TY - CONF A1 - Piehl, Patrick T1 - Thermochemische Aufarbeitung von Stahlwerksstäuben und -schlämmen zur Zink- und Eisenrückgewinnung N2 - Stahlwerksstäube und -schlämme enthalten in der Regel Schwermetalle wie Zink, Blei und Cadmium, die ein direktes Recycling verhindern und diese Stoffe potenziell umweltgefährdend machen. Um diese Schwermetalle aus den Materialien zu entfernen, werden drei thermochemische Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Gichtgasschlamm, Elektroofenstaub und ähnlichen Stahlwerksstäuben vorgestellt. Zum einen kann die Mischung von Elektroofenstaub mit chloridhaltigen Lösungen, wie sie z. B. in der Titandioxidproduktion anfallen, gemischt werden, um bei der thermischen Behandlung Schwermetallchloride zu effektiv verdampfen. Weiterhin kann der im Gichtgasschlamm enthaltene Kohlenstoff genutzt werden, um in Mischungen aus Gichtgasschlamm und Elektroofenstaub bei der thermischen Behandlung als Reduktionsmittel zu wirken. Dieses Verfahren führt zur Rückgewinnung von Zink und metallischem Eisen und wird im Technikums- und Pilotmaßstab erprobt. Abschließend wird die Nutzung von Wasserstoff als Reduktionsmittel für Elektroofenstaub vorgestellt. Hierbei lässt sich der Reststoff potenziell klimaneutral in Eisenschwamm umwandeln, wobei die chemischen Grundlagen anhand von DTA-Experimenten und thermodynamischen Simulationen ergründet werden. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Metallkreisläufe CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.04.2024 KW - Elektroofenstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Recycling KW - Ressourcenrückgewinnung KW - Zink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59726 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2024 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (AuW) und Gasreinigung (GAS) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.03.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ersatzbaustoffe PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - 5. Sitzung des projektbegleitenden Ausschuss CF Pyro: Ergebnisse & Technologiebewertung N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse und diskutieren deren Limitierungen. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen auf, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Nach der Präsentation der Projektergebnisse erfolgte in der Diskussion mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik eine Technologiebewertung für die Nutzung von CF in pyrometallurgischen Prozessen. T2 - 5. PA Meeting CF Pyro CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 31.01.2024 KW - Cabonfasern KW - CFK KW - Recycling KW - Leichtbau PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60569 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osgood, A. A1 - Creamer, M. A1 - Bishop, K. A1 - Feston, J. A1 - Kiever, S. A1 - Kelley, P. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - LLIN (Long-lasting Insecticidal Netting) as a barrier protection against museum pests of major importance N2 - In IPM, setting physical and chemical barriers is a cornerstone for pest prevention designed to protect cultural heritage objects in museum settings. Combining a physical barrier with a chemical barrier in the form of Long-Lasting-Insecticidal Netting (LLIN) has proved to be effective against mosquitos in many parts of the world, while in museums there have been promising studies of LLIN for monitoring and controlling Tineola bisselliella and dermestids. This research explores the efficacy of LLIN as an IPM tool in three unique settings to help inform how they work against other major pests of museums. In the first study, we tested the suitability and efficacy of LLIN under controlled laboratory conditions to prevent hatching of Anobium punctatum from infested material. Artificial breeding material containing multiple A. punctatum full-grown larvae and pupae inside and with expected hatch of adult beetles shortly was enclosed with LLIN. Number of emerging beetles and their longevity was compared to an equal setup with an untreated variety of the netting. While emerging beetles with contact to untreated nettings showed a normal lifespan of up to one month, those with contact to LLIN died immediately or within one day after, thus preventing their potential spread completely. In the second study, the efficacy of LLIN as a barrier protection against grey silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was tested by quantifying C. longicaudatum mortality rates after different exposures times to LLIN. The third study takes the LLIN into the field to determine efficacy and practical implementation as a containment barrier for cyclical A. punctatum populations in historic house structures. Infestation by A. punctatum has been a recurring and widespread issue at Gedney House (c. 1665), a non-climate controlled, wood frame building in coastal Massachusetts USA. Over the years, Historic New England, as stewards of the property have implemented many historic preservation and conservation IPM practices, including landscaping measures, water mediation, and regular inspections as part of a holistic IPM program. Many pest species thrive in damp and warm conditions, making Gedney House a prime infestation risk. LLIN was hung in various areas of the basement of the Gedney House with a construction-grade vapor barrier, Tyvek, as a secondary layer for collecting dead A. punctatum after emergence from the rafters and other architectural fragments and subsequent contact with the netting. After 18 months, a large volume of dead A. punctatum caught in the LLIN and vapor barrier encapsulation was observed. This study illustrates how LLIN can be a useful tool for a non-destructive, minimally invasive IPM program implemented by museum staff to monitor and understand A. punctatum activity. The combined results of these studies will inform museum professionals and pest management specialists how to best utilize LLINs in museum settings when trying to prevent damage from these majorly important pests of museums. T2 - 5th International IPM Conference for Cultural Heritage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.09.2024 KW - IPM KW - Museum KW - Cultural Heritage KW - Insect Netting PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Kultureller Ursprung sprachinvasiver Schadinsekten N2 - Unsere Alltagssprache bedient sich so manchem Vorbild aus der Welt der Insekten. In Sinnsprüchen, Sprichwörtern, Redewendungen und Zitaten finden dabei Schadinsekten besonders häufig Verwendung und dies meist in Form der Allegorie als wichtiges rhetorisches Gestaltungsmittel. Redensarten sind ein sprachliches Spiegelbild gelebter Kultur, was den Vergleich mit anderen Sprachen interessant macht. So hat jede Sprache ein charakteristisches Portfolio von ihnen, die sinnverwandt sein, aber auch zu Missverständnissen führen können. Die eng mit uns Menschen verbundenen Lebensweisen von Vorrats- und Materialschädlingen einschließlich der lästigen Fliegen bieten dafür die geschichtliche und kulturelle Basis. T2 - 22 Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Vorratsschutz CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2024 KW - Schadinsekten KW - Kultur KW - Sprache PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kilic, Özge T1 - Tracking collective behavioural responses of termites with machine learning pose estimation software N2 - Termites, as eusocial insects, exhibit complex social behaviors critical to their ecological roles. This study employs cutting-edge machine learning techniques, specifically SLEAP pose estimation software, to investigate the interactions of *Reticulitermes flavipes* within controlled environments. By leveraging advanced tracking methods, this research addresses challenges such as track breaks in movement data and uses custom coding solutions to ensure accurate reconnections, preserving the continuity and reliability of individual and group behavior analyses. Custom-designed 3D-printed habitats facilitate controlled observations, while machine learning enables the annotation and tracking of key body segments (mandible, thorax, and abdomen). This approach provides granular insights into colony dynamics, highlighting task differentiation and social clustering. Future applications include the development of automated, continuous recording setups and expanded experiments to examine the impact of varying environmental conditions. This interdisciplinary work, combining biology and data science, advances our understanding of termite social systems and paves the way for predictive simulations of their activity. Such insights contribute to ecological management strategies and deepen our knowledge of collective animal behaviors. T2 - ASAB 2024 CY - Exeter, United Kingdom DA - 21.04.2024 KW - Machine learning KW - Artifical Intelligent KW - Social behaviour KW - 3D Printing KW - Pose estimation KW - Tracking PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - Detection, Quantification and Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Detektion, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von insbesondere ultrakurzkettigen PFAS in Grundwasser N2 - Da PFAS in großem Umfang in einer Vielzahl von Produkten verwendet wurde, sind sie im Grundwasser in der Nähe vieler industrieller und militärischer Anlagen weltweit zu finden. Darüber hinaus führten neue Vorschriften und Beschränkungen für die Verwendung von langkettigen PFAS zu einer vermehrten Produktion kurzkettiger Alternativen. Ultrakurzkettige PFAS (≥C3) können natürliche und anthropogene Barrieren durchdringen und schließlich in Trinkwasserquellen gelangen. Zudem entfernen die meisten gängigen Trinkwasser-aufbereitungsverfahren die ultrakurzkettigen PFAS nicht ausreichend. Im Kooperationsprojekt DEFEAT-PFAS wird daher das Ziel verfolgt, Wissenslücken über Nachweis, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von kurz- (C4-C7) und ultrakurzkettige (C1-C3) PFAS, in kontaminiertem Grundwasser zu schließen. Die israelischen und deutschen Projektpartner entwickeln dafür analytische Methoden and selektive Passivsammler, um das zeitliche Profil von PFAS-Spezies im Grundwasser zu erfassen und überwachen. Darüber hinaus ein zweistufiges Verfahren entwickelt, welches darauf ausgelegt ist, die relativ niedrigen PFAS-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser durch neuartige Membranverfahren, Umkehrosmose im Batchbetrieb mit geschlossenem Kreislauf sowie Verbund-Nanofiltrationsmembranen, zu konzentrieren. Anschließend werden die PFAS angereicherten Konzentrate mittels Koagulation behandelt und das verbleibende PFAS an kohlenstoffhaltigen Nanomaterialien adsorbiert. T2 - Workshop des Netzwerks Perflusan CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Grundwasser KW - Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60334 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA erforderlich. Informationen über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für HMVA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der HMVA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequenziellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der HMVA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass HMVA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fuentes, Elsa A1 - Prieto, Beatriz T1 - Effect of climate change on phototrophic biofilms colonizing granitic rocks and their biodeteriogenic activity. N2 - Material cultural heritage from NW of the Iberian Peninsula is linked to the use or presence of granite, whether in historical buildings, sculptures, archaeological sites or any other artistic manifestation. This resistant material has the ideal physical characteristics that favor its longevity, but, like any material exposed to the environment, it is susceptible to deterioration. To this respect, environmental changes due to climate change and global change may modify biological colonization-substrate interactions. The main objective of the present research was to analyse the effects of Climate Change, more specifically changes in water availability, increased temperature, increased CO2 concentrations and changes in UV-B radiation patterns, on the survival and biodeteriogenic activity of phototrophic biofilms on granite heritage and the consequences for the built heritage. Both field and laboratory work were carried out. Field studies were conducted on three rural churches to characterise the current biological colonization. A higher proportion of algae than cyanobacteria was identified, with the genera Trentepohlia and Desmococcus standing out among the former. The most common current fungi are lichenised fungi, but black fungal genera such as Catenulostroma, Rhinocladiella and Knufia were also identified. Bacterial genera related to the production of sphinganes, EPS, carotenoids and some causing the so-called pink discolouration are also present. The effect of climate change on the growth and physiological state of the organisms was analysed in the laboratory. For this purpose, mixed biofilms were developed in the laboratory and exposed to changing conditions of temperature, water availability, CO2 and UV-B. A reduction in growth was observed with increasing water restriction, although in the initial colonization process, rock bioreceptivity was shown to be a more important aspect in favoring anchorage and retention of organisms. Temperature was shown to have a growth-enhancing effect when water availability was low, whereas an increase in CO2 only resulted in increased growth under conditions of high-water availability. Increased UV-B produced a reduction in growth, especially at the highest dose (equivalent to the current dose of a west-facing wall in southern Portugal, which is considered as high), while little difference in the physiological state of the organisms was observed at the current doses in Galicia (considered as medium) and southern Ireland (considered as low). Clear changes in microbial composition were observed, with a trend towards increased or greater resistance of cyanobacteria to higher temperature, lower water availability and higher UV-B doses. In addition, all these changes in development, physiological and microbial composition had an effect on the predominant pigments, tending towards more yellowish-brownish colourations, and on the ability of the organisms to generate biodeterioration by affecting ion concentrations on water solutions by enhancing their consumption or adhesion which lead to granite deterioration. Future work should take into account the combination of a greater number of climatic parameters simultaneously and also the possible resistances associated with the nature of the SAB community studied. T2 - 19th International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biofilm KW - Granite KW - Climate change KW - Biodeterioration KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Julseth, Mara Jean T1 - Chromosome evolution in Reticulitermes of europe - dynamics of chain formation N2 - Termites, the oldest eusocial insect group, display important divergent features compared to the eusocial Hymenoptera, including diploidy and an XY sex differentiation system. Termite males have frequently been shown to generate multivalent chromosome chains and rings during meiosis. This intriguing phenomenon could act on multiple evolutionary scales. Firstly, chain formation creates a higher probability of large-scale chromosomal translocations, which could play an important role in chromosome evolution across deep evolutionary time. Secondly, chains occurring in meiosis I should suppress recombination, leading to accumulation of genetic divergence in corresponding chromosomal regions, with potential consequences for speciation dynamics. Suppressed recombination may also represent a mechanism to maintain genetic heterozygosity, thereby theoretically mitigating against the negative effects of inbreeding. A high tolerance for inbreeding could have played a prominent role during the evolution of termite eusociality through its potential impact on inclusive fitness. Using newly sequenced near-chromosome-level reference genomes of native European Reticulitermes species, we will compare chromosomal translocations against other termite species as well as solitary relatives from Blattodea. Additionally, combining a large-scale population genomic data set with high resolution karyotypying across the southern European range, we aim to test the hypotheses that the occurrence and extent of chromosomal rings or chains i) are positively correlated with inbreeding, and ii) contribute to species divergence via the accumulation and fixation of genetic differences. In summary, this project seeks to identify the diverse roles that chain and ring chromosomes have played and continue to play in termite evolution. T2 - SPP Meeting Gevol CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 30.09.2024 KW - Termites KW - Chromosomes KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - CFK-Recycling N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse gegeben und deren Limitierungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen aufgezeigt, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Abschließend wird eine, auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen und im Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik entwickelten, Technologiebewertung vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.10.2024 KW - Cabonfasern KW - Recycling PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prajapati, Harshit Kumar T1 - Transmission-mediated adaptation in virulence of a major honeybee pathogen - Deformed Wing Virus N2 - The emergence of several infectious diseases in the last few decades has resulted in elevated honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. Especially, (+) single-stranded RNA viruses like Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) have become prominent due to a novel vector from Asia, the ectoparasitic mite – Varroa destructor. The evolution of DWV may have been significantly affected by the establishment of a new transmission route, as represented by V. destructor. According to virulence-transmission trade-off theory, viruses found in vector-invaded hosts may evolve a level of virulence that maximizes transmission and subsequent spread in the colony. In this study, we tested this prediction by passaging DWV in white-eyed pupae by microinjection over 10 generations, to emulate the vectoring function of V. destructor, while subjecting the virus to 3 different transmission selection regimes: (i) Early: at 4 days, (ii) Optimal: at 6 days, and (iii) Late: at 8 days post-injection. The evolved viral genomes are analyzed by long-read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing. The reconstructed viral population dynamics are compared with the inter-host transmission and viral load, to identify fixed mutations contributing to the adapted virulence. Using a site-/gene-specific test of natural selection, we explore the phenotypic effects of virulence among the evolved viruses. T2 - European IUSSI 2024 CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Evolution KW - Varroa destructor KW - Honeybees KW - Virus PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Song, Jessica T1 - (micro)Plastic biofilms: Keeping afloat by carving out a new niche N2 - As pervasive and persistent pollutants, microplastics exist alongside vast microbial communities in nature. These hardy substrates accumulate rich polymeric matrices from their surroundings that in turn offer nutrition and protection to diverse communities and their theatre of activity, representing a new ecological niche. In our research to date, biofilm communities demonstrate no specificity to plastic polymers but appear rather to be more strongly shaped by spatial and temporal factors. Other synthetic substrates such as tyre wear, however, signal towards some form of community selection that may manifest in the presence of leachates from the polymer itself. Contrary to these biofilms, polyaromatic hydrocarbons appear to observe the opposite pattern, with adsorbed concentrations on plastic more strongly dictated by the type of plastic polymer than the environment itself. Although community specificity has not yet been evidenced among different plastic polymers, our studies show that microplastics might shape communities in a different way. As suggested by our detection of carotenoid synthesis pathways and photosynthetic gene clusters among microplastic biofilms, we postulate this new niche to shape a specific functional toolkit adaptive among its members as a product of prolonged exposure to UV radiation at the sea’s surface. This opens exciting new avenues for further research into the functional capabilities of these biofilms and offers new perspective on their potential beyond subordinate processes such as biodegradation. Here, we present a synthesis of our collective research on microplastic biofilms, the factors that shape them, and their interactions with nature. T2 - MICRO 2024 Conference CY - Lanzarote, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Biofilms KW - Microplastics KW - Microbial ecology KW - 16S amplicon KW - Pollutants PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimmer, Christoph T1 - Development, application and measurement uncertainty of emission reference materials N2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly. T2 - Webinar Metrology for Indoor Air Quality Reference materials for QA/QC of the emission test chamber procedure CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Emission reference materials for indoor air measurements N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented. T2 - GAS Analysis 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 30.01.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC KW - Indoor air quality PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Susset, Bernd A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der PFAS-Elution N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden spezifische Herausforderungen bei Elutionsuntersuchungen von Bodenproben mit einer PFAS-Kontamination vorgestellt. Aus durchgeführten Robustheitsuntersuchungen im ZAG der Universität Tübingen sowie in der BAM wurden praxisrelevante Schlussfolgerungen erläutert und für einzelne PFAS-Verbindungen und Vorläufersubstanzen konkretisiert. Dabei wurde auch auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg und die Bedeutung des Fest/Flüssigtrennschrittes beim Schüttelverfahren eingegangen. Die Untersuchung von Böden auf PFAS mit Elutionsversuchen ist generell möglich, aber es besteht eine komplexe Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen im Eluat vom Gesamtgehalt, der Löslichkeit und des Verteilungsmusters der einzelnen PFAS, der Art der Bodenmatrix und dem Einfluss der Probenaufbereitung vor der Analytik. Die geringere Sensitivität der Feststoffanalytik für PFAS im Vergleich zur Eluatanalytik erschwert die Berechnung von Massenbilanzen. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elution KW - PFAS KW - Prekursoren KW - Boden KW - Säulenversuch KW - Schüttelversuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Ergebnisvergleich Teil 4 – Untersuchung von BM/BG mit und ohne CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen und Methodenvergleichen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden Robustheitsuntersuchungen für die Wahl des Eluenten besonders für Böden mit hohem Humusgehalt und/oder Tongehalt vorgestellt und die Einführung einer neuen Option in die Normen begründet. Der Einsatz 0,001 molarer CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel führt zu niedrigeren Trübungen im Eluat und reduziert den Aufwand zur Vorbereitung der Eluate für die Folgeanalytik, erleichtert den Fest-Flüssig-Trennschritt bei Schütteleluaten und hat Auswirkungen auf die Mobilisierung/Freisetzungspotenziale bestimmter Analyten, die häufig an Kolloide im Boden binden. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Eluent KW - Kolloide PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62063 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Robustheit und Validierung der Elutionsnormen N2 - Im Vortrag wurden die den deutschen Elutionsnormen DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 zugrunde liegenden Validierungsdaten erörtert. Dabei wurde auf die Herstellung von Referenzmaterialien durch die BAM, die Vorgehensweise bei den Robustheitsuntersuchungen und die Ableitung der Versuchsbedingungen der Normen erläutert. Die Verfahrenskenndaten aus den durch die BAM veranstalteten Ringversuchen zur Validierung der Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19527/19529 wurden mit besonderem Focus auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg diskutiert. Des Weiteren wurden Hintergründe für die Überarbeitung der deutschen Elutionsnormen und notwendige Angleichung an die zukünftige harmonisierte europäische Säulenversuchsnorm im Bereich Bauprodukte beleuchtet. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Robustheitsuntersuchungen KW - Validierung KW - Ringversuche KW - Verfahrenskenndaten PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Elutionsverfahren im Wandel der Zeit - ISO, CEN, DIN N2 - Ein historischer Abriss der Entwicklung und Standardisierung von Elutionsverfahren auf nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Ebene im Zusammenhang mit deutschen und europäischen Regularien im Bereich der Verwertung von mineralischen Abfällen und der Zertifizierung von Bauprodukten wurde gegeben. Die Bedeutung der Elutionsverfahren für die BBodSchV und EBV (Mantelverordnung), die im Juli 2023 in Kraft getreten sind wurde dabei in den Focus gestellt. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Organische und anorganische Schadstoffe KW - Quelltermbestimmung KW - Standardisierung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62058 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Contaminant Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches - Simultaneous sampling for Microplastics, PAH and Heavy Metals N2 - In September 2023, the European Commission introduced a new regulation to reduce microplastic (MP) emissions into the environment, including the sale and use of intentionally added (large) MP < 5 mm (ISO/TR 21960: 2020). This explicitly applies to the use of synthetic rubber granulate infill in artificial turf installations, which are complex multi-component systems consisting of multiple synthetic polymers (Fig. 1). In addition, abrasions of synthetic grass fibres and other turf components are also considered as MP sources. Although this has a major impact on public recreational sports, there is so far no sufficient data to estimate the MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution. To close this gap, this study compared environmental contaminant emissions of three artificial turf scenarios at different ageing states (unaged, artificially and real-time aged): the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Germany: fossil based, EPDM infill) and future (turf with recycled grass fibres, no synthetic infill). Accelerated ageing by UV weathering and mechanical stress was carried out to simulate the outdoor weathering during the lifespan of approx. 15 years. MP emissions and released environmentally relevant contaminants posing a risk to the groundwater were simultaneously sampled using the newly developed Microplastic Eluate Lysimeter manufactured at BAM (Fig. 2). MP contents were analysed using smart microfilter crucibles (mesh size: 5 μm) with subsequent MP detection by TED-GC/MS. Additionally, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined using GC/MS and heavy metals using ICP-AES. T2 - 22nd European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy (ESOPS) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 08.09.2024 KW - Microplastics Eluate Lysimeter KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Heavy Metals KW - PAH PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - Biocides and phenotypic heterogeneity N2 - An overview of our findings regarding the interplay between phenotypic heterogeneity in bacteria and biocides. T2 - One Health and Antimicrobial Resistance CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.01.2024 KW - Biocides KW - Phenotypic heterogeneity KW - Biocide resistance PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wen, Keqing T1 - In situ analysis of biofilm formation under different flow regimes with the help of a microfluidic platform N2 - Bacteria often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, which is ubiquitous in a diverse range of environments such as surface waters, wastewater treatment facilities, pipelines, and medical implants. Bacterial adhesion on surfaces may lead to biocorrosion and biodegradation. In comparison to traditional static and macro flow chamber assays for biofilm formation studies, microfluidic chips allow in situ monitoring of biofilm formation and biofilm related gene expression under various flow regimes. We developed a complete microfluidic platform to investigate biofilms under precisely controlled flow conditions. This platform central unit is a single-inlet microfluidic flow cell with a 5 mm wide chamber tested and analyzed by imaging tracking velocimetry (PIV) to achieve ultra-homogenous flow in the central area of the chamber. Additionally, dedicated microstructures were introduced to the chamber’s center to favor and localize bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation pattern. The flows and vortices induced by the structure were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and related to shape and dimension of the biofilm formed by Escherichia coli TG1. The major proteinaceous component of E. coli biofilms are extracellular amyloid fibers (curli) consisting of major (CsgA) and minor (CsgB) subunits. We used the promotor probe plasmid pRU1701 to monitor csgB-promotor activity under different flow regimes in complex and minimal medium. For comparison, csgB promotor activity in a batch liquid culture and curli production on LB and M9 agar plates were assessed. The microfluidic platform represents a powerful and versatile tool for studying biofilm in flow. The setup shows great potential for the yet not too much explored in flow monitoring of biofilm formation and related gene expression under hydrodynamic stresses. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium (IBBS) 19 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microfluidics KW - Biofilm KW - Escherichia coli KW - Curli PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Identification of Genes Involved in Susceptibility to Biocides in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria N2 - Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) poses a significant challenge in various industries, leading to structural damage and economic losses due to the activity of microorganisms on metal surfaces. The major culprits of MIC are the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). A common mitigation method is the usage of biocides to prevent MIC. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine susceptibility of SRB to biocides have been poorly understood. Our aim is to identify genes that are linked to biocide susceptibility in the model SRB strain Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis (G20). We investigated the susceptibility of G20 towards three biocides commonly used in MIC protection: benzalkonium chloride (BAC), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS). We determined selection of mutants in specific genes in two G20 barcoded transposon mutant libraries in the presence of these biocides and media as control along a concentration gradient up to 500 ppm. Our study investigated over 1843 genes in G20, revealing insights into their response to biocide treatments. We identified 1668 genes negatively affected by biocide treatment, while 175 genes showed improved fitness. Among the treatments leading to reduced fitness in the mutants, GTA had the highest number of solely negatively affected genes (186), followed by BAC (67) and THPS (69). There were common negative impacts on 280 genes of all four treatments (BAC, GTA, THPS, control). Notably, BAC and GTA shared 113 affected genes, BAC and THPS shared 59, and GTA and THPS shared 72. On the single gene level, mutants treated with THPS exhibited reduced fitness for the rluD gene (DDE_1447), encoding ribosomal large subunit pseudouridine synthase d, which plays a crucial role in protein biosynthesis. In the presence of BAC, mutants showed reduced fitness due to the lack of the acrB gene (DDE_0401), encoding a cationic efflux pump crucial for biocide resistance. Our findings provide leads for future research into the detailed molecular mechanisms that underlie biocide susceptibility in microorganisms responsible for MIC. Such detailed understanding will enable the development of improved MIC prevention strategies and foster a more sustainable use of biocides. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biocide Resistance KW - Transposon Mutant Libraries KW - Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) KW - Microbially Induced Corrosion (MIC) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61526 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment N2 - This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available. T2 - EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanaris, Orestis T1 - Metabolic niches and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment N2 - Background and Aim: Wastewater treatment plants are considered as hotspots for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist in the environment for long periods of time, despite metabolic fitness costs that can arise with resistance. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms, which allow ARB to persist in the environment. More specifically, we want to identify metabolic niches that can select for resistant bacteria. Procedure/Method: 62 E. coli strains isolated from different WWTPs in Norway were used. The isolates have different levels of resistance to 14 antibiotics. The susceptibility of the isolates to 3 disinfectants was determined. In addition, genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) were constructed and the growth of the strains was simulated in the presence of 198 different carbon sources. Furthermore, the growth rates of the isolates were measured in the presence of 3 carbon sources. Findings/Results: Many of the isolates have high resistance to multiple antibiotics but only few of the isolates have higher minimum inhibitory concentrations to the disinfectants, compared to an E. coli laboratory strain. With the GEMs, we identified 40 carbon sources that can be utilized for growth only by a portion of all the isolates. The prediction accuracy of the GEMs was 93% in the case of D-Malate. A group of 10 isolates was identified of which 5 isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline and can grow on Sucrose but not on D-Malate and the other 5 isolates are susceptible to the same 3 antibiotics but can grow on D-Malate and not on Sucrose. Implications/Applications: Our data suggest that changing the available carbon source could shift the selection advantage between resistant and susceptible bacterial strains. If this strategy is confirmed experimentally, it could be applied to reduce the number of ARB in environments like wastewater. T2 - Conference on the Environmental dimentions of antimicrobial resistance 7 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Wastewater PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61410 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben T1 - Genetic engineering of melanised fungi to study the role of melanin in mineral weathering and metal corrosion N2 - Melanins are organic, dark pigments produced by many organisms. Fungi either fix these pigments in their cell wall or secrete them into their environment to protect themselves against an array of physicochemical stresses (e.g., UV irradiation, desiccation, ...). However, melanins can also adsorb metals like iron and therefore might have a role in the fungal capacity to deteriorate iron-containing minerals and metals. To study this, we focus on the fungi Knufia petricola, a rock-inhabiting fungus with melanised cell walls which deteriorates minerals, and Amorphotheca resinae, a soil-borne fungus able to secrete melanin, degrade alkane-containing fuels, and corrode metals. The broader significance of this work lies in the mitigation of climate change via the negative emission technology enhanced rock weathering for the former to the mitigation of corrosion of biofuel infrastructure for the latter. Genes of K. petricola involved in melanin synthesis and iron uptake were deleted and down- and up- regulated to generate strains with a different melanin content and ability to take up iron. These strains and the wild type (WT) were exposed to a growth solution containing the iron-magnesium silicate olivine of which dissolution rates were obtained by measuring aqueous Mg concentrations using ICP-OES. Thus, the specific mineral deterioration mechanisms of melanised fungi were identified. Abiotically, these experiments showed that iron oxidation at the surface inhibits olivine dissolution. K. petricola was able to enhance dissolution when this abiotic inhibition is strongest (at pH 6) but prevented dissolution when this inhibition is weakest (at pH 4). The fungus therefore dissolves olivine by interacting with the oxidised iron at the olivine surface. Its iron uptake pathways do not seem to be involved as mutants deficient in iron uptake dissolved olivine at the same rate as the WT. The higher dissolution rates of a mutant which secretes a melanin precursor and the lower rates of a melanin-deficient mutant, however, indicate that the iron-adsorbing and -reducing capacities of melanin play a key role. This hypothesis is further supported by carbon steel corrosion experiments with six strains of A. resinae isolated from anthropogenic and natural environments. Their varying ability to secrete melanin correlated with their corrosion rates. We now plan to develop CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing techniques for A. resinae to figure out whether this correlation is also a causation. In summary, our data show that the iron-binding capacity of melanins enables fungi to deteriorate iron-containing substrates at a higher rate. T2 - IBBS19 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Weathering KW - Corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Identifikation und Einordnung von historischen Lehmbauteilen für die Wiederverwendung hinsichtlich Anreicherung von Schadstoffen und bauschädlichen Salzen N2 - Lehmbaustoffe, einschließlich Lehm aus dem historischen Baubestand, bieten ein hohes Potenzial für ihre Wiederverwendbarkeit und die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen. Zur Bewertung des Wiederverwendungspotenzials gibt es nur wenige Studien hinsichtlich der Schadstoffbelastung und der Anreicherung von Salzen in Gebäuden aus dem historischen Bestand. Tonminerale, die in Lehmbaustoffen als Bindemittel fungieren, können Schadstoffe binden. Die Region Mitteldeutschland ist geprägt durch jahrzehntelange Einwirkung erheblicher Schadstoffemissionen aus der Chemie- und Braunkohleindustrie. Der Eintrag von Schadstoffen in Lehmbaustoffe ist außerdem aus geogenen Hintergrundbelastungen denkbar, z. B. in Auenböden beeinflusst durch Einträge aus dem Erzbergbau. Salzbildende Anionen wie Chloride oder Nitrate können aufgrund ihrer hohen Löslichkeit mittels kapillarer Kräfte durch die Porenstruktur transportiert werden. In Lehmwänden können sie vor allem in oberflächennahen Lagen, in denen höhere Verdunstungsraten vorherrschen, durch Bindung mit in Lösung vorliegenden oder baustoffeigenen Kationen auskristallisieren und bauschädliche Salze ausbilden. Auch durch spezifische Nutzungen akkumulierte Schadstoffe, z. B. durch die Einwirkung von Tabakrauch, könnten theoretisch einer Wiederverwendung von Lehm entgegenstehen. In Anbetracht der Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der klimatischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, sind wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse im Lehmbau erforderlich, die eine Integration in eine nachhaltige Kreislaufwirtschaft ermöglichen. Bei bisherigen Gesetzgebungsverfahren zu rezyklierten Baustoffen wurden Lehmbaustoffe noch nicht berücksichtigt. Ziel einer Vorstudie im Rahmen der WIR!-Initiative GOLEHM ist die Überprüfung der Wiederverwendbarkeit Wiederverwendbarkeit von Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Bauten an Stichproben hinsichtlich der Umwelt- und Nutzerverträglichkeit. Für den Raum Mitteldeutschland können damit Anhaltspunkte darüber gegeben werden, welche Schadstoffe und bauschädlichen Salze in welchem Maße in Lehmbaustoffen aus dem Gebäudebestand erwartet werden können. Daraus können Hinweise zum Umgang mit Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Gebäuden abgeleitet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden exemplarisch an zwei Gebäuden mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung einer möglichen Belastung mit Schimmelpilzen vorgenommen. T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Lehm KW - Schadstoffe KW - Wiederverwendung KW - Historischer Baubestand PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61881 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM N2 - Im Folgenden soll über aktuelle Diskussionen und Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Fachbeirat der BAM und von der Zulassungsstelle berichtet werden. Es werden Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen vorgestellt. Es wird über die aktuelle Diskussion über die Anforderungen z. B. an metallische Sensoren für Dichtungskontrollsysteme berichtet. Änderungen der Fremdprüfung von sogenannten Sandschutzmatten, des Standards zur Qualitätsüberwachung (SQÜ) von Kunststoff Dränelementen (KDE) und der Anpassung der Formulierungen zum Überbau der in Abdichtungen verwendeten Produkte werden aufgezeigt. T2 - 20. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Deponie KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn KW - Dichtungskontrollsystem PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59894 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben T1 - Quantifying and modelling growth of a subaerial black fungus N2 - Environmental, black fungi are known for their oligotrophic lifestyle and melanin production and are ubiquitous colonisers of natural and anthropogenic subaerial surfaces like marble monuments, washing machine soap dispensers and solar panels. Even though their growth is generally unappreciated, prevention or inhibition thereof is still to be accomplished. We have chosen the genetically amenable, black fungus Knufia petricola as a model species to study these organisms. Our goal is simple: the quantitative description of its growth on various environmental conditions to create a mathematical model using the iDynoMiCS 2.0 platform which could allow the development of a mitigation strategy. The conditions to be tested are the quantity and type of carbon and nitrogen sources, the pH and the presence of neighbouring colonies. First results showed that colonies grown on agar have the highest extension rates at pH 5, 0.01M NO3 or NH4, and 0.1M glucose or sucrose. Interestingly, extension rates but also CO2 production was unaffected by an increase in the concentration of the C-source from 0.01M to 0.1M. On a microscale, we observed that medium containing more C resulted in a higher quantity of branches produced by a single cell and not in a higher single cell growth rate. This rapidly results in a more compact microcolony versus the more extended colonies on C-deficient media. We believe that such deeper knowledge on the growth of black fungi will help mitigate their material colonisation and deterioration. T2 - IMC12 CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 09.08.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Modelling KW - Carbon and nitrogen limitation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - ALEE-AMC: Bacterial resistance evolution towards antimicrobial surfaces and development of a standardized test N2 - Background: Antimicrobial surfaces and coatings (AMCs) are important to protect man-made structures from biodeterioration and biodegradation. Advances in nano-structuring methods hold the promise of a new generation of AMCs. However, the evolution and selection of bacterial resistance to AMCs may threaten their efficacy in the long term. Therefore, according to the EU Biocidal Products Regulation, the risk of resistance development upon exposure to AMCs must be evaluated during product authorization. The same applies to the development of cross-resistances to other substances, for instance biocides and antibiotics. However, no standardized method exists to assess the risk of resistance and cross-resistance development upon exposure to AMCs during the authorization process. Objectives: • To develop a standardizable adaptive laboratory evolution experiment to be performed on AMCs (ALEE-AMC) • To assess performance and robustness of ALEE-AMC in a round robin test, using a copper AMC as reference • To uncover the mechanisms underlying evolution of resistance to copper AMC Materials & Methods: ALEE-AMC was developed based on an approved standard to determine the efficacy of antimicrobial surfaces (ISO 22196). ALEE-MC was performed on an antimicrobial copper surface as reference material and Escherichia coli as model organism. A round robin test was conducted with six participants to evaluate the reproducibility and applicability of ALEE-AMC. Evolved E. coli populations from the round robin partners were collected and subjected to phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ISO 22196) and genotypic (whole genome sequencing) characterization at BAM. Results: The results of the ALEE-AMC round robin test indicate that repeated exposure to copper can select for reduced copper susceptibility. However, failure of individual E. coli lineages to adapt to the copper surfaces was also observed. Evolved E. coli exhibited increased survival upon exposure to copper surfaces. Adaptation to copper did not induce cross-resistance to antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing of the evolved E. coli revealed high diversity of mutations among individual evolved strains, indicating the existence of multiple, underexplored evolutionary pathways towards increased survival of antimicrobial copper surfaces. Conclusion & Significance: ALEE-AMC offers a standardizable platform to assess the risk of resistance development towards novel and existing AMCs. Specifically, using ALEE-AMC in a round robin test, insights into evolvable survival mechanisms to copper AMCs have been gained. These mechanistic insights may be exploited to prevent the evolution against copper AMCs. In future steps, criteria need to be defined to provide guidelines for the authorization of AMCs based on the outcomes of ALEE-AMC T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium, Berlin, Germany CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Resistance KW - Evolution KW - Standardized test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Joachim T1 - Production of raw materials for the cement industry based on steel making slags from future hydrogen based steel production routes N2 - Increasing amounts of new types of EAFS from the DRP-EAF-route and still significant amounts of BOFS from the DRP-SAF-BOF-route will be produced while BFS will vanish. In two BMBF funded research projects, BAM and FEhS examine the application of slags from future steel production in the cement industry. The project “SlagCEM” investigated the recovery of iron from BOFS while producing a mineral product with good cementitious properties. The reduction of BOFS to recover metallic iron along with the generation of a clinker-like material for the cement industry increases the viscosity of the BOFS. This would require a process at unfeasibly high temperatures of >1.700 °C. Therefore, SlagCEM aimed to modify the BOFS to reduce the viscosity to suitable ranges at lower temperatures of ~1.600 °C. A demonstration trial (20 tons) was carried out and the potential for substitution of OPC was determined. DRI-EOS investigates the utilization of increasing amounts of DRI-based EAFS in the cement industry to compensate the reduced production of GBFS. This requires an adjustment of the slag’s chemical composition and a rapid quenching to create an amorphous structure with latent hydraulic characteristics. The project studies the behavior of the modified slag during the metallurgical process and during solidification, any possibly negative impact on the cementitious or environmental properties as well as the potential to recover metals such as Fe, Cr, Mo and V. The final results of the project “SlagCEM”, finished in 2024, as well as the current state and insights of the project “DRI-EOS”, started in July 2022, shall be presented in this talk. T2 - Euroslag 2024 CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 23.10.2024 KW - Slag KW - Steel KW - Cement KW - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) KW - Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Gebäudebegrünung mit Biofilmen: Herausforderungen und Chancen N2 - Der Vortrag stellt die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten zur Biorezeptivität von Betonfassaden sowie der gezielten Applikation von Algen dominierten Biofilmen auf Betonfassaden vor. Insbesondere werden die Anforderungen an eine repräsentative Prüfmethode erläutert. T2 - BuGG-Tag der Forschung und Lehre Gebäudegrün 2024 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 26.09.2024 KW - Begrünung KW - Biorezeptivität KW - Beton KW - Biofilm PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62221 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aumont, Cédric T1 - Exploring the evolution of termite immunity across phylogeny, sociality and foraging behaviour N2 - The phylogeny of the Blattodea boasts a wide degree of sociality spanning from solitary cockroaches to advanced ecosystem-dominating termite societies. The emergence of sociality in termites was associated with the acquisition of a diverse range of social structures and caste-specific behaviours. From wood-dwelling to fungus-growing and cooperative scouting, termite foraging strategies require different immune defences to confront the diverse pathogens found in the foraging environment. Previous work has found evidence for a caste-specific social defence system in termites leading to an immune system that may favour group over individual defence. While preliminary work suggests a correlation between social transitions and a reduction of immune gene family diversity, the lack of available high-quality termite genomes hampers complete knowledge of the true diversity of immune gene evolution across termite phylogeny. Here, we report on the sequencing and near-chromosome level assembly of 47 high-quality long-read-based genomes across major termite and cockroach sister-branch lineages. We investigate the diversity and evolutionary history of immune genes across genomes, focusing on correlations between immune gene evolution, transitions in sociality and foraging behaviour diversity over termite phylogeny. T2 - ASAB Spring Meeting CY - Exeter, UK DA - 23.04.2024 KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aumont, Cédric T1 - The social brain of termites: investigating gene co-expression network in the Blattodea N2 - The transition to eusociality in termites arose from the sub-social and solitary cockroaches. With it, a more complex ontogeny derived from an ancestral linear developmental pathway common to all cockroaches and a wide array of morphologically distinct castes carrying out the division of labour emerged. We sought to underpine the complexity of this evolutionary transition at the transcriptomic level. We present the gene co-expression network analysis of 305 RNA-seq samples from the brains of 15 species of cockroaches and termites from different instars and castes. With this dataset, we investigate how the network of gene evolved between solitary cockroaches, sub-social cockroach and eusocial termites. Moreover, we investigate the emergence of the two most striking evolutionary innovations in termites, the appearance of the soldier caste, common in nearly all termites and thought to have evolved once and subsequently lost in some species, and the true worker caste, the sterile workforce of the colony thought to have derived from the totipotent false worker caste in four different lineages of termites independently. T2 - International Congress of Entomology CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Termite KW - Genetics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Solution-driven processing of calcium sulfate: the mechanism of the reversible transformation of gypsum to bassanite in brines N2 - Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4ᐧ0.5H2O), also known as bassanite, has been used as a precursor to produce gypsum (dihydrate, CaSO4ᐧ2H2O) for various construction and decorative purposes since prehistoric times. The main route to obtain hemihydrate is a thermal treatment of gypsum at temperatures typically between 150 °C and 200 °C to remove some of the structural water. In this contribution, we introduce (Fig. 1) a more efficient and sustainable method (T < 100 °C) that enables the direct, rapid, and reversibly conversion of gypsum to bassanite using reusable high salinity aqueous solutions (brines with c[NaCl] > 4 M). The optimum conditions for the efficientproduction of bassanite in a short time (< 5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the typical behaviour of the bassanite phase in low salt environments. Traditionally, hemihydrate is obtained through a solid state thermal treatment because bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite in aqueous solutions, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion should not occur in water. Its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures is inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline structure for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios. T2 - Granada Münster Discussion Meeting GMDM 10 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 29.11.2023 KW - Gypsum KW - Bassanite KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Recycling KW - Scattering PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanaris, Orestis T1 - Metabolic niches and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment N2 - Background and Aim: Wastewater treatment plants are considered as hotspots for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist in the environment for long periods of time, despite metabolic fitness costs that can arise with resistance. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms, which allow ARB to persist in the environment. More specifically, we want to identify metabolic niches that can select for resistant bacteria. Procedure/Method: 62 E. coli strains isolated from different WWTPs in Norway were used. The isolates have different levels of resistance to 14 antibiotics. The susceptibility of the isolates to 3 disinfectants was determined. In addition, genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) were constructed and the growth of the strains was simulated in the presence of 198 different carbon sources. Furthermore, the growth rates of the isolates were measured in the presence of 3 carbon sources. Findings/Results: Many of the isolates have high resistance to multiple antibiotics but only few of the isolates have higher minimum inhibitory concentrations to the disinfectants, compared to an E. coli laboratory strain. With the GEMs, we identified 40 carbon sources that can be utilized for growth only by a portion of all the isolates. The prediction accuracy of the GEMs was 93% in the case of D-Malate. A group of 10 isolates was identified of which 5 isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline and can grow on Sucrose but not on D-Malate and the other 5 isolates are susceptible to the same 3 antibiotics but can grow on D-Malate and not on Sucrose. Implications/Applications: Our data suggest that changing the available carbon source could shift the selection advantage between resistant and susceptible bacterial strains. If this strategy is confirmed experimentally, it could be applied to reduce the number of ARB in environments such as wastewater. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium 19 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Wastewater PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - Progress on STOP-project WP5 and WP6 at BAM N2 - An overview of the progress that has been made on testing of antimicrobial efficacy and method development in the STOP project at BAM. T2 - STOP project meeting 09/2024 CY - Bukarest, Romania DA - 18.09.2024 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - ISO22196 PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61178 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Living Concrete Walls: Engineering Bioreceptivity and Biofilms N2 - Building envelopes are a natural habitat of subaerial biofilms and can be more or less prone to be colonized (i.e. to be bioreceptive). Focusing on the added value of biofilms on manmade substrates represents new aesthetic frontiers and reduces the use of biocides. Moreover, the metabolic processes of photosynthetic biofilms can positively influence human health and life quality in densely populated cities by converting or absorbing pollutants. In the presented research the bioreceptivity of concrete claddings for building facades is engineered to sustain either natural or artificial establishment of microalgae-dominated biofilms. To be able to differentiate between the intrinsic material properties and the climatic boundary conditions, the experimental design in the first step comprised different analyses with model mono- and multi-species biofilms in sterile conditions and a high control of the environmental parameters. Growth and vitality of the algal component of the biofilms has been assessed with Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry. T2 - 78th RILEM Annual Week & RILEM International Conference on Sustainable Materials & Structures: Meeting the major challenges of the 21st century - SMS 2024 CY - Toulouse, France DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Bioreceptivity KW - Biofilm KW - Weathering KW - Concrete KW - PAM fluorometry KW - Carbonation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62224 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids (POM-ILs) as Protective Coatings for CulturalHeritage against Acid Corrosion and Biodeterioration N2 - Corrosion of stone by acid rain anddeterioration from microbial biofilmsare challenges pertinent worldwide forindustrial or residential buildings as wellas cultural heritage artefacts, like statuesor historic buildings. One mitigationoption might be the use of thintransparent films of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids (POM-ILs). In thisregard, different limestone samples werecoated with hydrophobic, acid resistantPOM-ILs which also have biocidalproperties.1 Exposure of the samples tosimulated acid rain showed negligiblecorrosion compared to the significantdeterioration of unprotected samples(Fig 1. Left). In addition, the biocidalproperties of the POM-ILs suppress theformation of biofilms on coated stoneslabs. The coating is mechanically stableand is not removed even by harshmechanical and chemical treatment.Following studies successfully exploredthe effectiveness of the coating againstlampenflora growing in the PommeryChampagne cellar 2 (Fig 1. Right); andthe long-term performance of POM-ILsunder outdoor environmental conditions3. So, POM-ILs are already proven topossess remarkable anticorrosion andantimicrobial properties against aerobicmicroorganisms and being water-insoluble, they don’t get leached intoaquatic ecosystem, which is extremelybeneficial from an environmentalsustainability and toxicological point ofview. The current project aims tocontinue the journey on protecting thecultural heritage, shifting focus fromstones to metals and employ functionalPOM-IL nanocoatings to prevent MIC(Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion)of cultural heritage artefacts made ofmetal or metal alloy like carbon steel,brass, cast iron or bronze. Performanceof both the coating materials and coatingtechniques via optimization of theadhesion of the nanocoating on themetallic surface on the corrosion rateand corrosion products in the MICcaused by anaerobic microorganismslike methanogenic archaea or SulphateReducing Bacteria (SRB) would betested. The objective is to establishPOM-ILs as efficient environmentallysustainable nanocoating materialsagainst biocorrosion citing the already published success stories; and sketch theongoing endeavours and prospects ofthese very efficient candidates in thecontext of MIC mitigation. T2 - Mitigation of Microbiologically InfluencedCorrosion: Towards Scientific &Industrial Standardization (MIC-STAND) CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 24.07.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquid KW - Nanocoating KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-64575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Misra, Archismita T1 - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids (POMILs) as Protective Coatings for Cultural Heritage Against Acid Corrosion and Biodeterioration N2 - Corrosion of stone by acid rain anddeterioration from microbial biofilms are challenges worldwide present forindustrial or residential buildings as wellas cultural heritage, like statues orhistoric buildings. One option is the useof thin transparent films ofpolyoxometalate-based ionic liquids(POM-ILs). Stone samples were coatedwith hydrophobic, acid resistant POM-ILs which also have biocidal properties.1Exposure of the samples to simulatedacid rain showed negligible corrosioncompared to the significant deteriorationof unprotected samples (Fig 1. Left). Inaddition, the biocidal properties of thePOM-ILs suppress the formation ofbiofilms on coated stone slabs. Thecoating is mechanically stable and is notremoved even by harsh mechanical andchemical treatment. Following studiessuccessfully explored the effectiveness ofthe coating against lampenflora growingin the Pommery Champagne cellar 2 (Fig1. Right); and the long-termperformance of POM-ILs under outdoorenvironmental conditions 3. So, POM-ILs are already proven to possessremarkable anticorrosion andantimicrobial properties against aerobicmicroorganisms and being water-insoluble, they don’t get leached intoaquatic ecosystem, which is extremelybeneficial from an environmentalsustainability and toxicological point ofview. The current project aims tocontinue the journey on protecting thecultural heritage, shifting focus fromstones to metals and employ functionalPOM-IL nanocoatings to prevent MIC(Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion)of cultural heritage artefacts made ofmetal or metal alloy like carbon steel,brass, cast iron or bronze. Performanceof both the coating materials and coatingtechniques via optimization of theadhesion of the nanocoating on themetallic surface on the corrosion rateand corrosion products in the MICcaused by anaerobic microorganismslike methanogenic archaea or SulphateReducing Bacteria (SRB) would betested. The objective would be toestablish POM-ILs as efficientenvironmentally sustainablenanocoating materials againstbiocorrosion citing the already publishedsuccess stories; and sketch the ongoingendeavours and prospects of these veryefficient candidates in the context ofbiocorrosion T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquid KW - Nanocoating KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-64576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Development of a new Lysimeter System to assess Microplastic, PAH & Heavy Metal Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches N2 - Since September 2023, the European Commission introduced a new regulation to reduce emissions of microplastics (MP) into the environment, including the sale and use of intentionally added MP. Therein, the use of synthetic rubber granules in artificial turf is explicitly mentioned and banned for future use. Additionally, abrasions of grass fibres and other turf components are also considered as MP sources. Artificial turf pitches are multi component systems: e. g. grass fibres made of polyethylene (PE), synthetic infill made of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), carpet backing of polypropylene (PP) glued with polyurethane (PU), winding yarn of polyethylene terephthalate or elastic layer of Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) bound with PU. While the ban has great impact on recreational sports, there is so far no sufficient data to estimate the MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution. To close this gap, three artificial turf scenarios in different ageing states (unaged, artificially aged and aged in real time) were analysed in this study: the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Germany: fossil based, synthetic infill) and future (turf with recycled grass fibres, no synthetic infill). To simulate outdoor weathering during the service life of approx. 15 years, accelerated ageing by UV weathering and mechanical stress was carried out. The newly developed and in-house manufactured Microplastic Eluate Lysimeter (MEL) simulates contaminant transfer into the groundwater and allows the simultaneous sampling for MP and dissolved contaminants, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or heavy metals (HM). MP mass contents were analysed using smart microfilter crucibles (mesh size: 5 µm) and Thermal Extraction Desorption Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and PAH and HM concentrations were determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry or Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, respectively. T2 - MICRO2024: Plastic Pollution from Micro to Nano CY - Arrecife, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Microplastics Eluate Lysimeter KW - Microplastics KW - Heavy Metals KW - PAH KW - TED-GC/MS PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -