformatics tools that can accurately reconstruct viral haplotypes – including recombinants – from heterogenous high-throughput sequence data. The impact of blood-to-blood Varroa destructor transmission on virus evolution represents an important question in bee virus research. Due to the nature of the V. destructor life cycle, predictions can be made about the potential impact of the mite on virus virulence evolution. Specifically, the developing honeybee host pupa should remain alive until close to the completion of metamorphosis to provide sufficient time for successful mite reproduction, including offspring mating. For optimal transmission, any virus found in a mature and mated daughter mite will hold a significant selective advantage over a virus found in an immature or unmated daughter mite – placing a cost on virus virulence that impacts honeybee pupae before mites can mate. On the other side, viruses replicating too slowly and with delayed virulence effects will hold a selective handicap because fewer transmission units will be found in mated mites. I have hypothesized that the evolution of virus virulence shifted following the arrival of V. destructor, with viruses, including recombinants and/or specific viral genotypes being selected for a level of virulence in pupae (and likely also in adults) that maximises R0, which represents the basic reproductive number of the virus in the host population. R0 is defined by the number of subsequent infections caused by a single infection and it must be greater than 1 for an infection to spread in a population. It is enhanced by maximising the number of transmission units passed to uninfected susceptible vectors, and ultimately hosts (Figure 1). Honeybee viruses are also shared with sympatric wild bees and viral prevalence and sequence data indicate frequent virus transmission between managed and wild bee species. In addition to infecting the western honeybee (Apis mellifera), DWV can infect other Asian honeybee species such as Apis ceranae. Outside of honeybees, DWV has been found widely in bumblebees, including solitary bees and wasps and there is evidence that it can actively replicate in several Bombus and solitary bee species. Whether the arrival of the V. destructor mite in A. mellifera has driven viral emergence in non-Apis bees is a target of ongoing research. T2 - 2nd European Virus Bioinformatics Centre (EVBC) conference CY - Utrecht, Netherlands DA - 09.05.2018 KW - Virus KW - Virulence KW - Bees PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Emerging Viruses in Bees: From Molecules toEmerging bee viruses: from molecules to host and vector ecology Ecology N2 - Technical advances in the study of molecular evolution have crystallized the fundamental insight that many bee pathogens evolve and adapt over timescales that overlap with host ecology. At the same time, the role played by bee host community ecology is increasingly being appreciated in host-parasite interactions. Here, we focus on Deformed wing virus (DWV) and present recent studies exploring the link between virulence, DWV genetic diversity and changes to host ecology - namely the arrival of an invasive ectoparasite, the Varroa destructor mite, which vectors viruses between honeybees. Specifically, we show how V. destructor may have created conditions for the emergence of more virulent strains of DWV in the western honeybee, Apis mellifera. We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help interpret findings and to guide future hypotheses, emphasizing the role of molecular interactions between viruses and host immunity as drivers of change at the bee population level. T2 - International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI2018) CY - Guaruja, Brazil DA - 05.08.2018 KW - Disease KW - Virus KW - Emerging KW - Pathogen KW - Bee PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47156 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Exploring RNA viruses in edible insects: a case study using cockroaches, termites N2 - Our understanding of RNA viruses from edible insects is minimal at best, with studies largely focusing on model insect species and those associated with obvious signs of disease. This represents a considerable gap in understanding, given the growing role of insects as a source of food and feed, as well as the more general relevance of insects in agriculture and health. Illness due to entomophagy is rare but well documented, including fatal cases following the consumption of termites. Termites are eaten commonly in tropical Asia, Africa and South America, and are among the insects with the highest recorded fat content. There are many species of termites, with a wide range of diets and habitats centering around the consumption of wood and soil substrates. In this study, we report the results from a survey of more than 30 cockroach and termite transcriptomes, with the aim of understanding the diversity and evolution of RNA viruses as well as other potentially pathogenic organisms that are associated with this relevant but somewhat overlooked group of insects. We discuss our results in the context of the possible zoonotic risk posed by insects, as well as in the context of emerging viral and other disease threats that may face insects being reared at industrial scales. T2 - 4th International INSECTA 2018 Conference CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 05.09.2018 KW - Edible insects KW - Emerging KW - Virus KW - Pathogen KW - Termite KW - Cockroach PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of termite immunity N2 - The termites are a derived eusocial lineage of otherwise non-social cockroaches. Understanding the proximal and ultimate drivers of this major evolutionary transition represents an important goal in biology. One outstanding question concerns the evolution of termite immunity, which is thought to have undergone broad-sweeping adaptations in order to enhance group-level immune protection. To understand the evolutionary origins of termite immunity, we conducted qualitative and quantitative transcriptome analyses along a gradient of sociality. Firstly, we aimed to identify large-scale genetic shifts in immune traits linked to eusociality by comparing immune gene repertoires in solitary and subsocial cockroaches and across a range of eusocial termite lineages. Secondly, we compared the responses of a solitary cockroach, a subsocial wood-roach and different castes of a lower termite species to a non-specific immune challenge, in order to understand how sociality may have influenced the evolution of immune gene regulation. Firstly, we found that termites have a broadly representative repertoire of canonical immune genes as compared to gregarious cockroaches and subsocial wood-roaches. Secondly, with respect to immune challenge, the solitary cockroach and the subsocial wood-roach displayed a similarly comprehensive induced response, while the termite response was considerably dampened by comparison and strongly influenced by caste; with reproductives displaying a generally higher constitutive level of immune-gene expression compared to sterile castes. In summary we did not find termite eusociality to be associated with significant changes in immune gene diversity, but rather to be linked with significant modifications to the regulation of immunity following the origin of division of labour. T2 - BeGenDiv Annual Genomics Symposium 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.10.2018 KW - Evolution KW - Immunity KW - Termite PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-471581 AN - OPUS4-47158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Wilfert, L. A1 - Paxton, R.J. A1 - Brown, M.J.F. T1 - Emerging viruses in bees: From molecules to ecology N2 - Emerging infectious diseases arise as a result of novel interactions between populations of hosts and pathogens, and can threaten the health and wellbeing of the entire spectrum of biodiversity. Bees andtheir viruses area case in point. However, detailed knowledge of the ecological factors and evolutionary forces that drive disease emergence in bees and other host–pathogen communities is surprisingly lacking. In this review, we build on the fundamental insight that viruses evolve and adapt over timescales that overlap with host ecology. At the same time, we integrate the role of host community ecology, including community structure and composition, biodiversity loss, and human driven disturbance, all of which represent significant factors in bee virus ecology. Both of these evolutionary and ecological perspectives represent major advances but, in most cases, it remains unclear how evolutionary forces actually operate across different biological scales (e.g., from cell to ecosystem). We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as keybottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee–virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory. KW - Emerging KW - Virus KW - Pathogen KW - Bee KW - Disease PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.008 SN - 0065-3527 VL - 101 SP - 251 EP - 291 AN - OPUS4-46324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Axel A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Dorgerloh, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - The effect of polymer aging on the uptake of fuel aromatics and ethers by microplastics N2 - Microplastics are increasingly entering marine, limnic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, where they sorb hydrophobic organic contaminants. Here, the sorption behavior of the fuel-related water contaminants benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) and four tertiary butyl ethers to virgin and via UV radiation aged polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) pellets was investigated. Changes in material properties due to aging were recorded using appropriate polymer characterization methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microscopy. Pellets were exposed to water containing BTEX and the ethers at 130-190 mg/L for up to two weeks. Aqueous sorbate concentrations were determined by headspace gas chromatography. Sorption to the polymers was correlated with the sorbate's Kow and was significant for BTEX and marginal for the ethers. Due to substantially lower glass transition temperatures, PP showed higher sorption than PS. Aging had no effect on the sorption behavior of PP. PS sorbed less BTEX after aging due to an oxidized surface layer. KW - BTEX KW - Polypropylene KW - Polystyrene KW - Sorption KW - Degradation PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.127 SN - 0269-7491 VL - 240 SP - 639 EP - 646 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-44990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Targowski, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Can an inkwell leak into ink? N2 - X-ray fluorescence analysis, due to its non-destructive nature and ist suitability to work with historic objects in situ, quickly became one of the most important methods for the evaluation of iron-gall ink. The main advantage of this qualitative and semi-quantitative method is that it makes it easy to differentiate between inks, based on the assumption that the differences result from the manufacture of the ink. This work explores the question whether the ink ‘fingerprint’ results strictly from the elemental composition of the basic ink ingredients even if it is stored in vessels made of metals or metal alloys. In addition, we tested and compared the performance of three different XRF spectrometers. We prepared various lab-grade inks according to historical ink recipes and measured the metal content of the ink deposited on sized cotton Linters paper with three types of XRF spectrometers: a simple hand-held device with an interaction spot of 4 mm and two devices equipped with poly-capillary Xray optics for line scanning and imaging. Since the exact elemental mass composition of the non-aged ink samples was known, we were able to evaluate the accuracy of the research procedure. Lab-grade inks were then aged in the metal jars imitating inkwells. The aging of the inks in the metal containers resulted in the significant change of the primary inks fingerprint as opposed to that of the control inks stored in glass containers. This effect was independently confirmed by the measurements conducted with every instrument we used. We will present a brief comparison of the results 43 achieved when using different spectrometers and a possible hypothesis explaining the processes that occurred. T2 - Konferenz -7th Meeting X-ray and other techniques in investigations of the objects of cultural heritage CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 17.05.2018 KW - Iron-gall ink KW - XRF KW - Inkwells KW - Ink composition KW - Performance comparison PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-49157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nilsson, R. H. A1 - Taylor, A. F. S. A1 - Adams, R. I. A1 - Baschien, C. A1 - Bengtsson-Palme, J. A1 - Cangren, P. A1 - Coleine, C. A1 - Iršėnaitė, R. A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria A1 - Meyer, W. A1 - Oh, S.-Y. A1 - Sampaio, J. P. A1 - Seifert, K. A. A1 - Sklenář, F. A1 - Stubbe, D. A1 - Suh, S.-O. A1 - Summerbell, R. A1 - Svantesson, S. A1 - Unterseher, M. A1 - Visagie, C. M. A1 - Weiss, M. A1 - Woudenberg, J. HC. A1 - Wurzbacher, C. A1 - Van den Wyngaert, S. A1 - Yilmaz, N. A1 - Yurkov, A. A1 - Kõljalg, U. A1 - Abarenkov, K. A1 - Daniel, H.-M. A1 - Glassman, S. I. A1 - Hirooka, H. A1 - Irinyi, L. T1 - Taxonomic annotation of public fungal ITS sequences from the built environment – a report from an April 10–11, 2017 workshop (Aberdeen, UK) N2 - Recent DNA-based studies have shown that the built environment is surprisingly rich in fungi. These indoor fungi – whether transient visitors or more persistent residents – may hold clues to the rising levels of human allergies and other medical and building-related health problems observed globally. The taxo¬nomic identity of these fungi is crucial in such pursuits. Molecular identification of the built mycobiome is no trivial undertaking, however, given the large number of unidentified, misidentified, and technically compromised fungal sequences in public sequence databases. In addition, the sequence metadata required to make informed taxonomic decisions – such as country and host/substrate of collection – are often lacking even from reference and ex-type sequences. Here we report on a taxonomic annotation workshop (April 10–11, 2017) organized at the James Hutton Institute/University of Aberdeen (UK) to facilitate reproducible studies of the built mycobiome. The 32 participants went through public fungal ITS bar¬code sequences related to the built mycobiome for taxonomic and nomenclatural correctness, technical quality, and metadata availability. A total of 19,508 changes – including 4,783 name changes, 14,121 metadata annotations, and the removal of 99 technically compromised sequences – were implemented in the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi (https://unite.ut.ee/) and shared with a range of other databases and downstream resources. Among the genera that saw the largest number of changes were Penicillium, Talaromyces, Cladosporium, Acremonium, and Alternaria, all of them of significant importance in both culture-based and culture-independent surveys of the built environment. KW - Indoor mycobiome KW - Built environment KW - Molecular identification KW - Fungi KW - Taxonomy KW - Systematics KW - Sequence annotation KW - Metadata KW - Open data PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-438949 DO - https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.28.20887 SN - 1314-4049 SN - 1314-4057 VL - 28 SP - 65 EP - 82 PB - Pensoft Publishers CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-43894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Noeller, Renate A1 - Danielewski, Angelika A1 - Giel, Robert A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Overgaauw, Everadus T1 - Analysis of the codices `Fragmens de Peinture hiéroglyphique Aztèques, deposés à la Bibliotheque royale de Berlin´ represented on plate 36 in `Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l`Amerique, Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland´ N2 - The mayor part of the Berlin collection `Manuscripta Americana´ consists of documents compiled by Alexander von Humboldt. The diversity of the written fragments and their shape presume few accordance concerning purpose, place or time of production. Even before the papers came to Berlin, manuscripts were copied, divided and collected by famous scholars also in Mexico. Back in Europe, Humboldt visited further collections and published the detected hieroglyphic writings altogether with cultural objects and landscapes in the book `Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l`Amerique, voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland´, labelled corresponding to the cultural background. By scientific and culture historical analyses, the Humboldt codices are revised and related to each other and others. In especial, the compilation of fragments shown on plate 36 in the book is looked at more closely. Whereas most of the plates represent only one sheet of painted amate paper, here segments with details of seven fragments are put together. It is tried to comprehend why these pieces are on one plate. To find out a common feature of the documents, their content and represented form are compared. A correlation between some pieces is obvious and thus is also expected in the manufacture of the codices, in the kind of material used. For this the inks and colors are determined by scientific analysis including XRF-, Raman-, FTIR- and VIS- spectroscopy. Special material is detected and related to results of former analysis of codices written during the colonial period of America. Herewith a clear cultural assignment of the manuscripts is performed. A relation of the fragments represented on plate 36 among each other and to other codices of the collection Manuscripta Americana in Berlin is discussed. Also, if the manuscripts are unique `originals´ or represent fragments of documents, whose corresponding pieces maybe found- in the best case- incorporated in other collections. We detected, that at least two of them can be put into relation to similar manuscripts deposited in Mexico. Further material analysis should clarify, if the corresponding pieces are identical- from one document, or if one of them is a copy. Herewith an approximation to authenticity features and history is issued. T2 - 42nd International Symposium on Archaeometry ISA 2018 CY - Merida, Yucatan, Mexico DA - 20.05.2018 KW - Vues des Cordillères KW - VIS KW - Humboldt Codices KW - XRF KW - FTIR KW - Raman PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Broska, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Persistence as a microbial survival strategy against disinfectants N2 - Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health. The prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is predicted to increase in the future requiring robust control strategies. One cornerstone to prevent the spread of MDR bacteria in clinical settings is the application of disinfectants to improve hygiene standards. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to disinfectants, which in turn can confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, clonal bacterial populations can display phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to the tolerance of antibiotic stress leading to a prolonged survival of a sub-population; this phenomenon is termed persistence. Persistence to antibiotics is an evolvable trait and can serve as a stepping stone for the evolution of genetically encoded resistance. Until now, there is a lack of systematic studies that investigate if bacterial populations establish persister subpopulations that tolerate disinfectant stress longer than the majority of the population. Our results in E. coli indicate that persistence is a bacterial survival strategy against benzalkonium chloride, a widely used disinfectant. In future experiments, we will investigate the evolution of persistence in the face of fluctuating exposure to disinfectants and whether persistence facilitates resistance against disinfectants. Lastly, we will test how tolerance and resistance against disinfectants affects susceptibility against antibiotics. T2 - Bridging Ecology and Molecular Biology: Organismic Responses to Recurring Stress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.04.2018 KW - Bacteria KW - Persistence KW - Resistance KW - Biocides PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberpaul, M. A1 - Spohn, M. A1 - Fracowiak, J. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Hammann, P. A1 - Vilcinskas, A. A1 - Gläser, J. T1 - Exploiting termite nest microbiomes for antibiotic discovery by using an ultra-high throughput Microfluidics/FACS driven pipeline combined with a microtiter plate based cultivation strategy N2 - Infections with multi-resistant Gram negative pathogens are a major threat to our health system. In order to serve the needs in antibiotics development we selected untapped bioresources and implemented high throughput approaches suitable for the discovery of strains producing antibiotics with anti-Gram negative activity. Our approaches rely on the hypothesis that Termite associated bacteria are likely to produce potent antibiotics to defend their hosts against entomopathogenic microorganisms. Termite nests and guts harbor suitable, highly diverse microbiomes in which bacterial taxa are present known to potentially produce natural compounds. In a first step the diversity of Coptotermes species nest microbiomes was assessed carefully by using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform and nest material was selected to retrieve viable cells by using Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. In order to analyze the diversity of the culturable termite nest microbiome, bacterial cells were either distributed in 384-well plates (approach 1) or encapsulated in small spheric agarose beads by an high throughput microfluidics technique (approach 2). Cultures obtained from approach 1 were scaled-up in 96-well Duetz-systems for characterization of diversity and for rapid supernatant screening using the bioluminescence-labeled E. coli pFU166. The generated droplets of approach 2 simultaneously received a small population of GFP-tagged Gram negative screening cells and were sorted for low fluorescence using FACS. After elimination of redundancy we performed a fast scale-up of active strains. Implementation of this pipeline allows us to prioritize antibiotics producing strains in a ultra-high throughput fashion and by cultivation of broad diversity in our approches. T2 - Annual Conference of the Society for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) CY - Wolfsburg, Germany DA - 15.04.18 KW - Biotechnology KW - Termites KW - Anti-microbial effects PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oprzeska-Zingrebe, E. A. A1 - Meyer, Susann A1 - Roloff, Alexander A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Smiatek, J. T1 - Influence of compatible solute ectoine on distinct DNA structures: thermodynamic insights into molecular binding mechanisms and destabilization effects N2 - In nature, the cellular environment of DNA includes not only water and ions, but also other components and co-solutes, which can exert both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on particular oligonucleotide conformations. Among them, ectoine, known as an important osmoprotectant organic co-solute in a broad range of pharmaceutical products, turns out to be of particular relevance. In this article, we study the influence of ectoine on a short single-stranded DNA fragment and on double-stranded helical B-DNA in aqueous solution by means of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with molecular theories of solution. Our results demonstrate a conformation-dependent binding behavior of ectoine, which favors the unfolded state of DNA by a combination of electrostatic and dispersion interactions. In conjunction with the Kirkwood–Buff theory, we introduce a simple Framework to compute the influence of ectoine on the DNA melting temperature. Our findings reveal a significant linear decrease of the melting temperature with increasing ectoine concentration, which is found to be in qualitative agreement with results from denaturation experiments. The outcomes of our Computer simulations provide a detailed mechanistic rationale for the surprising destabilizing influence of ectoine on distinct DNA structures. KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Thermodynamic KW - Melting temperature PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03543a SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 20 IS - 40 SP - 25861 EP - 25874 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-46327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palma-Onetto, V. A1 - Hoskova, K. A1 - Krizkova, B. A1 - Krejcirova, R. A1 - Pflegerova, J. A1 - Bubenickova, F. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Dahlsjo, C. A. L. A1 - Dahlsjo, J. A1 - Bourguignon, T. A1 - Sillam-Dusses, D. A1 - Sobotnik, J. T1 - The labral gland in termites: evolution and function N2 - The evolutionary success of termites has been driven largely by a complex communication system operated by a rich set of exocrine glands. As many as 20 different exocrine organs are known in termites. While some of these organs are relatively well known, only anecdotal observations exist for others. One of the exocrine organs that has received negligible attention so far is the labral gland. In this study, we examined the structure and ultrastructure of the Labrum in soldiers of 28 termite species. We confirm that the labral gland is present in all termite species, and comprises two secretory regions located on the ventral side of the labrum and the dorso-apical part of the hypopharynx. The Labrum of Neoisoptera has a hyaline tip, which was secondarily lost in Nasutitermitinae, Microcerotermes and species with snapping soldiers. The epithelium of the gland generally consists of class 1 secretory cells, with an addition of class 3 secretory cells in some species. A common feature of the secretory cells is the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle known to produce lipidic and often volatile secretions. Our observations suggest that the labral gland is involved in communication rather than defence as previously suggested. Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the structure of the labral gland in soldiers across all Termite taxa. KW - Exocrine gland KW - Hypopharynx KW - Labrum KW - Termitoidae KW - Ultrastructure KW - Isoptera PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx162 SN - 0024-4066 SN - 1095-8312 VL - 126 IS - 3 SP - 587 EP - 597 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-44666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Iznaguen, H. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Witt, Angelika A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Oleszak, K. A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Environmental sustainability and –stability of Materials concerning the Migration of pollutants N2 - MaUS is an acronym for ”Material und Umweltsimulationen“. Plastics are in the focus of environmental politics due to their long-term behaviour and therefore to their persistence. Not only that they appear as visible contaminants in the sea and on the beach, but their unknown behaviour concerning their additives as well as the related transformation products are anxious. Therefore, we wish to establish a certified reference method to provide a method for testing plastics. Aim of this project is the development of fast motion standard reference methods for testing plastics regarding to their environmental compatibility. To establish these testing methods, we use polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) with environmental relevant brominated flame retardants, known for their persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties. In case of PS the material contains 1 wt% of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecan (HBCD) and in case of PP 0.1 wt% bromodiphenylether (BDE-209), which is known as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Furthermore, we use polycarbonate (PC), which is still used as material in baby flasks and releases Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic active substance. As an additional material PTFE is used for its importance as a source for two ubiquitous environmental substances (PFOS and PFOA), whose toxicological effects are still incompletely known. The focus in this current work is set on the transfer of potential pollutants out of applied materials mentioned above into environmental compartments like water or soil. Here an accelerated aging concept should be developed to shortened time consuming natural processes. For these resulting simulations we use a programmable weathering chamber with dry and wet periods and with high and low temperatures. These programmes run for several weeks and according to a defined sampling schedule we take water samples, run a clean-up procedure by SPE (Molecular imprinted polymers (MiPs) resp. polymer-based cartridges (Waters Oasis HLB)) and analyse them by HPLC-UV resp. LC-MS/MS. Of most interest in case of flame retardants are photocatalytic transformation products. Therefore, we conduct a non-target-screening resp. a suspected target-screening by LC-MS/MS and HRMS. T2 - Project meeting PlasticsEurope - BAM CY - Leverkusen, Germany DA - 06.11.2018 KW - Environmental simulation KW - Pollutants PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Traub, Heike T1 - Weathering scenarios – Changes in polymer surface morphologies and leaching of brominated flame retardants N2 - In addition to previously reported results on the simulated aging of polystyrene samples (PS) containing 1 wt. % hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), we present the first results of our investigations of polypropylene (PP)-samples containing 0.1 wt. % BDE-209. All studied polymer samples were exposed to a defined weathering schedule in a climate chamber in accordance to regulation EN ISO 4892-3:2006.For the determination of BDE-209 in the collected rain water samples derived from the used climate chamber, the samples were prepared in accordance with a validated protocol. Before the analyses, each sample was spiked with 2 µL of isotopically labeled BDE-209 (13C10-BDE-209) to serve as internal standard (ISTD) in the performed stable isotope dilution analysis. Subsequently the samples were extracted with isooctane, the obtained aliquots of the extracts were concentrated to 200 µL and 2 µL of the resulting solution were injected to the GC/MS for quantification. Additionally, the total bromine contents are monitored for the aged and untreated samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as non-destructive and rapid method. Furthermore, results from surface analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for morphological characterization of the aged and untreated samples were presented and discussed. In general, the resulting data from the accelerated aging will be compared to those from the natural weathering experiments (“atmospheric exposure”, in soil). The atmospheric exposure was performed by placing the samples on a weathering rack, which is aligned in SW direction (in a 45° angle to the horizon). The weathering data were regularly recorded by Deutscher Wetterdienst at this site. The surfaces of the test specimens (aged and stored references) were analyzed by ESEM as well as by LA-ICP-MS and by XRF. The surface of PS and PP specimens aged outdoors present the aging under real conditions and allow the comparison to the accelerated aged specimens by means of the weathering chamber. This way, we explore the efficiency of the accelerated aging procedure, which provides the advantage of well-defined and reproducible conditions compared to natural weathering, as a tool for testing different plastic materials. Additionally “in soil” experiments were conducted in-door in a well characterized testing soil. The soil (boulder-clay, sand with 12 % loam, particle size in total 0.2-4 mm) is filled in a free-draining concrete basin inside of an air-conditioned room. In this manner, TOC, water capacity and humidity are recorded parameters. To assure a washing out process from the samples by the raining water, the target water content is calculated to 8%. The actual humidity is measured by a tensiometer, assuring the duration of the raining period. The water content is additionally monitored by weight of the basin, capturing water from raining periods. The correct humidity is a fundamental parameter for biological activity. Samples of PS resp. PP were of dimension 10x1cm and 5 specimens were placed up to the half in the soil per basin. Microbial activity of the soil, monitored by the reference polyurethane, sets HBCD resp. BDE-209 of the samples free and will be leached from the samples by raining water. Thereafter these will be captured by passive samplers placed in a distinct distance to the samples in the soil. The “in soil” experiments are complementary to the weathering experiments due to the biological activity in the soil. These experiments simulate the fate of the brominated flame retardants in the biosphere. T2 - Umwelt 2018 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 09.09.2018 KW - BFR KW - Weathering KW - PP KW - PS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of resistance in bacterial biofilms grown on antimicrobial surfaces in a multidrug environment N2 - Background Bacterial biofilms are regarded as the most common cause of chronic infections and are often associated with medical devices, such as implants and catheters. Bacteria growing in biofilms produce a protective, extracellular matrix, which enables them to tolerate much higher antimicrobial concentrations than free-living bacteria and survive long enough to acquire antimicrobial resistance. Preventive and therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections in clinical settings commonly involve the application of multiple antimicrobials: biocidal coatings on the biomaterials and systemically administered antibiotics. This frequent practice harbors the risk of the development of cross-resistance via shared resistance mechanisms between antimicrobials used in material coatings and administered antibiotics. Aim Our goal is to determine how bacteria adapt to antimicrobials during biofilm formation on surfaces coated with antimicrobials and how population dynamics within biofilms affect the transmission of resistance mutations. Specifically, we want to identify antimicrobial-antibiotic-combinations that select for and against antibiotic resistance in biofilms by following the population dynamics of resistant and susceptible strains in competition assays on a single cell level. Methodology To study the effect of antimicrobial-antibiotic exposure on resistance development and population dynamics on bacterial biofilms in a multidrug environment, we will grow Pseudomonas aeruginosa on glass surfaces with and without antimicrobial coatings and expose them to antibiotics. First, we will screen in vitro for combinations of antibiotics and antimicrobials that select for and against antibiotic resistance. Second, effective combinations will be chosen for in-depth investigations during bacterial adhesion and of mature biofilms of resistant and susceptible genotypes. Third, based on the outcome of the screen and the obtained mechanistic understanding we will choose a clinical example in which we study the relevance of our findings in biofilms grown in vivo. Relevance Studying the biointerfacial interactions between bacterial biofilms and medical devices in terms of population dynamics as well as on single cell level during multidrug selection will help us understand how drug resistance develops and spreads in persistent biofilm infections. Based on our findings we aim to provide clinical recommendations for improved administration of antibiotics/antimicrobials in combination with medical device materials in order to mitigate against biofilm associated antimicrobial resistance. T2 - Biofilms 8 Conference CY - Aarhus, Denmark DA - 27.05.2018 KW - Resistance KW - Antimicrobials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of resistance in bacteria grown on antimicrobial surfaces in a multidrug environment N2 - Bacterial biofilms are regarded as the most common cause of chronic infections and are often associated with medical devices, such as implants and catheters. Bacteria growing in biofilms produce a protective, extracellular matrix, which enables them to tolerate much higher antimicrobial concentrations than free-living bacteria and survive long enough to acquire antimicrobial resistance. Preventive and therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections in clinical settings commonly involve the application of multiple antimicrobials: antimicrobial coatings on the biomaterials and systemically administered antibiotics. This frequent practice harbors the risk of the development of cross-resistance via shared resistance mechanisms between antimicrobials used in material coatings and administered antibiotics. Our goal is to determine how population dynamics within biofilms affect the transmission of resistance mutations. Specifically, we want to identify antimicrobial-antibiotic-combinations that select for and against antibiotic resistance in biofilms by following the population dynamics of resistant and susceptible strains in competition assays. Gaining a better understanding about resistance development and spread in persistent biofilm infections will enable us to provide clinical recommendations for improved administration of antibiotics/antimicrobials in combination with medical device materials to mitigate against biofilm associated antimicrobial resistance. Here, we will discuss our first findings on the effects of combinations of the carbapenem drug meropenem and various antimicrobials. T2 - The Antimicrobial Resistance on Biomaterials Workshop CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland DA - 25.10.2018 KW - Resistance KW - Antimicrobials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of Resistance in Bacterial Biofilms Grown on Antimicrobial Surfaces in a Multidrug Environment N2 - Background Bacterial biofilms are regarded as the most common cause of chronic infections and are often associated with medical devices, such as implants and catheters. Bacteria growing in biofilms produce a protective, extracellular matrix, which enables them to tolerate much higher antimicrobial concentrations than free-living bacteria and survive long enough to acquire antimicrobial resistance. Preventive and therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections in clinical settings commonly involve the application of multiple antimicrobials: biocidal coatings on the biomaterials and systemically administered antibiotics. This frequent practice harbors the risk of the development of cross-resistance via shared resistance mechanisms between antimicrobials used in material coatings and administered antibiotics. Aim Our goal is to determine how bacteria adapt to antimicrobials during biofilm formation on surfaces coated with antimicrobials, how antimicrobial resistance mutations are acquired and evolve within mature biofilms, and how population dynamics within biofilms affect the transmission of resistance mutations. Specifically, we want to identify antimicrobial-antibiotic-combinations that select for and against antibiotic resistance in biofilms by following the population dynamics of resistant and susceptible strains in competition assays. Methodology We will grow biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on glass surfaces with and without antimicrobial coatings and expose them to antibiotics. Then we will track their physiological properties, evolutionary adaptations, and population dynamics. First, we will screen in vitro for combinations of antibiotics and antimicrobials that select for and against antibiotic resistance. Second, effective combinations will be chosen for in-depth investigations during bacterial adhesion and of mature biofilms of resistant and susceptible genotypes. Third, based on the outcome of the screen and the obtained mechanistic understanding we will choose a clinical example in which we study the relevance of our findings in biofilms grown in vivo. Relevance Studying the biointerfacial interactions between bacterial biofilms and medical devices in terms of population dynamics as well as on single cell level during multidrug selection will help us understand how drug resistance develops and spreads in persistent biofilm infections. Based on our findings we aim to provide clinical recommendations for improved administration of antibiotics/antimicrobials in combination with medical device materials in order to mitigate against biofilm associated antimicrobial resistance. T2 - Challenges and New Concepts in Antibiotic Research CY - Paris, France DA - 19.03.2018 KW - Resistance KW - Antimicrobials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pokharel, R. A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Frings, P. J. A1 - Sobotka, R. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. T1 - Magnesium stable isotope fractionation on a cellular level explored by cyanobacteria and black fungi with implications for higher plants N2 - In a controlled growth experiment we found that the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme has a bulk cell 26Mg/24Mg ratio (expressed as δ26Mg) that is −0.27‰ lower than the growth solution at a pH of ca. 5.9. This contrasts with a recently published δ26Mg value that was 0.65‰ higher than growth solution for the black fungus Knufia petricola at similar laboratory conditions, interpreted to reflect loss of 24Mg during cell growth. By a mass balance model constrained by δ26Mg in chlorophyll extract we inferred the δ26 Mg value of the main Mg compartments in a cyanobacteria cell: free cytosolic Mg (−2.64‰), chlorophyll (1.85‰), and the nonchlorophyll-bonded Mg compartments like ATP and ribosomes (−0.64‰). The lower δ26Mg found in Nostoc punctiforme would thus result from the absence of significant Mg efflux during cell growth in combination with either (a) discrimination against 26Mg during uptake by desolvation of Mg or transport across protein channels or (b) discrimination against 24Mg in the membrane transporter during efflux. The model predicts the preferential incorporation of 26Mg in cells and plant organs low in Mg and the absence of isotope fractionation in those high in Mg, corroborated by a compilation of Mg isotope ratios from fungi, bacteria, and higher plants. KW - Cyanobacteria KW - Black fungi KW - Nostoc punctiforme KW - Knufia petricola KW - Magnesium PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02238 SN - 1520-5851 SN - 0013-936X VL - 52 IS - 21 SP - 12216 EP - 12224 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-46832 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Sodo, A. A1 - Piantanida, G. T1 - New results in Dead Sea Scrolls non-destructive characterisation. Evidence of different parchment manufacture in the fragments fromReed collection N2 - This work presents the non-destructive spectroscopic characterisation of original Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)parchment fragments from Ronald Reed collection. The fragments are of paramount importance becausethey have never been subjected to any treatment of preservation and restoration, this allows to investi-gate the manufacturing method of real original Jewish parchments. The manufacture of “sacred” Jewishparchments, in fact, is traditionally supposed to use a superficial tannin treatment. To study the DSS frag-ments, it was necessary both to analyse mock-up samples, especially manufactured in order to reproduceancient Oriental Jewish ritual parchments, and to compare the results with those obtained in the analysisof modern and ancient Western Jewish ritual parchments, in order to test the effectiveness of the selectedspectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, the main difference between Oriental and Western traditionalparchment preparation consisted in the dehairing method: enzymatic for Oriental and lime-based forWestern. Moreover, a finishing treatment with tannin was supposed to be applied on ritual Jewish parch-ments. The need of reference samples derives from the knowledge that each parchment preparation,treatment and degradation can induce structural modifications that affect the spectral features. FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman and m-Ramanwere used in this study. The experimental results allowed us to recognise, with different sensitivity, thepresence of tannin by using m-Raman and IR spectroscopies and to prove that not all the archaeologicalsamples were manufactured in the same way with vegetal extracts. Many salts (tschermigite, dolomite,calcite, gypsum and iron carbonate) were found on the surface of DSS fragments. They can derive fromthe degradation processes and storage environment before the discovery or from the manufacture. More-over, the different sensitivities and instrumental characteristics of the used techniques permitted us toestablish an analytical protocol, useful for further studies of similar materials. KW - ATR-FTIR KW - Tannins KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Raman KW - FT-Raman PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.01.014 VL - 32 SP - 22 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS AN - OPUS4-49533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Reimann, Mandy T1 - Mobile anodization for the conservation of damaged architectural aluminium elements N2 - Initial situation: Aluminum is an often-used building material in modern architecture, not only for construction but as well for facades and decorative elements. In the 1950th and 1960th, after World War II, many buildings in Germany were constructed with aluminum or contain elements of colored anodized aluminum. In the last years a larger number of these buildings are increasingly in the sight of conservation works including the aluminum parts such as window frames or facade coverings. Damaged Aluminum Surfaces: Common damages are a change of color or gloss changes through weathering processes, drill holes or marks due to later modifications, scratches in the anodized layer due to extensive wear e.g. at handrails or door handles. To repair damaged aluminum surfaces, there are usually two options: smaller damaged areas are repaired by using a touch-up pen. In case of larger damages, the complete re-anodization is necessary. This includes to de-anodize the surface with cleaning and grinding the whole aluminum object. Both possibilities are disadvantageous for the objects. The touch-up pen often does not match the color of the original surface together with an insufficient corrosion protection for outdoors. While the newly anodized surface differs in color and gloss from the originally applied color. Research Approach: The whole procedure contrasts with the principal approach in conservation which aims to intervene as less as possible, in case of the conservation of an object. To fulfill this approach in a more appropriate way the research project focuses on a mobile and partial application for colored, anodized aluminum parts. To anodize aluminum the application of an electrolyte onto the surface together with sufficient voltage and current is necessary. Generally diluted sulfuric acid is used as electrolyte. Different possibilities are examined to enable the mobile application of the electrolyte, e. g. the application by producing a gel matrix or like in electroplating by pen or brush wrapped with a fleece fabric. Experimental part: First experiments are conducted to examine the structure of the anodized layer in relation with proper cleaning, anodization time with applied voltage and current and the coloring process. The aim was to reduce the preparation procedure and the anodization time as much as possible to facilitate the mobile application. Examinations with Keyence microscope, Eddy current testing and REM are performed to characterize the layers. The results are shown in table 1. A clear connection between proper cleaning, anodization time, voltage and amperage and the achieved thickness of the anodized layer is significant. Cracks in the layer show that raising the voltage and amperage results in thicker layers but as well in a crumbled and less stable anodized surface. Gel preparation: In addition to the anodization process with a liquid e.g. sulfuric acid a gel application is tested to prevent the electrolyte from rinsing down during the mobile application. For this purpose, several gel-forming agents are tested together with their stability in acid systems. It was observed, that the consistency of the gels varies dependent of the time. Conductivity: The conductivity of sulfuric acid combined with different gel-systems was measured and compared in order to predict the possible growth of layers during anodic oxidation process. Further steps: Determination and optimization of application parameters like voltage, amperage and anodization-time to build up a preferably stable and sufficient thick anodized layer. Examination of gel preparation to guarantee a stable product, enforcing with textile tape for easy application. T2 - Architectural Aluminum in the 21st Century CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 24.03.2018 KW - Aluminum KW - Anodization KW - Historic buildings KW - Mobile application PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -