TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Levandowski, G. V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash. KW - Sugar cane bagasse KW - Chicken manure ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Nutrient KW - Plant availability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060895 VL - 10 SP - 895 EP - 6 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Buchberger, G. A1 - Stifter, D. A1 - Duchoslav, J. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin T1 - Spatial Period of Laser-Induced Surface Nanoripples on PET Determines Escherichia coli Repellence N2 - Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces are associated with persistent microbial contamination, biofouling, and the emergence of resistance, thus, calling for new strategies to impede bacterial surface colonization. Using ns-UV laser treatment (wavelength 248 nm and a pulse duration of 20 ns), laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) featuring different submicrometric periods ranging from ~210 to ~610 nm were processed on commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foils. Bacterial adhesion tests revealed that these nanorippled surfaces exhibit a repellence for E. coli that decisively depends on the spatial periods of the LIPSS with the strongest reduction (~91%) in cell adhesion observed for LIPSS periods of 214 nm. Although chemical and structural analyses indicated a moderate laser-induced surface oxidation, a significant influence on the bacterial adhesion was ruled out. Scanning electron microscopy and additional biofilm studies using a pili-deficient E. coli TG1 strain revealed the role of extracellular appendages in the bacterial repellence observed here. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Laser processing KW - Polyethylene terephthalate KW - Biofilm formation KW - Cell appendages KW - Biomimetic KW - F pili PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537431 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113000 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 3000 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-53743 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials N2 - Throughout their life cycle—from production, via usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. The aim of this Special Issue of the journal Materials is to publish original research and review articles as well as short communications tackling the problem of reliable environmental measurement methods and reporting exemplary case studies. KW - Contaminant transfer KW - Biocides in the environment KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Simulation of materials degradation KW - Transport modeling KW - Ecotoxicity testing PY - 2021 UR - mdpi.com/si/41578 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13-14 IS - 12(2020)-3(2021) SP - 13(12):2709 EP - 14(3):634 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Caliebe, W. A1 - Tayal, A. A1 - Vasala, S. J. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy N2 - The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future. KW - Müllverbrennung KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01954-2 SN - 1438-4957 VL - 26 SP - 2152 EP - 72158 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-59984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Schuck, G. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Speciation of copper and zinc compounds relevant for the hazard property (HP) 14 classification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and fly ashes N2 - The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 ‘ecotoxic’. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50–70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50–70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value. KW - Thermal waste treatment KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Incineration bottom ash PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609584 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.001 VL - 189 SP - 421 EP - 426 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon T1 - Spectroscopic analysis of colourants and binders of Chinese reverse glass paintings tracing a cultural dialogue N2 - Scientific analysis based on spectroscopic methods provide essential information on the composition of colourants and binders in paintings. These results can be set in a historical context and help to confirm art historical interpretations. Proofs of certain pigments can be used for dating purposes and may reveal if the artist used not only local but also imported materials. A pilot study of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th (Yingying and Hongniang) and early 20th centuries (The Archer) was performed using a multi-analytical approach including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. This approach allowed the identification of the pigments and the classification of the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in “Yingying and Hongniang” indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder. T2 - China and the West Reconsidering Chinese Reverse Glass Painting CY - Romont, Switzerland DA - 14.02.2020 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - DRIFTS KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Helfenstein, J. A1 - Massey, M. A1 - Kretzschmar, R. A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Verel, R. A1 - Chadwick, O. A1 - Frossard, E. T1 - Spectroscopic analysis shows crandallite can be a major component of soil phosphorus N2 - Phosphorus (P) bioavailability is crucial for the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems, and soil P speciation plays a major role therein. Better understanding of P forms present in soil is thus essential to predict bioavailability. Most studies on soil P forms differentiate between Ca-bound P (e.g. apatite), organic P, Fe-bound P, and Al-bound P. In our analysis of a Ca, Al, and P rich soil from the Kohala region of Hawaii, we identified the mineral crandallite, CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5∙H2O, a mineral previously not considered to play a significant role in soils. Crandallite was first identified with powder X-ray diffraction, and then confirmed with microfocused P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Crandallite XANES spectra were distinct from other common XANES spectra due to the presence of features in the post-edge region of the spectrum. Linear combination fitting of bulk P K-edge XANES spectra allowed the determination of the proportion of crandallite to the total P content, indicating that crandallite comprises up to half, possibly even more of the soil P in the samples. Crandallite is therefore an important and potentially overlooked component of soil P, which pedogenically forms in soils with high P, Al, and Ca contents, where it likely plays an important role in P bioavailability. KW - Phosphor KW - XANES spectrosocpy KW - infrared spectroscopy PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5556609 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - SRN AN - OPUS4-64739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Helfenstein, J. A1 - Massey, M. A1 - Kretzschmar, R. A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Verel, R. A1 - Chadwick, O. A1 - Frossard, E. T1 - Spectroscopic analysis shows crandallite can be a major component of soil phosphorus N2 - Phosphorus (P) bioavailability is crucial for the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems, and soil P speciation plays a major role therein. Better understanding of P forms present in soil is thus essential to predict bioavailability. However, P speciation studies are only as powerful as the reference spectra used to interpret them, and most studies rely on a limited set of reference spectra. Most studies on soil P forms differentiate between Ca-bound P (e.g. apatite), organic P, Fe-bound P, and Al-bound P. In our analysis of a Ca, Al, and P rich soil from the Kohala region of Hawaii, we identified the mineral crandallite, CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O, a mineral previously not considered to play a significant role in soils. Crandallite was first identified with powder X-ray diffraction. Subsequently reference spectra were collected, and the presence of crandallite was confirmed using micro-focused P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Crandallite XANES spectra were distinct from other common XANES spectra due to the presence of features in the post-edge region of the spectrum. Linear combination fitting of bulk P K-edge XANES spectra allowed the determination of the proportion of crandallite to the total P content, indicating that crandallite comprises up to half, possibly even more of the soil P in the samples. Crandallite is therefore an important and potentially overlooked component of soil P, which pedogenically forms in soils with high P, Al, and Ca contents, where it could play an important role in P bioavailability. KW - Phosphorus KW - XANES spectrosocpy KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - NMR spectrocopy PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654968 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117712 SN - 0016-7061 VL - 467 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Susset, Bernd A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der PFAS-Elution N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden spezifische Herausforderungen bei Elutionsuntersuchungen von Bodenproben mit einer PFAS-Kontamination vorgestellt. Aus durchgeführten Robustheitsuntersuchungen im ZAG der Universität Tübingen sowie in der BAM wurden praxisrelevante Schlussfolgerungen erläutert und für einzelne PFAS-Verbindungen und Vorläufersubstanzen konkretisiert. Dabei wurde auch auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg und die Bedeutung des Fest/Flüssigtrennschrittes beim Schüttelverfahren eingegangen. Die Untersuchung von Böden auf PFAS mit Elutionsversuchen ist generell möglich, aber es besteht eine komplexe Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen im Eluat vom Gesamtgehalt, der Löslichkeit und des Verteilungsmusters der einzelnen PFAS, der Art der Bodenmatrix und dem Einfluss der Probenaufbereitung vor der Analytik. Die geringere Sensitivität der Feststoffanalytik für PFAS im Vergleich zur Eluatanalytik erschwert die Berechnung von Massenbilanzen. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elution KW - PFAS KW - Prekursoren KW - Boden KW - Säulenversuch KW - Schüttelversuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Standard Operating Procedures in the digital context N2 - The intention of the presentation is to inspire a discussion on the needs and challenges for the digitalisation of SOPs. SOPs are available for the disciplines of physical-chemical characterisation, for toxicology, for environmental applications and for exposure applications. Furthermore the SOPs need to be integrated in the regulatory framework and need to be detailed enough for the digital processing. This is highlighted in this presentation. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - Nano KW - SOP KW - NFDI KW - Digitalisation KW - Operating Procedure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Biwen Annie T1 - Standardization of MIC laboratory testing: with a special focus on corrosive methanogens N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a highly unpredictable process involving a complex group of microorganisms, including sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens. Standard laboratory MIC testing using static serum bottle enrichments is an easy but limited method, offering poor resolution on the biomineralization process of corrosion products. An example of this is the presumed corrosion product siderite by corrosive methanogens (Mi-MIC). Previous publications reported siderite was the sole corrosion product of M. maripaludis using metal coupons incubated under stationary conditions. However, the formation of siderite is closely related to the surrounding environmental conditions, i.e. pH, CO2 concentration, flow and temperature. Thus, siderite as the sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC remain inconclusive and questionable. To study Mi-MIC effectively, a novel versatile multiport flow-column corrosion monitoring system (MFC) was developed. MFC allows sectional corrosion rate determination under flow conditions using different types of material, inoculum and packing material. MFC offers great flexibility, ease of operation and accurate corrosion measurements that can be combined with many other techniques. Using MFC, we studied multiple strains of methanogens and compared it with sulfate-reducing bacteria under neutral and low pH conditions. It was revealed by MFC that corrosive methanogens have equally high corrosion potential as sulfate-reducing bacteria. Additionally, siderite is not the dominant nor sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC. Thus, effective corrosion monitoring and establishing standard laboratory practices, i.e. incorporating MFC as part of regular testing process, will provide deeper understanding of MIC. This will allow further microbial electrophysiology understandings, contributing to effective mitigation strategy development. T2 - EUROPEAN MIC NETWORK WEBINAR CY - Online meeting DA - 19.05.2020 KW - MIC KW - Methanogen KW - FIB/SEM KW - Corrosion products KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Flow Model KW - Modelling KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bucar, K. A1 - Malet, J. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Pražnikar, J. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Žitnik, M. T1 - Statistics of a Sharp GP2Y Low-Cost Aerosol PM Sensor Output Signals N2 - In this work, we characterise the performance of a Sharp optical aerosol sensor model GP2Y1010AU0F. The sensor was exposed to different environments: to a clean room, to a controlled atmosphere with known aerosol size distribution and to the ambient atmosphere on a busy city street. During the exposure, the output waveforms of the sensor pulses were digitised, saved and a following offline analysis enabled us to study the behaviour of the sensor pulse-by-pulse. A linear response of the sensor on number concentration of the monosized dispersed PSL particles was shown together with an almost linear dependence on particle diameters in the 0.4 to 4 micrometer range. The gathered data about the sensor were used to predict its response to an ambient atmosphere, which was observed simultaneously with a calibrated optical particle counter. KW - Aerosol KW - Partikel KW - Aerosolsensor KW - Luftgüte KW - Umweltmessung PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517466 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236707 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 23 SP - 6707 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-51746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schneider, Joachim A1 - Schraut, Katharina T1 - Strategien für die Nutzung von Schlacken zukünftiger wasserstoffbasierter Stahlproduktionsrouten – Herstellung von Stahlwerksschlacke basierten Ausgangsstoffen für die Zementindustrie N2 - Die Europäische Kommission präsentierte am 11. Dezember 2019 den European Green Deal, ein Konzept mit dem Ziel, bis zum Jahr 2050 als erster Kontinent Klimaneutralität zu erreichen. Mit Inkrafttreten der Verordnung (EU) 2021/1119 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Europäischen Rates am 29. Juli 2021 zur Schaffung des Rahmens für die Verwirklichung der Klimaneutralität („Europäisches Klimagesetz“), ist dieses, sowie das Ziel der Reduzierung der Nettotreibhausgasemissionen um mindestens 55 % bis 2030 in der Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Union verankert. Die Stahlindustrie in der Europäischen Union mit ca. 57 Mio. t Nettotreibhausgasemissionen im Jahr 2020, die annähernd 2 % der Emissionen der Europäischen Union ausmachen (Inklusive Energie: 127 Mio. t; 4 %), bekennt sich zur erheblichen Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2030 und zum Erreichen der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2050. Als Schlüsselwege zur Verwirklichung dieser Zielstellung hat sie zum einen Smart Carbon Usage (SCU) und zum anderen Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA) in einer Roadmap formuliert. SCU umfasst CO2-reduzierende Maßnahmen in bestehenden Eisen- und Stahlproduktionsprozessen, Carbon Capture and Storage- (CCS) sowie Carbon Capture and Usage-Technologien (CCU). Wohingegen bei CDA CO2-Emissionen durch erneuerbare elektrische Energie sowie wasserstoffbasierte Reduktion des Eisenerzes gar nicht erst entstehen sollen. Der CDA-Weg, der voraussichtlich beschritten werden muss, um eine klimaneutrale Stahlproduktion zu erreichen [38], geht mit einer kostenintensiven Transformation der Stahlproduktion einher, die bereits von vielen Unternehmen der Stahlindustrie eingeleitet wurde und von der im Wesentlichen die beiden in Europa vorherrschenden Stahlproduktionsrouten Hochofen-Konverter-Route und Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route betroffen sind. Die CO2-Emissionen der Hochofen-Konverter-Route, von denen der überwiegende Anteil auf den Hochofen fällt, liegen laut einer für das Jahr 2015 erstellten Studie bei 1921 kg CO2/t Rohstahl inklusive der CO2-Last der Pellets als Einsatzmaterial sowie der Emissionen der nachgelagerten Stranggießanlagen und Walzwerke. Im Hochofen wird das Eisenerz durch Kohlenstoff (C) bzw. Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) – welche größtenteils aus dem Koks, der dem Hochofen zusammen mit dem Möller über die Gicht zugeführten wird, stammen – unter Entstehung von Roheisen und Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) reduziert. Das neben dem CO2 im Prozessgas enthaltene CO wird zum Beispiel zur Energiegewinnung in peripheren Prozessen ebenfalls unter Bildung von CO2 verbrannt. Zusätzlich zur Reduktion hat der Koks unter anderem physikalische Aufgaben, wie die Errichtung eines Stützgerüstes und die Gewährleistung der Permeabilität im Hochofenprozess. Somit ist eine vollkommene Substitution des Kokses zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen im Hochofen nicht denkbar. Viele Strategien der Stahlunternehmen zum Erreichen der Klimaziele verfolgen daher den Wechsel von der Rohstahlproduktion aus der Hochofen-Konverter-Route hin zur Rohstahlproduktion im Elektrolichtbogenofen (EAF – Electric Arc Furnace) mit dem Einsatz von direkt reduziertem Eisen (Eisenschwamm, DRI – Direct Reduced Iron) aus vorgelagerten Direktreduktionsanlagen, die mit Wasserstoff (H2) als Reduktionsmittel betrieben werden können. Dabei ist die Elektrostahlerzeugung kein neuer Prozess und nimmt in der europäischen Union bereits jetzt einen Anteil von ca. 44 % der Rohstahlproduktion ein, jedoch überwiegend mit Schrott als Einsatzmaterial. Bei der Elektrostahlerzeugung mit Schrotteinsatz fallen laut der oben genannten Studie von Lüngen für das Jahr 20152 410 kg CO2-Emissionen pro Tonne Rohstahl an, von denen der Großteil auf die CO2-Last der fremd bezogenen elektrischen Energie zurückzuführen ist und daher nicht im Produktionsprozess selbst entsteht. Auch die Direktreduktion wird schon seit 1972 in der weltweit zweiten und bis heute in Westeuropa einzigen Direktreduktionsanlage in Hamburg betrieben. Während hier noch mit einem Reduktionsgas gearbeitet wird, das hauptsächlich aus einem aus Erdgas gewonnenen Wasserstoff-Kohlenstoffmonoxid-Gemisch besteht, liegt eine aktuelle Kernherausforderung in der Bereitstellung des in der Größenordnung der von der Transformation betroffenen Rohstahlproduktionskapazitäten notwendigen, mit erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie hergestellten Wasserstoffs. Wird zusätzlich der Strom für das Einschmelzen im Elektrolichtbogenofen aus erneuerbaren Quellen gewonnen und werden schließlich als Brennstoff verwendete Kohle und als Brennstoff verwendetes Erdgas durch CO2-neutrale Bio-Brennstoffe ersetzt, sind sowohl für den Einsatz von mit Wasserstoff reduziertem und auf Pellets ohne CO2-Last basiertem Eisenschwamm als auch für den Einsatz von Schrott CO2-Emissionen von jeweils nur 60 kg CO2/t Rohstahl erreichbar, was eine Reduktion der Emissionen, ausgehend von der Konverter-Hochofen-Route um 97 % und ausgehend von der Schrott-Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route um 85 % bedeuten würde. Der Betrieb von Elektrolichtbogenöfen macht die an den Standorten vorhandenen Konverter sowie die Infrastruktur für Behandlung und Transport des Roheisens überflüssig. Die fortwährende Nutzung dieser bestehenden Anlagenstruktur dient daher unter anderem als Motivation für die Entwicklung einer zweiten Transformationsstrategie, die einen sogenannten Einschmelzer (SAF – Submerged Arc Furnace) als der Direktreduktionsanlage nachgelagerten Prozess vorsieht, in dem wiederum Roheisen erschmolzen wird, das anschließend im Konverter zu Rohstahl veredelt wird. Die Transformation der Stahlindustrie beeinflusst einen weiteren CO2-intensiven Industriesektor, nämlich die Zementindustrie die verantwortlich ist für rund 4 % der CO2-Emissionen in der EU. Etwa zwei Drittel dieser Emissionen entfallen als Prozessemissionen auf die Entsäuerung des Rohstoffs Kalkstein (CaCO3), also auf die Abspaltung von CO2 unter Entstehung des für die Herstellung von Zementklinker notwendigen Branntkalks (CaO) als Zwischenstufe bei der Bildung der hydraulischen Phasen Tri- und Dicalciumsilikat. Als eines der fünf Themenfelder (5C-Ansatz: Clinker, Cement, Concrete, Construction, Carbonation), welche die europäische Zementindustrie entlang ihrer Wertschöpfungskette zum Erreichen der gesetzlichen Vorgaben der europäischen Union erarbeitet hat, umfasst das Feld "Cement" zum größten Teil die Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors. Im Jahr 2017 betrug er 77 %, das heißt, dass 23 % des Klinkers durch alternative Materialien ersetzt wurden. Bis zum Jahr 2030 wird ein Faktor von 74 % und bis zum Jahr 2050 von 65 % angestrebt. Den größten Anteil an den Klinkersubstituten hat mit 33 % der Hüttensand aus der Stahlindustrie. Bei der Roheisenproduktion im Hochofen entsteht als Nebenprodukt Hochofenschlacke, die unter Zugabe von Schlackebildnern die Gangart des Möllers und mineralische Koksbestandteile abbindet, sowie weitere unerwünschte Begleitelemente wie Schwefel und Alkalien aufnimmt. Allein in Deutschland wurden im Jahr 2021 6,90 Mio. t – das entspricht 90 % der gesamten produzierten Hochofenschlacke – zu glasig erstarrtem Hüttensand granuliert. Dieser Hüttensand besitzt latent hydraulische Eigenschaften und wird daher seit mehr als 140 Jahren als Zementbestandteil eingesetzt, wodurch in Deutschland jährlich rund 4,5 Mio. t CO2-Emissionen eingespart werden. Alle Transformationsstrategien der Stahlindustrie beinhalten die notwendige Außerbetriebnahme der CO2-intensiven Hochöfen. Dies hat unter anderem zur Folge, dass die Hochofenschlacke als Nebenprodukt der Rohstahlerzeugung im Hochofen nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen wird, wodurch die weitere Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors erhebliche Zusatzmengen alternativer Materialien benötigen wird. Derzeit ist noch unklar, ob z.B. calcinierte Tone im benötigten Umfang erzeugt werden können. Der Fachbereich Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und das Institut für Baustoffforschung FEhS forschen zusammen mit Industriepartnern und weiteren Forschungseinrichtungen im Rahmen zweier Projekte in den Kooperationssphären der Stahl- und Zementindustrie, die zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen beitragen. Im Projekt SlagCEM wird die Produktion eines hydraulischen Zementbestandteils durch Reduktion von Konverter- bzw. Linz-Donawitz-Schlacke (LDS) untersucht. Die mit den zusätzlich aufgenommen Lichtbogenofenkapazitäten steigenden Mengen an Elektrolichtbogenofenschlacke (EOS, engl. electric arc furnace slag, EAFS) werden im Projekt DRI-EOS behandelt, welches die Produktion eines latent hydraulischen Hüttensandsubstituts zum Ziel hat. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2023 KW - Stahlwerksschlacke KW - Zementersatz PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-944310-72-5 VL - 10 SP - 222 EP - 233 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-57684 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Strategien für die Nutzung von Schlacken zukünftiger wasserstoffbasierter Stahlproduktionsrouten – Herstellung von Stahlwerksschlacke basierten Ausgangsstoffen für die Zementindustrie N2 - Die Europäische Kommission präsentierte am 11. Dezember 2019 den European Green Deal, ein Konzept mit dem Ziel, bis zum Jahr 2050 als erster Kontinent Klimaneutralität zu erreichen. Mit Inkrafttreten der Verordnung (EU) 2021/1119 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Europäischen Rates am 29. Juli 2021 zur Schaffung des Rahmens für die Verwirklichung der Klimaneutralität („Europäisches Klimagesetz“), ist dieses, sowie das Ziel der Reduzierung der Nettotreibhausgasemissionen um mindestens 55 % bis 2030 in der Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Union verankert. Die Stahlindustrie in der Europäischen Union mit ca. 57 Mio. t Nettotreibhausgasemissionen im Jahr 2020, die annähernd 2 % der Emissionen der Europäischen Union ausmachen (Inklusive Energie: 127 Mio. t; 4 %), bekennt sich zur erheblichen Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2030 und zum Erreichen der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2050. Als Schlüsselwege zur Verwirklichung dieser Zielstellung hat sie zum einen Smart Carbon Usage (SCU) und zum anderen Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA) in einer Roadmap formuliert. SCU umfasst CO2-reduzierende Maßnahmen in bestehenden Eisen- und Stahlproduktionsprozessen, Carbon Capture and Storage- (CCS) sowie Carbon Capture and Usage-Technologien (CCU). Wohingegen bei CDA CO2-Emissionen durch erneuerbare elektrische Energie sowie wasserstoffbasierte Reduktion des Eisenerzes gar nicht erst entstehen sollen. Der CDA-Weg, der voraussichtlich beschritten werden muss, um eine klimaneutrale Stahlproduktion zu erreichen [38], geht mit einer kostenintensiven Transformation der Stahlproduktion einher, die bereits von vielen Unternehmen der Stahlindustrie eingeleitet wurde und von der im Wesentlichen die beiden in Europa vorherrschenden Stahlproduktionsrouten Hochofen-Konverter-Route und Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route betroffen sind. Die CO2-Emissionen der Hochofen-Konverter-Route, von denen der überwiegende Anteil auf den Hochofen fällt, liegen laut einer für das Jahr 2015 erstellten Studie bei 1921 kg CO2/t Rohstahl inklusive der CO2-Last der Pellets als Einsatzmaterial sowie der Emissionen der nachgelagerten Stranggießanlagen und Walzwerke. Im Hochofen wird das Eisenerz durch Kohlenstoff (C) bzw. Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO) – welche größtenteils aus dem Koks, der dem Hochofen zusammen mit dem Möller über die Gicht zugeführten wird, stammen – unter Entstehung von Roheisen und Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) reduziert. Das neben dem CO2 im Prozessgas enthaltene CO wird zum Beispiel zur Energiegewinnung in peripheren Prozessen ebenfalls unter Bildung von CO2 verbrannt. Zusätzlich zur Reduktion hat der Koks unter anderem physikalische Aufgaben, wie die Errichtung eines Stützgerüstes und die Gewährleistung der Permeabilität im Hochofenprozess. Somit ist eine vollkommene Substitution des Kokses zur Vermeidung der CO2-Emissionen im Hochofen nicht denkbar. Viele Strategien der Stahlunternehmen zum Erreichen der Klimaziele verfolgen daher den Wechsel von der Rohstahlproduktion aus der Hochofen-Konverter-Route hin zur Rohstahlproduktion im Elektrolichtbogenofen (EAF – Electric Arc Furnace) mit dem Einsatz von direkt reduziertem Eisen (Eisenschwamm, DRI – Direct Reduced Iron) aus vorgelagerten Direktreduktionsanlagen, die mit Wasserstoff (H2) als Reduktionsmittel betrieben werden können. Dabei ist die Elektrostahlerzeugung kein neuer Prozess und nimmt in der europäischen Union bereits jetzt einen Anteil von ca. 44 % der Rohstahlproduktion ein, jedoch überwiegend mit Schrott als Einsatzmaterial. Bei der Elektrostahlerzeugung mit Schrotteinsatz fallen laut der oben genannten Studie von Lüngen für das Jahr 20152 410 kg CO2-Emissionen pro Tonne Rohstahl an, von denen der Großteil auf die CO2-Last der fremd bezogenen elektrischen Energie zurückzuführen ist und daher nicht im Produktionsprozess selbst entsteht. Auch die Direktreduktion wird schon seit 1972 in der weltweit zweiten und bis heute in Westeuropa einzigen Direktreduktionsanlage in Hamburg betrieben. Während hier noch mit einem Reduktionsgas gearbeitet wird, das hauptsächlich aus einem aus Erdgas gewonnenen Wasserstoff-Kohlenstoffmonoxid-Gemisch besteht, liegt eine aktuelle Kernherausforderung in der Bereitstellung des in der Größenordnung der von der Transformation betroffenen Rohstahlproduktionskapazitäten notwendigen, mit erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie hergestellten Wasserstoffs. Wird zusätzlich der Strom für das Einschmelzen im Elektrolichtbogenofen aus erneuerbaren Quellen gewonnen und werden schließlich als Brennstoff verwendete Kohle und als Brennstoff verwendetes Erdgas durch CO2-neutrale Bio-Brennstoffe ersetzt, sind sowohl für den Einsatz von mit Wasserstoff reduziertem und auf Pellets ohne CO2-Last basiertem Eisenschwamm als auch für den Einsatz von Schrott CO2-Emissionen von jeweils nur 60 kg CO2/t Rohstahl erreichbar, was eine Reduktion der Emissionen, ausgehend von der Konverter-Hochofen-Route um 97 % und ausgehend von der Schrott-Elektrolichtbogenofen-Route um 85 % bedeuten würde. Der Betrieb von Elektrolichtbogenöfen macht die an den Standorten vorhandenen Konverter sowie die Infrastruktur für Behandlung und Transport des Roheisens überflüssig. Die fortwährende Nutzung dieser bestehenden Anlagenstruktur dient daher unter anderem als Motivation für die Entwicklung einer zweiten Transformationsstrategie, die einen sogenannten Einschmelzer (SAF – Submerged Arc Furnace) als der Direktreduktionsanlage nachgelagerten Prozess vorsieht, in dem wiederum Roheisen erschmolzen wird, das anschließend im Konverter zu Rohstahl veredelt wird. Die Transformation der Stahlindustrie beeinflusst einen weiteren CO2-intensiven Industriesektor, nämlich die Zementindustrie die verantwortlich ist für rund 4 % der CO2-Emissionen in der EU. Etwa zwei Drittel dieser Emissionen entfallen als Prozessemissionen auf die Entsäuerung des Rohstoffs Kalkstein (CaCO3), also auf die Abspaltung von CO2 unter Entstehung des für die Herstellung von Zementklinker notwendigen Branntkalks (CaO) als Zwischenstufe bei der Bildung der hydraulischen Phasen Tri- und Dicalciumsilikat. Als eines der fünf Themenfelder (5C-Ansatz: Clinker, Cement, Concrete, Construction, Carbonation), welche die europäische Zementindustrie entlang ihrer Wertschöpfungskette zum Erreichen der gesetzlichen Vorgaben der europäischen Union erarbeitet hat, umfasst das Feld "Cement" zum größten Teil die Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors. Im Jahr 2017 betrug er 77 %, das heißt, dass 23 % des Klinkers durch alternative Materialien ersetzt wurden. Bis zum Jahr 2030 wird ein Faktor von 74 % und bis zum Jahr 2050 von 65 % angestrebt. Den größten Anteil an den Klinkersubstituten hat mit 33 % der Hüttensand aus der Stahlindustrie. Bei der Roheisenproduktion im Hochofen entsteht als Nebenprodukt Hochofenschlacke, die unter Zugabe von Schlackebildnern die Gangart des Möllers und mineralische Koksbestandteile abbindet, sowie weitere unerwünschte Begleitelemente wie Schwefel und Alkalien aufnimmt. Allein in Deutschland wurden im Jahr 2021 6,90 Mio. t – das entspricht 90 % der gesamten produzierten Hochofenschlacke – zu glasig erstarrtem Hüttensand granuliert. Dieser Hüttensand besitzt latent hydraulische Eigenschaften und wird daher seit mehr als 140 Jahren als Zementbestandteil eingesetzt, wodurch in Deutschland jährlich rund 4,5 Mio. t CO2-Emissionen eingespart werden. Alle Transformationsstrategien der Stahlindustrie beinhalten die notwendige Außerbetriebnahme der CO2-intensiven Hochöfen. Dies hat unter anderem zur Folge, dass die Hochofenschlacke als Nebenprodukt der Rohstahlerzeugung im Hochofen nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen wird, wodurch die weitere Reduzierung des Klinker-Zement-Faktors erhebliche Zusatzmengen alternativer Materialien benötigen wird. Derzeit ist noch unklar, ob z.B. calcinierte Tone im benötigten Umfang erzeugt werden können. Der Fachbereich Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und das Institut für Baustoffforschung FEhS forschen zusammen mit Industriepartnern und weiteren Forschungseinrichtungen im Rahmen zweier Projekte in den Kooperationssphären der Stahl- und Zementindustrie, die zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen beitragen. Im Projekt SlagCEM wird die Produktion eines hydraulischen Zementbestandteils durch Reduktion von Konverter- bzw. Linz-Donawitz-Schlacke (LDS) untersucht. Die mit den zusätzlich aufgenommen Lichtbogenofenkapazitäten steigenden Mengen an Elektrolichtbogenofenschlacke (EOS, engl. electric arc furnace slag, EAFS) werden im Projekt DRI-EOS behandelt, welches die Produktion eines latent hydraulischen Hüttensandsubstituts zum Ziel hat. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2023 KW - Stahlwerksschlacke KW - Zementersatz PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57683 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Studies of the black writing inks N2 - In recent years, the interest in the composition of the inks in papyri documents grew exponentially. Different types of inks were found in the period 4th century BCE to 7th century CE. The paper will demonstrate a simple protocol based on comparison of the ink transparency in the near infrared light and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The importance of including ink composition into new catalogues and possible formats of such data will be also presented and discussed. T2 - 31st International Congress of Papyrology CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 28.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink KW - Papyrus PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Sub-4 nm particles from FFF-3D printing measured with the TSI 1 nm CPC and the Airmodus A11 nCNC N2 - Concerns have been raised as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) desktop 3D printer emits harmful ultrafine particles (dP < 100 nm) during operation in indoor spaces. However, the vast majority of previous emission studies have neglected the possible occurrence of sub-4 nm particles by using conventional condensation particle counter (CPC) for detection. Thus, the total particle emission could be systematically underestimated. This study has compared two diethylene glycol (DEG) based instruments to evaluate their suitability for measuring organic FFF particles in the sub-4 nm size range either as particle counter or as a particle size spectrometer. T2 - European Aerosol Conference 2024 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Air pollution KW - Emission testing KW - FFF-3D printing KW - Sub-4nm particles KW - Ultrafine particles PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Success-Story CaNaPO4: Erfolgreiche REACH Registrierung und Inbetriebnahme großtechnischer Anlagen N2 - Aufgrund der Vorgaben in der novellierten Klärschlammverordnung 2017 (AbfKlärV) wird für die meisten Kläranlagen ab 2029 verpflichtend das enthaltene Phosphat zurückzugewinnen bzw. einer Phosphatrückgewinnung zuzuführen. Aktuell gehen dafür einige thermochemische als auch nasschemische Verfahren in Betrieb. Die meisten thermochemischen Verfahren arbeiten mit einer vergleichbaren Grundidee. Es werden Alkali-Additive wie Na2CO3 vor der thermischen Behandlung eingemischt. Die anschließend produzierten thermochemischen Rezyklate enthalten als Phosphatphasen Calciumalkaliphosphate wie CaNaPO4, welche zu hoher Phosphatlöslichkeit und Pflanzenverfügbarkeit in den Rezyklaten führen. Aktuell werden solche thermochemischen Verfahren an den Standorten Altenstadt (Oberbayern), Michelstadt (Odenwald) und Breisach-Grezhausen (nähe Freiburg) in Betrieb genommen. T2 - Berliner Klärschlamm Konferenz CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2025 KW - Phosphor KW - Recycling KW - Großtechnik KW - Dünger PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64710 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Leimkötter, D. A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Emter, J. A1 - Brey, C. A1 - Künstler, J. A1 - Hartmann, S. A1 - Krannich, G. A1 - Moggert, N. A1 - Kurz, P. A1 - Eder, C. A1 - Grimm, B. A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Holm, O. ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Quicker, P. ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S. T1 - Success-Story CaNaPO4: Erfolgreiche REACH Registrierung und Inbetriebnahme großtechnischer Anlagen N2 - The Sewage Sludge Ordinance (AbfKlärV), which was amended in 2017, obligate the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash from 2029 and 2032, respectively. Thermal disposal of sewage sludge has established itself as the preferred method of disposal, and the capacities of mono-incineration plants are being continuously expanded. Plants for phosphorus recovery, on the other hand, are currently still mainly in the construction, piloting, or commissioning phase. It is estimated that the plant capacities for P recovery planned today will not even be able to cover a quarter of the volume of these ashes in 2029. Therefore, temporary storage of the remaining ashes is currently being discussed to retrieve it later and process it in the P recovery plants, which will then be sufficiently available. It is currently unclear how such interim or long-term storage (> 1 year) should be organized. In addition to legal (fee) issues, the assessment of the technical feasibility of retrievability and the phosphorus recovery potential of landfilled ash remains open. The Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA) at RWTH Aachen University and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) are jointly investigating five deposited ashes that have been dug out and were provided by three landfill operators. The investigations focus on the physical and chemical characterization of these landfilled ashes and its P recovery potential during treatment in thermochemical and wet chemical processes. These results are evaluated in comparison with “fresh,” i.e., non-landfilled sewage sludge ash samples of comparable origin in order to determine the influence of storage. T2 - Berliner Klärschlamm Konferenz CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2025 KW - Phosphor KW - Recycling KW - Thermochemisch KW - Dünger KW - Großtechnik PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-911006-63-7 VL - 8 SP - 236 EP - 256 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-64833 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Klose, H. A1 - Poorter, H. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants. KW - Combustion and gasification KW - Phosphate extractability and availability KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD) PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924 SN - 1664-462X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-56763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Drescher, P. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Fürhapper, C. A1 - Gunschera, J. A1 - Hill, R. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Wilken, U. A1 - Wittenzellner, J. T1 - Suitability of analytical methods to determine tebuconazole, propiconazole and permethrin in aged wood samples N2 - The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied. KW - Wood samples KW - Biocides KW - Analytical methods PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503959 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01496-y VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 271 EP - 279 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik - CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich N2 - Gastvortrag auf der 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen über Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik und den CIC & HR-GFMAS Methodenvergleich. T2 - 43. Sitzung des Fachbeirates Bodenuntersuchungen CY - Online meeting DA - 18.02.2021 KW - PFAS KW - Analytik KW - CIC KW - HR-GF-MAS KW - Summenparameter PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52148 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Söftje, M. A1 - Weingartz, T. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Gjikaj, M. A1 - Namysko, J. C. A1 - Kaufmann, D. E. T1 - Surface Tuning of Wood via Covalent Modification of Its Lignocellulosic Biopolymers with Substituted BenzoatesA Study on Reactivity, Efficiency, and Durability N2 - Chemical modification of wood applying benzotriazolyl-activated carboxylic acids has proven to be a versatile method for the durable functionalization of its lignocellulosic biopolymers. Through this process, the material properties of Wood can be influenced and specifically optimized. To check the scope and limitations of this modification method, various benzamide derivatives with electron-withdrawing (EWG) or electron-donating (EDG) functional groups in different positions of the aromatic ring were synthesized and applied for covalent modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood in this study. The bonded amounts of substances (up to 2.20 mmol) were compared with the reactivity constants of the Hammett equation, revealing a significant correlation between the modification efficiency and the theoretical reactivity constants of the corresponding aromatic substitution pattern. The successful covalent attachment of the respective substituted benzamides was proven by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, while the stability of the newly formed ester bond was proven in a standardized leaching test. KW - Leaching KW - Wood Protection KW - Wood Modification PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538932 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04353 VL - 6 IS - 49 SP - 33542 EP - 33553 AN - OPUS4-53893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamas ED - Zhang, H. X. T1 - Sustainable Remediation Methods for Metals and Radionuclides N2 - Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products. KW - Permeable reactive barriers KW - Uranium mining KW - Groundwater KW - Electrochemical remediation PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-0716-2465-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2466-1_63 SN - 2629-2378 SP - 251 EP - 284 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-58018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Sylfuryldiflourid im Holzschutz N2 - Die Anwendung von Sulfuryldiflourid ist auf den bekämpfenden Holzschutz gegen Insekten beschränkt. Die Anwendung in Deutschland regelt die DIN 68800 Teil 4 und das europäische Biozidgesetz. Zur Erhaltung von Kulturgut ist dieses Begasungsmittel einzigartig. T2 - Seminar E.: Symposium zukünftige Verwendung von Sulfuryldifluorid CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 17.04.2024 KW - Holzschutz KW - Begasung KW - Regelwerk PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59917 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Synthesis and characterisation of alites from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment. In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC. If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases. KW - BOFS KW - Hydration products KW - Thermal analysis KW - X-ray diffraction PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106518 SN - 0008-8846 VL - 147 SP - 6518 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cros, A. A1 - Alfaro Espinoza, Gabriela A1 - De Maria, A. A1 - Wirth, N. T. A1 - Nikel, P. I. T1 - Synthetic metabolism for biohalogenation N2 - The pressing need for novel bioproduction approaches faces a limitation in the number and type of molecules accessed through synthetic biology. Halogenation is widely used for tuning physicochemical properties of molecules and polymers, but traditional halogenation chemistry often lacks specificity and generates harmful by-products. Here, we pose that deploying synthetic metabolism tailored for biohalogenation represents an unique opportunity towards economically attractive and environmentally friendly organohalide production. On this background, we discuss growth-coupled selection of functional metabolic modules that harness the rich repertoire of biosynthetic and biodegradation capabilities of environmental bacteria for in vivo biohalogenation. By rationally combining these approaches, the chemical landscape of Living cells can accommodate bioproduction of added-value organohalides which, as of today, are obtained by traditional chemistry. KW - Halogenation KW - Synthetic metabolism PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2021.11.009 SN - 0958-1669 SN - 1879-0429 VL - 74 SP - 180 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Systematic ranking of filaments regarding their particulate emissions during fused filament fabrication 3D printing by means of a proposed standard test method N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. KW - Emission test method KW - FFF-printing KW - Particle emission KW - Indoor air quality KW - FFF-filament PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545087 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13010 SN - 1600-0668 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA AN - OPUS4-54508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Neuhold, S. A1 - Drissen, P. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Presoly, P. A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P. A1 - Schenk, J. A1 - Raith, J. G. A1 - Pomberger, R. A1 - Vollprecht, D. T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 ratio in electric arc furnace slags to minimize the leaching of Vanadium and Chromium N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior. KW - Electric arc furnace slags KW - FactSage calculations KW - EAF slags KW - Leaching control mechanisms KW - Melting experiments PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507748 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 2549 EP - 2565 AN - OPUS4-50774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuhold, S. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Drissen, P. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Presoly, P. A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P. A1 - Schenk, J. A1 - Raith, J. G. A1 - Pomberger, R. A1 - Vollprecht, D. T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 Ratio in Electric Arc Furnace Slags to Minimize the Leaching of Vanadium and Chromium N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior. KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags KW - FactSageTM calculations KW - Leaching control mechanisms KW - Melting experiments PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571517 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-57151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Taking a Look at the Surface: µ-XRF Mapping and Fluorine K-edge µ-XANES Spectroscopy of Organofluorinated Compounds in Environmental Samples and Consumer Products N2 - For the first time, µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in samples concentrations down to 100 µg/kg fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheet) were investigated. µ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualisation at the sample surface and enables localisation of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 µm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analysed via fluorine K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded µ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analysed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 µg/kg dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length >C8 (e.g. 580 µg/kg dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent from quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, µ-XRF mapping combined with µ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples. KW - PFAS KW - XRF KW - LC-MS/MS KW - XANES KW - Fluoride KW - Soil PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576109 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00107E SN - 2050-7887 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration. Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase. Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist. N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process. The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke. KW - Tantal KW - Recycling KW - Reduktionsprozess KW - Perowskit KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen PY - 2020 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-51064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Technical challenges for the investigation of Microbiologically influenced corrosion under laboratory conditions across several sectors N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion MIC occurs in different sectors, under various conditions and can significantly contribute to material degradation. The most convincing effect can be observed with sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). There are many stakeholders who do not need to be convinced of this as there is ample scientific evidence clearly showing that SRBs corrode metal. However, many believe this is solely due to the produced H2S. Fewer people are aware that SRBs also have other mechanisms that can lead to corrosion, such as electrical MIC on metal (direct electron uptake from the metal used as electron donor). Despite this, many sectors or industries remain skeptical in several areas. When considering other classes or species, the skepticism increases even more. The reason is simple: microbiologist cannot consistently prove MIC on laboratory scale for all corrosive microorganisms. In contrast to materials sciences, where experiments can be narrowed down to a limited number of parameters, microbiology is too complex to simulate simply in the lab. Several factors are mandatory for the growth of microorganisms, consequently increasing the number of parameters. Even when making the system more complex, there are still unknown species in the field, whose growth conditions are not yet understood. We know via 16S rRNA analysis that the species is present, but that is all we know. If these samples are enriched in the lab, many species will not survive and their impact on the whole community cannot be investigated. Therefore, lab tests related to MIC works only for a certain number of microorganisms. This means the key-result for other disciplines are missing, and important numbers for calculating the lifespan of a material can only be provided with limited accuracy. This is neither satisfying nor useful for engineers, material scientist or similar professionals, and it is understandable. However, MIC occurs, and we need to address it in our infrastructure or other important areas. With this presentation, I aim to show the currently available techniques for testing on a laboratory scale. I will use SRBs and methanogenic archaea as examples to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method and point out where improvements are needed. The examples will be cross-sectoral and applicable to other sectors as well. This talk will highlight the currently existing challenges of testing MIC in the laboratory and may help generate creative solutions. T2 - MICxUS 2025 CY - Nicosia, Cyprus DA - 21.01.2025 KW - MIC KW - Biocorrosion KW - Laboratory testing KW - Interdisziplinarity KW - Microorganisms PY - 2025 UR - https://www.unic.ac.cy/ehresearch/micxus2025/#tab-98dc74f32bf3b8f95bd AN - OPUS4-63725 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Hamann, C. T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stahlwerksschlacke KW - Filterstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Montanuniversität Leoben CY - 8700 Leoben, Österreich AN - OPUS4-51605 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stalwerksschlacke KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Filterstaub PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Termite Immunity (a molecular perspective) N2 - In this presentation, an overview of the termite immune system is given. The presentation covers the mechanistic underpinnings of the canonical immune pathways in insects; where there are areas of conservation or divergence in termites, as well as briefly going over some key gaps in knowledge. External immune capabilities are discussed as well as the implications and consequences of sociality for the evolution of collective immune defense systems in termites. T2 - International Termite Course (ITC) 2025 CY - Davie, FL, USA DA - 10.06.2025 KW - Termite KW - Immunity KW - Molecular KW - Evolution PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64745 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin M. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Termite resistance of pine wood treated with nano metal fluorides N2 - Fluorides are well-known as wood preservatives. One of the limitations of fluoride-based wood preservatives is their high leachability. Alternative to current fluoride salts such as NaF used in wood protection are low water-soluble fluorides. However, impregnation of low water-soluble fluorides into wood poses a challenge. To address this challenge, low water-soluble fluorides like calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) were synthesized as nanoparticles via the fluorolytic sol−gel synthesis and then impregnated into wood specimens. In this study, the toxicity of nano metal fluorides was assessed by termite mortality, mass loss and visual analysis of treated specimens after eight weeks of exposure to termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Nano metal fluorides with sol concentrations of 0.5 M and higher were found to be effective against termites resulting in 100% termite mortality and significantly inhibited termite feeding. Among the formulations tested, the least damage was found for specimens treated with combinations of CaF2 and MgF2 with an average mass loss less than 1% and visual rating of “1”. These results demonstrate the efficacy of low water-soluble nano metal fluorides to protect Wood from termite attack. KW - Wood Protection KW - Nano Particles KW - Termites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508377 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01522-z VL - 78 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin M. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. ED - Richter, K. ED - Van de Kulien, J.-W. T1 - Termite resistance of pine wood treated with nano metal fluorides N2 - Fluorides are well-known as wood preservatives. One of the limitations of fluoride-based wood preservatives is their high leachability. Alternative to current fluoride salts such as NaF used in wood protection are low water-soluble fluorides. However, impregnation of low water-soluble fluorides into wood poses a challenge. To address this challenge, low water-soluble fluorides like calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) were synthesized as nanoparticles via the fluorolytic sol−gel synthesis and then impregnated into wood specimens. In this study, the toxicity of nano metal fluorides was assessed by termite mortality, mass loss and visual analysis of treated specimens after eight weeks of exposure to termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Nano metal fluorides with sol concentrations of 0.5 M and higher were found to be effective against termites resulting in 100% termite mortality and significantly inhibited termite feeding. Among the formulations tested, the least damage was found for specimens treated with combinations of CaF2 and MgF2 with an average mass loss less than 1% and visual rating of “1”. These results demonstrate the efficacy of low water-soluble nano metal fluorides to protect wood from termite attack. KW - Holzschutzmittel KW - Nanoparticles KW - Fluorides KW - Termites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514325 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01522-z VL - 78 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Peters, T. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. T1 - Test Guideline No. 125 - Nanomaterial Particle Size and Size Distribution of Nanomaterials N2 - The OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) has actively worked towards understanding possible safety issues for manufactured nanomaterials and has contributed significantly to resolving these by developing Test Guidelines, Guidance Documents, Test Reports and other publications with the aim of a safe use of manufactured nanomaterials. To address the specific needs of manufactured nanomaterials, the OECD Test Guideline No. 110 “Particle Size Distribution/Fibre Length and Diameter Distributions” was identified as one of the test guidelines (TGs) to require an update. The current TG 110 (adopted in 1981) is only valid for particles and fibres with sizes above 250 nm. The WPMN prioritised to either update TG 110 to be applicable also to particles at the nanoscale or draft a new nanomaterial specific (TG). Eventually, it was decided to develop a new TG that covers the size range from 1 nm to 1000 nm, intended for particle size and particle size distribution measurements of nanomaterials. Paragraph 11 provides further justification on the need for such measurements for nanomaterials. This TG overlaps with TG 110 in the size range from 250 nm to 1000 nm. When measuring particulate or fibrous materials, the appropriate TG should be selected depending on the size range of particles tested. In line with TG 110, the new TG for nanomaterials includes separate parts for particles and fibres. For the part of this TG which addresses particles, several methods applicable to nanomaterials were reviewed and included to take into account developments since 1981 when the TG 110 was adopted. This TG includes the following methods: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation (CLS)/Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Mobility Analysis System (DMAS), (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA/NTA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The method Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) could not be sufficiently validated within the interlaboratory comparison (ILC) carried out for the different methods in this TG (see also paragraph 6 for further details on the ILC). Applicability of sp-ICP-MS is strongly limited to nanomaterials with high mass values in combination with a sufficiently high particle size. However, the general method ICP-MS is widely used and the sp-mode for the size measurement of specific nanomaterials was successfully performed in ILCs elsewhere. The method is therefore included in the Appendix Part C of this TG, which further details the limitations of sp-ICP-MS. For measuring the diameter and length of fibres, analysing images captured with electron microscopy is currently the only method available. This TG includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). To test the validity of this TG, an ILC was performed. Test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of nanomaterial classes, e.g. metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon materials. Where possible, well-characterised test materials were used. Additionally, the test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of sizes representing the size range 1 nm to 1000 nm. Specifically for fibres, a broad range of aspect ratios was included (length/diameter of 3 to > 50). Some of the test materials used are commercially available and further references are given in the validation report of the ILC. Sample preparation for physical chemical characterisation is critical for all listed methods. Due to the differences between individual nanomaterials and due to the wide range of individual material properties it is impossible to have a generic protocol to obtain the best possible sample preparation for every nanomaterial. Therefore, a generic protocol on sample preparation is not part of this TG. Information on sample preparation is given in the paragraphs 25-29, 33, 34 and 39 for particles and in paragraphs 159) for fibres. Further information on sample preparation of nanomaterials for physical chemical characterisation can be found in the OECD Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials and elsewhere. KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticle KW - OECD KW - Test guideline PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1787/20745753 SP - 1 EP - 72 PB - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-55191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hendricks, A. A1 - Phillips, T. K. A1 - Engl, T. A1 - Plarre, Rudy A1 - Martinson, V. G. T1 - The bacterial microbiome in spider beetles and deathwatch beetles N2 - The beetle family Ptinidae contains a number of economically important pests, such as the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne, the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum, and the diverse spider beetles. Many of these species are stored product pests, which target a diverse range of food sources, from dried tobacco to books made with organic materials. Despite the threat that the 2,200 species of Ptinidae beetles pose, fewer than 50 have been surveyed for microbial symbionts, and only a handful have been screened using contemporary genomic methods. In this study, we screen 116 individual specimens that cover most subfamilies of Ptinidae, with outgroup beetles from closely related families Dermestidae, Endecatomidae, and Bostrichidae. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon data to characterize the bacterial microbiomes of these specimens. The majority of these species had never been screened for microbes. We found that, unlike in their sister family, Bostrichidae, that has two mutualistic bacteria seen in most species, there are no consistent bacterial members of ptinid microbiomes. For specimens which had Wolbachia infections, we did additional screening using multilocus sequence typing and showed that our populations have different strains of Wolbachia than noted in previous publications. KW - Sodalis KW - Ptinidae KW - Anobiidae KW - Bostrichidae KW - Dermestidae KW - Bostrichoidea KW - Wolbachia PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631564 DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01981-24 SN - 2165-0497 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-63156 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Athman, Rukeia A1 - Rädler, Jörg A1 - Löhmann, Oliver A1 - Ariza de Schellenberger, Angela A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - The BAM Data Store N2 - As a partner in several NFDI consortia, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM, German federal institute for materials science and testing) contributes to research data standardization efforts in various domains of materials science and engineering (MSE). To implement a central research data management (RDM) infrastructure that meets the requirements of MSE groups at BAM, we initiated the Data Store pilot project in 2021. The resulting infrastructure should enable researchers to digitally document research processes and store related data in a standardized and interoperable manner. As a software solution, we chose openBIS, an open-source framework that is increasingly being used for RDM in MSE communities. The pilot project was conducted for one year with five research groups across different organizational units and MSE disciplines. The main results are presented for the use case “nanoPlattform”. The group registered experimental steps and linked associated instruments and chemicals in the Data Store to ensure full traceability of data related to the synthesis of ~400 nanomaterials. The system also supported researchers in implementing RDM practices in their workflows, e.g., by automating data import and documentation and by integrating infrastructure for data analysis. Based on the promising results of the pilot phase, we will roll out the Data Store as the central RDM infrastructure of BAM starting in 2023. We further aim to develop openBIS plugins, metadata standards, and RDM workflows to contribute to the openBIS community and to foster RDM in MSE. T2 - 1st Conference on Research Data Infrastructure DA - 12.09.2023 KW - Research Data Infrastructure KW - Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) KW - openBIS KW - Research Data Management PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596032 DO - https://doi.org/10.52825/CoRDI.v1i.229 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-59603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp T1 - The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash N2 - Due to the large quantity as residual mineral waste, municipal solid waste incineration - bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is an interesting secondary raw material that can be utilized for road construction. However, leaching of chloride, sulfate and potentially hazardous heavy metals from MSWSI-BA into the environment may cause problems in utilization of it in civil engineering. In a previous study, we performed a long-term leaching test of MSWI-BA in a lysimeter for almost six years to investigate the efficiency of the treatment process on the release of hazardous substances. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), the ecotoxic hazardous elements antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. To unravel these unusual release behaviors and the oxyanion-formation of Sb and V we will apply HERFD-XANES spectroscopy to analyze their chemical state. KW - Bottom ash KW - Antimony KW - Vanadium KW - XANES PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.15151/ESRF-ES-1020936484 PB - European synchroton Radiation Facility ESRF CY - Grenoble AN - OPUS4-56875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walsh, Michael A1 - Schenk, Gerhard A1 - Robinson, Nicole A1 - John, Samuel A1 - Dayananda, Buddhi A1 - Krishnan, Vithya A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Hermann, Ludwig A1 - Schmidt, Susanne T1 - The Circular Phosphorus Economy: Agronomic Performance of Recycled Fertilizers and Target Crops N2 - ABSTRACTBackgroundThe circular phosphorus (P) economy addresses economic and environmental penalties inherent to the current linear P economy. Phosphorus sources recovered from waste steams (recyclates) offer an alternative to conventional fertilizers.AimThis research aimed to assess the agronomic performance of P recyclates derived from wastewater (hazenite, struvite), treated sewage sludge ash (SSA) and compost (FOGO food organics/garden organics) with crops previously characterized for P use efficiency (PUE).MethodsPhosphorus was supplied as granules and benchmarked against conventional fertilizers or mineral solution. Grown in controlled conditions, crops received recyclates individually or as amalgamates, with or without additional water‐soluble P. We quantified P uptake, yield and phytate content, and calculated agronomic performance indicators.ResultsResults revealed that (1) crop genotypes with purportedly lower or higher PUE showed similar performance when grown with limiting P supply and/or less soluble P recyclates, (2) crop performance improved when less soluble P recyclates were combined with water‐soluble P, (3) crops produced similar yield and biomass when supplied with an organo‐mineral formulation, hazenite, or conventional fertilizer, (4) grain accumulated higher levels of the antinutrient phytate with excess soluble P.ConclusionWe conclude that suitably formulated P recyclates can supplement or replace conventional fertilizers, and that fertilizer design should consider the solubility of recyclates and a crop's ability to access less soluble P. This adds to the growing body of evidence that well‐formulated next‐generation fertilizers can efficiently nourish crops. Integrating insights from controlled experiments and field trials is a cost‐effective strategy to actualize the circular P economy. KW - Recycling fertilizer KW - Phosphate recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Struvite KW - Hazenite PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627116 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400299 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-62711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Schwarz, T. A1 - Galinski, E. A. ED - Lee, N. M. T1 - The compatible solute ectoine: protection mechanisms, strain development, and industrial production N2 - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya can adapt to saline environments by accumulating compatible solutes in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. Compatible solutes are of diverse chemical structure (sugars, polyols, amino acid derivatives) and are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes but also as protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying, and high temperatures. The aspartate derivative ectoine is a widespread compatible solute in Bacteria and possesses additional protective properties compared with other compatible solutes and stabilizes even whole cells against stresses such as ultraviolet radiation or cytotoxins. Here, it is our intention to go beyond a simple description of effects, but to depict the molecular interaction of ectoine with biomolecules, such as proteins, membranes, and DNA and explain the underlying principles. The stabilizing properties of ectoine attracted industry, which saw the potential to market ectoine as a novel active component in health care products and cosmetics. In joint efforts of industry and research, a large-scale fermentation procedure has been developed with the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata used as a producer strain. The development and application of ectoine-excreting mutants from H. elongata (“leaky” mutants) allow for the annual production of ectoine on a scale of tons. The details of the strain development and fermentation processes will be introduced. KW - Ectoine KW - Biotechnology KW - Compatible solute KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Osmophobic effect PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-11-042773-8 SP - 121 EP - 136 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-51472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wild, B. A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Bonneville, S. T1 - The contribution of living organisms to rock weathering in the critical zone N2 - Rock weathering is a key process in global elemental cycling. Life participates in this process with tangible consequences observed from the mineral interface to the planetary scale. Multiple lines of evidence show that microorganisms may play a pivotal—yet overlooked—role in weathering. This topic is reviewed here with an emphasis on the following questions that remain unanswered: What is the quantitative contribution of bacteria and fungi to weathering? What are the associated mechanisms and do they leave characteristic imprints on mineral surfaces or in the geological record? Does biogenic weathering fulfill an ecological function, or does it occur as a side effect of unrelated metabolic functions and biological processes? An overview of efforts to integrate the contribution of living organisms into reactive transport models is provided. We also highlight prospective opportunities to harness microbial weathering in order to support sustainable agroforestry practices and mining activities, soil remediation, and carbon sequestration. KW - Bio-weathering KW - Fungi KW - Mineral PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-566748 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00312-7 SN - 2397-2106 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Macmillan CY - London AN - OPUS4-56674 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Deland, Eric A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Yao, Jizheng A1 - Skovhus, T. L. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The differences in the corrosion product compositions of Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) between static and dynamic growth conditions N2 - Currently, corrosion rates (CR) and/or corrosion products (CP) obtained for methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) on carbon steel are mainly analyzed from static-incubations. By using a multiport-flow-column, much higher CRs (0.72 mm/yr) were observed, indicating static-incubations are not suitable for determining the corrosive potential of Mi-MIC. With the combination of various analytical methods (ToF-SIMS/SEM-EDS/SEM-FIB) and contrary to previously published data, we observed that CPs contained phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, calcium and iron but lacked carbon-related species (e.g. siderite). Overall, siderite nucleation is disrupted by methanogens, as they convert aqueous bicarbonate into carbon dioxide for methanogenesis resulting in increased localized corrosion. KW - Carbon steel KW - Modelling studies KW - SIMS KW - SEM KW - Reactor conditions KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517632 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109179 SN - 0010-938X VL - 180 SP - 9179 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - The digital product passport N2 - This presentation contains information for industry and the scientific communitiy about the new digital product passport and the demands from the EU. Furthermore a short overview is given about the different supporting activities which are currently under developement by BAM. T2 - 3. Netzwerktag Cluster Nanotechnologie CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 02.07.2025 KW - DPP KW - ESPR KW - Product Passport KW - Ökodesignrichtlinie KW - DMP PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - The disinfectant glutaraldehyde induces antibiotic tolerance N2 - Glutaraldehyde is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative, but little is known about its effects on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and the selection of tolerant phenotypes. We found that short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde makes E. coli resistant to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics from different classes. This tolerance is associated with delayed, heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. We identified over 1200 differentially expressed genes, including those related to antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The cells entered a disrupted state likely due to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Despite this unregulated response, we identified several differentially expressed genes not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence that induce antibiotic tolerance when overexpressed alone. These findings highlight how the unspecific mode-of-action of disinfectants can make bacteria temporarily resistant to antibiotics. They have implications for settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in close proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and for the selection dynamics of tolerant pheno- and genotypes in fluctuating environments where microorganisms are exposed to these substances, such as sewage systems. A trade-off arises from overcoming the disrupted state as quickly as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance. T2 - Gordon Research Conference - Molecular Mechanisms in Evolution CY - Easton, Massachusetts, United States DA - 25.06.2023 KW - Glutaraldehyde KW - Biocides KW - Tolerance KW - Bacteria KW - Disinfection KW - Heterogeneity KW - Antibiotics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58033 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - The disinfectant glutaraldehyde induces antibiotic tolerance underpinned by a Disrupted Cellular State and Heterogenous Regrowth Dynamics N2 - Glutaraldehyde is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative, but little is known about its effects on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and the selection of tolerant phenotypes. We found that short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde makes E. coli resistant to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics from different classes. This tolerance is associated with delayed, heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. We identified over 1200 differentially expressed genes, including those related to antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The cells entered a disrupted state likely due to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Despite this unregulated response, we identified several differentially expressed genes not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence that induce antibiotic tolerance when overexpressed alone. These findings highlight how the unspecific mode-of-action of disinfectants can make bacteria temporarily resistant to antibiotics. They have implications for settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in close proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and for the selection dynamics of tolerant pheno- and genotypes in fluctuating environments where microorganisms are exposed to these substances, such as sewage systems. A trade-off arises from overcoming the disrupted state as quickly as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance. T2 - Molecular Mechanisms in Evolution (GRS) Gordon Research Seminar CY - Easton, Massachusetts, USA DA - 24.06.2023 KW - Glutaraldehyde KW - Biocides KW - Tolerance KW - Bacteria KW - Disinfection KW - Heterogeneity KW - Antibiotics KW - AMR PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58032 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - The disinfectant glutaraldehyde induces antibiotic tolerance underpinned by phenotypic heterogeneity and transcriptome remodeling N2 - Glutaraldehyde is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative, but little is known about its effects on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and the selection of tolerant phenotypes. We found that short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde makes E. coli resistant to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics from different classes. This tolerance is associated with delayed, heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. We identified over 1200 differentially expressed genes, including those related to antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The cells entered a disrupted state likely due to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Despite this unregulated response, we identified several differentially expressed genes not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence that induce antibiotic tolerance when overexpressed alone. These findings highlight how the unspecific mode-of-action of disinfectants can make bacteria temporarily resistant to antibiotics. They have implications for settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in close proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and for the selection dynamics of tolerant pheno- and genotypes in fluctuating environments where microorganisms are exposed to these substances, such as sewage systems. A trade-off arises from overcoming the disrupted state as quickly as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance. T2 - µClub Seminar Series CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2023 KW - Glutaraldehyde KW - Biocides KW - Tolerance KW - Bacteria KW - Disinfection KW - Heterogeneity PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58031 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - The disinfectant glutaraldehyde induces antibiotic tolerance underpinned by Phenotypic Heterogeneity and transcriptome remodeling N2 - Glutaraldehyde (GTA) is commonly used to disinfect medical equipment, in animal husbandry and in hydraulic fracturing. Its wide use bears the risk that microorganisms in different environments are exposed to potentially non-lethal doses of glutaraldehyde. To date, little is known about the effects of glutaraldehyde on the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics and its role in the selection of tolerant phenotypes. Objectives • To determine the effect of glutaraldehyde exposure on the survival of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to antibiotics • To find the mechanistic basis for antibiotic tolerance upon glutaraldehyde exposure Materials & Methods Four bacterial isolates were exposed to sub-inhibitory glutaraldehyde. Antibiotic tolerance was determined by time-kill assays. Regrowth dynamics (lag times) were determined with ScanLag. E. coli was further investigated, using RNAseq to identify genes and processes involved in antibiotic tolerance. Mutants of candidate genes were screened for their antibiotic tolerance and heterogeneous target gene expression under stressed and unstressed conditions. Results Short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde induced tolerance to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics. Tolerance to antibiotics was associated with highly heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. Differentially expressed genes represented diverse biological functions and cellular components, including antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and the diversity of the differentially expressed genes are likely related to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Among the many differentially expressed genes, several genes were identified that were not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence, which, when overexpressed alone, increased antibiotic tolerance. Conclusion Our results highlight how the big advantage of a disinfectant, its unspecific mode-of-action, can induce transient tolerance to antibiotics in bacteria. These findings have implications for 1.) settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and 2.) for the selection dynamics of tolerant bacteria in fluctuating environments because of the trade-off that arises from overcoming the lag phase as fast as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance. T2 - VAAM Jahrestagung 2023 CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Glutaraldehyde KW - Disinfectants KW - Biocides KW - Antibiotics KW - Bacteria PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58439 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taghavi Kalajahi, Sara T1 - The effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) control N2 - Cathodic protection (CP) is an electrochemical method, to manage corrosion in different industries, especially in buried and sub-merged environments. In those environments microorganisms are present and can affect the corrosion process and cause microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Most of the industry standards recommend performing CP using -800 mV (Ag/AgCl), however, if microorganisms capable of initiating MIC are present, for instance sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), it is recommended to use even more negative potentials. It is assumed that this will provide adequate protection of the metal. Currently there is no information or valid data in the context of CP, on the level of MIC threat and the extent to which more negative potentials can be used to provide adequate protection and not over-protection (due to hydrogen embrittlement threat). Conflicting statements can be found in the literature regarding the effectiveness of CP on MIC, from reducing biofilm attachment to increasing bacterial activity and biofilm attachment. Recently, the development and lower price of molecular microbiological methods (MMM) have opened the door for more effective studies of MIC mechanisms along with other electrochemical methods and surface analysis. In this work, the genetic functionality of biofilms formed in the laboratory under CP conditions is investigated using transcriptomics. Gene expression of SRB biofilms under different CP potentials (-800, -850 and -900 mV) will be studied; comparison with control will allow us to distinguish the specific genes that are differentially expressed, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of CP to affect bacterial activity and diversity. Keywords - cathodic protection, microbiologically influenced corrosion, molecular microbial methods. T2 - IBBS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martens, Birte T1 - The evolution of symbiont and immune system interactions in Blattodea N2 - Immunity plays an important role in evolutionary ecology. The immune system interacts with both pathogens, which can act as important selective forces, and symbionts, which are regulated by the host‘s immune system and can also play a role in the host‘s immune defenses. The Blattodea consist of what is commonly known as cockroaches and the termites, who are themselves specialized eusocial cockroaches. Blattodea have two symbiont types that are characteristic to either the cockroaches or the termites (Table 1). These symbiont transitions open up the opportunity to characterize and investigate host-symbiont-pathogen interactions and how they evolved in Blattodea. T2 - Ecological Immunology Workshop 2025 CY - Joachimsthal, Germany DA - 15.09.2025 KW - Evolution KW - Cockroaches KW - Immunity KW - Symbionts KW - Host-Symbiont-Interactions PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martens, Birte T1 - The evolution of symbiont and immune system interactions in Blattodea N2 - Immunity plays an important role in evolutionary ecology. The immune system interacts with both pathogens, which can act as important selective forces, and symbionts, which are regulated by the host‘s immune system and also can play a role in the host‘s immune defenses. The Blattodea consist of what is commonly known as cockroaches and the termites, who are themselves specialized eusocial cockroaches. Blattodea have two symbiont types that are characteristic to either the cockroaches or the termites (Table 1). These symbiont transitions open up the opportunity to characterize and investigate host-symbiont-pathogen interactions and how they evolved in Blattodea. T2 - Insect Infect Meeting 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.04.2025 KW - Evolution KW - Cockroaches KW - Immunity KW - Symbionts KW - Host-Symbiont-Interactions PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The impact and potential of halophilic microorganisms on alternative fuels N2 - As more industrial interests focusing on using salt caverns and repurposed gas or petroleum reservoirs for alternative fuel storage, i.e. CO2/H2, the question raises whether microorganisms may impact the infrastructure, gas purity and storage condition over time. Environments with high salinity (> 1.5 Meq of NaCl) are resided by halophiles (salt-loving microorganisms). To compensate for the intensive osmotic stress, they have resorted to two main adaptation strategies: 1) production of compatible solutes and 2) accumulation of intracellular KCl. Microbial community analysis of several high salinity environments revealed a number of recurring genera, including Halomonas and Halanaerobium. However, the impact of halophiles on the overall integrity and stability of the storage facilities remain largely unknown. To evaluate the suitability and stability of saline storage facilities, several model halophilic microorganisms, such as members of Halomonas, will be selected as testing subjects. First, the impact of halophiles on the infrastructure will be determined using an integrative approach by combining a number of techniques, including electrochemistry, TOF-SIMS, SEM/FIB/EDS and FIB-TEM. Second, the abilities of halophiles to alter the fuel composition (i.e. increase/decrease the fractions of H2) will be monitored using gas chromatography by growing them under high pressure. As a result of climate change and the accompanying mandatory shift to renewable energy resources, microorganisms will continue to play an important role in the energy sector, both to their benefit and detriment. Thus, it is important to achieve a certain level of understanding regarding the activities and mechanisms of halophiles prior to large-scaled excursions. T2 - ISMOS-8 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.06.2021 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Hydrogen KW - Gas storage KW - Contamination PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted. Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably. Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes. Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments. Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact. T2 - European Technical Coatings Congress 2022 CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 12.07.2022 KW - Paints KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Emission PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, H. T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - Driving rain KW - Global radiation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560651 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207368 VL - 15 IS - 20 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - The interplay between biocides, phenotypic heterogeneity and resistance evolution N2 - An overview of the interplay between biocides, phenotypic heterogeneity and resistance evolution presented at the University Wroclaw. T2 - Invited seminar at the Department of Molecular Microbiology CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 08.04.2024 KW - Disinfectants KW - Biocide resistance KW - Phenotypic heterogeneity KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61173 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bodechtel, S. A1 - Fuhrmann, A. A1 - Henning, A. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Kreische, W. A1 - Mäder, M. T1 - The Madonna with the Wash-Basin by Giulio Romano: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Painting’s History N2 - In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists. KW - Giulio Romano KW - Holy Family KW - Basin KW - Reworking KW - Pentimenti KW - Portrayal of St Joseph KW - Sixteenth-century painting technique KW - Raphael school KW - Zinc KW - Antimony black (stibnite) KW - Vasari PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2022.2118302 VL - 2022 SP - 2 EP - 12 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-55970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Binder, J. T1 - The marginal notes of Tosefta MS Erfurt N2 - Manuscript Erfurt 12 of the Tosefta (now Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. or. fol. 1220) is one of three major textual witnesses of the Tosefta. This manuscript has over 80 marginal notes which have not merited scholarly attention. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all the marginal notes, including an evaluation of their ink composition, a palaeographic assessment of the scripts, as well as a philological assessment of their contents. Combining these methodologies differentiates between the glosses of the scribe and those added by later hands and identifies their provenance, allowing us to trace the history of the manuscript via the emendations that took place in the scholarly communities in which the manuscript was studied. One of the important outcomes of the research is an early dating of the manuscript to eleventh-century Italy, overturning the scholarly view which dates the manuscript to twelfth-century Rhineland KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ink KW - NIR KW - XRF PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/jjs.2025.76.2.272 SN - 0022-2097 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 272 EP - 300 AN - OPUS4-64770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - The materiality of drawings - A scientific approach N2 - Volume 5 of the N.i.Ke. series presents the current state of materials science and imaging techniques used in the examination of drawings. The first part of the publication introduces the classic drawing substrates and materials. The middle part of the publication describes the relevant materials science and imaging techniques. The final part discusses the possibilities and limitations of these methods using several case studies. KW - Archaeometry KW - Paper KW - Parchment KW - Drawing materials KW - Drawings KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 110 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja T1 - The Microplastic Microbiome N2 - Microplastics represent man-made and newly emerging surfaces in our ecosystems, where they interact with microorganisms. The ecosystem in focus of this presentation will be the aquatic environment. It will be portrayed, which microorganisms use microplastics as a habitat, how environmental factors shape this colonization, and why the biodegradation of plastics in the ocean is an overall unlikely process. We will also discuss whether potentially pathogenic microorganisms use microplastics as a raft. Finally, possible adaptation mechanisms of plastic-colonizing microorganisms will be presented, such as the production of photoreactive molecules. The microplastic microbiome has a large potential to harbor so far unknown species with curious traits, representing an exciting research topic for the future. T2 - Geomicrobiological and Geochemical Colloquium, GFZ CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - Microbiome KW - Biofilm PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja T1 - The microplastic microbiome – an example for the intersection of biology and material research N2 - Biofilms live on the interface between human-made materials and the environment. Using aquatic plastics as an example, we explore their composition, their interactions with the plastic substrate, and their potentially useful functional roles. The presentation will further discuss the importance of considering plastic-associated pollutants in the investigation of such biofilms. T2 - Microbiological Colloquium ICBM CY - Oldenburg, Germany DA - 10.07.2025 KW - Microplastics KW - Microbiome KW - Biofilm PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The Power of networks – COST Action CA20130 N2 - For optimal research on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), balanced and interdisciplinary cooperation is extremely important. However, differing perspectives, thought processes, and even variations in nomenclature/terminology often hinder the establishment of effective collaborations. Over the past four years, COST Action Euro-MIC (CA20130) has effectively addressed these discrepancies. Through regular meetings, conferences, and scientific exchanges, a large international network has been established. Many scientific findings and results have been achieved through scientific, interdisciplinary exchange within the international network. The upcoming presentation will highlight three examples (among many others) that have resulted in successful collaborations, third-party funding applications, publications, or outstanding results and emphasize that successful results in MIC research, facilitated by an interdisciplinary network, can lead more quickly to meaningful and application-oriented findings. Project 1&2 describe two different kinds of Projects related to the use of Nanoparticles; one is about the efficacy testing of novel Nanoparticles. Project 2 deals about how to apply already working and tested nanoparticles to different materials and conditions. Project 3a is related to the energy sector; a crucial part of our society, and currently undergoing significant changes. Climate change, rising temperatures, increased use of fertilizers and other environmental pollutants have led to an increasing occurrence of microorganisms and contamination in some sectors. But how we deal with “baggage” from the past and store nuclear waste without harm or risk for human and environment, but also how to transfer the gained knowledge to areas like safe Hydrogen storage in geological underground formation. T2 - ISMOS10 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 11.08.2025 KW - COST Action CA20130 KW - MIC KW - STSM Grants KW - Networking PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albarrán Martínez, M. J. A1 - Ghigo, Tea T1 - The practice of writing inside an Egyptian monastic settlement N2 - Over the last few years, the Federal Institute for material research (BAM, Berlin) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC, University of Hamburg) have initiated a systematic material investigation of black inks produced from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages (ca. fourth century CE–fourteenth/fifteenth centuries CE), aimed primarily at extending and complementing findings from previous sporadic studies. Part of this systematic investigation has focused on Egyptian Coptic manuscripts, and the present preliminary study is one of its outputs. It centres on a corpus of 45 Coptic manuscripts—43 papyri and 2 ostraca—preserved at the Palau-Ribes and Roca-Puig collections in Barcelona. The manuscripts come from the Monastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit, one of the largest monastic settlements in Egypt between the Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period (sixth–eighth centuries CE). The composition of their black inks was investigated in situ using near-infrared reflectography (NIRR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analyses determined that the manuscripts were written using different types of ink: pure carbon ink; carbon ink containing iron; mixed inks containing carbon, polyphenols and metallic elements; and iron-gall ink. The variety of inks used for the documentary texts seems to reflect the articulate administrative system of the monastery of Bawit. This study reveals that, in contrast to the documents, written mostly with carbon-based inks, literary biblical texts were written with iron-gall ink. The frequent reuse of papyrus paper for certain categories of documents may suggest that carbon-based inks were used for ephemeral manuscripts, since they were easy to erase by abrasion. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - Coptic manuscripts KW - Bawit KW - Mixed ink KW - Near-infrared refectography KW - X-ray fuorescence PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528833 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00541-0 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Open CY - Rome, Italy AN - OPUS4-52883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Caldararo, N. A1 - Rimon, H. ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - The Role of DNA Analysis in the Study of the Biblical Manuscripts N2 - Interest in the type of skin used in scriptural materials and preparation methods increased from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. This was due partly to the number of newly discovered fragments and to the invention of new instruments and scientific procedures to identify animal skins and produce qualitative means to demonstrate specific preparation reagents and techniques. The invention of various means of analyzing the DNA of organic materials brought about a revolution in archaeology and in conservation. Difficulties in overcoming contamination of archaeological samples resulted in a number of controversies but also produced advances and improvement in the techniques of ancient DNA analysis and interpretation of results. KW - DNA KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 120 EP - 123 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Development of Monodisperse Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Certified Reference Material for Size and Shape N2 - BAM is currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance to the material and life sciences. As a first candidate of this series, we present cubic iron oxide nanoparticles with a nominal edge length of 8 nm. These particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate in high boiling organic solvents adapting well-known literature procedures. After dilution to a concentration suitable for electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) as well as for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the candidate nanoRM was bottled and assessed for homogeneity and stability by both methods following the guidelines of ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35. The particle sizes obtained by both STEM-in-SEM and TEM are in excellent agreement with a minimum Feret of 8.3 nm ± 0.7 nm. The aspect ratio (AR) of the iron oxide cubes were extracted from the images as the ratio of minimum Feret to Feret resulting in an AR of 1.18 for TEM to 1.25 for SEM. Alternatively, a rectangular bounding box was fitted originating from the minimum Feret and the longest distance through the particle in perpendicular direction. This led to AR values of 1.05 for TEM and 1.12 for SEM, respectively. The results confirm the almost ideal cubic shape. KW - Reference nanoparticles KW - Iron oxide KW - Cubical shape KW - Electron microscopy KW - SAXS KW - Nano CRM KW - Size PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622003610 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 28 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 802 EP - 805 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-55599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Dementyeva, Polina A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Ryo, M. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering N2 - The roles extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play in mineral attachment and weathering were studied using genetically modified biofilms of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola strain A95. Mutants deficient in melanin and/or carotenoid synthesis were grown as air-exposed biofilms. Extracted EPS were quantified and characterised using a combination of analytical techniques. The absence of melanin affected the quantity and composition of the produced EPS: mutants no longer able to form melanin synthesised more EPS containing fewer pullulan-related glycosidic linkages. Moreover, the melanin-producing strains attached more strongly to the mineral olivine and dissolved it at a higher rate. We hypothesise that the pullulan-related linkages, with their known adhesion functionality, enable fungal attachment and weathering. The released phenolic intermediates of melanin synthesis in the Δsdh1 mutant might play a role similar to Fe-chelating siderophores, driving olivine dissolution even further. These data demonstrate the need for careful compositional and quantitative analyses of biofilm-created microenvironments. KW - Biofilms PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00253-1 SN - 2397-2106 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-54902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-51484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben T1 - The role of melanin in fungal mineral weathering and metal corrosion N2 - Melanins are organic pigments produced by most fungi. These organisms either fix these pigments in their cell wall or secrete them into their extracellular environment to protect themselves against an array of physicochemical stresses (e.g., UV irradiation, desiccation, ...). Melanin can adsorb metals like Fe. How this affects fungal uptake of Fe and deterioration of Fe-containing minerals and metals is however less known. To study this, we use the model fungi Knufia petricola A95, a rock-inhabiting fungus known to deteriorate minerals and have melanised cell walls, and Amorphotheca resinae, able to contaminate fuel tanks, secrete melanin and corrode metals. In K. petricola, we have deleted genes involved in melanin production and Fe uptake using CRISPR/Cas. Through comparison of the geochemical signatures of these gene deletion mutants with those of the wild type (WT), we explore the specific mineral/metal deterioration mechanisms of melanised fungi. Fe isotope signatures of the biomass of melanin- and Fe uptake-deficient mutants of K. petricola revealed that Fe adsorbed either directly onto melanin or after being reduced by Fe reductases. Importantly, once adsorbed to melanin, Fe could not be mobilised and taken up into the cell: both the WT and its melanin-deficient mutant, previously grown at Fe replete conditions, showed similar growth at Fe deficient conditions. Olivine dissolution experiments revealed that Fe oxidation inhibits dissolution. K. petricola was able to enhance dissolution when this inhibition is strongest (at pH 6) and prevented dissolution when this inhibition is weakest (at pH 4). The fungus therefore dissolves olivine by interacting with the oxidised Fe at the olivine surface. However, Fe uptake did not seem to be involved: mutants deficient in various Fe uptake mechanism dissolved olivine at the same rate as the WT. This indicates that Fe adsorption onto melanin might play a key role. This is also shown by K. petricola’s ability to enhance olivine dissolution even further if secreting a melanin precursor and A. resinae’s corrosion of carbon steel whilst secreting melanin. Combined, our results imply that the Fe adsorbed to melanin cannot be taken up but enables fungi to deteriorate Fe-containing substrates at a higher rate. T2 - Goldschmidt 2023 Conference CY - Lyon, Frankreich DA - 10.07.2023 KW - MIC KW - Bio-weathering KW - Olivine PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58523 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nitsche, Sarah T1 - The role of the stress-activated MAP kinase SAK1 in Knufia petricola N2 - Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are highly conserved in animals, plants, and fungi and represent fundamental parts of signaling networks in eukaryotic cells. Black DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) melanin and orange carotenoids are produced by many fungi in specific cell types/under certain conditions for protecting cells from abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Microcolonial black fungi constitutively produce DHN melanin, contain the conserved carotenogenic gene cluster, exhibit slow yeast-like growth and survive in extreme environments. Thus, the question arises to which extent pigment formation and responses mediated by the stress-activated MAP kinase module contribute to the observed extremotolerance. We address this question in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, the only representative of the extremotolerant black fungi that is genetically amendable. Here, the mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively (Voigt Knabe et al. 2020, Sci Rep). The gene encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. In addition, strains were generated that express a GFP-SAK1 fusion protein from the sak1 locus to follow the cytosolic/nuclear shuttling of SAK1 upon stress. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by dropping cell suspensions on solid media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even under non-stress conditions and are hypersensitive to different stress conditions: reduced growth is observed on media inducing, for instance, osmotic, oxidative, membrane, and pH stress, and upon incubation at 30 °C (heat stress). Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress. T2 - VAAM Fachgruppentragung "Molecular Biology of Fungi" CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany DA - 07.09.2022 KW - Fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Signal transduction PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - The roles of DHN melanin and the stress-activated MAP kinase in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola N2 - Black fungi/yeasts exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. Due to their slow growth, robust cell walls and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of their phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. Using recently developed genetic tools, it is now possible to manipulate the genome of the rock-inhabiting model fungus Knufia petricola. Thus, gene functions and the cell biology of black fungi can be studied using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed extremotolerance of K. petricola. The mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively. The other putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Sak1 encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by droplet tests on media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even without environmental pressure and are hypersensitive to different stresses: e.g. osmotic, oxidative, membrane, pH and heat stress. Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress. T2 - 16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 05.03.2023 KW - Black fungus KW - Extremotolerance KW - Pigments PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aumont, Cédric T1 - The social brain of termites: investigating gene co-expression network in the Blattodea N2 - The transition to eusociality in termites arose from the sub-social and solitary cockroaches. With it, a more complex ontogeny derived from an ancestral linear developmental pathway common to all cockroaches and a wide array of morphologically distinct castes carrying out the division of labour emerged. We sought to underpine the complexity of this evolutionary transition at the transcriptomic level. We present the gene co-expression network analysis of 305 RNA-seq samples from the brains of 15 species of cockroaches and termites from different instars and castes. With this dataset, we investigate how the network of gene evolved between solitary cockroaches, sub-social cockroach and eusocial termites. Moreover, we investigate the emergence of the two most striking evolutionary innovations in termites, the appearance of the soldier caste, common in nearly all termites and thought to have evolved once and subsequently lost in some species, and the true worker caste, the sterile workforce of the colony thought to have derived from the totipotent false worker caste in four different lineages of termites independently. T2 - International Congress of Entomology CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Termite KW - Genetics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - The Temple Scroll: Reconstructing an Ancient Manufacturing Practice N2 - The presentation shows the studies of ancient parchment and leather conducted by the authors within last 20 years. Presentation specifically focusses on poduction of the parchment of the Temple scroll. The practice unites the early production of modern parchment with the lost way of skin splitting. T2 - The Temple Scroll: A Research Colloquium CY - New York City, USA DA - 24.02.2025 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment KW - Tanning PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A. A1 - Brandhorst, Antonia K. M. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - The Tet‑on system for controllable gene expression in the rock‑inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Knufia petricola is a black fungus that colonizes sun-exposed surfaces as extreme and oligotrophic environments. As ecologically important heterotrophs and biofilm-formers on human-made surfaces, black fungi form one of the most resistant groups of biodeteriorating organisms. Due to its moderate growth rate in axenic culture and available protocols for its transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, K. petricola is used for studying the morpho-physiological adaptations shared by extremophilic and extremotolerant black fungi. In this study, the bacteria-derived tetracycline (TET)-dependent promoter (Tet-on) system was implemented to enable controllable gene expression in K. petricola. The functionality i.e., the dose-dependent inducibility of TET-regulated constructs was investigated by using GFP fluorescence, pigment synthesis(melanin and carotenoids) and restored uracil prototrophy as reporters. The newly generated cloning vectors containing the Tet-on construct, and the validated sites in the K. petricola genome for color-selectable or neutral insertion of expression constructs complete the reverse genetics toolbox. One or multiple genes can be expressed on demand from different genomic loci or from a single construct by using 2A self-cleaving peptides, e.g., for localizing proteins and protein complexes in the K. petricola cell or for using K. petricola as host for the expression of heterologous genes. KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Inducible promoter KW - Bimolecular fluorescence complementation KW - 2A peptide KW - CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated genome editing PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607672 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-024-01354-2 VL - 28 IS - 38 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-60767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alder-Rangel, A. A1 - Idnurm, A. A1 - Brand, A. A1 - Brown, A. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kelliher, C. A1 - Campos, C. A1 - Levin, D. A1 - Bell-Pedersen, D. A1 - Dadachova, E. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Gadd, G. A1 - Braus, G. A1 - Braga, G. A1 - Brancini, G. A1 - Walker, G. A1 - Druzhinina, I. A1 - Pocsi, I. A1 - Dijksterhuis, J. A1 - Aguirre, J. A1 - Hallsworth, J. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Ho Wong, K. A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Corrochano, L. A1 - Kupiec, M. A1 - Momany, M. A1 - Molin, M. A1 - Requena, N. A1 - Yarden, O. A1 - Cordero, R. A1 - Fischer, R. A1 - Pascon, R. A1 - Mancinelli, R. A1 - Emri, T. A1 - Basso, T. A1 - Rangel, D. T1 - The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS N2 - Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Agricultural mycology KW - Fungal stress mechanisms and responses KW - Industrial mycology KW - Medical mycology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 235 EP - 252 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aumont, Cédric A1 - Beránková, T. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Radek, R. A1 - Akama, P. D. A1 - Sillam-Dussès, D. A1 - Sobotnik, J. ED - Scholtz, G. T1 - The ultrastructure of the rostral gland in soldiers of Verrucositermes tuberosus (Blattodea: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) N2 - The soil-feeding habit is an evolutionary novelty found in some advanced groups of termites. The study of such groups is important to revealing interesting adaptations to this way-of-life. The genus Verrucositermes is one such example, characterized by peculiar outgrowths on the head capsule, antennae and maxillary palps, which are not found in any other termite. These structures have been hypothesized to be linked to the presence of a new exocrine organ, the rostral gland, whose structure has remained unexplored. We have thus studied the ultrastructure of the epidermal layer of the head capsule of Verrucositermes tuberosus soldiers.We describe the ultrastructure of the rostral gland, which consists of class 3 secretory cells only. The dominant secretory organelles comprise rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which provide secretions delivered to the surface of the head, likely made of peptide-derived components of unclear function. We discuss a possible role of the rostral gland of soldiers as an adaptation to the frequent encounter with soil pathogens during search for new food resources. KW - Soil-feeding habit KW - Advanced groups of termites KW - New exocrine organ KW - Rostral gland KW - Epidemal layer KW - Peptide-derived components PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2023.101238 SN - 1467-8039 VL - 73 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-57046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Helman-Wasny, Agnieszka T1 - The Zhangzhung Nyengyü 'Tsakalis': A Cross-Disciplinary Analysis N2 - The publication focuses on a unique set of tsakali associated with the Zhangzhung Nyengyü cycle of Dzogchen teachings, a lineage preserved within the Kama tradition of oral transmission. Unlike Terma (Revealed Treasures), which are discovered texts often concealed for future revelation, the Zhangzhung Nyengyü has been transmitted in an unbroken line from teacher to disciple over centuries. This study, edited by Agnieszka Helman-Ważny, represents a pioneering interdisciplinary investigation into these rare and culturally significant objects. Through the integration of textual and iconographic analysis with material science methodologies – including the examination of paper, pigments, ink and script – the work offers new perspectives on the historical and ritual functions of tsakali. This innovative approach bridges important gaps in the study of Tibetan material culture and contributes meaningfully to our broader understanding of the religious, artistic and intellectual history of Tibet and the Himalayas. KW - Cultural heritage KW - Manuscript cultures KW - Tibet PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651885 SN - 978-3-11-162317-7 SN - 978-3-11-162321-4 VL - 45 SP - 1 EP - 227 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-65188 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blotevogel, J. T1 - Thermal Destruction of PFAS N2 - Thermal treatment processes are currently the only full-scale option for thedestruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large waste streams. While all organic molecules including PFAS are susceptible to thermal destruction, their decomposition rates are controlled by process variables such as temperature, reaction atmosphere, and residence time. Concerns exist about the formation of products of incomplete destruction and their emission from hazardous waste incinerators. This talk will summarize the current stateof-the-art of thermal PFAS destruction, identify research needs, and showcase future research designed to address critical knowledge gaps. T2 - Department of Defense's (DoD) Energy and Environment Innovation Symposium CY - Washington DC, USA DA - 28.11.2023 KW - Thermal treatment KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blotevogel, J. T1 - Thermal PFAS Destruction in a Full-Scale Hazardous Waste Incinerator N2 - Incineration is currently the only commercial full-scale technology available to destroy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large solid and liquid waste streams. Given previous experience of dioxin formation during halogenated waste incineration, concerns about the emission of products of incomplete destruction (PIDs) from PFAS incineration exist. The overarching objective of this project is to track the fate of fluorine during full-scale hazardous waste incineration in order to demonstrate the readiness, viability, and level of safety for thermal PFAS destruction in various waste streams. The specific objectives of this project are (1) to enhance our understanding of key variables and conditions on PFAS incineration performance, (2) to identify major PIDs under insufficient treatment conditions, (3) to explore the catalytic role of fly ash and other process-relevant surfaces in thermal PFAS decomposition, and (4) to determine the potential formation of polyfluorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. T2 - 2025 SERDP & ESTCP PFAS Project Meeting CY - Long Beach, CA, USA DA - 04.08.2025 KW - PFAS KW - Hazardous waste incineration PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Fink, Friedrich A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - ten Elshof, J. E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Thermally processed Ni-and Co-struvites as functional materials for proton conductivity N2 - We present how mesoporosity can be engineered in transition metal phosphate (TMPs) materials in a template-free manner. The method involves the transformation of a precursor metal phosphate phase, called M-struvite (NH4MPO4·6H2O, M = Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, NixCo1−x2+). It relies on the thermal decomposition of crystalline M-struvite precursors to an amorphous and simultaneously mesoporous phase, which forms during degassing of NH3 and H2O. The temporal evolution of mesoporous frameworks and the response of the metal coordination environment were followed by in situ and ex situ scattering and diffraction, as well as X-ray spectroscopy. Despite sharing the same precursor struvite structure, different amorphous and mesoporous structures were obtained depending on the involved transition metal. We highlight the systematic differences in absolute surface area, pore shape, pore size, and phase transitions depending on the metal cation present in the analogous M-struvites. The amorphous structures of thermally decomposed Mg-, Ni- and NixCo1−x-struvites exhibit high surface areas and pore volumes (240 m2 g−1 and 0.32 cm−3 g−1 for Mg and 90 m2 g−1 and 0.13 cm−3 g−1 for Ni). We propose that the low-cost, environmentally friendly M-struvites could be obtained as recycling products from industrial and agricultural wastewaters. These waste products could be then upcycled into mesoporous TMPs through a simple thermal treatment for further application, for instance in (electro)catalysis. KW - Struvite KW - Phosphates KW - Transition metals KW - Proton conductivity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575862 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DT00839H SN - 1477-9226 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Royal Society of Chemisty (RSC) CY - London/Cambridge AN - OPUS4-57586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holm, O. A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kennedy, E. A1 - Stockenhuber, M. A1 - Lucas, J. A1 - Truong, T. A1 - Rappé, A. A1 - Lu, W. A1 - Blotevogel, J. T1 - Thermische Zerstörung von PFAS in der Sondermüllverbrennung: Einfluss von Temperatur und PFAS-Konzentration N2 - Aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen molekularen Beschaffenheit werden per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) in vielen unterschiedlichen Produkten und Anwendungsgebieten eingesetzt. Da sie generell eine hohe Persistenz aufweisen und je nach individueller Struktur unterschiedlich mobil sind, sind sie mittlerweile in allen Umweltkompartimenten und ubiquitär nachzuweisen. Ihre potenzielle (ökologische) Toxizität birgt dabei erhebliche Umweltrisiken, weshalb PFAS in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr in den Fokus von Umweltverbänden und -behörden gelangten. Gleichzeitig beschäftigen sich Forschungseinrichtungen mit der möglichst weitreichenden Entfernung aus der Umwelt sowie mit deren (anschließender) Zerstörung. Im Projekt ER24-4073 „Untersuchung des thermischen Abbaus von PFAS in einer kommerziellen Großanlage zur Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle“, welches vom U.S. Department of Defense (DoD ) über das Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) gefördert wird, untersuchen deutsche, australische und amerikanische Partner die Behandlung von PFAS-haltigen Abfallströmen in einer großtechnischen Verbrennungsanlage, um die Einsatzbereitschaft, Machbarkeit und Sicherheit dieser Zerstörungsmethode zu demonstrieren. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Abfallwirtschaft und Energie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.01.2026 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Verbrennung KW - Kontaminierter Boden PY - 2026 SN - 978-3-911006-65-1 SP - 66 EP - 77 PB - TK Verlag AN - OPUS4-65513 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holm, O. T1 - Thermische Zerstörung von PFAS in der Sondermüllverbrennung: Einfluss von Temperatur und PFAS-Konzentration N2 - Aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen molekularen Beschaffenheit werden per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) in vielen unterschiedlichen Produkten und Anwendungsgebieten eingesetzt. Da sie generell eine hohe Persistenz aufweisen und je nach individueller Struktur unterschiedlich mobil sind, sind sie mittlerweile in allen Umweltkompartimenten und ubiquitär nachzuweisen. Ihre potenzielle (ökologische) Toxizität birgt dabei erhebliche Umweltrisiken, weshalb PFAS in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr in den Fokus von Umweltverbänden und -behörden gelangten. Gleichzeitig beschäftigen sich Forschungseinrichtungen mit der möglichst weitreichenden Entfernung aus der Umwelt sowie mit deren (anschließender) Zerstörung. Im Projekt ER24-4073 „Untersuchung des thermischen Abbaus von PFAS in einer kommerziellen Großanlage zur Verbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle“, welches vom U.S. Department of Defense (DoD ) über das Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) gefördert wird, untersuchen deutsche, australische und amerikanische Partner die Behandlung von PFAS-haltigen Abfallströmen in einer großtechnischen Verbrennungsanlage, um die Einsatzbereitschaft, Machbarkeit und Sicherheit dieser Zerstörungsmethode zu demonstrieren. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Abfallwirtschaft und Energie (BKAWE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.01.2026 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Verbrennung KW - Kontaminierter Boden PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65512 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for investigating the thermal degradation of polyurethanes N2 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was used to investigate the thermal degradation of two different polyurethanes (PU). PU samples were heated at different heating rates and the desorbed products were collected in a cold injection system and thereafter submitted to GC-MS. Prospects and limitations of the detection and quantification of semi-volatile degradation products were investigated. A temperature dependent PU depolymerization was found at temperatures above 200 °C proved by an increasing release of 1,4-butanediol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) representing the main building blocks of both polymers. Their release was monitored quantitatively based on external calibration with authentic compounds. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the residues obtained after thermodesorption confirmed the initial competitive degradation mechanism indicating an equilibrium of crosslinking and depolymerization as previously suggested. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of SEC fractions of thermally degraded PUs provided additional hints on degradation mechanism. KW - Thermo-desorption KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Polyurethanes KW - Thermal degradation PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AY00173C SN - 1759-9660 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Royal Society for Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Thermochemical P recycling from ash by AshDec ® process N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind. Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet. T2 - Wastewater, Water and Resource Recovery (Workshop) CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2022 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Ashdec PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production. KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes KW - Critical raw materials KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage Sludge PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 5461 AN - OPUS4-51446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piehl, Patrick T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Steel Work Dusts and Sludges for the Recovery of Zinc and Iron N2 - Steel work dusts and sludges usually contain severe amounts of zinc, lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals, which hinder direct recycling and make these materials potentially hazardous for the environment. To tackle this issue, here, two thermochemical treatment methods for the reductive workup of blast furnace sludge, electric arc furnace dust, and comparable steelwork dusts are presented. In the first method, carbon contained blast furnace sludge is employed as reducing agent for the material’s metal oxides. By this, heavy metals get evaporated and a metallic iron containing residue that may be reused in electric arc furnace steelmaking is formed. Additionally, the use of hydrogen for reducing iron and heavy metal oxides in steelwork dusts is presented. Here, high evaporation rates of heavy metals can be reached, and sponge iron is formed. Investigations using thermogravimetry and equilibrium simulations provide insides into the reactions taking place. For both processes an upscaling to pilot scale is ongoing. T2 - EUROSLAG 2024 CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 23.10.2024 KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Recycling KW - Ressource recovery KW - Zinc PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piehl, Patrick T1 - Thermochemical treatment of steel work dusts and sludges for the recovery of zinc and iron N2 - During iron and steel production, several by-products such as slags, dusts, and sludges are generated in addition to pig iron and steel as primary products. Especially for filter dusts and sludges containing zinc and lead from gas purification, there are still considerable recycling problems. However, the high heavy metal contents make landfilling of these dusts and sludges cost-intensive and ecologically problematic. In addition, the relatively high zinc and iron loads represent a valuable resource, which can make reprocessing of the material with recovery of the zinc and iron loads as secondary raw materials ecologically as well as economically attractive. Nevertheless, established recycling methods like the Waelz process fall short in regaining more than one valuable metal from the dusts and operate only under narrow ranges of material compositions, which makes it problematic to adapt these processes to new dust compositions as are to be formed in future steel work operations. To tackle these problems, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Ferro Duo GmbH investigate innovative recycling methods for steelwork dusts and sludges in a joint project. This mainly focusses on regaining valuable metals such as iron as well as zinc from blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) by thermochemical treatment. Therefore, mixtures of these materials are heated under inert atmosphere employing the carbon present in BFS as internal reducing agent. During the process, metallic iron is formed in the solid reaction product while zinc and other volatile heavy metals are evaporated. This paves the way for the generation of zinc as well as sponge iron as two separate products valuable for metallurgical processes. The process basically consists of heating a mixture of BFS and EAFD to temperatures between 700 and 1100 °C under inert (e.g., nitrogen) or reducing (e.g., CO) gas flow. When a suitable mixing ratio is applied, the carbon present in the BFS can be effectively used as reducing agent for iron and zinc present in both starting materials generating a solid residue with high metallic iron and low carbon content as well as a gas stream laden with zinc and other volatile heavy metals, that can be regained by off-gas treatment. The project aims at testing this concept as a continuous process in a pilot plant established by Ferro Duo GmbH with BAM supplying comprehensive scientific support by lab- and small scale-experiments. Additionally, considering the necessity to mitigate CO2 emissions and the resulting shift in compositions of steel work dusts and sludges, our research also investigates replacement of carbon present in the sludges by hydrogen as potentially carbon-neutral reducing agent. Here, the use of non-explosive forming gas as reducing agent for EAFD shows potential to give a product high in metallic iron while zinc and other heavy metals are effectively evaporated from the solid material making it possible to regain them from the exhaust gas stream. T2 - 11th European Slag Conference CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 04.10.2022 KW - Elektroofenstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Recycling KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung KW - Zink PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55950 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leers, K. A1 - Arnold, U. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Burkhardt, J. T1 - Thermochemically Treated Sewage Sludge Ash From Pilot-Scale Production as P-Fertilizer for Spring Wheat and Maize in Different Soil Conditions N2 - Background P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge ash (SSA) may be suitable substitutes for rock phosphate (RP)-based fertilizers and contribute to sustainable use of waste. In this context, the thermochemical AshDec treatment of SSA (TC-SSA) has been continuously improved and has emerged as a possible method to produce plant-available and low-pollutant P-fertilizers. Aim Evaluation of the P-fertilizer efficacy of TC-SSA produced in pilot trials in vegetation experiments with different plants, soils, and fertilizer doses. Methods TC-SSA was tested in pot experiments for spring wheat and maize on different soils and at two doses (0.2 and 0.4 g fertilizer P pot−1) and is compared to untreated SSA (USSA), RP, Struvite, triple superphosphate (TSP), and a control without P-fertilization (Zero P). Pot experiments are complemented by an analysis of fertilizer P-solubility. Results P-solubility of SSA with different extraction methods increased due to the thermochemical treatment, whereas the water-insoluble property remained. In contrast to RP or USSA, TC-SSA enriched calcium–acetate–lactate extractable soil P to the same extent as TSP. Plant biomass and P-uptake increased with TC-SSA compared to Zero P, RP, and USSA and were in most cases equal to TSP fertilization under different soil conditions. In contrast, the effects of RP and USSA varied among soils but, mostly, did not exceed plant biomass and P-uptake of the unfertilized control. Conclusion TC-SSA has an increased fertilizer efficacy compared to USSA and is an effective P-fertilizer for spring wheat and maize in different soil conditions. KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Thermochemical KW - Maize PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648251 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.70035 SN - 1522-2624 VL - 189 IS - 1 SP - 81 EP - 93 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-64825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piehl, Patrick T1 - Thermochemische Aufarbeitung von Stahlwerksstäuben und -schlämmen zur Zink- und Eisenrückgewinnung N2 - Stahlwerksstäube und -schlämme enthalten in der Regel Schwermetalle wie Zink, Blei und Cadmium, die ein direktes Recycling verhindern und diese Stoffe potenziell umweltgefährdend machen. Um diese Schwermetalle aus den Materialien zu entfernen, werden drei thermochemische Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Gichtgasschlamm, Elektroofenstaub und ähnlichen Stahlwerksstäuben vorgestellt. Zum einen kann die Mischung von Elektroofenstaub mit chloridhaltigen Lösungen, wie sie z. B. in der Titandioxidproduktion anfallen, gemischt werden, um bei der thermischen Behandlung Schwermetallchloride zu effektiv verdampfen. Weiterhin kann der im Gichtgasschlamm enthaltene Kohlenstoff genutzt werden, um in Mischungen aus Gichtgasschlamm und Elektroofenstaub bei der thermischen Behandlung als Reduktionsmittel zu wirken. Dieses Verfahren führt zur Rückgewinnung von Zink und metallischem Eisen und wird im Technikums- und Pilotmaßstab erprobt. Abschließend wird die Nutzung von Wasserstoff als Reduktionsmittel für Elektroofenstaub vorgestellt. Hierbei lässt sich der Reststoff potenziell klimaneutral in Eisenschwamm umwandeln, wobei die chemischen Grundlagen anhand von DTA-Experimenten und thermodynamischen Simulationen ergründet werden. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Metallkreisläufe CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.04.2024 KW - Elektroofenstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Recycling KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung KW - Zink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59726 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Thermochemische Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen - Phosphorrückgewinnung mit dem AshDec Prozess N2 - Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind. Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet. T2 - VDI.TECHNIK.TALK.ONLINE CY - Online meeting DA - 11.11.2021 KW - Phosphor KW - Recycling KW - Ashdec PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54325 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Thermochemisches P Recycling aus Klärschlamm - Erste großtechnische Anlage am Standort Altenstadt (Bayern) N2 - Im Verbundprojekt R-Rhenania wird eine industrielle Demonstrationsanlage am Standort der Monoverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt der Firma Emter errichtet und im Jahr 2024 den Betrieb aufnehmen. Die vorhandene Rostfeuerung-Monoverbrennung wird so umgebaut, dass ein neues thermochemisches Verfahren integriert werden kann, welches hochwirksame und schadstoffarme Dünger produziert (bis zu 17.000 t/a). Die thermochemischen Produkte werden in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen im ökologischen Landbau auf ihre Düngewirkung getestet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit der Demonstrationsanlage wird untersucht, wie auch die Übertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf weitere Regionen. T2 - 13. VDI Klärschlammbehandlung CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 14.09.2022 KW - Phosphor KW - Versuchskampagne KW - Recycling KW - Nährstoffe KW - Dünger PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59576 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Grevel, K.-D. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Dachs, E. A1 - Benisek, A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Majzlan, J. T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4. Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams. KW - Formation enthalpy KW - Heat capacity KW - Phase transformation KW - Bioceramics KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Entropy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5 VL - 55 SP - 8477 EP - 8490 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Röllig, Mathias T1 - Thermografie zur Vergleichbarkeit von Emissionsmessung im 3D-Druck N2 - Die Bedeutung der Extrudertemperatur bei kleinen Desktop 3D Druckern der Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Technologie auf die Emission von ultrafeinen Partikeln im Druckbetrieb ist nicht zu unterschätzen. Allerdings zeigen kommerzielle 3D Drucker häufig eine systematische Temperaturabweichung zum Sollwert, d.h. die eingestellte Temperatur weicht von der tatsächlichen Temperatur ab. Da die Partikelemission meist temperaturabhängig ist, ist eine genaue Messung der tatsächlichen Extrudertemperatur für den Vergleich von Emissionsdaten aus unterschiedlichen Druckermodellen relevant. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berin, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Thermografie KW - Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) KW - Ultrafeine Partikel KW - Extrudertemperatur KW - Temperaturmessung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63328 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Disinfection is an important strategy to limit the spread of infections. Failure of disinfection may facilitate evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics through the processes of cross-resistance and co-resistance. The best possible outcome of disinfection minimizes the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Here, we investigated how phenotypic heterogeneity affects the ability of E. coli to survive treatment with six different substances commonly used as active substances in disinfectants, preservatives and antiseptics. A mathematical model which assumes that phenotypic heterogeneity underlies the observed disinfection kinetics was used to infer whether time-kill kinetics were caused by a tolerant subpopulation. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (Iso). In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine (CHX), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics underpinned by a broad distribution of tolerance times for CHX as opposed to a narrow distribution of tolerance times for GTA and H2O2. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, with potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615572 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.22.497202 SN - 2692-8205 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory CY - Cold Spring Harbor, NY AN - OPUS4-61557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Background. Disinfection is an important mitigation strategy to control and prevent the spread of infections. Incomplete or incorrect usage of disinfection may promote evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics. Ideally, disinfection reduces the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Objective. In this study, we investigated six active substances of disinfectants, preservatives, and antiseptics against a population of E. coli to identify the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Methods. We performed time-kill experiments and analyzed the data with a mathematical model to statistically infer whether the data is best explained by the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Results. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and isopropanol. In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure. In addition, we are currently performing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with the different disinfectants to investigate the potential consequences of tolerant sub-populations for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. T2 - FEMS Conference CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 10.07.2023 KW - Biocide KW - Desinfectant KW - E.coli PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants N2 - Background. Disinfection is an important mitigation strategy to control and prevent the spread of infections. Incomplete or incorrect usage of disinfection may promote evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics. Ideally, disinfection reduces the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Objective. In this study, we investigated six active substances of disinfectants, preservatives, and antiseptics against a population of E. coli to identify the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Methods. We performed time-kill experiments and analyzed the data with a mathematical model to statistically infer whether the data is best explained by the presence of a tolerant subpopulation. Results. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and isopropanol. In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure. In addition, we are currently performing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with the different disinfectants to investigate the potential consequences of tolerant sub-populations for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance. T2 - Vereinigung Allgemeiner und Angewandter Mikrobiobiologie Jahreskongress 2023 CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Biocide KW - Desinfectant KW - E.coli PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Tintencharakterisierung: Optische Eigenschaften und elementare Zusammensetzung N2 - Die Präsentation beschreibt alle Typen der schwarzen Schreibmaterialien, die in der Antike und Mittelalter benutzt wurden. Weiterhin wir das bei der BAM entwickelte Untersuchungsprotokoll präsentiert, das aus zwei Stufen besteht: a) der Feststellung des Tintentyps anhand der optischen Eigenschaften; die Ausrechnung von den Fingerprints der Eisengallustinten anhand der elementaren Zusammensetzung. Die Arbeit wird durch Fallbeispiele illustriert. T2 - Schriftkulturen des Mittelalters in digitaler Perspektive CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.08.2025 KW - Tinte KW - Tusche PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64775 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -