TY - JOUR
A1 - Singh, Amit Kumar
A1 - Mishra, Biswajit
A1 - Sinha, Om Prakash
T1 - Reduction Kinetics of Fluxed Iron Ore Pellets Made of Coarse Iron Ore Particles
N2 - The present work demonstrates a sustainable approach of using relatively coarser iron ore particles for ironmaking. The motivation is to reduce the energy consumption in the milling of the iron ore by utilizing coarser iron ore particles (+0.05 mm) and to select a suitable binder for improving pellet properties. Iron ore fines in the range of 0.05–0.25 mm was selected and classified into three size ranges. Fluxed iron ore pellets were prepared using lime as a binder for the basicity of 0, 1, and 2. Reduction of these pellets with a packed bed of coal fines was performed in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C for a duration of 30–120 min. The direct reduction kinetics of the iron ore pellets were studied by employing diffusion and chemical reaction control models to the experimental data. The results show that pellets made with coarser iron ore particles have improved reduction behavior and kinetics. The reduction reaction is found to be a mixed control. The activation energy for the reduction reaction varies from 44.3 to 74.76 kJ mol−1 as iron ore particle size decreases from 0.25 to 0.05 mm and basicity increases from 0 to 2.
KW - Materials Chemistry
KW - Metals and Alloys
KW - Process Metallurgy
KW - Iron making
PY - 2024
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-598326
SN - 1611-3683
IS - 2300669
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-59832
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
T1 - Thermochemische Aufarbeitung von Stahlwerksstäuben und -schlämmen zur Zink- und Eisenrückgewinnung
N2 - Stahlwerksstäube und -schlämme enthalten in der Regel Schwermetalle wie Zink, Blei und Cadmium, die ein direktes Recycling verhindern und diese Stoffe potenziell umweltgefährdend machen. Um diese Schwermetalle aus den Materialien zu entfernen, werden drei thermochemische Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Gichtgasschlamm, Elektroofenstaub und ähnlichen Stahlwerksstäuben vorgestellt. Zum einen kann die Mischung von Elektroofenstaub mit chloridhaltigen Lösungen, wie sie z. B. in der Titandioxidproduktion anfallen, gemischt werden, um bei der thermischen Behandlung Schwermetallchloride zu effektiv verdampfen. Weiterhin kann der im Gichtgasschlamm enthaltene Kohlenstoff genutzt werden, um in Mischungen aus Gichtgasschlamm und Elektroofenstaub bei der thermischen Behandlung als Reduktionsmittel zu wirken. Dieses Verfahren führt zur Rückgewinnung von Zink und metallischem Eisen und wird im Technikums- und Pilotmaßstab erprobt. Abschließend wird die Nutzung von Wasserstoff als Reduktionsmittel für Elektroofenstaub vorgestellt. Hierbei lässt sich der Reststoff potenziell klimaneutral in Eisenschwamm umwandeln, wobei die chemischen Grundlagen anhand von DTA-Experimenten und thermodynamischen Simulationen ergründet werden.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Metallkreisläufe
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.04.2024
KW - Elektroofenstaub
KW - Gichtgasschlamm
KW - Recycling
KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung
KW - Zink
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59726
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Jovičević-Klug, M.
A1 - Raabe, D.
T1 - Gewinnung von grünem Eisen und weiteren Wertstoffen aus Rotschlamm mittels Wasserstoffplasma
N2 - Rotschlamm fällt in sehr großen Mengen bei der Herstellung von Aluminiumoxid an und wird fast ausschließlich deponiert. Es wird eine neue Technologie vorgestellt bei der das im Rotschlamm enthaltene Eisenoxid mittels Wasserstoffplasma reduziert wird. Es wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus über Titanomagnetit und Hercynit vorgeschlagen.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Metallkreisläufe
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.03.2024
KW - Rotschlamm
KW - Wasserstoffplasma
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59722
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz
A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos
A1 - Pimentel, Carlos
A1 - Montes-Hernández, German
A1 - Kochovski, Zdravko
A1 - Bienert, Ralf
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Scoppola, Ernesto
A1 - Van Driessche, Alexander E.S.
T1 - Solution-driven processing of calcium sulfate: The mechanism of the reversible transformation of gypsum to bassanite in brines
N2 - Here, we show that calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) can be directly, rapidly and reversibly converted to calcium sulfate hemihydrate (bassanite) in high salinity solutions (brines). The optimum conditions for the efficient production of bassanite in a short time (<5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the better-known behaviour of the bassanite phase in low-salt environments. In low-salinity aqueous solutions, bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion does not occur in pure water. Interestingly, the high-salinity transformation of gypsum-to-bassanite has been reported by many authors and used in practice for several decades, although its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures was inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline phase for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios.
KW - Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
KW - Strategy and Management
KW - General Environmental Science
KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
KW - Building and Construction
KW - Calcium sulfate
KW - Gypsum
KW - Bassanite
KW - Scattering
KW - Raman
KW - In situ
KW - Synchrotron
KW - BESSY
KW - MySpot
PY - 2024
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594698
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624004591#appsec1
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 440
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59469
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Hirsch, Tamino
A1 - Manninger, Tanja
T1 - Effect of gypsum on the hydration of fused cement clinker from basic oxygen furnace slag
N2 - Fused cement clinker can be produced from molten basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) by way of a reductive thermochemical treatment. During the thermochemical treatment, oxidic iron is reduced to metallic iron and separated. The resulting low-iron slag has a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker. In this study, the hydraulic reactivity of the fused clinker from BOFS with and without gypsum was investigated using isothermal calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, in situ X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, a synthetic fused clinker without foreign ions and fused clinker produced by a mixture of both materials was studied. The hydraulic reaction of the fused clinker from BOFS was considerably slower than that of OPC. However, the reaction can be accelerated by adding gypsum as a sulfate carrier. Furthermore, the results showed an increased reaction rate with decreasing content of foreign ions such as Fe, P or Mn.
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Building and Construction
PY - 2024
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00070
SN - 0951-7197
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Telford
AN - OPUS4-59391
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz
A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos
A1 - Pimentel, C.
A1 - Montes Hernandez, G
A1 - Kochovski, Z
A1 - Bienert, Ralf
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Scoppola, E
A1 - Van Driessche, A
T1 - Solution-driven processing of calcium sulfate: the mechanism of the reversible transformation of gypsum to bassanite in brines
N2 - Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4ᐧ0.5H2O), also known as bassanite, has been used as a precursor to produce gypsum (dihydrate, CaSO4ᐧ2H2O) for various construction and decorative purposes since prehistoric times. The main route to obtain hemihydrate is a thermal treatment of gypsum at temperatures typically between 150 °C and 200 °C to remove some of the structural water.
In this contribution, we introduce (Fig. 1) a more efficient and sustainable method (T < 100 °C) that enables the direct, rapid, and reversibly conversion of gypsum to bassanite using reusable high salinity aqueous solutions (brines with c[NaCl] > 4 M). The optimum conditions for the efficientproduction of bassanite in a short time (< 5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the typical behaviour of the bassanite phase in low salt environments.
Traditionally, hemihydrate is obtained through a solid state thermal treatment because bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite in aqueous solutions, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion should not occur in water. Its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures is inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline structure for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios.
T2 - Granada Münster Discussion Meeting GMDM 10
CY - Münster, Germany
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - Gypsum
KW - Bassanite
KW - Calcium sulfate
KW - Recycling
KW - Scattering
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59162
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Auer, Gerhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Selective removal of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust by chlorination–evaporation reactions
N2 - Re-melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) results in the accumulation of filter dust from off-gas treatment that predominantly consists of iron and zinc oxides. Filter dust is classified as hazardous waste due to its high contents of potentially toxic or ecotoxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and As. A promising processing route for this waste is selective chlorination, in which the non-ferrous metal oxides are chlorinated and selectively evaporated in form of their respective chlorides from the remaining solids via the process gas flow. Here, we investigate stepwise thermochemical treatment of EAF dust with either waste iron(II) chloride solution or hydrochloric acid at 650, 800, and 1100 ◦C. The Zn and Pb contents of the thermochemically processed EAF dust could be lowered from 29.9% and 1.63% to 0.09% and 0.004%, respectively. Stepwise heating allowed high separation between zinc chloride at the 650 ◦C step and sodium-, potassium-, and lead-containing chlorides at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the lab-scale results were transferred to the use of an experimental rotary kiln highlighting the possibilities of upscaling the presented process. Selective chlorination of EAF dust with liquid chlorine donors is, therefore, suggested as a potential recycling method for Zn-enriched steelworks dusts.
KW - Electric arc furnace dust
KW - Zinc
KW - Selective Chlorination
KW - Hazardous waste
KW - Resource Recovery
PY - 2024
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133421
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 465
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59345
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jovičević-Klug, Matic
A1 - Souza Filho, Isnaldi R.
A1 - Springer, Hauke
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Raabe, Dierk
T1 - Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction
N2 - AbstractRed mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest environmentally hazardous waste products, with the staggering amount of 4 billion tonnes accumulated on a global scale1. Here we present how this red mud can be turned into valuable and sustainable feedstock for ironmaking using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction, thus mitigating a part of the steel-related carbon dioxide emissions by making it available for the production of several hundred million tonnes of green steel. The process proceeds through rapid liquid-state reduction, chemical partitioning, as well as density-driven and viscosity-driven separation between metal and oxides. We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method. The approach establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud as feedstock to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking.
KW - Multidisciplinary
PY - 2024
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594424
SN - 0028-0836
VL - 625
IS - 7996
SP - 703
EP - 709
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59442
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maulas, Kryzzyl M.
A1 - Paredes, Charla S.
A1 - Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar
A1 - Jose, Mark Anthony
A1 - Opiso, Einstine M.
A1 - Arima, Takahiko
A1 - Park, Ilhwan
A1 - Mufalo, Walubita
A1 - Ito, Mayumi
A1 - Igarashi, Toshifumi
A1 - Phengsaart, Theerayut
A1 - Villas, Edrhea
A1 - Dagondon, Sheila L.
A1 - Metillo, Ephrime B.
A1 - Uy, Mylene M.
A1 - Manua, Al James A.
A1 - Villacorte-Tabelin, Mylah
T1 - Isolation and Characterization of Indigenous Ureolytic Bacteria from Mindanao, Philippines: Prospects for Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)
N2 - Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a widespread phenomenon in nature, is gaining attention as a low-carbon alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in geotechnical engineering and the construction industry for sustainable development. In the Philippines, however, very few works have been conducted to isolate and identify indigenous, urease-producing (ureolytic) bacteria suitable for MICP. In this study, we isolated seven, ureolytic and potentially useful bacteria for MICP from marine sediments in Iligan City. DNA barcoding using 16s rDNA identified six of them as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Bacillus paralicheniformis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus aryabhattai, and Stutzerimonas stutzeri but the seventh was not identified since it was a bacterial consortium. Bio-cementation assay experiments showed negligible precipitation in the control (without bacteria) at pH 7, 8, and 9. However, precipitates were formed in all seven bacterial isolates, especially between pH 7 and 8 (0.7–4 g). Among the six identified bacterial species, more extensive precipitation (2.3–4 g) and higher final pH were observed in S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai, which indicate better urease production and decomposition, higher CO2 generation, and more favorable CaCO3 formation. Characterization of the precipitates by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the formation of three carbonate minerals: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Based on these results, all six identified indigenous, ureolytic bacterial species from Iligan City are suitable for MICP provided that the pH is controlled between 7 and 8. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the urease-producing ability and potential for MICP of P. stutzeri, P. pseudoalcaligenes, S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai.
KW - Calcium carbonate
KW - Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)
KW - Ureolytic bacteria
PY - 2024
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600888
VL - 14
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-60088
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Machado Ferreira de Araujo, F.
A1 - Duarte-Ruiz, D.
A1 - Saßnick, H.-D.
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie C.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Cocchi, C.
T1 - Electronic Structure and Core Spectroscopy of Scandium Fluoride Polymorphs
N2 - Microscopic knowledge of the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of scandium fluoride is still incomplete despite the relevance of this material as an intermediate for the manufacturing of Al−Sc alloys. In a work based on first-principles calculations and X-ray spectroscopy, we assess the stability and electronic structure of six computationally predicted ScF3 polymorphs, two of which correspond to experimentally resolved single-crystal phases. In the theoretical analysis based on density functional theory (DFT), we identify similarities among the polymorphs based on their formation energies, chargedensity distribution, and electronic properties (band gaps and density of states). We find striking analogies between the results obtained for the ow- and high-temperature phases of the material, indirectly confirming that the transition occurring between them mainly consists of a rigid rotation of the lattice. With this knowledge, we examine the X-ray absorption spectra from the Sc and F K-edge contrasting firstprinciples results obtained from the solution of the Bethe−Salpeter equation on top of all-electron DFT with high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection measurements. Analysis of the computational results sheds light on the electronic origin of the absorption maxima and provides information on the prominent excitonic effects that characterize all spectra. A comparison with measurements confirms that the sample is mainly composed of the high- and low-temperature polymorphs of ScF3. However, some fine details in the experimental results suggest that the probed powder sample may contain defects and/or residual traces of metastable polymorphs.
KW - Scandium
KW - X-ray spectroscopy
PY - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570727
SN - 0020-1669
VL - 62
IS - 10
SP - 4238
EP - 4247
PB - ACS Publications
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-57072
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - P-Rückgewinnungspflicht nach AbfKlärV - Betrachtungen zu Konzentrationen und Frachten
N2 - Vortrag über die Regelungen der AbfKlärV bezüglich P-Rückgewinnung. Diskussion der Auswirkung einer konzentrationsbezogenen Grenze auf die Pflicht zur P-Rückgewinnung. Diskussion der nach AbfKlärV zulässigen analytischen Verfahren zur Bestimmung von P in Klärschlamm und Ableitung von Empfehlungen. Vorstellung der Ergebnisse eines Ringversuchs mit 28 Laboren.
T2 - KlärschlammTage Würzburg
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 23.05.2023
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - P-Rückgewinnung
KW - Ringversuch P-Gehalt in Klärschlamm
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57541
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schneider, Joachim
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Ebert, D.
A1 - Ehrenberg, A.
A1 - Gronen, L.
A1 - Feldrappe, V.
T1 - Strategien für die Nutzung von Schlacken zukünftiger wasserstoffbasierter Stahlproduktionsrouten – Herstellung von Stahlwerksschlacke basierten Ausgangsstoffen für die Zementindustrie
N2 - Die Europäische Kommission präsentierte am 11. Dezember 2019 den European Green Deal, ein Konzept mit dem Ziel, bis zum Jahr 2050 als erster Kontinent Klimaneutralität zu erreichen. Mit Inkrafttreten der Verordnung (EU) 2021/1119 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Europäischen Rates am 29. Juli 2021 zur Schaffung des Rahmens für die Verwirklichung der Klimaneutralität („Europäisches Klimagesetz“), ist dieses, sowie das Ziel der Reduzierung der Nettotreibhausgasemissionen um mindestens 55 % bis 2030 in der Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Union verankert. Die Stahlindustrie in der Europäischen Union mit ca. 57 Mio. t Nettotreibhausgasemissionen im Jahr 2020, die annähernd 2 % der Emissionen der Europäischen Union ausmachen (Inklusive Energie: 127 Mio. t; 4 %), bekennt sich zur erheblichen Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2030 und zum Erreichen der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2050. Als Schlüsselwege zur Verwirklichung dieser Zielstellung hat sie zum einen Smart Carbon Usage (SCU) und zum anderen Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA) in einer Roadmap formuliert. SCU umfasst CO2-reduzierende Maßnahmen in bestehenden Eisen- und Stahlproduktionsprozessen, Carbon Capture and Storage- (CCS) sowie Carbon Capture and Usage-Technologien (CCU). Wohingegen bei CDA CO2-Emissionen durch erneuerbare elektrische Energie sowie wasserstoffbasierte Reduktion des Eisenerzes gar nicht erst entstehen sollen. Der CDA-Weg, der voraussichtlich beschritten werden muss, um eine klimaneutrale Stahlproduktion zu erreichen [38], geht mit einer kostenintensiven Transformation der Stahlproduktion einher, die bereits von vielen Unternehmen der Stahlindustrie eingeleitet wurde und von der im Wesentlichen die beiden in Europa vorherrschenden Stahlproduktionsrouten Hochofen-Konverter-Route und Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route betroffen sind. Die CO2-Emissionen der Hochofen-Konverter-Route, von denen der überwiegende Anteil auf den Hochofen fällt, liegen laut einer für das Jahr 2015 erstellten Studie bei 1921 kg CO2/t Rohstahl inklusive der CO2-Last der Pellets als Einsatzmaterial sowie der Emissionen der nachgelagerten Stranggießanlagen und Walzwerke. Im Hochofen wird das Eisenerz durch Kohlenstoff (C) bzw. Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) – welche größtenteils aus dem Koks, der dem Hochofen zusammen mit dem Möller über die Gicht zugeführten wird, stammen – unter Entstehung von Roheisen und Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) reduziert. Das neben dem CO2 im Prozessgas enthaltene CO wird zum Beispiel zur Energiegewinnung in peripheren Prozessen ebenfalls unter Bildung von CO2 verbrannt. Zusätzlich zur Reduktion hat der Koks unter anderem physikalische Aufgaben, wie die Errichtung eines Stützgerüstes und die Gewährleistung der Permeabilität im Hochofenprozess. Somit ist eine vollkommene Substitution des Kokses zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen im Hochofen nicht denkbar. Viele Strategien der Stahlunternehmen zum Erreichen der Klimaziele verfolgen daher den Wechsel von der Rohstahlproduktion aus der Hochofen-Konverter-Route hin zur Rohstahlproduktion im Elektrolichtbogenofen (EAF – Electric Arc Furnace) mit dem Einsatz von direkt reduziertem Eisen (Eisenschwamm, DRI – Direct Reduced Iron) aus vorgelagerten Direktreduktionsanlagen, die mit Wasserstoff (H2) als Reduktionsmittel betrieben werden können. Dabei ist die Elektrostahlerzeugung kein neuer Prozess und nimmt in der europäischen Union bereits jetzt einen Anteil von ca. 44 % der Rohstahlproduktion ein, jedoch überwiegend mit Schrott als Einsatzmaterial. Bei der Elektrostahlerzeugung mit Schrotteinsatz fallen laut der oben genannten Studie von Lüngen für das Jahr 20152 410 kg CO2-Emissionen pro Tonne Rohstahl an, von denen der Großteil auf die CO2-Last der fremd bezogenen elektrischen Energie zurückzuführen ist und daher nicht im Produktionsprozess selbst entsteht. Auch die Direktreduktion wird schon seit 1972 in der weltweit zweiten und bis heute in Westeuropa einzigen Direktreduktionsanlage in Hamburg betrieben. Während hier noch mit einem Reduktionsgas gearbeitet wird, das hauptsächlich aus einem aus Erdgas gewonnenen Wasserstoff-Kohlenstoffmonoxid-Gemisch besteht, liegt eine aktuelle Kernherausforderung in der Bereitstellung des in der Größenordnung der von der Transformation betroffenen Rohstahlproduktionskapazitäten notwendigen, mit erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie hergestellten Wasserstoffs. Wird zusätzlich der Strom für das Einschmelzen im Elektrolichtbogenofen aus erneuerbaren Quellen gewonnen und werden schließlich als Brennstoff verwendete Kohle und als Brennstoff verwendetes Erdgas durch CO2-neutrale Bio-Brennstoffe ersetzt, sind sowohl für den Einsatz von mit Wasserstoff reduziertem und auf Pellets ohne CO2-Last basiertem Eisenschwamm als auch für den Einsatz von Schrott CO2-Emissionen von jeweils nur 60 kg CO2/t Rohstahl erreichbar, was eine Reduktion der Emissionen, ausgehend von der Konverter-Hochofen-Route um 97 % und ausgehend von der Schrott-Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route um 85 % bedeuten würde.
Der Betrieb von Elektrolichtbogenöfen macht die an den Standorten vorhandenen Konverter sowie die Infrastruktur für Behandlung und Transport des Roheisens überflüssig. Die fortwährende Nutzung dieser bestehenden Anlagenstruktur dient daher unter anderem als Motivation für die Entwicklung einer zweiten Transformationsstrategie, die einen sogenannten Einschmelzer (SAF – Submerged Arc Furnace) als der Direktreduktionsanlage nachgelagerten Prozess vorsieht, in dem wiederum Roheisen erschmolzen wird, das anschließend im Konverter zu Rohstahl veredelt wird.
Die Transformation der Stahlindustrie beeinflusst einen weiteren CO2-intensiven Industriesektor, nämlich die Zementindustrie die verantwortlich ist für rund 4 % der CO2-Emissionen in der EU. Etwa zwei Drittel dieser Emissionen entfallen als Prozessemissionen auf die Entsäuerung des Rohstoffs Kalkstein (CaCO3), also auf die Abspaltung von CO2 unter Entstehung des für die Herstellung von Zementklinker notwendigen Branntkalks (CaO) als Zwischenstufe bei der Bildung der hydraulischen Phasen Tri- und Dicalciumsilikat. Als eines der fünf Themenfelder (5C-Ansatz: Clinker, Cement, Concrete, Construction, Carbonation), welche die europäische Zementindustrie entlang ihrer Wertschöpfungskette zum Erreichen der gesetzlichen Vorgaben der europäischen Union erarbeitet hat, umfasst das Feld "Cement" zum größten Teil die Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors. Im Jahr 2017 betrug er 77 %, das heißt, dass 23 % des Klinkers durch alternative Materialien ersetzt wurden. Bis zum Jahr 2030 wird ein Faktor von 74 % und bis zum Jahr 2050 von 65 % angestrebt. Den größten Anteil an den Klinkersubstituten hat mit 33 % der Hüttensand aus der Stahlindustrie. Bei der Roheisenproduktion im Hochofen entsteht als Nebenprodukt Hochofenschlacke, die unter Zugabe von Schlackebildnern die Gangart des Möllers und mineralische Koksbestandteile abbindet, sowie weitere unerwünschte Begleitelemente wie Schwefel und Alkalien aufnimmt. Allein in Deutschland wurden im Jahr 2021 6,90 Mio. t – das entspricht 90 % der gesamten produzierten Hochofenschlacke – zu glasig erstarrtem Hüttensand granuliert. Dieser Hüttensand besitzt latent hydraulische Eigenschaften und wird daher seit mehr als 140 Jahren als Zementbestandteil eingesetzt, wodurch in Deutschland jährlich rund 4,5 Mio. t CO2-Emissionen eingespart werden. Alle Transformationsstrategien der Stahlindustrie beinhalten die notwendige Außerbetriebnahme der CO2-intensiven Hochöfen. Dies hat unter anderem zur Folge, dass die Hochofenschlacke als Nebenprodukt der Rohstahlerzeugung im Hochofen nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen wird, wodurch die weitere Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors erhebliche Zusatzmengen alternativer Materialien benötigen wird. Derzeit ist noch unklar, ob z.B. calcinierte Tone im benötigten Umfang erzeugt werden können.
Der Fachbereich Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und das Institut für Baustoffforschung FEhS forschen zusammen mit Industriepartnern und weiteren Forschungseinrichtungen im Rahmen zweier Projekte in den Kooperationssphären der Stahl- und Zementindustrie, die zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen beitragen. Im Projekt SlagCEM wird die Produktion eines hydraulischen Zementbestandteils durch Reduktion von Konverter- bzw. Linz-Donawitz-Schlacke (LDS) untersucht. Die mit den zusätzlich aufgenommen Lichtbogenofenkapazitäten steigenden Mengen an Elektrolichtbogenofenschlacke (EOS, engl. electric arc furnace slag, EAFS) werden im Projekt DRI-EOS behandelt, welches die Produktion eines latent hydraulischen Hüttensandsubstituts zum Ziel hat.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.06.2023
KW - Stahlwerksschlacke
KW - Zementersatz
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57683
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schneider, Joachim
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
T1 - Strategien für die Nutzung von Schlacken zukünftiger wasserstoffbasierter Stahlproduktionsrouten – Herstellung von Stahlwerksschlacke basierten Ausgangsstoffen für die Zementindustrie
N2 - Die Europäische Kommission präsentierte am 11. Dezember 2019 den European Green Deal, ein Konzept mit dem Ziel, bis zum Jahr 2050 als erster Kontinent Klimaneutralität zu erreichen. Mit Inkrafttreten der Verordnung (EU) 2021/1119 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Europäischen Rates am 29. Juli 2021 zur Schaffung des Rahmens für die Verwirklichung der Klimaneutralität („Europäisches Klimagesetz“), ist dieses, sowie das Ziel der Reduzierung der Nettotreibhausgasemissionen um mindestens 55 % bis 2030 in der Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Union verankert. Die Stahlindustrie in der Europäischen Union mit ca. 57 Mio. t Nettotreibhausgasemissionen im Jahr 2020, die annähernd 2 % der Emissionen der Europäischen Union ausmachen (Inklusive Energie: 127 Mio. t; 4 %), bekennt sich zur erheblichen Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2030 und zum Erreichen der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2050. Als Schlüsselwege zur Verwirklichung dieser Zielstellung hat sie zum einen Smart Carbon Usage (SCU) und zum anderen Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA) in einer Roadmap formuliert. SCU umfasst CO2-reduzierende Maßnahmen in bestehenden Eisen- und Stahlproduktionsprozessen, Carbon Capture and Storage- (CCS) sowie Carbon Capture and Usage-Technologien (CCU). Wohingegen bei CDA CO2-Emissionen durch erneuerbare elektrische Energie sowie wasserstoffbasierte Reduktion des Eisenerzes gar nicht erst entstehen sollen. Der CDA-Weg, der voraussichtlich beschritten werden muss, um eine klimaneutrale Stahlproduktion zu erreichen [38], geht mit einer kostenintensiven Transformation der Stahlproduktion einher, die bereits von vielen Unternehmen der Stahlindustrie eingeleitet wurde und von der im Wesentlichen die beiden in Europa vorherrschenden Stahlproduktionsrouten Hochofen-Konverter-Route und Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route betroffen sind. Die CO2-Emissionen der Hochofen-Konverter-Route, von denen der überwiegende Anteil auf den Hochofen fällt, liegen laut einer für das Jahr 2015 erstellten Studie bei 1921 kg CO2/t Rohstahl inklusive der CO2-Last der Pellets als Einsatzmaterial sowie der Emissionen der nachgelagerten Stranggießanlagen und Walzwerke. Im Hochofen wird das Eisenerz durch Kohlenstoff (C) bzw. Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) – welche größtenteils aus dem Koks, der dem Hochofen zusammen mit dem Möller über die Gicht zugeführten wird, stammen – unter Entstehung von Roheisen und Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) reduziert. Das neben dem CO2 im Prozessgas enthaltene CO wird zum Beispiel zur Energiegewinnung in peripheren Prozessen ebenfalls unter Bildung von CO2 verbrannt. Zusätzlich zur Reduktion hat der Koks unter anderem physikalische Aufgaben, wie die Errichtung eines Stützgerüstes und die Gewährleistung der Permeabilität im Hochofenprozess. Somit ist eine vollkommene Substitution des Kokses zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen im Hochofen nicht denkbar. Viele Strategien der Stahlunternehmen zum Erreichen der Klimaziele verfolgen daher den Wechsel von der Rohstahlproduktion aus der Hochofen-Konverter-Route hin zur Rohstahlproduktion im Elektrolichtbogenofen (EAF – Electric Arc Furnace) mit dem Einsatz von direkt reduziertem Eisen (Eisenschwamm, DRI – Direct Reduced Iron) aus vorgelagerten Direktreduktionsanlagen, die mit Wasserstoff (H2) als Reduktionsmittel betrieben werden können. Dabei ist die Elektrostahlerzeugung kein neuer Prozess und nimmt in der europäischen Union bereits jetzt einen Anteil von ca. 44 % der Rohstahlproduktion ein, jedoch überwiegend mit Schrott als Einsatzmaterial. Bei der Elektrostahlerzeugung mit Schrotteinsatz fallen laut der oben genannten Studie von Lüngen für das Jahr 20152 410 kg CO2-Emissionen pro Tonne Rohstahl an, von denen der Großteil auf die CO2-Last der fremd bezogenen elektrischen Energie zurückzuführen ist und daher nicht im Produktionsprozess selbst entsteht. Auch die Direktreduktion wird schon seit 1972 in der weltweit zweiten und bis heute in Westeuropa einzigen Direktreduktionsanlage in Hamburg betrieben. Während hier noch mit einem Reduktionsgas gearbeitet wird, das hauptsächlich aus einem aus Erdgas gewonnenen Wasserstoff-Kohlenstoffmonoxid-Gemisch besteht, liegt eine aktuelle Kernherausforderung in der Bereitstellung des in der Größenordnung der von der Transformation betroffenen Rohstahlproduktionskapazitäten notwendigen, mit erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie hergestellten Wasserstoffs. Wird zusätzlich der Strom für das Einschmelzen im Elektrolichtbogenofen aus erneuerbaren Quellen gewonnen und werden schließlich als Brennstoff verwendete Kohle und als Brennstoff verwendetes Erdgas durch CO2-neutrale Bio-Brennstoffe ersetzt, sind sowohl für den Einsatz von mit Wasserstoff reduziertem und auf Pellets ohne CO2-Last basiertem Eisenschwamm als auch für den Einsatz von Schrott CO2-Emissionen von jeweils nur 60 kg CO2/t Rohstahl erreichbar, was eine Reduktion der Emissionen, ausgehend von der Konverter-Hochofen-Route um 97 % und ausgehend von der Schrott-Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route um 85 % bedeuten würde.
Der Betrieb von Elektrolichtbogenöfen macht die an den Standorten vorhandenen Konverter sowie die Infrastruktur für Behandlung und Transport des Roheisens überflüssig. Die fortwährende Nutzung dieser bestehenden Anlagenstruktur dient daher unter anderem als Motivation für die Entwicklung einer zweiten Transformationsstrategie, die einen sogenannten Einschmelzer (SAF – Submerged Arc Furnace) als der Direktreduktionsanlage nachgelagerten Prozess vorsieht, in dem wiederum Roheisen erschmolzen wird, das anschließend im Konverter zu Rohstahl veredelt wird.
Die Transformation der Stahlindustrie beeinflusst einen weiteren CO2-intensiven Industriesektor, nämlich die Zementindustrie die verantwortlich ist für rund 4 % der CO2-Emissionen in der EU. Etwa zwei Drittel dieser Emissionen entfallen als Prozessemissionen auf die Entsäuerung des Rohstoffs Kalkstein (CaCO3), also auf die Abspaltung von CO2 unter Entstehung des für die Herstellung von Zementklinker notwendigen Branntkalks (CaO) als Zwischenstufe bei der Bildung der hydraulischen Phasen Tri- und Dicalciumsilikat. Als eines der fünf Themenfelder (5C-Ansatz: Clinker, Cement, Concrete, Construction, Carbonation), welche die europäische Zementindustrie entlang ihrer Wertschöpfungskette zum Erreichen der gesetzlichen Vorgaben der europäischen Union erarbeitet hat, umfasst das Feld "Cement" zum größten Teil die Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors. Im Jahr 2017 betrug er 77 %, das heißt, dass 23 % des Klinkers durch alternative Materialien ersetzt wurden. Bis zum Jahr 2030 wird ein Faktor von 74 % und bis zum Jahr 2050 von 65 % angestrebt. Den größten Anteil an den Klinkersubstituten hat mit 33 % der Hüttensand aus der Stahlindustrie. Bei der Roheisenproduktion im Hochofen entsteht als Nebenprodukt Hochofenschlacke, die unter Zugabe von Schlackebildnern die Gangart des Möllers und mineralische Koksbestandteile abbindet, sowie weitere unerwünschte Begleitelemente wie Schwefel und Alkalien aufnimmt. Allein in Deutschland wurden im Jahr 2021 6,90 Mio. t – das entspricht 90 % der gesamten produzierten Hochofenschlacke – zu glasig erstarrtem Hüttensand granuliert. Dieser Hüttensand besitzt latent hydraulische Eigenschaften und wird daher seit mehr als 140 Jahren als Zementbestandteil eingesetzt, wodurch in Deutschland jährlich rund 4,5 Mio. t CO2-Emissionen eingespart werden. Alle Transformationsstrategien der Stahlindustrie beinhalten die notwendige Außerbetriebnahme der CO2-intensiven Hochöfen. Dies hat unter anderem zur Folge, dass die Hochofenschlacke als Nebenprodukt der Rohstahlerzeugung im Hochofen nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen wird, wodurch die weitere Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors erhebliche Zusatzmengen alternativer Materialien benötigen wird. Derzeit ist noch unklar, ob z.B. calcinierte Tone im benötigten Umfang erzeugt werden können.
Der Fachbereich Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und das Institut für Baustoffforschung FEhS forschen zusammen mit Industriepartnern und weiteren Forschungseinrichtungen im Rahmen zweier Projekte in den Kooperationssphären der Stahl- und Zementindustrie, die zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen beitragen. Im Projekt SlagCEM wird die Produktion eines hydraulischen Zementbestandteils durch Reduktion von Konverter- bzw. Linz-Donawitz-Schlacke (LDS) untersucht. Die mit den zusätzlich aufgenommen Lichtbogenofenkapazitäten steigenden Mengen an Elektrolichtbogenofenschlacke (EOS, engl. electric arc furnace slag, EAFS) werden im Projekt DRI-EOS behandelt, welches die Produktion eines latent hydraulischen Hüttensandsubstituts zum Ziel hat.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.06.2023
KW - Stahlwerksschlacke
KW - Zementersatz
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-944310-72-5
VL - 10
SP - 222
EP - 233
PB - TK-Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-57684
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
T1 - Einführung in die Mantelverordnung - Stand der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung
N2 - Einführung in die Mantelverordnung Stand der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung, aktuelles zum Aufbau der MVO und zum Stand Anfang 2023
T2 - X. Baustoffseminar - Aktuelles zu Gesteinskörnungen
CY - Bad Berka, Germany
DA - 17.01.2023
KW - Mantelverordnung
KW - Gesteinskörnungen
KW - Wiederverwertung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57798
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Doolette, A.
A1 - Huang, J.
T1 - Combining DGT and 31P NMR spectroscopy to determine phosphorus species in soil
N2 - The amount of plant-available phosphorus (P) in soil strongly influences the yield of plants in agriculture. Therefore, various simple chemical extraction methods have been developed to estimate the plant-available P pools in soil. More recently, several experiments with the DGT technique have shown that it has a much better correlation to plant-available P in soils than standard chemical extraction methods (e.g. calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL), Colwell, Olsen, water) when soils with different characteristics are considered. However, the DGT technique cannot give information on the plant-available P species in the soil. Therefore, we combined DGT with solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This was achieved by using a modified DGT device in which the diffusive layer had a larger pore size, the binding layer incorporated an adsorption material with a higher capacity, and the device had a larger exposure area. The spectroscopic investigation was undertaken after elution of the deployed DGT binding layer in a NaOH solution. Adsorption tests using solutions of known organic P compounds showed that a sufficient amount of these compounds could be adsorbed on the binding layer in order for them to be analyzed by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, various intermediates of the hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be also analyzed over time.
T2 - DGT Konferenz
CY - Paris, France
DA - 11.10.2023
KW - Soil
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Plant-availability
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58574
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Emter, J.
A1 - Leimkötter, D.
A1 - Künstler, J.
A1 - Schaaf, T.
A1 - Kraus, F.
T1 - Demonstrationskampagne und Klärschlammasche-Monitoring
N2 - Im Verbundprojekt R-Rhenania wird eine industrielle Demonstrationsanlage am Standort der Monoverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt der Firma Emter errichtet und im Jahr 2024 den Betrieb aufnehmen. Die vorhandene Rostfeuerung-Monoverbrennung wird so umgebaut, dass ein neues thermochemisches Verfahren integriert werden kann, welches hochwirksame und schadstoffarme Dünger produziert (bis zu 17.000 t/a). Die thermochemischen Produkte werden in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen im ökologischen Landbau auf ihre Düngewirkung getestet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit der Demonstrationsanlage wird untersucht, wie auch die Übertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf weitere Regionen.
T2 - Statusseminar RePhoR
CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany
DA - 03.05.2023
KW - Phosphor
KW - Recycling
KW - Thermochemisch
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58480
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Stephan, D.
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
T1 - Production of a hydraulic material from post-treated steelmaking slags
N2 - Steelmaking slag is a by-product of steel production of which 4.5 Mt were produced in 2020 in Germany alone. It is mainly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. A smaller part is returned to the metallurgical circle, used as fertilizer or landfilled.
With this use, iron oxides still contained in steelmaking slag are lost. In addition, the possibility of producing higher-grade products from steelmaking slag is foregone. In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of Portland cement clinker and crude iron from basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) via a reductive treatment. Carbothermal treatment of liquid BOFS causes a reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. Simultaneously, the chemical composition of the reduced slag is adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker.
In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as a reducing agent. The resulting low-iron mineral product had a similar chemical composition to Portland cement clinker and was rich in the tricalcium silicate solid solution alite (Ca3SiO5). Based on its chemical and mineralogical composition, similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS has the potential to react comparably. In our study, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration compared to OPC and its hydraulic reaction was delayed. However, adding gypsum has been shown to accelerate the hydration rate of the reduced BOFS compared to that known from the calcium silicates of Portland cement clinker.
Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced slag is essential. If successful, producing a hydraulic binder and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry.
T2 - 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement ICCC 2023
CY - Bangkok, Thailand
DA - 18.09.2023
KW - Steelmaking slag
KW - Alite hydraulic reactivity
KW - Clinker substitute
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58522
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Souza Filho, I.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Fundamentals of the hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ores
N2 - Hydrogen plasma treatment of iron ores or iron oxide containing wastes can be an efficient option to produce green iron e.g. for steel production. This way iron oxide is reduced to metallic iron in the liquid form by the highly reactive species that are formed in a hydrogen plasma. Hydrogen plasma can be used at the same time to remove undesired gangue elements. The presentation shows the experimental setup, shows first results of iron ore reduction by hydrogen plasma and gives an outlook for industrial application of the technology.
T2 - European Academic Symposium on EAF steelmaking (EASES 2023)
CY - Oulu, Finland
DA - 05.06.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Plasma
KW - Reduction
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57626
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Loose, Florian
T1 - CF Pyro: Impressions of Applying Carbon Fibers at Semi-Industrial Scale as Reductant in Pyrometallurgy
N2 - The increasing use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), as lightweight materials essential for the transformation, demands for a safe treatment option of carbon fiber (CF) containing waste streams. Because of their low reactivity towards oxidation processes, CF can neither be treated in a conventional nor hazardous waste incineration plant. Even the extremely high temperature in a cement rotary kiln does not lead to full conversion. To increase the sustainability of CF, other processes need to be investigated. Opening other reaction pathways, using CF waste streams as secondary resource in pyrometallurgy to replace fossil carbon, can be a solution for a safe and sustainable treatment. After first small scale experiments, CF containing waste streams were used as reductant in a semi-industrial scale electric arc furnace (EAF). First results and impressions are presented.
T2 - Meeting mit Projektpartner GMH
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.03.2023
KW - Cabonfasern
KW - CFK
KW - Recycling
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58090
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Loose, Florian
T1 - CF Pyro: Safe Treatment of CFRP Waste for a Sustainable Future
N2 - The increasing use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), as lightweight materials essential for the transformation, demands for a safe treatment option of carbon fiber (CF) containing waste streams. Because of their low reactivity towards oxidation processes, CF can neither be treated in a conventional nor hazardous waste incineration plant. Even the extremely high temperature in a cement rotary kiln does not lead to full conversion. To increase the sustainability of CF, other processes need to be investigated. Opening other reaction pathways, using CF waste streams as secondary resource in pyrometallurgy to replace fossil carbon, can be a solution for a safe and sustainable treatment. To support the industrial application, experiments on different scales were conducted. Here, results of thermochemical investigations, reactivity studies, crucible experiments and pilot plat trials are reported.
T2 - CU Projektforum
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.01.2023
KW - Cabonfasern
KW - CFK
KW - Recycling
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Loose, Florian
A1 - Schlögel, Kai
T1 - CF Pyro Stofflich energetische Verwertung von carbonfaserhaltigen Abfällen in der Pyrometallurgie 4. Sitzung des projektbegleitenden Ausschusses
N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt.
Hier geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse und diskutieren deren Limitierungen. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen auf, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Neben der Vorstellung von wichtigen fundamentalen experimentellen Erkenntnissen wird ihre Bedeutung für den Wandel zum zirkulären Wirtschaften diskutiert.
T2 - 4. PA Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.06.2023
KW - Cabonfasern
KW - CFK
KW - Recycling
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58092
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Loose, Florian
T1 - Das Technologietransfer-Programm Leichtbau
N2 - Neben Ressourceneinsparungen in der Produktion sorgen moderne Leichtbauwerkstoffe und -technologien für Energieeinsparungen in der Nutzungsphase. Auf diese Weise sowie als Enabler für eine Vielzahl an Zukunftstechnologien, wie zum Beispiel erneuerbare Energien, Elektromobilität und die Wasserstoffwirtschaft, ist Leichtbau fundamental für die Entkopplung des Wirtschaftswachstums vom Ressourcenverbrauch, die Erreichung der Ziele des Green Deals und eine Nachhaltige Zukunft. Um marktnahe Potentiale für Klima- und Ressourcenschutz vollständig zu heben und Herausforderungen wie die Kreislauffähigkeit im Leichtbau aktiv zu adressieren, fördert das BMWK marktnahe Innovationen im Leichtbau mit den Technologietransfer-Programm Leichtbau (TTP LB) Auch für die BAM bietet das TTP LB interessante Möglichkeiten, Forschungsvorhaben umzusetzen. Derzeit werden vier Projekte mit BAM-Beteiligung gefördert. In diesem Webinar stellen wir Ihnen die gesamte Breite des Leichtbaus vor und zeigen Ihnen damit direkte Anknüpfungspunkte zu Ihrer Forschung. Dafür wird das TTP LB vorgestellt, werden wertvolle Einblicke zur Antragstellung gegeben und der Weg zum Erfolg wird am Beispiel des BAM-Projektes SmartWeld skizziert. Neben der Erläuterung von technischen Details und formalen Anforderungen des Förderprogramms möchten wir ebenfalls versuchen, einen kleinen Ausblick auf mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen zu geben.
T2 - Webinar TTP LB
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.01.2023
KW - Leichtbau
KW - Forschungsförderung
KW - Technologietransfer
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58093
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard
A1 - Loose, Florian
T1 - Carbon fibre composites exemplarily research at BAM
N2 - Lightweighting as a cross-cutting technology contributes significantly to achieve the European Green Deal goals. Based on, but not limited to, advanced materials and production technologies, the demand for natural resources and CO2 emmissions are reduced by lightweighting during production, as well as use phase. Therefore, lightweighting is a crucial transformation technology assisting in decoupling economic growth from resource consumption. In this manner, lightweighting contributes significantly as a key technology of relevance for many industrial sectors such as energy, mobility, and infrastructure, towards resource efficiency, climate action and economic strength, as well as a resilient Europe. To strengthen international partnerships, addressing global issues of today at the edge of science with high performance lightweight material based on carbon fibers, an overview about the BAM expertise in carbon fiber reinforced materials is given.
T2 - Meeting KCarbon
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.06.2023
KW - Lightweighting
KW - Carbon Fibers
KW - Recycling
KW - Push-out Test
KW - multi scale testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58094
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Klärschlammasche Monitoring 2022/23 - P-Löslichkeiten und Schwermetallgehalte
N2 - Im Rahmen des BMBF Projektes R-Rhenania wurden von fast allen Monoverbrennungsanlagen in Deutschland Klärschlammasche-Proben eingesammelt. Diese Aschen wurden auf die Gesamtchemie-Zusammensetzung, Schwermetalle und die Löslichkeit des Phosphates untersucht.
T2 - 6. Berliner Klärschlammkonferenz BKK
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2023
KW - Monoverbrennungsanlage
KW - Phosphor
KW - Neutralammoniumnitrat
KW - Zitronensäure
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59436
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Klärschlammasche Monitoring 2022/23 - Erste Ergebnisse: P Löslichkeiten & Schwermetalle
N2 - Im Rahmen des BMBF Projektes R-Rhenania wurden von fast allen Monoverbrennungsanlagen in Deutschland Klärschlammasche-Probeneingesammelt. Diese Aschen wurden auf die Gesamtchemie-Zusammensetzung, Schwermetalle und die Löslichkeit des Phosphates untersucht.
T2 - 95. Sitzung des DWA Fachausschusses KEK 3
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 27.11.2023
KW - Phosphor
KW - Monoverbrennungsanlage
KW - Neutralammoniumcitrat
KW - Zitronensäure
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59437
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
T1 - R-Rhenania - Modifiziertes Rhenania Phosphat aus Klärschlammasche für Bayern
N2 - Im Verbundprojekt R-Rhenania wird eine industrielle Demonstrationsanlage am Standort der Monoverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt der Firma Emter errichtet und im Jahr 2024 den Betrieb aufnehmen. Die vorhandene Rostfeuerung-Monoverbrennung wird so umgebaut, dass ein neues thermochemisches Verfahren integriert werden kann, welches hochwirksame und schadstoffarme Dünger produziert (bis zu 17.000 t/a). Die thermochemischen Produkte werden in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen im ökologischen Landbau auf ihre Düngewirkung getestet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit der Demonstrationsanlage wird untersucht, wie auch die Übertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf weitere Regionen.
T2 - Statusseminar RePhoR
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 03.05.2023
KW - Phosphor
KW - Monoverbrennung
KW - Recycling
KW - Nährstoffe
KW - Dünger
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59486
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
ED - Schraut, Katharina
ED - Adamczyk, Burkart
ED - Adam, Christian
ED - Stephan, D.
ED - Simon, Sebastian
ED - von Werder, Julia
ED - Meng, Birgit
T1 - Production of a hydraulic material from post treated steelmaking slags
N2 - Steelmaking slag is a by-product of steel production, of which 4.5 Mt were produced in 2020 in Germany alone. It is mainly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. A smaller part is returned to the metallurgical cycle, used as fertiliser or landfilled.
With this use, iron oxides still contained in steelmaking slag are lost. In addition, the possibility of producing higher-grade products from steelmaking slag is foregone. In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of Portland cement clinker and crude iron from basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) via a reductive treatment. Carbothermal treatment of liquid BOFS causes a reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. Simultaneously, the chemical composition of the reduced slag is adapted to that of Portland cement clinker.
In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as a reducing agent. The resulting low-iron mineral product has a similar chemical composition to Portland cement clinker and was rich in the tricalcium silicate solid solution alite (Ca3SiO5). Based on its chemical and mineralogical composition, similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS has the potential to react comparably. In our study, the reduced BOFS produced less hydration heat than OPC, and its hydraulic reaction was delayed. However, adding gypsum has shown to accelerate the hydration rate of the reduced BOFS compared to that known from the calcium silicates of Portland cement clinker.
Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced slag is essential. If successful, producing a hydraulic binder and crude iron from BOFS has economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industries.
T2 - The 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement 2023 (ICCC2023)
CY - Bangkok, Thailand
DA - 18.09.2023
KW - Steelmaking slag
KW - Alite
KW - Clinker substitute
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-590522
UR - https://www.iccc-online.org/archive/
SP - 432
EP - 436
CY - Bangkok
AN - OPUS4-59052
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
T1 - Production of an alite-rich material from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of steelmaking of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the EU. BOFS is mostly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. However, in this use, the iron bound in BOFS is lost and the opportunity to produce higher value products from BOFS is forgone.
In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of both Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS via a thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid BOFS causes a reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density and can be recovered. An advantage of this process is that simultaneously the chemical composition of the reduced BOFS is adapted to that of Portland cement clinker and the hydraulic reactive mineral alite (Ca3SiO5) is formed.
In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace and a low-iron mineral product rich in alite was produced. Despite a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration, and its reaction was delayed compared to Portland cement. However, adding gypsum accelerated the hydration rate of the reduced BOFS.
Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced BOFS is essential. If successful, the production of a hydraulic material and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry.
T2 - GeoBerlin 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.09.2023
KW - BOFS
KW - Alite
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58206
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Kluge, Stephanie
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Borca, C.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various wastewater-derived fertilizers – analytical investigations from different perspectives
N2 - Solid wastewater-based fertilizers were screened for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter method. The EOF values for ten sewage sludges from Germany and Switzerland range from 154 to 7209 mg kg−1. For thermal treated sewage sludge and struvite the EOF were lower with values up to 121 mg kg−1. Moreover, the application of PFAS targeted
and suspect screening analysis of selected sewage sludge samples showed that only a small part of the EOF sum parameter values can be explained by the usually screened legacy PFAS. The hitherto unknown part of EOF sum parameter contains also fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical and aromatic compounds. Because these partly fluorinated compounds can degrade to (ultra-)short PFAS in wastewater treatment plants they should be considered as significant sources of organic fluorine in the environment. The combined results of sum parameter analysis and suspect screening reveal the need to update current regulations, such as the German fertilizer ordinance, to focus not solely on a few selected PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but
consider an additional sum parameter approach as a more holistic alternative. Moreover, diffusion gradient in thin-films (DGT) passive samplers were utilized as an alternative simplified extraction method for PFAS in solid wastewater-based fertilizers and subsequently quantified via combustion ion chromatography. However, the DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the EOF values
of the fertilizers in samples with >150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations.
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583429
VL - 2
IS - 10
SP - 1436
EP - 1445
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-58342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Kluge, Stephanie
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Sewage Sludge and Wastewater-based Fertilizers
N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals which were developed to improve humanity’s quality of life. Due to their high chemical stability and resistance to degradation by heat or acids, PFAS were used in a variety of consumer products. The continuous use of PFAS in household products and the discharge of PFAS from industrial plants into the sewer system resulted in the contamination of effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Roesch et al. 2022). Since sewage sludge is often used as fertilizer, its application on agricultural soils has been observed as a significant entry path for PFAS into the environment, specifically in our food chain. In Germany the sewage sludge/biosolid application on agricultural land was banned with the amendment of the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance and by 2029 sewage sludge application will be totally prohibited. However, phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge should still be recycled in WWTPs of cities with a population larger than 50,000 residents. To produce high-quality P-fertilizers for a circular economy, PFAS and other pollutants (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) must be separated from sewage sludge. Due to the strong diversity of industrial PFAS usage it is not clear if a safe application of novel recycled P-fertilizers from WWTPs can be guaranteed. Therefore, we analyzed various sewage sludges and wastewater-based fertilizers. Sewage sludge (SL) samples from various WWTPs in Germany and Switzerland, six sewage sludge ashes (SSA) from Germany, six thermally treated SL and SSA samples with different additives (temperatures: 700-1050 °C), two pyrolyzed SL samples (temperature: 400 °C) and two struvite samples from Germany and Canada were analyzed. The goal was to quantify PFAS in sewage sludges and wastewater-based P-fertilizers with the sum parameter extractable organic fluorine (EOF) by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The results were compared with data from classical LC-MS/MS target analysis as well as selected samples by HR-MS suspect screening. The EOF values of the SLs mainly range between 154 and 538 µg/kg except for one SL which showed an elevated EOF value of 7209 µg/kg due to high organofluorine contamination. For the SSA samples the EOF values were lower and values between LOQ (approx. 60 µg/kg) and 121 µg/kg could be detected. For the pyrolyzed SLs no EOF values above the LOQ were detected. Moreover, the two wastewater-based struvite fertilizers contain 96 and 112 µg/kg EOF, respectively. In contrast to the EOF values, the sum of PFAS target values were relatively low for all SLs. Additional applied PFAS HR-MS suspect screening aimed to tentatively identify PFAS that could contribute to the hitherto unknown part of the EOF value. The majority of the detected fluorinated compounds are legacy PFAS such as short- and long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) and perfluorophosphonic acids (PFPA). Moreover, fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical as well as aromatic compounds were also identified, which are all included in the EOF parameter. Our research revealed that the current PFAS limit of 100 µg/kg for the sum of PFOS + PFOA in the German Fertilizer Ordinance is no longer up to date. Since the number of known PFAS already exceeds 10,000, the ordinance limit should be updated accordingly. Recent regulations and restrictions on using long-chain PFAS (≥C8) have resulted in a significant shift in the industry towards (ultra-)short-chain alternatives, and other, partly unknown, emerging PFAS. Ultimately, also fluorinated pesticides and pharmaceuticals, which end up as ultrashort PFAS in the WWTPs, have to be considered as possible pollutants in fertilizers from wastewater, too.
T2 - Dioxin Konferenz
CY - Maastricht, Netherlands
DA - 10.09.2023
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58345
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Klimaschonende Bindemittel auf der Basis von Rohstoffen der Circular Economy
N2 - Die Zementindustrie und weitere energieintensive Industrien wie etwa die Stahlindustrie stehen vor dem Hintergrund der Transformation unserer Gesellschaft zur Klimaneutralität vor erheblichen Herausforderungen. Ziel dieser Branchen ist perspektivisch die vollständige Vermeidung klimaschädlicher Emissionen – mit besonderem Fokus auf Kohlendioxid. Neben der Umstellung auf regenerative Energieträger, sind im Speziellen für die Zementindustrie die erheblichen Anteile an CO2-Emissionen durch die Entsäuerung von Kalkstein zukünftig zu vermeiden. Da die hervorragenden Bindemitteleigenschaften des bisher hauptsächlich in Zementen eingesetzten Portlandklinkers jedoch auf Calciumverbindungen wie Tri- und Di-calciumsilikaten basieren, stellt die Substitution des Kalks derzeit für die Zementindustrie die größte Herausforderung dar. Neben vollständig neuen Bindemittelsystemen ohne Verwendung von Kalk und CCS/CCU-Technologien zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen bei Verwendung von Kalk, können Abfälle und Nebenprodukte wie etwa Betonbrechsand, verschiedene Schlacken und weitere Massenreststoffe sinnvoll zur Einsparung von Rohstoffen und zur Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen eingesetzt werden. Es gilt diese Potentiale von Sekundärrohstoffen branchenübergreifend zu identifizieren und Synergien zwischen den Branchen nutzbar zu machen. Hierbei werden neben der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Abfälle und Nebenprodukte auch die Verfügbarkeit und der Massenstrom relevante Kriterien sein. Die potenziellen Sekundärrohstoffe und deren Gemische mit chemisch ähnlicher Zusammensetzung wie die bisher verwendeten Bindemittel, können durch verschiedene technische Ansätze wieder in reaktive Bindemittel umgewandelt und damit nutzbar gemacht werden. Eine gezielte Umwandlung der nicht reaktiven mineralischen Phasen in neue mineralische Phasen mit guten Bindemitteleigenschaften, kann u. a. durch Schmelzprozesse erzielt werden. In Schmelzen können bei hohen Temperaturen die bestehenden, nicht reaktiven mineralischen Phasen zerstört und neue mineralische Phasen mit guten Bindemitteleigenschaften erzeugt werden. Hohe Freiheitsgrade durch gezielte Einstellung der stofflichen Zusammensetzung der Schmelze, durch Stoffseparationen und durch geregelte Abkühlregimes können eine maßgeschneiderte Erzeugung neuer Bindemitteltypen ermöglichen. Aufgrund der hohen erforderlichen Temperaturen von Schmelzprozessen ist die Umsetzung dieser neuen Verfahren nach Möglichkeit in bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Produktionsrouten wie etwa der Stahlproduktion vorzunehmen. So kann etwa der Einsatz von Betonbrechsand als Schlackebildner in der Stahlproduktion zielführend sein, wenn die Schlacke wieder zu einem Bindemittel prozessiert wird und in Zementen Verwendung findet. Eine stoffliche Kreislaufführung wäre hiermit gegeben, wobei der Einsatz von Kalkstein als Schlackebildner oder Rohstoff für die Zementproduktion, und damit die entsprechenden CO2-Emissionen, vermieden werden. Die Entwicklung neuartiger Bindemittelsysteme auf Basis von Sekundärrohstoffen sollte von erforderlichen Anpassungen und neuen Entwicklungen in der Regelsetzung und Normung begleitet werden. Vor allem muss gewährleistet sein, dass die mit neuen Bindemitteln hergestellten Betone den hohen Anforderungen an Dauerhaftigkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit genügen. Des Weiteren sollte mit den etablierten Methoden, wie etwa der Lebenszyklusanalyse, untersucht werden, inwiefern und in welchem Umfang die neuen technischen Entwicklungen zu Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz beitragen.
T2 - GERRI - BGR Rohstoffkonferenz 2022
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 05.07.2022
KW - Zement
KW - Schlacke
KW - Rotschlamm
KW - Klimaneutralität
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55193
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - European Sewage Sludge Ash Monitoring
N2 - For the European sewage sludge ash monitoring ash samples from sewage sludge incineration plants were requested from all over Europe. First results of the received samples regarding main and trace element contents were presented at ESPC4. Moreover, a list of all known European facilities for sewage sludge monoincineration was presented.
T2 - European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference 4
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 20.06.2022
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Sewage sludge incineration
KW - Phosphorus recovery
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55145
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - Analyseverfahren und Messhäufigkeit zur Bestimmung des Phosphorgehalts im Klärschlamm nach AbfKlärV
N2 - Auf dem Betreiberforum der DWA-Plattform P-Rück wurden die Empfehlungen für den Vollzug der Phosphorrückgewinnungspflicht aus Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Diese Empfehlungen behandeln die Häufigkeit der Phosphoruntersuchungen im Klärschlamm, wo ein Jahresgang empfohlen wird und eine Empfehlung der Phosphorbestimmung über Aufschluss der Probe in der Mikrowelle und Messung mit ICP-OES. Untermauert wurden die Empfehlungen mit den Ergebnissen von Klärschlamm-Monitoring, Ringversuch und Analytikvergleich aus dem Vorhaben extraWERT.
T2 - Betreiberforum der DWA-Plattform P-Rück
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 23.06.2022
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Ringversuch
KW - Reproduzierbarkeit
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55146
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Rechtliche Vorgaben der Klärschlammverordnung und deren Auswirkungen auf die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung
N2 - Im Abfalltechnik-Ausschuss der Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Abfall (LAGA) wurde eine Vollzugshilfe zur Klärschlammverordnung erarbeitet, die nach Verabschiedung durch die Umweltministerkonferenz Mitte Mai 2020 als LAGA-Merkblatt M-39 veröffentlicht wurde. Im vorliegenden vierten Arbeitsbericht der DWA-Arbeitsgruppe KEK-1.1 werden verschiedene Aspekte der ab dem Jahr 2029 geltenden Regelungen aufgegriffen und damit einige Punkte des LAGA M-39 hinsichtlich der technischen Auswirkungen für den Kläranlagenbetreiber konkret ausgeführt.
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Phosphor-Rückgewinnung
PY - 2022
SN - 1866-0029
VL - 5
IS - 69
SP - 406
EP - 413
PB - Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Abwassertechnik
CY - Hennef
AN - OPUS4-55009
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - P-Rückgewinnung aus Klärschlammasche - AshDec® Verfahren
N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind.
Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet.
T2 - 2. Thüringer Klärschlammkommunalkonferenz
CY - Thüringer Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie und Naturschutz
DA - 21.06.2022
KW - Rückgewinnung
KW - Phosphor
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Dünger
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55088
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
T1 - R-Rhenania - Modifiziertes Rhenaniaphosphat aus Klärschlammasche für Bayern
N2 - Vorstellung des Projektstands R-Rhenania aus der Förderinitiative RePhoR des BMBF.
T2 - DPP FORUM 2022: Phosphor Recycling 2029 Etappenziel erreicht?
CY - Frankfurt a.M., Germany
DA - 13.10.2022
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - thermochemische Behandlung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55980
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Roskosch, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Ergebnisse des Vorhabens extraWERT
N2 - Der Vortrag liefert eine Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse des extraWERT-Vorhabens mit Schwerpunkt auf den Umsetzungsfragen zur Klärschlammverordnung. Bei diesen Punkten handelt es sich um die Untersuchung von monatlichen Phosphorschwankungen in kommunalem Klärschlamm und die Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm.
T2 - vgbe-Fachtagung Thermische Abfall-, Klärschlammbehandlung und Wirbelschichtfeuerungen 2022
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 09.05.2022
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Ringversuch
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54843
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Erzeugung klimaschonender Bindemittel als Alternativen zu Zement durch thermochemische Behandlung von mineralischen Nebenprodukten und Abfällen
N2 - Die Zementindustrie erzeugt etwa 6-7% der globalen CO2-Emissionen und steht damit als Industriezweig vor dem Hintergrund einer anvisierten Klimaneutralität vor gewaltigen Herausforderungen. Der Prozess der Klinkerherstellung wurde über die vergangenen Jahrzehnte bereits kontinuierlich optimiert. Seit 1990 ist es der deutschen Zementindustrie gelungen, die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen der Zementproduktion u. a. durch den Einsatz alternativer, nicht fossiler Brennstoffe und durch Absenkung des Klinkergehalts im Zement um 20 % zu senken. Weitere konventionelle Minderungsstrategien versprechen jedoch nur noch wenig zusätzliche Reduktion. Im Falle des Portlandklinkers besteht die Schwierigkeit darin, dass zwei Drittel der CO2-Emissionen rohstoffbedingt durch die Entsäuerung des Kalksteins (CaCO3) anfallen, die durch die beschriebenen Maßnahmen nicht weiter abgesenkt werden können. Vielmehr wird es erforderlich sein, noch zu entwickelnde oder zu optimierende Technologien anzuwenden und ggf. alle relevanten Ebenen wie Produktion, Weiterverarbeitung und Anwendung von Zement und Beton neu zu denken. Neben technologischen Ansätzen zur CO2-Abscheidung mit nachfolgender langfristiger Speicherung (Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS) oder Verwertung (Carbon Capture and Utilisation – CCU) werden auch alternative Rohstoffe für die Zementproduktion und alternative Bindemittel in Betracht zu ziehen sein.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.04.2022
KW - Zement
KW - Sekundärrohstoff
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-944310-58-9
SP - 372
EP - 385
PB - TK-Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-54737
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Erzeugung klimaschonender Bindemittel als alternativen zu Zement
N2 - Die Zementindustrie und weitere energieintensive Industrien wie etwa die Stahlindustrie stehen vor dem Hintergrund der Transformation unserer Gesellschaft zur Klimaneutralität vor erheblichen Herausforderungen. Ziel dieser Branchen ist perspektivisch die vollständige Vermeidung klimaschädlicher Emissionen – mit besonderem Fokus auf Kohlendioxid. Neben der Umstellung auf regenerative Energieträger, sind im Speziellen für die Zementindustrie die erheblichen Anteile an CO2-Emissionen durch die Entsäuerung von Kalkstein zukünftig zu vermeiden. Da die hervorragenden Bindemitteleigenschaften des bisher hauptsächlich in Zementen eingesetzten Portlandklinkers jedoch auf Calciumverbindungen wie Tri- und Di-calciumsilikaten basieren, stellt die Substitution des Kalks derzeit für die Zementindustrie die größte Herausforderung dar. Neben vollständig neuen Bindemittelsystemen ohne Verwendung von Kalk und CCS/CCU-Technologien zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen bei Verwendung von Kalk, können Abfälle und Nebenprodukte wie etwa Betonbrechsand, verschiedene Schlacken und weitere Massenreststoffe sinnvoll zur Einsparung von Rohstoffen und zur Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen eingesetzt werden. Es gilt diese Potentiale von Sekundärrohstoffen branchenübergreifend zu identifizieren und Synergien zwischen den Branchen nutzbar zu machen. Hierbei werden neben der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Abfälle und Nebenprodukte auch die Verfügbarkeit und der Massenstrom relevante Kriterien sein. Die potenziellen Sekundärrohstoffe und deren Gemische mit chemisch ähnlicher Zusammensetzung wie die bisher verwendeten Bindemittel, können durch verschiedene technische Ansätze wieder in reaktive Bindemittel umgewandelt und damit nutzbar gemacht werden. Eine gezielte Umwandlung der nicht reaktiven mineralischen Phasen in neue mineralische Phasen mit guten Bindemitteleigenschaften, kann u. a. durch Schmelzprozesse erzielt werden. In Schmelzen können bei hohen Temperaturen die bestehenden, nicht reaktiven mineralischen Phasen zerstört und neue mineralische Phasen mit guten Bindemitteleigenschaften erzeugt werden. Hohe Freiheitsgrade durch gezielte Einstellung der stofflichen Zusammensetzung der Schmelze, durch Stoffseparationen und durch geregelte Abkühlregimes können eine maßgeschneiderte Erzeugung neuer Bindemitteltypen ermöglichen. Aufgrund der hohen erforderlichen Temperaturen von Schmelzprozessen ist die Umsetzung dieser neuen Verfahren nach Möglichkeit in bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Produktionsrouten wie etwa der Stahlproduktion vorzunehmen. So kann etwa der Einsatz von Betonbrechsand als Schlackebildner in der Stahlproduktion zielführend sein, wenn die Schlacke wieder zu einem Bindemittel prozessiert wird und in Zementen Verwendung findet. Eine stoffliche Kreislaufführung wäre hiermit gegeben, wobei der Einsatz von Kalkstein als Schlackebildner oder Rohstoff für die Zementproduktion, und damit die entsprechenden CO2-Emissionen, vermieden werden. Die Entwicklung neuartiger Bindemittelsysteme auf Basis von Sekundärrohstoffen sollte von erforderlichen Anpassungen und neuen Entwicklungen in der Regelsetzung und Normung begleitet werden. Vor allem muss gewährleistet sein, dass die mit neuen Bindemitteln hergestellten Betone den hohen Anforderungen an Dauerhaftigkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit genügen. Des Weiteren sollte mit den etablierten Methoden, wie etwa der Lebenszyklusanalyse, untersucht werden, inwiefern und in welchem Umfang die neuen technischen Entwicklungen zu Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz beitragen.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.04.2022
KW - Zement
KW - Thermochemische Prozesse
KW - Sekundärrohstoffe
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54738
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schaaf, T.
A1 - Künstler, J.
T1 - Thermochemical P recycling from ash by AshDec ® process
N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind.
Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet.
T2 - Wastewater, Water and Resource Recovery (Workshop)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.04.2022
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Heavy metal removal
KW - Ashdec
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - BAM-Projekt „extraWERT“: Gleichwertigkeit der nach AbfKlärV zulässigen Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm
N2 - In Deutschland ist ab 2029 eine Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm verpflichtend. Ausgenommen sind Klärschlämme mit weniger als 20 g P/kg TM. Für die Phosphorbestimmung sind verschiedene Methoden nach Klärschlammverordnung als gleichwertig zugelassen: Der Königswasseraufschluss in der Mikrowelle und am Rückfluss sowie die Messung an ICP-OES, ICP-MS und die photometrische Bestimmung mittels Ammoniummolybdaten. An der BAM wurden die unterschiedlichen Methodenkombinationen aus Aufschluss- und Messmethode an 15 Klärschlämmen überprüft und in einem Ringversuch mit einem Klärschlamm getestet. Die Ergebnisse werden in diesem Vortrag zusammengefasst. Als Folge der Untersuchungen wird für die Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm die ICP-OES-Messung nach Königswasseraufschluss in der Mikrowelle empfohlen.
T2 - VDLUFA Frühjahrssitzung 2022 der Fachgruppe III Düngemittel
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 18.05.2022
KW - Ringversuch
KW - Reproduzierbarkeit
KW - Wiederholbarkeit
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54852
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Formation and hydraulic reactivity of an alite rich material from post treated basic oxygen furnace slag
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of steelmaking of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the EU. BOFS is mostly used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. However, in this use, the iron bound in BOFS is lost and the opportunity to produce higher value products from BOFS is forgone.
In recent decades, many researchers have investigated a thermochemical process to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron in molten BOFS. The metallic iron formed separates from the reduced slag due to its higher density and can be recovered. An advantage of this process is that simultaneously the chemical composition of the reduced slag is adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the hydraulic reactive mineral alite is formed.
In this study, BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent, and the hydraulic properties of the reduced, low-iron BOFS were investigated. Despite a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to that of Portland cement clinker, the reduced BOFS produced less heat of hydration, and its reaction was delayed compared to Portland cement. However, the addition of gypsum, as is also done in cement production from Portland cement clinker, has been found to accelerate the hydration rate of reduced BOFS.
Further research to improve the hydraulic properties of the reduced slag is essential. If successful, the production of a hydraulic binder and crude iron from BOFS could have economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry.
T2 - GeoMin Köln 2022
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 11.09.2022
KW - BOFS
KW - Portland Cement
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56080
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Doolette, A.
A1 - Huang, J.
T1 - Combining diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and 31P NMR spectroscopy to determine phosphorus species in soil
N2 - The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique shows in many publications a superior correlation to the amount of plant-available phosphorus (P) in soil. However, this technique cannot give information on the plant-available P species in soil. Therefore, we combined DGT with solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This was achieved by using a modified DGT device in which the diffusive layer had a larger pore size, the binding layer incorporated an adsorption material with a higher capacity, and the device had a larger exposure area. The spectroscopic investigation was undertaken after elution of the deployed DGT binding layer in a NaOH solution. Adsorption tests using solutions of known organic P compounds showed that a sufficient amount of these compounds could be adsorbed on the binding layer in order for them to be analyzed by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, various intermediates of the hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be also analyzed over time.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT)
KW - Passive sampling
KW - fertilizer
PY - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545759
VL - 7
IS - 1
SP - e20068
PB - Wiley online library
AN - OPUS4-54575
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vogel, Christian
T1 - Microspectroscopy reveals dust-derived apatite grains in highly-weathered soils from the Kohala climosequence on Hawaii
N2 - Dust deposition is an important source of phosphorus (P) to many ecosystems. However, there is little evidence of dust-derived P-containing minerals in soils. Here we studied P forms along a well-described climatic gradient on Hawaii, which is also a dust deposition gradient. Soil mineralogy and soil P forms from six sites along the climatic gradient were analyzed with bulk (X-ray diffraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure)
and microscale (X-ray fluorescence, P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure, and Raman) analysis methods. In the wettest soils, apatite grains ranging from 5 to 30 μm in size were co-located at the micro-scale with quartz, a known continental dust indicator suggesting recent atmospheric deposition. In addition to colocation with quartz, further evidence of dust-derived P included backward trajectory modeling indicating that dust particles could be brought to Hawaii from the major global dust-loading areas in central Asia and northern Africa. Although it is not certain whether the individual observed apatite grains were derived from long-distance transport of dust, or from local dust sources such as volcanic ash or windblown fertilizer, these observations offer direct evidence that P-containing minerals have reached surface layers of highly-weathered grassland soils
through atmospheric deposition.
T2 - BESSY Science Seminar
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.04.2022
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Soil
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Raman spectroscopy
KW - infrared spectroscopy
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raniro, H.R.
A1 - Soares, T.de M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Pavinato, P.S.
T1 - Waste-derived fertilizers can increase phosphorus uptake by sugarcane and availability in a tropical soil
N2 - The use of highly water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers can lead to P fixation in the soil, reducing fertilization efficiency. Waste-derived, low water-solubility sources can potentially increase sugarcane’s P uptake compared to triple superphosphate by reducing adsorption to the soil.
Aims:We aimed to test struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® for their agronomic potential as recycled fertilizers for sugarcane production in a typical tropical soil.We hypothesize that these sources can reduce P fixation in the soil, increasing its availability and sugarcane’s absorption.
Methods: In a greenhouse pot experiment, two consecutive sugarcane cycles, 90 days each, were conducted in a Ferralsol. The recovered sources struvite, hazenite, AshDec®, and the conventional triple superphosphate were mixed in the soil in three P doses (30, 60, and 90 mg kg–1), aside a control (nil-P). At both harvests, sugarcane number of sprouts, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass yield, shoot phosphorus, and soil P fractionation were investigated.
Results: At 90 days, struvite and hazenite performed better for dry mass yield (70.7 and 68.3 g pot–1, respectively) than AshDec® and triple superphosphate (59.8 and 57.4 g pot–1, respectively) and for shoot P, with 98.1, 91.6, 75.6, and 66.3 mg pot–1, respectively. At 180 days, struvite outperformed all treatments for dry mass yield (95.3 g pot–1) and AshDec® (75.5 mg pot–1) for shoot P. Struvite was 38% and hazenite 21% more efficient than triple superphosphate in P uptake, while AshDec® was 6% less efficient. Soil had higher labile P under struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® than triple superphosphate by the end of the first cycle, while only the later increased nonlabile P by the end of the experiment (180 days).
Conclusions:Waste-derived P sources were more efficient in supplying P for sugarcane and delivering labile P in 180 days than triple superphosphate.
KW - AshDec
KW - Hazenite
KW - P-efficiency
KW - Recycled sources
KW - Struvite
PY - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544216
SN - 1436-8730
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-54421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
T1 - Future nutrient recovery from sewage sludge regarding three different scenarios - German case study
N2 - Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must recover phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge if it contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs >100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and >50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 16% of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 states were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60% of the total agriculturally used sludge volume. In 2016, 60% of the WWTPs’ sludges exceeded the recovery limit of 2 wt % P which is 70% of the amount of sludge and 85% of the phosphorus load. Other nutrients are not affected by the recovery obligation. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three different scenarios for future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70–77% of the P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0–16% nitrogen, 36–52% of calcium, 31–53% of potassium, and 40–52% of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrients loads can substitute only 1% or less of the commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is up to 43% of the demand.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Wastewater
KW - Sewage sludge disposal
PY - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130130
VL - 333
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-54186
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raniro, H.R.
A1 - Teles, A.P.
A1 - Pavinato, P.S.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus solubility and dynamics in a tropical soil under sources derived from wastewater and sewage sludge
N2 - Conventional phosphate fertilizers are usually highly water-soluble and rapidly solubilize when moistened by the soil solution. However, if this solubilization is not in alignment with plants demand, P can react with the soil colloidal phase, becoming less available over time. This is more pronounced in acidic, oxidic tropical soils, with
high P adsorption capacity, reducing the efficiency of P fertilization. Furthermore, these fertilizers are derived from phosphate rock, a non-renewable resource, generating an environmental impact. To assess these concerns, waste-recycled P sources (struvite, hazenite and AshDec®) were studied for their potential of reducing P Fixation by the soil and improving the agronomic efficiency of the P fertilization. In our work, we compared the solubilization dynamics of struvite, hazenite, AshDec® to triple superphosphate (TSP) in a sandy clay loam Ferralsol, as well as their effect on solution pH and on soil P pools (labile, moderately-labile and non-labile) via an incubation experiment. Leaching columns containing 50 g of soil with surface application of 100 mg per column (mg col 1) of P from each selected fertilizer and one control (nil-P) were evaluated for 60 days. Daily leachate samples from the column were analyzed for P content and pH. Soil was stratified in the end and submitted to P
fractionation. All results were analyzed considering p < 0.05. Our findings showed that TSP and struvite promoted an acid P release reaction (reaching pHs of 4.3 and 5.5 respectively), while AshDec® and hazenite reaction was alkaline (reaching pHs of 8.4 and 8.5 respectively). Furthermore, TSP promoted the highest P release among all sources in 60 days (52.8 mg col 1) and showed rapid release dynamic in the beginning, while struvite and hazenite showed late release dynamics and lower total leached P (29.7 and 15.5 mg col 1 P respectively). In contrast, no P-release was detected in the leachate of the AshDec® over the whole trial period. Struvite promoted
the highest soil labile P concentration (7938 mg kg 1), followed by hazenite (5877 mg kg 1) and AshDec® (4468 mg kg 1), all higher than TSP (3821 mg kg 1), while AshDec® showed high moderately-labile P (9214 mg kg 1), reaffirming its delayed release potential.
KW - Phosphate dynamics
KW - Struvite
KW - Wastewater
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - CaNaPO4
KW - P speciation
PY - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113984
VL - 302
IS - Part A
SP - 113984
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-53600
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - extraWERT Forschungsvorhaben
N2 - Die novellierte AbfKlärV (2017) beinhaltet die Verpflichtung zum P-Recycling ab einem P-Gehalt im Klärschlamm von 20 g/kg. Im Vortrag werden Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens extraWERT zu diesem Themenkomplex vorgestellt. Es werden Untersuchungen zu P-Gehalten deutscher Klärschlämme und zu den zulässigen Analysemethoden dafür vorgestellt.
T2 - Tagung: "Vom Abwasser zum Nährstoff":
CY - Karslruhe, Germany
DA - 28.09.2022
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Klärschlamm
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55847
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Paul, Andrea
A1 - Serrano, Juan
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments
N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from
Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite.
The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe
recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc
from bauxite residues.
KW - Bauxite residue
KW - Scandium
KW - Leaching
KW - Design of experiments
KW - Red mud
PY - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041
SN - 0375-6742
VL - 2022
IS - 240
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
A1 - Auer, G.
A1 - Kehrmann, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Thermochemical treatment of steel work dusts and sludges for the recovery of zinc and iron
N2 - During iron and steel production, several by-products such as slags, dusts, and sludges are generated in addition to pig iron and steel as primary products. Especially for filter dusts and sludges containing zinc and lead from gas purification, there are still considerable recycling problems. However, the high heavy metal contents make landfilling of these dusts and sludges cost-intensive and ecologically problematic. In addition, the relatively high zinc and iron loads represent a valuable resource, which can make reprocessing of the material with recovery of the zinc and iron loads as secondary raw materials ecologically as well as economically attractive. Nevertheless, established recycling methods like the Waelz process fall short in regaining more than one valuable metal from the dusts and operate only under narrow ranges of material compositions, which makes it problematic to adapt these processes to new dust compositions as are to be formed in future steel work operations.
To tackle these problems, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Ferro Duo GmbH investigate innovative recycling methods for steelwork dusts and sludges in a joint project. This mainly focusses on regaining valuable metals such as iron as well as zinc from blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) by thermochemical treatment.
Therefore, mixtures of these materials are heated under inert atmosphere employing the carbon present in BFS as internal reducing agent. During the process, metallic iron is formed in the solid reaction product while zinc and other volatile heavy metals are evaporated. This paves the way for the generation of zinc as well as sponge iron as two separate products valuable for metallurgical processes. The process basically consists of heating a mixture of BFS and EAFD to temperatures between 700 and 1100 °C under inert (e.g., nitrogen) or reducing (e.g., CO) gas flow. When a suitable mixing ratio is applied, the carbon present in the BFS can be effectively used as reducing agent for iron and zinc present in both starting materials generating a solid residue with high metallic iron and low carbon content as well as a gas stream laden with zinc and other volatile heavy metals, that can be regained by off-gas treatment.
The project aims at testing this concept as a continuous process in a pilot plant established by Ferro Duo GmbH with BAM supplying comprehensive scientific support by lab- and small scale-experiments.
Additionally, considering the necessity to mitigate CO2 emissions and the resulting shift in compositions of steel work dusts and sludges, our research also investigates replacement of carbon present in the sludges by hydrogen as potentially carbon-neutral reducing agent. Here, the use of non-explosive forming gas as reducing agent for EAFD shows potential to give a product high in metallic iron while zinc and other heavy metals are effectively evaporated from the solid material making it possible to regain them from the exhaust gas stream.
T2 - 11th European Slag Conference
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 04.10.2022
KW - Elektroofenstaub
KW - Gichtgasschlamm
KW - Recycling
KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung
KW - Zink
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55950
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Mauch, Tatjana
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Ehm, J.H.
T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge.
In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the
20 g/kg DM limit.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Wastewater
KW - Phosphorus elimination
PY - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499
SN - 2190-4707
VL - 34
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Klose, H.
A1 - Poorter, H.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability
N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
KW - Combustion and gasification
KW - Phosphate extractability and availability
KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD)
PY - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-56763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Emter, J.
A1 - Leimkötter, D.
T1 - Thermochemisches P Recycling aus Klärschlamm – erste großtechnische Anlage am Standort Altenstadt (Bayern)
N2 - Im Verbundprojekt R-Rhenania wird eine industrielle Demonstrationsanlage am Standort der Monoverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt der Firma Emter errichtet und im Jahr 2024 den Betrieb aufnehmen. Die vorhandene Rostfeuerung-Monoverbrennung wird so umgebaut, dass ein neues thermochemisches Verfahren integriert werden kann, welches hochwirksame und schadstoffarme Dünger produziert (bis zu 17.000 t/a). Die thermochemischen Produkte werden in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen im ökologischen Landbau auf ihre Düngewirkung getestet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit der Demonstrationsanlage wird untersucht, wie auch die Übertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf weitere Regionen.
T2 - 13. VDI Klärschlammbehandlung
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 14.09.2022
KW - Phosphor
KW - Versuchskampagne
KW - Recycling
KW - Nährstoffe
KW - Dünger
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59576
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Becker, Roland
A1 - Sauer, Andreas
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
T1 - Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination
N2 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - ICP-OES
KW - Phosphous recovery
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Photometric P determination
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
PY - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869
VL - 34
IS - 99
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-55886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Reductive treatment of steel making slags to produce a hydraulic binder and crude iron
N2 - Steelmaking slags are a by-product of steel production, that are currently used primarily in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering. In this use, the iron bound in the steelmaking slags (< 30 wt.%) is lost.
Recovery of iron from steelmaking slags is possible by thermochemical reductive treatment. The reductive treatment of liquid steelmaking slags causes iron oxides to be reduced to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density. The chemical composition of the mineral phase is thus adapted to that of the Portland cement clinker and the mineral alite, the most important component of Portland cement, is formed. This way, crude iron can be recovered, and at the same time a hydraulic binder can be produced.
This process, however, is uneconomical due to the high temperatures required (~1800 °C). In the current project, the process is to be adapted so that the reduction of liquid steelmaking slag can be carried out at ~1600 °C. The chemical composition is to be modified in such a way that the melting temperature of the slags as well as their viscosity are in a technically suitable range and still a product with good cementitious properties is obtained.
T2 - LithiumDays
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.12.2021
KW - BOFS
KW - Portland Cement
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56081
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Thermochemische Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen - Phosphorrückgewinnung mit dem AshDec Prozess
N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind.
Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet.
T2 - VDI.TECHNIK.TALK.ONLINE
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.11.2021
KW - Phosphor
KW - Recycling
KW - Ashdec
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54325
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Steckenmesser, D.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Félix, R.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Steffens, D.
T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment
N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595
SN - 0190-4167
VL - 45
IS - 8
SP - 1123
EP - 1133
PB - Taylor & Francis Online
AN - OPUS4-53755
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
ED - Holm, O.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S.
T1 - Nährstoffrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm: Eine Betrachtung zukünftiger Verwertungsszenarien für Deutschland
N2 - Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, in German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) phosphorus (P) must be recovered from sewage sludge ifit contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs > 100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and > 50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 17 % of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 States were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60 % ofthe total agriculturally used sludge volume. Whereas phosphorus recovery is mandatory this does not apply to other nutrients. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too.
Considering three differentscenariosfor future German sewage sludge disposal Shows that 70 - 77 % ofthe P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future.
At the same time, this applies for about 0 - 16 % of nitrogen, 36 - 52 % of calcium, 31-53 % of potassium, and 40 - 52 % of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrient loads can substitute only 1 % or less ofthe commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is about 45 % ofthe demand.
T2 - Berliner Klärschlammkonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Phosphor
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-944310-56-5
VL - 4
SP - 252
EP - 265
PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky-Verlag GmbH
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-54117
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Nährstoffrückgewinnung aus Klärschlamm: Eine Betrachtung zukünftiger Verwertungsszenarien für Deutschland
N2 - Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, in German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) phosphorus (P) must be recovered from sewage sludge ifit contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs > 100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and > 50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 17 % of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 States were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60 % ofthe total agriculturallyused sludge volume. Whereas phosphorus recovery is mandatory this does not apply to other nutrients. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three differentscenariosfor future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70 - 77 % ofthe P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0 - 16 % of nitrogen, 36 - 52 % of calcium, 31-53 % of potassium, and 40 - 52 % of magnesium. However, these recovered nut rient loads can substitute only 1 % or less ofthe commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is about 45 % ofthe demand.
T2 - Berliner Klärschlammkonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Phosphor
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54118
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - Ergebnisse des Vorhabens extraWERT - Gleichwertigkeit zugelassener Methoden zur Phosphoruntersuchung des Klärschlamms
N2 - Die Ergebnisse des extraWERT-Vorhabens wurden Vertreter*innen des Umweltministeriums von Bund und Ländern vorgestellt und im Zusammenhang mit dem Vollzug der AbfKlärV diskutiert. Es ging um die Phosphorschwankungen in kommunalem Klärschlamm und eine Empfehlung der Untersuchungshäufigkeit, um den Phosphorgehalt rechtssicher festzustellen. Des weiteren wurde die Performance verschiedener nach Verordnung gleichwertiger Analyseverfahren für Phosphor in Klärschlamm diskutiert anhand von Ringversuchsergebnissen und Eigenuntersuchungen an 15 Klärschlammproben.
T2 - Bund-Länder-Gespräch zum Vollzug der AbfKlärV
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.12.2021
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Analytik
KW - Ringversuch
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54119
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - Gleichwertigkeit der nach AbfKlärV zulässigen Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm
N2 - In dem Meeting wurde den Notifizierern und Ausrichtern des jährlichen länderübergreifenden Ringversuchs Klärschlamm die Ergebnisse zu Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener nach AbfKlärV zulässiger Verfahren zur Phosphorbestimmung in Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Die Untersuchungen an 15 Klärschlammproben ergaben die höchsten Ergebnisse für das Messverfahren ICP-OES und das Aufschlussverfahren in der Mikrowelle. Diese Ergebnisse wurden im Ringversuch bestätigt.
T2 - Meeting der Notifizierer und Ausrichter des länderübergreifenden Ringversuchs (LÜRV)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.12.2021
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Analytik
KW - Ringversuch
KW - Phosphorbestimmung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54121
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Aydin, Zeynep
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Crystalline phase analysis and phosphorus availability after thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium and potassium sulfates for fertilizer production
N2 - Phosphorus rich sewage sludge ash is a promising source to produce phosphorus recycling fertilizer. However, the low plant availability of phosphorus in these ashes makes a treatment necessary. A thermochemical treatment (800–1000 °C) with alkali additives transforms poorly plant available phosphorus phases to highly plant available calcium alkali Phosphates (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4. In this study, we investigate the use of K2SO4 as additive to produce a phosphorus potassium fertilizer in laboratory-scale experiments (crucible). Pure K2SO4 is not suitable as high reaction temperatures are required due to the high melting point of K2SO4.
To overcome this barrier, we carried out series of experiments with mixtures of K2SO4 and Na2SO4 resulting in a lower economically feasible reaction temperature (900–1000 °C). In this way, the produced phosphorus potassium fertilizers (8.4 wt.% K, 7.6 wt.% P) was highly plant available for phosphorus indicated by complete extractable phosphorus in neutral ammonium citrate solution. The added potassium is, in contrast to sodium, preferably incorporated into silicates instead of phosphorus phases. Thus, the highly extractable phase (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4 in the thermochemical products contain less potassium than expected. This preferred incorporation is confirmed by a pilot-scale trial (rotary kiln) and thermodynamic calculation.
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Recycling fertilizer
KW - Calcium alkali phosphate
KW - Silicate
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536276
SN - 1611-8227
IS - 23
SP - 2242
EP - 2254
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-53627
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
T1 - Neue Ansätze beim Gipsrecycling
N2 - Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector, and its worldwide consumption has been increasing now for several decades. Currently, the gypsum demand is met up to 60% by FGD gypsum (a by-product from coal-fired power plants) in Germany. The natural gypsum deposits cover the remaining gypsum demand. Due to national climate protection goals and the related shutdown of coal-fired power plants, the FGD gypsum supply will decrease significantly in the coming years and, therefore, other gypsum sources must be found.
Depending on the lifetime of the used gypsum products in the construction sector, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste is to be expected. With regard to an upcoming shortage of gypsum, several approaches are being tested to recover gypsum from construction and demolition waste. Gypsum plasterboard recycling is already implemented on an industrial scale. Furthermore, new processes to recycle different types of gypsum products from construction and demolition waste are being examined. Of particular interest are different types of gypsum boards because they are well suited for selective dismantling. Therefore, they can be recovered comparatively free of impurities which is most important for the gypsum recycling.
In the research project “GipsRec 2.0”, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, recycling methods for gypsum fiberboards are being investigated. Additionally, the suitability of different types of synthetic gypsum as substitutes for FGD gypsum is being considered. Currently, the quantities of recycled gypsum are not sufficient with regard to the reduction of FGD gypsum. An increase of gypsum recycling should be achieved to narrow the future gypsum gap that will occur in the near future.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.09.2021
KW - Gipsabfälle
KW - Gipsrecycling
KW - Nachhaltigkeit
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53682
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Huang, L.
T1 - Ammonium and nitrate in agricultural soils analyzed with the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films technique
N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the passive sampler method Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) for ammonium and nitrate in amended soils. Therefore, we used soils from a pot experiment with maize where nitrogen (N) was supplied as ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN), without and with a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The additional use of a NI can delay the nitrification in the soil and making the ammonium available for a longer period in the soil solution after its application. Homogenized soil samples were collected directly from each pot after one week of incubation before sowing and after harvesting the maize. Nitrate and ammonium in these soil samples were extracted using DGT devices equipped with a Putolite A520E (for nitrate) and Microlite PrCH (for ammonium) binding layer. Ammonium DGT which determined the mobile and labile ammonium forms based on diffusion and the resupplies from the solid soil phase, only showed a significantly higher amount of extractable ammonium with NI compared to that without NI for some samples. However, significantly lower values were found for nitrate of treatments with NI compared to without NI after harvest. Thus, the lower nitrate amounts for treatments with NI compared to the treatments without NI after harvest indicated the delay of the nitrification process by the NI. Furthermore, we compared also the ammonium and nitrate
DGT results to chemical extraction with KCl solutions. The results demonstrated that the trends of DGT results and chemical extraction were complimentary through all the treatments.
T2 - International Passive Sampling Workshop (IPSW) 2021 virtual
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.11.2021
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT)
KW - Ammonium
KW - Nitrate
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53698
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Krüger, O.
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Can we use passive samplers for the determination of chromium(VI) in phosphorus fertilizers?
N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants. Chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)) is regulated with low limit values for agricultural products due to its high toxicity, but the determination of Cr(VI) in these novel fertilizer matrices can be hampered by redox processes that lead to false results. Thus, we applied the passive sampler technique Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) for the determination of Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and in most cases selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) compounds which leads to overestimated Cr(VI) values. The results of certain types of P-fertilizers containing mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), showed that optimization of the DGT method is required to avoid over- or underestimation of Cr(VI).
T2 - International Passive Sampling Workshop (IPSW) 2021 virtual
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.11.2021
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Chromium
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rieger, J.
A1 - Colla, V.
A1 - Matino, I.
A1 - Branca, T. A.
A1 - Stubbe, G.
A1 - Panizza, A.
A1 - Brondi, C.
A1 - Falsafi, M.
A1 - Hage, J.
A1 - Wang, X.
A1 - Voraberger, B.
A1 - Fenzl, T.
A1 - Masaguer, V.
A1 - Faraci, E. L.
A1 - di Sante, L.
A1 - Cirilli, F.
A1 - Loose, Florian
A1 - Thaler, C.
A1 - Soto, A.
A1 - Frittella, P.
A1 - Foglio, G.
A1 - di Cecca, C.
A1 - Tellaroli, M.
A1 - Corbella, M.
A1 - Guzzon, M.
A1 - Malfa, E.
A1 - Morillon, A.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Peters, K.
A1 - Snaet, D.
T1 - Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe
N2 - The steel industry is an important engine for sustainable growth, added value, and high-quality employment within the European Union. It is committed to reducing its CO2 emissions due to production by up to 50% by 2030 compared to 1990′s level by developing and upscaling the technologies required to contribute to European initiatives, such as the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and the European Green Deal (EGD). The Clean Steel Partnership (CSP, a public–private partnership), which is led by the European Steel Association (EUROFER) and the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP), defined technological CO2 mitigation pathways comprising carbon direct avoidance (CDA), smart carbon usage SCU), and a circular economy (CE). CE ap-proaches ensure competitiveness through increased resource efficiency and sustainability and consist of different issues, such as the valorization of steelmaking residues (dusts, slags, sludge) for internal recycling in the steelmaking process, enhanced steel recycling (scrap use), the use of secondary carbon carriers from non-steel sectors as a reducing agent and energy source in the steelmaking process chain, and CE business models (supply chain analyses). The current paper gives an overview of different technological CE approaches as obtained in a dedicated workshop called “Resi4Future—Residue valorization in iron and steel industry: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe” that was organized by ESTEP to focus on future challenges toward the final goal of industrial deployment.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Steelmaking residues
KW - Clean steel
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530350
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - 1202
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-53035
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Loose, Florian
A1 - Schlögel, K.
T1 - CF Pyro: Stofflich-energetische Verwertung von carbonfaserhaltigen Abfällen in der Pyrometallurgie
N2 - Despite its contribution to tackling climate change by lightweight design, growing CFRP production also results in a global waste generation of 62 kt/a. Accordingly, the energy-intensive production process of carbon fibers (CF) necessitates sustainable recycling solutions.
Herein we will give an overview of current recycling processes, discuss their limitations and present a novel approach for safe treatment of CF unsuitable for material recovery . Our project CF Pyro examines feedstock recycling in pyrometallurgical processes, focusing on reactivity of CF, process stability and prevention of hazardous WHO fiber release. Besides fundamental experimental breakthroughs, their broader impact on circular economy will be presented.
T2 - MAI Carbon Projektforum
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.10.21
KW - Carbon Fibers
KW - Steelmaking
KW - Electric Arc Furnace
KW - Secondary Recources
KW - Pyrometallurgy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53520
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schaaf, T.
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
A1 - Ulbrich, J.
A1 - Schmidt, S.
A1 - Pavinato, P.
A1 - Burkhardt, J.
A1 - Arnold, U.
A1 - Conzelmann, L.
A1 - Kraus, F.
T1 - Cloop - Closing the global nutrient loop
N2 - Recycled fertilizers produced using processes for the recovery of phosphate from residual materials such as wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes show very good bioavailability, but it is still a product largely unknown to the market. The aim of CLOOP is therefore to document the properties and effects of such fertilizers through chemical, mineralogical and ecological analyses as well as analytical method development and pot and field plant growth trials.
Outotec focused on 3 points in CLOOP: Experimental campaigns, process simulations as well as economic analyses with focus on the AshDec process, respectively the design of a large-scale AshDec plant for phosphorus recovery. The laboratory scale trials as well as the semi-industrial scale campaign provided valuable insights into the operating parameters of the process and the plant. As a result, for example, the temperature range could be significantly lowered, and the additive addition reduced by approx. 20 %. They have further shown that the AshDec process is not susceptible to operating fluctuations and that the product can be consistently produced at high quality. With the selection of suitable operating parameters, heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, (Zn)) can be removed. Within the campaign, about 1.5 t of fertilizer for the plant trials in CLOOP could be produced. An AshDec plant process was digitally created in simulation software, allowing valuable process parameters to be simulated at various operating parameters. On this basis, a full-scale plant was designed. The data obtained in the project were used for a detailed economic analysis including a sensitivity analysis. It was possible to show under which conditions this plant can be operated economically.
At BAM, the AshDec fertilizer was synthesized with different additives and then applied to plant experiments at Uni Bonn. The goal hereby was to check differences in plant uptake. Because of the promising results of AshDec synthesized with sodium-carbonate and because this AshDec version does not require special off gas treatment for sulfur recovery (compared to AshDec synthesized with sodium-sulfate), all project partners agreed on continuing working with this AshDec variation. It was then used as a raw P-source for formulating it into NPK-fertilizers, by granulation with ammonium-sulfate and straw ash as potassium source. These recycling fertilizers were applied to plant- and field experiments by project partners in Brazil (University of Sao Paulo) and Australia (University of Queensland). Furthermore, in leaching experiments, the solubility of phosphorus in AshDec was compared to triple super phosphate. The experiments were carried out on soils with a varying phosphorus buffering index. Results show, that the phosphorus form in AshDec is way less soluble in water. This indicates that AshDec has the potential for a so-called next generation fertilizer – a fertilizer which’s nutrients remain in the soil and supply the plant according to its needs. At the moment, this behavior gets examined more in depth in lysimeter experiments in cooperation with University of Technology Berlin.
The focus of KWB is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of different NextGen fertilizers to evaluate the entire process chain from recovery to fertilizer application. The NextGen fertilizer is credited by the amount of plant available nutrients in the product, which replace nutrients from conventional fertilizer. The LCA covers N-struvite precipitation from municipal wastewater, K-struvite precipitation from industrial wastewater and the AshDec-product from sewage sludge. The LCA task is almost complete. It could be shown that struvite precipitation has comprehensive environmental benefits, mainly since positive side effects occur in sewage sludge treatment (e.g. reduced sludge volume). In principle, the energetic and ecological profile of the AshDec process compared to direct use of sewage sludge ash cannot be assessed as being generally beneficial or negative. Regarding the global warming potential, the Ashdec process shows that the expenses (e.g. energy, chemicals) cannot be covered by the P fertilizer credit. In contrast, the impact categories “terrestrial acidification potential”, and “freshwater eutrophication potential” show positive results as the credits for conventional fertilizer are higher than the burdens for the process.
At University Bonn, the standardized pot experiments were conducted with several AshDec variations, using ryegrass, soybean, and spinach on a slightly acidic sandy soil and an organic-free standard substrate. P-uptake and biomass production of different AshDec variations were generally like those of triple super phosphate and struvite, and clearly outperformed untreated sewage sludge ash and rock phosphate. Field trials in Australia and Brazil with sugarcane on acidic soils are still ongoing and results are expected by the end of 2021.
T2 - PLANT 2030 Status Seminar 2021 (BMBF)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2021
KW - Recycling fertiliser
KW - Phosphorus recovery
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52251
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Buchert, M.
A1 - Sutter, J.
T1 - Environmental Evaluation of Gypsum Plasterboard Recycling
N2 - Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector and its worldwide consumption has been increasing for several decades. Depending on the life-time of the used gypsum products, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste follows. Especially against the background of a circular economy, the recycling of waste gypsum is of growing importance. However, the use of recycled gypsum makes only sense if it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, an evaluation of the environmental impacts of an industrial-scale processing for the recycling of post-consumer gypsum waste was conducted. The evaluation was performed with an established life cycle assessment software. Original data provided by industry and complementary data from a database for life cycle assessments were used for the calculations. Two scenarios for recycled gypsum with different transportation distances were calculated. These results are compared with results of the environmental evaluation of gypsum derived from coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) and natural gypsum. The results show that utilization of recycled gypsum can be environmentally advantageous compared to the use of natural gypsum or FGD gypsum, especially in the impact categories land transformation and resource consumption (abiotic depletion potential). For most environmental impact categories the specific transportation distances have a strong influence.
KW - Gypsum plasterboards
KW - Gypsum waste
KW - Recycled gypsum
KW - Environmental evaluation
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522321
SN - 2075-163X
VL - 11
IS - 2
SP - 101
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Schweiz
AN - OPUS4-52232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Hydraulic reactivity of alite rich material from post-treated basic oxygen furnace slags
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are a by-product of steel production. In 2016, 10.4 Mt of BOFS were produced in the European Union (EU). The main part of BOFS is used in road construction, earthwork and hydraulic engineering. A smaller part is returned to the metallurgical circle, used as fertilizer or landfilled. However, it is also possible to produce higher value products from BOFS. For example, many researchers have investigated the possibility of producing Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS by a carbothermal post-treatment.
In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent. The carbothermal treatment reduces the iron oxides in the BOFS to metallic iron, which accumulates at the bottom of the furnace by density separation. In addition to metallic iron, the process generates a mineral product rich in the tricalcium silicate solid solution alite. As the main constituent of Portland cement clinker, the hydraulic reactive mineral alite is of high economic importance.
In previous studies, the hydraulic reactivity of the mineral product was investigated by testing the compressive strength of blends with 70 wt.% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Recent investigations focused on the hydraulic properties of the pure mineral product from the reduced BOFS. The heat of hydration of the mineral product was measured by isothermal calorimetry and compared with the heat of hydration of a synthetic low-iron slag and OPC. In addition, the formation of hydration products was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) on freeze-dried samples after defined curing times. The results of the calorimetric measurements indicate that the mineral product produced less heat of hydration and its reaction was delayed compared to the synthetic low-iron slag and OPC. Hydration products such as portlandite and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) formed later and in lower amounts.
The production of a hydraulic material from BOFS by reductive treatment is of great interest to both the cement and steel industries. The substitution of cement clinker in OPC with a hydraulic material such as reduced BOFS leads to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from cement production. The steel industry benefits from an application for its by-products that avoids cost expensive landfilling and may even bring economic advantages. Furthermore, it may be possible to return the recovered crude iron to production.
T2 - 3rd European Mineralogical Conference
CY - Cracow, Poland
DA - 30.08.2021
KW - BOFS
KW - Calcium silicate
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Portland cement clinker from reduced basic oxygen furnace slag
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) is a by-product of the steelmaking process, of which about 10.4 Mt are produced annually in the European Union. Besides its predominant use in road construction, earthwork, and hydraulic engineering, it is also possible to use BOFS as a source material for Portland cement clinker.
The main difference in the chemical composition of BOFS from the chemical composition of Portland cement clinker is its high content of iron oxides (7-50 wt.%). In recent decades, many researchers have investigated the production of both Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS via thermochemical reductive treatment. Carbothermal treatment of liquid BOFS causes reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, which separates from the mineral phase due to its higher density.
In this study, German BOFS was reduced in a small-scale electric arc furnace using petrol coke as reducing agent. The produced low-iron mineral product was chemically similar to Portland cement clinker and contained the most important Portland cement mineral alite (Ca3SiO5) as main component. Besides alite, the mineral product contained other Portland cement clinker constituents such as belite (β-Ca2SiO4) and tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6).
The production of Portland cement clinker and crude iron from BOFS has economic and ecological benefits for both the cement and steel industry. Cement clinker from reduced BOFS may be used as a substitute for cement clinker from conventional cement production, thereby CO2 emissions will be reduced. The steel industry benefits from a high-value application for its by-products that avoids cost expensive landfilling and may even bring economic advantages. However, reductive treatment requires high temperatures and, for economic reasons, has to be carried out immediately after casting of the liquid BOFS, which is a logistical challenge for most steel plants. A cost-benefit analysis is therefore essential.
T2 - European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.09.2021
KW - BOFS
KW - Portland Cement
KW - Hydraulic reactivity
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53475
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Stephan, D.
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
T1 - Synthesis and characterisation of alites from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment.
In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC.
If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases.
KW - BOFS
KW - Hydration products
KW - Thermal analysis
KW - X-ray diffraction
PY - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106518
SN - 0008-8846
VL - 147
SP - 6518
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52939
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlögel, Kai
A1 - Loose, Florian
A1 - Hee, Johann
A1 - Quicker, Peter
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Enhancing the Sustainability of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP Strategies for Effective Feedstock Recycling as Reducing Agents in Pyrometallurgy
N2 - Despite its contribution to tackling climate change by lightweight design, growing CFRP production also results in a global waste generation of 62 kt/a. Accordingly, the energy-intensive production process of carbon fibers (CF) necessitates sustainable recycling solutions.
Herein we will give an overview of current recycling processes, discuss their limitations and present a novel approach for safe treatment of CF unsuitable for material recovery . Our project CF Pyro examines feedstock recycling in pyrometallurgical processes, focusing on reactivity of CF, process stability and prevention of hazardous WHO fiber release. Besides fundamental experimental breakthroughs, their broader impact on circular economy will be presented.
T2 - CU Online Forum „Composites and Sustainability“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 29.06.2021
KW - Carbon Fibers
KW - Recycling
KW - Electric Arc Furnace
KW - CFRP
KW - Pyrometallurgy
KW - Steelmaking
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52920
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Kargl, F.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Ivashko, O.
T1 - In situ synchrotron XRD measurements during solidification of a melt in the CaO–SiO2 system using an aerodynamic levitation system
N2 - Phase formation and evolution was investigated in the CaO–SiO2 system in the range of 70–80 mol% CaO. The samples were container-less processed in an aerodynamic levitation system and crystallization was followed in situ by synchrotron x-ray diffraction at the beamline P21.1 at the German electron synchrotron (DESY). Modification changes of di- and tricalcium silicate were observed and occurred at lower temperatures than under equilibrium conditions. Despite deep sample undercooling, no metastable phase formation was observed within the measurement timescale of 1 s. For the given cooling rates ranging from 300 K s−1 to about 1 K s−1, no decomposition of tricalcium silicate was observed. No differences in phase evolution were observed between reducing and oxidizing conditions imposed by the levitation gas (Ar and Ar + O2). We demonstrate that this setup has great potential to follow crystallization in refractory oxide liquids in situ. For sub-second primary phase formation faster detection and for polymorph detection adjustments in resolution have to be implemented.
KW - Aerodynamic levitation
KW - Calcium silicate
KW - Phase formation
KW - Oxide melts
KW - In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526952
VL - 33
IS - 26
SP - 264003 (12pp)
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-52695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Ehm, J.H.
T1 - Schwankungen der P-Gehalte in Klärschlämmen im Kontext der Klärschlammverordnung
N2 - Ab 2029 gilt für alle Kläranlagen in Deutschland eine Pflicht zur Rückgewinnung von Phosphor (P) aus Klärschlamm. Ausgenommen sind nur Anlagen mit Schlämmen mit weniger als 20 g P/kg bezogen auf die Trockenmasse (TM). Für eine Überprüfung der Phosphorschwankungen im Klärschlamm wurden neun verschiedene Kläranlagen ausgewählt mit Phosphorgehalten nahe der "Rückgewinnungsgrenze" von 20 g/kg TM. Der entwässerte Klärschlamm dieser Anlagen wurde monatlich beprobt und auf seinen Phosphorgehalt geprüft. Die Phosphorschwankungen betrugen je nach Anlage zwischen 4 % und 13 % (relative Standardabweichung), im Mittel rund 7 %.
T2 - KlärschlammTage
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 09.06.2021
KW - Phosphor
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Abwasserbehandlung
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
PY - 2021
SP - 102
EP - 108
PB - Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e. V. (DWA)
CY - Hennef
AN - OPUS4-52839
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
T1 - Schwankungen der P-Gehalte in Klärschlämmen im Kontext der Klärschlammverordnung
N2 - Es wurden die Schwankungen der Phosphorgehalte in kommunalem Klärschlamm vorgestellt. Dazu wurden von 9 Kläranlagen monatlich Klärschlammproben genommen und auf P untersucht.
T2 - KlärschlammTage
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 09.06.2021
KW - Phosphor
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Abwasserbehandlung
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52840
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
A1 - Weingart, E.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recovery of zinc from steel mill dusts in the rotary kiln by joint treatment with chloride-containing residues
N2 - During iron and steel production, several by-products such as slags, dusts and sludges are generated in addition to pig iron and steel as primary products. While established recycling routes exist for slags, there are still considerable recycling problems for other residual materials, especially for filter dusts and sludges containing zinc and lead from waste gas purification. However, the high heavy metal contents make landfilling these dusts and sludges cost-intensive and ecologically problematic. In addition, the relatively high zinc and iron loads represent a valuable material potential, which can make reprocessing of the material with recovery of the zinc and iron loads as secondary raw materials ecologically as well as economically attractive. Against this background, a process is being developed in a cooperative project between Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), in which the heavy metals (zinc, lead, cadmium, etc.) contained in the filter dusts and sludges are selectively converted into chlorides in a thermochemical process after the addition of a chlorine donor and evaporated at temperatures between 650 and 1100 °C. This process can be used to recover zinc and iron as secondary raw materials.
Experiments to date in a batch reactor show that >99% of the zinc and lead can be removed from the treated material. However, a continuous process is necessary for an economical process, which is why this process is transferred to a rotary kiln and relevant process parameters are identified and optimized. The results of these investigations will be presented here.
T2 - European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.09.2021
KW - Elektroofenstaub
KW - Gichtgasschlamm
KW - Recycling
KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung
KW - Zink
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Spanka, M.
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Auer, G.
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling
N2 - One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band.
KW - Blast-furnace sludge
KW - Selective chlorination
KW - Zinc chloride
PY - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 402
IS - 123511
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51141
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Helfenstein, J.
A1 - Massey, M.
A1 - Sekine, R.
A1 - Kretzschmar, R.
A1 - Beiping, L.
A1 - Peter, T.
A1 - Chadwick, O.
A1 - Tamburini, F.
A1 - Rivard, C.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Pradas del Real, A.
A1 - Castillo-Michel, H.
A1 - Zuin, L.
A1 - Wang, D.
A1 - Félix, R.
A1 - Lassalle-Kaiser, B.
A1 - Frossard, E.
T1 - Microspectroscopy reveals dust-derived apatite grains in acidic, highly-weathered Hawaiian soils
N2 - Dust deposition is an important source of phosphorus (P) to many ecosystems. However, there is little evidence of dust-derived P-containing minerals in soils. Here we studied P forms along a well-described climatic Gradient on Hawaii, which is also a dust deposition gradient. Soil mineralogy and soil P forms from six sites along the climatic gradient were analyzed with bulk (X-ray diffraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure) and microscale (X-ray fluorescence, P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure, and Raman) analysis methods. In the wettest soils, apatite grains ranging from 5 to 30 μm in size were co-located at the micro-scale with quartz, a known continental dust indicator suggesting recent atmospheric deposition. In addition to co-location with quartz, further evidence of dust-derived P included backward trajectory modeling indicating that dust particles could be brought to Hawaii from the major global dust-loading areas in central Asia and northern Africa. Although it is not certain whether the individual observed apatite grains were derived from long-distance transport of dust, or from local dust sources such as volcanic ash or windblown fertilizer, these observations offer direct evidence that P-containing minerals have reached surface layers of highly-weathered grassland soils through atmospheric deposition.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - soil
KW - microspectroscopy
KW - Raman spectroscopy
KW - XANES spectroscopy
KW - x-ray diffraction
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511522
SN - 0166-0918
SN - 1872-6259
VL - 381
SP - 114681-1
EP - 114681-11
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51152
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Gäbler, H.-E.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Investigation of scandium in bauxite residues of different origin
N2 - This paper focuses on the scandium speciation in bauxite residues of different origin. Insights into mineralchemical similarities and differences of these materials will be presented and links to their natural geological background discussed. The presented research should provide fundamental knowledge for the future development of efficient and viable technologies for Sc-recovery from bauxite residues derived from different bauxites and accumulating at different localities. In total, five bauxite residues were investigated which originated from Greece, Germany, Hungary and Russia (North Ural & North Timan) using a combination of different analytical tools. Those included: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption near Edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, μ-Raman spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses. X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the overall chemical composition. The investigated samples were found to exhibit a relatively homogenous distribution of Sc between the larger mineral particles and the fine-grained matrix except for Al-phases like diaspore, boehmite and gibbsite. These phases were found to be particularly low in Sc. The only sample where Sc mass fractions in Al-phases exceeded 50 mg/kg was the Russian sample from North Ural. Fe-phases such as goethite, hematite and chamosite (for Russian samples) were more enriched in Sc than the Al-phases.
In fact, in Greek samples goethite showed a higher capacity to incorporate or adsorb Sc than hematite. Accessory minerals like zircon, rutile/anatase and ilmenite were found to incorporate higher mass fractions of Sc (>150 mg/kg), however, those minerals are only present in small amounts and do not represent major host phases for Sc. In Russian samples from North Ural an additional Ca–Mg rich phase was found to contain significant mass fractions of Sc (>500 mg/kg). μ-XANES spectroscopy was able to show that Sc in bauxite residue occurs adsorbed onto mineral surfaces as well as incorporated into the crystal lattice of certain Fe-phases. According to our observations the bauxite type, i.e. karstic or lateritic, the atmospheric conditions during bauxitization, i.e. oxidizing or reducing, and consequently the dominant Sc-bearing species in the primary Bauxite influence the occurrence of Sc in bauxite residues. In karstic bauxites, underlying carbonate rocks can work as a pH-barrier and stabilize Sc. This prevents the Sc from being mobilized and removed during bauxitization. Hence, karstic bauxites are more prone to show a Sc enrichment than lateritic bauxites. Reducing conditions during bauxitization support the incorporation of Sc into clay minerals such as chamosite, which can dissolve and reprecipitate during Bayer processing causing Sc to be redistributed and primarily adsorb onto mineral surfaces in the bauxite residue. Oxidizing conditions support the incorporation of Sc into the crystal lattice of Fe-oxides and hydroxides, which are not affected in the Bayer process. The genetic history of the bauxite is therefore the major influential factor for the Sc occurrence in bauxite residues.
KW - Sc recovery
KW - Scandium
KW - Bauxite Residue
KW - Red Mud
KW - XANES
PY - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.104898
SN - 0883-2927
VL - 126
SP - 104898
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52123
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Stemann, J.
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Comparison of thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate in laboratory-scale and pilot-scale experiments
N2 - There is an ongoing debate on European scale concerning the criticality of phosphorus. In Switzerland and Germany, phosphorus recovery from phosphorus-rich waste streams will become obligatory. Sewage sludge ash is rich in phosphorus and may become an important secondary feedstock. Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate under reducing conditions was shown to remove heavy metals from the solid product and produce the fully plant available crystalline phase CaNaPO4. Pilot-scale experiments in a rotary kiln were carried out at temperatures between 750 and 1000 °C and were compared to laboratory-scale experiments with crucibles. Process upscaling was successfully demonstrated but a series of differences were noticed: In comparison to laboratory-scale, solubility of phosphorus in samples from pilot-scale experiments was lower at all chosen treatment temperatures because of shorter retention time and incomplete decomposition of sodium sulphate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed remaining phase fractions of whitlockite (Ca3-x(Mg,Fe)x(PO4)2) and sodium sulphate from the starting materials in products and thus indicated incomplete reaction. In contrast to the results of laboratory-scale experiments, the crystalline phase CaNaPO4 was clearly absent in the products from the rotary kiln but instead a Mg-bearing phase (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 was formed. Laboratory-scale experiments confirmed (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 is an intermediate phase between whitlockite and CaNaPO4. However, both crystalline phases are characterized by high plant availability. It was shown that heavy metal removal increased at higher temperatures whereas solubility and thus plant availability of phosphorus already reached its maxima at temperatures of 950 °C in pilot-scale and 875 °C in laboratory-scale experiments.
KW - Crystalline phase identification
KW - Heavy metal removal
KW - Phosphorus availability
KW - Process upscaling
KW - Recovery
KW - Rhenanite
PY - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524084
VL - 19
IS - 3
SP - 1997
EP - 2006
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-52408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
T1 - Phase reaction during thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge and biomass ashes with alkali compounds to increase nutrient plant availability
N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen essenziell. Um die Phosphorversorgung für Pflanzen in der Landwirtschaft zu gewährleisten, werden Phosphordünger eingesetzt. Die Nährstoffe werden hauptsächlich durch Wirtschaftsdünger (Gülle, Jauche, Stallmist) zurückgeführt. Zusätzlich werden in der konventionellen Landwirtschaft mineralische Phosphordünger eingesetzt, die vorwiegend aus dem fossilen Rohstoff Phosphorit gewonnen werden. Um die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Rohstoffen zu reduzieren, sollen nährstoffhaltige Rest- und Abfallstoffe zur Phosphordünger aufbereitet werden. In Abwasserkläranlagen fällt phosphorreicher Klärschlamm als Abfallstoff an. Der größte Anteil des Klärschlammes wird in Steinkohlekraftwerken, Zementwerken oder in Monoklärschlammverbrennungsanlagen verbrannt. Die Klärschlammaschen aus den Monoverbrennungsanlagen enthalten bis zu 12 Gew.-% Phosphor und sind daher für die Düngerherstellung geeignet.
Ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Aufbereitung der Klärschlammaschen ist die thermochemische Behandlung im Drehrohrofen. Mit dem sogenannten AshDec®-Prozess, kann ein Phosphordünger hergestellt werden. Aktuell wird eine großtechnische Anlage in Altenstadt (Bayern) geplant, die im Jahr 2023 den Betrieb aufnehmen soll. Der zentrale Bestandteil ist die Phasenumwandlung von schlecht pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphaten in der Klärschlammasche (vorwiegend das Calciumphosphat Whitlockit und Aluminiumphosphat) zu gut pflanzenverfügbaren Calciumalkaliphosphaten im Produkt. Um dies zu erzielen, werden die Aschen mit Natrium- und/oder Kalium-Verbindungen gemischt und einer thermochemischen Behandlung bei 800-1000 °C zugeführt. Um die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit und Düngewirkung von Phosphaten abschätzen zu können, ist die chemische Extraktionsmethode mit neutraler Ammoniumcitratlösung geeignet.
In der Dissertation werden die (Phosphor-)Phasenreaktionen und die Prozessbedingungen des thermochemischen Verfahrens untersucht, um das Verfahren gezielt zu modifizieren und die Wirtschaftlichkeit zu steigern. Die Zielphasen der thermochemischen Behandlung sind die Calciumalkaliphosphate CaNaPO4 und CaKPO4, und deren Mischphasen Ca(Na,K)PO4, welche in der Publikation 3.1 synthetisiert wurden. Für diese Calciumalkaliphosphate wurden die thermodynamischen Daten der Standardbildungsenthalpie, Standardentropie, Wärmekapazität und die Wärmemenge der Phasenumwandlung bestimmt (Publikation 3.1).
Bei der thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen wurden als Additive Natrium- und Kaliumsulfat bei verschiedenen Temperaturen getestet. Der Einsatz von Kaliumadditiven ist erwünscht, um den Marktwert des Produktes durch die Produktion eines Phosphor-Kalium-Düngers zu erhöhen. Zusätzlich wird eine möglichst geringe Prozesstemperatur angestrebt, bei der die erwünschten Calciumalkaliphosphate gebildet werden.
In den Publikationen 3.2 und 3.3 wird gezeigt, dass für Klärschlammaschen eine komplette Phasenumwandlung zu Calciumnatriumphosphaten ab 875 °C in Laborversuchen (Korundtiegel) mit dem Additiv Natriumsulfat erzielt werden kann. Der Einsatz von Kaliumsulfat erforderte notwendige Reaktionstemperaturen von über 1100 °C. Diese
unterschiedlichen Reaktionstemperaturen hängen mit den Schmelzpunkten von Natriumsulfat (890 °C) und Kaliumsulfat (1070 °C) zusammen. Um Kaliumsulfat in den Prozess bei niedrigen Temperaturen zu integrieren, wurden Natriumsulfat und Kaliumsulfat vor der Behandlung gemischt. Dies führte zu einer Schmelzpunkterniedrigung und resultierte in Reaktionstemperaturen zwischen 900 °C bis 1000 °C für die untersuchten Mischungen von Natrium- und Kaliumsulfat (Publikation 3.3).
Die Zusammensetzung der Calciumalkaliphosphate Ca(Na,K)PO4 war anders als erwartet. Bei der Phasenanalytik stellte sich heraus, dass bei geringem und mittlerem Anteil von Kaliumsulfat im Alkali-Additiv nur Calciumnatriumphosphate mit sehr geringen Kaliumgehalten gebildet wurden. Erst bei einem hohen Anteil von Kaliumsulfat in der Mischung der Alkalisulfate konnten kaliumhaltige Calciumalkaliphosphate nachgewiesen werden (u.a. (Ca0.9Mg0.1)(Na0.6K0.4)PO4). Dieser geringere Einbau von Kalium in die Calciumalkaliphosphate hängt mit den zusätzlich stattfindenden Reaktionen zwischen den Alkalien und den Silikaten zusammen. Es ist bekannt, dass die zugegebenen Alkalisulfate zuerst mit Silikaten und anschließend mit den Phosphaten reagieren. Silikate bauen bevorzugt Kalium ein, deswegen konnten erst kaliumhaltige Phosphate gebildet werden, wenn die Reaktion mit den Silikaten abgeschlossen war. Dies führte zu einem geringeren Kaliumanteil in den gebildeten Phosphaten im Vergleich zum Kaliumanteil der verwendeten Alkaliadditive. Das in Silikaten gebundene Kalium ist wahrscheinlich schlecht für die Pflanzen verfügbar. Dies könnte den Einsatz der produzierten Phosphor-Kalium-Dünger einschränken. Der bevorzugte Kaliumeinbau in Silikaten konnte auch in Kalkulationen mit den thermodynamischen Daten aus der Publikation 3.1 gezeigt werden.
Mittels Phasenanalytik vor und nach der chemischen Extraktion, konnte die Zugehörigkeit zu verschiedenen Modifikationen der Calciumalkaliphosphaten sicher bestimmt werden und eine ungefähre Zusammensetzung dieser Calciumalkaliphosphate abgeschätzt werden. So konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Modifikation vom CaNaPO4 ungefähr 10 % Magnesium einbauen kann. Wenn mehr Magnesium eingebaut wird, bildet sich die Phase (Ca,Mg)NaPO4, die eine vergleichbare Struktur wie die bekannte Phase (Ca0.72Mg0.28)NaPO4 aufweist. Dieses magnesiumreiche Calciumnatriumphosphat entstand vermutlich, wenn entweder erhöhte Anteile an Kalium eingebaut wurden (Ca0.8Mg0.2)(Na0.85K0.15)PO4 (Publikation 3.3) oder die Phasenumwandlung vom Calciumphosphat Whitlockit zum Calciumalkaliphosphat CaNaPO4 noch nicht abgeschlossen war (Publikation 3.2). Wenn mehr Kalium eingebaut wird, dann entsteht eine Phase (u.a. (Ca0.9Mg0.1)(Na0.6K0.4)PO4) ähnlich zu den Mischphasen aus der Publikation 3.1.
In den Publikationen 3.4 und 3.5 wurden keine Klärschlammaschen untersucht, sondern Biokohlen aus Modellklärschlämmen (Publikation 3.5) und Biomasseaschen (Publikation 3.4) aus der Vergasung oder Verbrennung einer Mischung aus Zuckerrohrbagasse und Hühnertrockenkot. Die thermochemischen Produkte der Biokohlen bzw. Biomasseaschen enthielten das gewünschte CaNaPO4 und hatten eine hohe Düngewirkung in Pflanzenwachstumsversuchen mit Sojapflanzen bzw. Gräsern.
KW - AshDec
KW - Recycling fertilizer
KW - Calcium alkali phosphate
PY - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 186
CY - Jena
AN - OPUS4-54724
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neuhold, S.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Drissen, P.
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Presoly, P.
A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P.
A1 - Schenk, J.
A1 - Raith, J. G.
A1 - Pomberger, R.
A1 - Vollprecht, D.
T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 Ratio in Electric Arc Furnace Slags to Minimize the Leaching of Vanadium and Chromium
N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior.
KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags
KW - FactSageTM calculations
KW - Leaching control mechanisms
KW - Melting experiments
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571517
VL - 10
IS - 7
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-57151
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
T1 - Analiza możliwości wykorzystania w Polsce popiołów ze spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych na cele nawozowe
T1 - Use of municipal sewage sludge ash for fertilizing purposes. An analysis of possibilities in Poland
N2 - Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim.
N2 - Ashes from thermal transformation of municipal sewage sludge were thermochem. modified at 1000°C in the presence of NaHCO3 and sewage sludge to obtain CaNaPO4 and reduce the content of heavy metals in the produced fertilizer. Its bioavailability was more than 99% higher than that of raw ashes (50%). The nutrient content was 13.56 % Ca, 6.33% P, 4.36% K and 5.0% Fe. The content of heavy metals in fertilizer products met the std. requirements and was exceeded only in the case of Pb (278.3 mg/kg d.m.).
KW - Ashes
KW - Waste
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Recovery
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2020.8.14
VL - 99
IS - 8
SP - 1186
EP - 1191
AN - OPUS4-51267
LA - pol
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Feldmann, Ines
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Reuter, M.
A1 - Stelter, M.
T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen
N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration.
Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase.
Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen.
Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist.
N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process.
The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke.
KW - Tantal
KW - Recycling
KW - Reduktionsprozess
KW - Perowskit
KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen
PY - 2020
SN - 1613-2394
VL - 73
IS - 4
SP - 196
EP - 205
PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld
AN - OPUS4-51064
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
T1 - Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential
N2 - This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers.
Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation.
KW - Municipal sewage sludge
KW - Sewage sludge ash (SSA)
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Recovery potential
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.042
VL - 116
SP - 31
EP - 39
PB - Elsevier Ltd
AN - OPUS4-51093
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Levandowski, G. V.
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash.
KW - Sugar cane bagasse
KW - Chicken manure ash
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Nutrient
KW - Plant availability
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735
VL - 10
SP - 895
EP - 6
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-50973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Wiesler, F.
A1 - Hund-Rinke, K.
A1 - George, E.
A1 - Greef, J.-M.
A1 - Holz, F.
A1 - Hölze, L.E.
A1 - Hülsbergen, K.-J.
A1 - Martin, S.
A1 - Severin, K.
A1 - Spielvogel, S.
A1 - Geiger, P.
A1 - Nawotke, C.
A1 - Kehlenbeck, H.
A1 - Schenkel, H.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Bloem, E.
A1 - Frank, D.
A1 - Goldbach, H.E.
A1 - Heene, M.
A1 - Kratz, S.
A1 - Kruse, A.
A1 - Möller, K.
A1 - Pinnekamp, J.
A1 - Schoumans, O.F.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Wulf, S.
T1 - Recyclingphosphate in der Düngung – Nutzen und Grenzen
N2 - Weltweit werden etwa 80–85 % aller abgebauten Rohphosphate für die Produktion von Düngemitteln verwendet. Bei noch steigendem Bedarf an Phosphor (P) geht man derzeit davon aus, dass die weltweiten P-Reserven noch über 200 Jahre ausreichen. Um den P-Vorrat langfristig abzusichern, sollte der in Reststoffen enthaltene Phosphor möglichst umfänglich genutzt werden. Dieser Forderung trägt das von der Bundesregierung 2012 erstmals beschlossene Deutsche Ressourceneffizienzprogramm ProgRess Rechnung. Rohphosphat wird auch seitens der Europäischen Kommission aufgrundseiner ökonomischen Bedeutung und des unsicheren Angebots als „kritischer Rohstoff“ eingestuft. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Bundesregierung in der Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Klärschlammverwertung vom 27. September 2017 in Deutschland eine verpflichtende technische Rückgewinnung von Phosphor für Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen ab einer Ausbaugröße von 100.000 Einwohnerwerten (12 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) bzw. ab einer Ausbaugröße von über 50.000 Einwohnerwerten (15 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) vorgeschrieben. Die Verordnung enthält keine Vorgaben hinsichtlich der anzuwendenden Technologie bei der Phosphorrückgewinnung. Ausgenommen von der Rückgewinnungspflicht sind Klärschlämme mit niedrigen Phosphorgehalten (weniger als 20 Gramm Phosphor je Kilogramm Klärschlamm-Trockenmasse). Auch die im Jahre 2017 verabschiedeten neuen Rechtsvorschriften für die Düngung verlangen zukünftig einen nachhaltigen und ressourceneffizienten Umgang mit Nährstoffen bei der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung und schränken die P-Zufuhr insbesondere auf hoch versorgten Böden ein (Düngeverordnung vom 26. Mai 2017). Dies wird zu einem mehr am Pflanzenbedarf orientierten und ggf. vermehrt überbetrieblichen Einsatz von wirtschaftseigenen Düngern führen. Um den politischen und gesetzlichen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, müssen einerseits wirksame und kosteneffiziente technische Verfahren zum P-Recycling (weiter)entwickelt werden. Andererseits müssen die Recyclingprodukte die Anforderungen für eine direkte Verwendung in der Landwirtschaft oder als Rohstoff für die Herstellung von Düngemitteln erfüllen. In dem vorliegenden Standpunkt wird zunächst der potenzielle Beitrag von Reststoffen zur Deckung des P-Bedarfs in der deutschen Pflanzenproduktion geschätzt. Für die wichtigsten Reststoffe werden technische Verfahren zur P-Rückgewinnung bzw. Aufarbeitung skizziert. Auf Basis der Anforderungen der Landwirtschaft bzw. der Düngemittelindustrie
an die P-Recyclingprodukte werden deren Herstellungsverfahren bewertet. Schließlich wird der Regelungs- und Forschungsbedarf formuliert.
KW - Phosphor
KW - Düngemittel
KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT)
PY - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51011
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Hoffmann, Marie
A1 - Krüger, O.
A1 - Murzin, V.
A1 - Caliebe, W.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique
N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr).
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT)
KW - Chemical extraction
KW - XANES spectroscopy
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509578
SN - 0944-1344
VL - 27
SP - 24320
EP - 24328
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50957
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphatdüngemittel aus Klärschlammaschen
N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essenziell und wird beispielsweise von Pflanzen in Form von Phosphaten aufgenommen.
In der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion werden dem Boden die Phosphate durch Wachstum und Ernte der Pflanzen entzogen und müssen ihm in Form von Phosphatdüngemitteln wieder zugeführt werden, um die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu sichern. Rohphosphat stellt die Grundlage unserer derzeitigen Phosphatdüngemittel dar, ist aber gleichzeitig ein endlicher Rohstoff.
Des Weiteren sind insbesondere sedimentäre Rohphosphate oftmals mit erheblichen Konzentrationen toxischer Schadstoffe wie Cadmium, Uran und Thorium belastet. Eine Kreislaufführung des Phosphats sollte erfolgen, um natürliche Rohstoffvorkommen zu schonen und den Eintrag von Schadstoffen auf unsere Böden zu unterbinden.
KW - Phosphat
KW - Recyclingdüngemittel
PY - 2020
SN - 1610-6563
IS - 3
SP - 14
EP - 15
PB - MuP Verlag GmbH
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-50792
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
T1 - Baustoffrecycling: Kreislaufwirtschaft und Umweltschutz
N2 - Aktuelle Zahlen zum Baustoffrecycling Zielkonflikte im Kontext von Abfallwirtschaft, Boden- und Grundwasserschutz sowie rechtlichen Vorgabe mit den Beispielen rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen und RC-Gips.
T2 - IX. Baustoffseminar
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 11.03.2020
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Baustoffrecycling
KW - Ressourcenschonung
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51436
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin).
The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.
KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes
KW - Critical raw materials
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Sewage Sludge
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468
VL - 13
IS - 20
SP - 5461
AN - OPUS4-51446
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Krüger, O.
T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE)
N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry.
Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted.
KW - Wastewater
KW - Circular economy
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113
VL - 1
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Desalination Publications
CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
AN - OPUS4-50646
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Beckmann, T.
A1 - Reuter, M.
A1 - Stelter, M.
ED - Reiser, B.
T1 - Recycling von metallurgischen Rückständen - Schmelzversuche zeigen, wie die Tantalrückgewinnung aus Zinnschlacken und weiteren Reststoffen optimiert werden kann
N2 - Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment. In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided. Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases.
N2 - Da das Recycling von tantalhaltigen Post-Consumer-Abfällen praktisch nicht existiert, stellen metallurgische Reststoffe eine äußerst wichtige Rohstoffquelle für das Tantalrecycling dar. Die meisten Zinnerze enthalten von Natur aus erhebliche Mengen an Refraktärmetallen. Diese Elemente werden in den Schlacken der pyrometallurgischen Primärzinngewinnung angereichert. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise hohen Wertstoffkonzentration und ihrer Funktion als zusätzlicher Schlackenbildner stellen diese Schlacken einen wertvollen Rohstoff für die Verhüttung tantalhaltiger Reststoffe dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein existierendes Verfahren zur Tantalrückgewinnung diskutiert, dem hauptsächlich pyrometallurgische Rückstände geringer Wertstoffkonzentration als Einsatzstoff dienen. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens sollte dasoxidisch vorliegende Tantal vollständig reduziert und in der Metallphase angereichert werden. Weiterhin sollte vermieden werden, dass unerwünschte Elemente wie Titan in die Metallphase überführt werden. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse besser zu verstehen, um so Ansätze für die Prozessoptimierung identifizieren zu können.
KW - Lichtbogenofen
KW - Pyrometallurgie
KW - Recycling
KW - Tantal
KW - Zinnschlacke
PY - 2020
SN - 0934-3482
VL - 33
SP - 10
EP - 17
PB - Rhombos-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50656
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Sekine, R.
A1 - Huang, J.
A1 - Steckenmesser, D.
A1 - Steffens, D.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Borca, C.
A1 - Pradas del Real, A.
A1 - Castillo-Michel, H.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen species in the soil and the yield and phosphorus uptake of maize
N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammoniumcan enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and anammoniumsulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammoniumin the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available Ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammoniumuptake, whichmobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability.
KW - Fertilzer
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Ammonium
KW - Nitrification inhibitor
KW - XANES spectroscopy
KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136895
SN - 1879-1026
VL - 715
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50477
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Ehm, J.
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Pinnekamp, J.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung - Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT
N2 - Es wurden erste Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT vorgestellt. Im Projekt werden monatlich Klärschlammproben von 10 kommunalen Kläranlagen untersucht, deren P-Gehalt im Grenzbereich der AbfKlärV liegt zwischen 1,7 und 2,3%. Die ersten Ergebnisse lagen zu fünf Kläranlagen vor, es wurden Daten zum TS-Gehalt, zur oTS und zu den Nährstoffgehalten präsentiert.
T2 - DWA-Netzwerktag des Nord-Ost
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.01.2020
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - AbfKlärV
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
KW - Nährstoffe
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50300
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Preisner, M.
T1 - Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector
N2 - One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective Technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Waste water
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00960-z
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Grevel, K.-D.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Dachs, E.
A1 - Benisek, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Majzlan, J.
T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4
N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4.
Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams.
KW - Formation enthalpy
KW - Heat capacity
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Bioceramics
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Entropy
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640
VL - 55
SP - 8477
EP - 8490
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Neuhold, S.
A1 - Drissen, P.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Presoly, P.
A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P.
A1 - Schenk, J.
A1 - Raith, J. G.
A1 - Pomberger, R.
A1 - Vollprecht, D.
T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 ratio in electric arc furnace slags to minimize the leaching of Vanadium and Chromium
N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior.
KW - Electric arc furnace slags
KW - FactSage calculations
KW - EAF slags
KW - Leaching control mechanisms
KW - Melting experiments
PY - 2020
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507748
VL - 10
IS - 7
SP - 2549
EP - 2565
AN - OPUS4-50774
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Hoffmann, Marie
A1 - Taube, Mareike
A1 - Krüger, O.
A1 - Baran, R.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers
N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings.
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT)
KW - Extraction
PY - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 382
SP - 121100, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-48872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -