TY - JOUR
A1 - Vo, P. H.N.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Nguyen, H. T.M.
A1 - Hamilton, B. R.
A1 - Thai, P. K.
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Mueller, J. F.
T1 - µ-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy for detection of PFAS distribution in the impacted concrete
N2 - An improved understanding of the distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in PFAS-impacted concrete is important for risk management and decontamination of PFAS. This study incorporates µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) and fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy to gain non-destructive insights into PFAS distribution in the impacted concrete. The μ-XRF and μ-XANES spectroscopy provided additional details on the detection of PFAS, which were not detected by the desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) imaging method conducted previously. The shorter chain PFAS were found on the top part of the concrete core (0.5 cm), and longer chain PFAS were mostly at the bottom part of the concrete core (5 cm). The inorganic fluorine fraction was also detected, and it likely hampered the detection of organic fluorine such as PFAS in the concrete. Thus, this non-destructive technique is an complementary approach to detect PFAS in contaminated concrete.
KW - Beton
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - XANES spectroscopy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2024.100134
SN - 2666-9110
VL - 5
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61671
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Duarte-Ruiz, D.
A1 - Saßnick, H.-D.
A1 - Ferreira De Araujo, F.
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Cocchi, C
T1 - X-ray absorption spectroscopy of scandium oxide polymorphs
N2 - Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) is a rare-earth oxide with significant potential in key technological areas, but due to its limited supply a deep understanding of its characteristics in different crystalline phases is still missing. Here, we present a combined experimental and ab initio X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of Sc2O3 focusing on excitations from the O K-edge and the Sc L2,3-edge. While measurements are performed on a cubic sample, the most stable phase under ambient conditions, six different polymorphs are computed, including two high-pressure phases with a trigonal and monoclinic lattice in addition to the cubic phase, as well as three computationally predicted structures. Our analysis of the structural and electronic properties reveals significant similarities between the cubic polymorph and the high-pressure trigonal phase, while the monoclinic crystal exhibits distinct features. The spectra simulated for these similar phases from the solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation show very good agreement with measurements. Additional comparison with results computed in the independent-particle approximation highlights the dominant role of electron–hole correlations in shaping the absorption features, particularly at the O K-edge, where a common pattern with the features of other sesquioxides is identified. Our findings offer new insight into the spectral fingerprints of Sc2O3 polymorphs, aiding in situ characterization and informing sustainable materials management.
KW - Scandium
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650806
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06446e
VL - 15
IS - 56
SP - 47814
EP - 47825
AN - OPUS4-65080
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
T1 - Wie steht es um die Zukunft der „neuen“ Elutionsverfahren?
N2 - Es wird ein historischer Abriss der Entwicklung von Elutionsverfahren insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Erarbeitung der Mantelverordnung gegeben.
KW - Elutionsverfahren
KW - Mantelverordnung
KW - Boden
KW - Ersatzbaustoffe
KW - Abfälle
PY - 2020
SN - 0942-3818
VL - 29
IS - 5
SP - 169
EP - 170
PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51447
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lederer, J.
A1 - Syc, M.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Quina, M.
A1 - Hyks, J.
A1 - Huber, F.
A1 - Funari, V.
A1 - Fellner, J.
A1 - Braga, R.
A1 - Bontempi, E.
A1 - Bogush, A.
A1 - Blasenbauer, D.
T1 - What waste management can learn from the traditional mining sector: Towards an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources
N2 - Many organizations in Europe collect data and perform research on municipal solid waste and the secondary raw materials that can be produced from them through recycling, urban mining, or landfill mining.However, the information generated and presented thereby is often highly aggregated, while research activities are many a time isolated. Both reduce the usability of the data and information generated. In order to better structure the knowledge generation on secondary raw materials production from municipal solid waste, we suggest to learn from the traditional raw materials mining Industry how to perform an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources. This is exemplarily shown for the case of the anthropogenic resource municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and airpollution control residues. A network of expert institutions from countries throughout Europe was build up to compile the information on legal and technological aspects for the recovery of different secondary raw materials from these residues, including construction minerals, metals, and salts. We highlight in our article the strength of the combined knowledge of an expert network not only on legal and technological, but also local and site-specific aspects of the recovery of secondary raw materials. By doing so, we hope to kick-off a discussion for how to organize and implement a structure for a better management of knowledge on anthropogenic resources, in order to provide a sustainable supply of secondary raw materials for a greener and more circular economy.
KW - Waste management
KW - Resources
KW - Mining
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.054
VL - 113
SP - 154
EP - 156
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50876
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Haas, Marco
A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian
A1 - Kwiatkowski, Robert
T1 - Wet-mechanical treatment: Processing of bituminous road construction waste in a jigging machine
N2 - Jigging machines are used in processing technology in many areas. Examples are the processing of coal, ores, and primary and secondary raw and waste materials. Even small differences in density are offen sufficient for successful sorting. In the work presented here, milled material from road construction waste contaminated with bitumen is to be separated from uncontaminated material. In this way, scarce landfill space could be saved and mineral material be returned to the material cycle.
KW - Wet-mechanical treatment
KW - Jig
KW - Road construction waste
PY - 2023
UR - https://www.at-minerals.com/de/artikel/aufbereitung-von-bitumenhaltigem-strassenaufbruch-in-einer-setzmaschine-4037512.html
SN - 1434-9302
VL - 64
IS - 12
SP - 46
EP - 51
PB - Bauverlag BV GmbH
CY - Gütersloh
AN - OPUS4-59160
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raniro, H.R.
A1 - Soares, T.de M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Pavinato, P.S.
T1 - Waste-derived fertilizers can increase phosphorus uptake by sugarcane and availability in a tropical soil
N2 - The use of highly water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers can lead to P fixation in the soil, reducing fertilization efficiency. Waste-derived, low water-solubility sources can potentially increase sugarcane’s P uptake compared to triple superphosphate by reducing adsorption to the soil.
Aims:We aimed to test struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® for their agronomic potential as recycled fertilizers for sugarcane production in a typical tropical soil.We hypothesize that these sources can reduce P fixation in the soil, increasing its availability and sugarcane’s absorption.
Methods: In a greenhouse pot experiment, two consecutive sugarcane cycles, 90 days each, were conducted in a Ferralsol. The recovered sources struvite, hazenite, AshDec®, and the conventional triple superphosphate were mixed in the soil in three P doses (30, 60, and 90 mg kg–1), aside a control (nil-P). At both harvests, sugarcane number of sprouts, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass yield, shoot phosphorus, and soil P fractionation were investigated.
Results: At 90 days, struvite and hazenite performed better for dry mass yield (70.7 and 68.3 g pot–1, respectively) than AshDec® and triple superphosphate (59.8 and 57.4 g pot–1, respectively) and for shoot P, with 98.1, 91.6, 75.6, and 66.3 mg pot–1, respectively. At 180 days, struvite outperformed all treatments for dry mass yield (95.3 g pot–1) and AshDec® (75.5 mg pot–1) for shoot P. Struvite was 38% and hazenite 21% more efficient than triple superphosphate in P uptake, while AshDec® was 6% less efficient. Soil had higher labile P under struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® than triple superphosphate by the end of the first cycle, while only the later increased nonlabile P by the end of the experiment (180 days).
Conclusions:Waste-derived P sources were more efficient in supplying P for sugarcane and delivering labile P in 180 days than triple superphosphate.
KW - AshDec
KW - Hazenite
KW - P-efficiency
KW - Recycled sources
KW - Struvite
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544216
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202100410
SN - 1436-8730
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-54421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Mauch, Tatjana
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Ehm, J.H.
T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge.
In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the
20 g/kg DM limit.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Wastewater
KW - Phosphorus elimination
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4
SN - 2190-4707
VL - 34
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bandow, N.
A1 - Aitken, M. D.
A1 - Geburtig, Anja
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Stephan, Ina
T1 - Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives?
N2 - The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
KW - Environmental simulations
KW - Polymer-based products
KW - Artificial weathering
KW - Degradation
KW - Leaching
KW - Soil contact
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509310
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122709
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 13
IS - 12
SP - Paper 2709, 22
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-50931
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Krüger, O.
T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE)
N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry.
Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted.
KW - Wastewater
KW - Circular economy
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113
VL - 1
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Desalination Publications
CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
AN - OPUS4-50646
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Hoffmann, Marie
A1 - Taube, Mareike
A1 - Krüger, O.
A1 - Baran, R.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers
N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings.
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT)
KW - Extraction
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 382
SP - 121100, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-48872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Klinge, A
A1 - Mönig, J
A1 - Ziegert, C
A1 - Richter, Matthias
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Horn, Wolfgang
A1 - Röhlen, U
A1 - Rauscher, S
A1 - Roswag-Klinge, E
T1 - upMIN 100 – upcycling of mineral construction and demolition waste to substitute natural aggregates in earthen building materials
N2 - The construction sector is one of the most resource-intensive sectors in Germany and is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions. Around 517 million tons of mineral raw materials are required annually for the construction of buildings in Germany. At the same time, mineral construction waste was the largest material flow at 229.3 million tons (2020). The rates of construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling have increased since 2000, especially for mineral waste. Nevertheless, the majority of recycled aggregates are used in technically largely unregulated applications (e.g. road construction). This downcycling leads to a loss of valuable resources for technically and economically valuable applications. The upMIN 100 research project is investigating the question of whether and to what extent recycled CDW is suitable as an additive an binder in earthen building materials. The focus is placed on grain sizes of < 2 mm, which are currently predominantly landfilled, as there are at present no regulations for their use in building products. The soil matrix of earthen building materials however, naturally contains of different grain sizes, whith < 2mm – 0,063 for aggregates and < 0.063 mm as a binder. Therefore, the focused grain sizes (sand, clay and silt) could have a high usage potential. In order to enable the use of CDW, the technical feasibility must be ensured, quality requirements for source materials (e.g. threshold values for pollutants in terms of health and environmental compatibility and hazardous substances) and permissible proportions of recycled aggregates must be defined. Two different building material developments (earth blocks and -plaster)were used to assess both, the technical feasibility as well the pollutant content of the recycled aggregate and its final emissions into the indoor air. For both materials two mixtures could be established, that also meet the mechanical specifications according to the DIN standard, such as the compressive strength. A method was developed to design material mixtures with a high amount of CDW that comply with the defined limit values. The mixtures reached a recycling rate of 28 % with high mechanical properties and 70 % with minimum strength requirements.
KW - Mineral waste
KW - Upcycling
KW - Earthen building product
KW - Circular construction
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652831
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1554/1/012084
SN - 1755-1307
VL - 1554
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-65283
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Paul, Andrea
A1 - Serrano, Juan
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments
N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from
Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite.
The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe
recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc
from bauxite residues.
KW - Bauxite residue
KW - Scandium
KW - Leaching
KW - Design of experiments
KW - Red mud
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041
SN - 0375-6742
VL - 2022
IS - 240
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Grevel, K.-D.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Dachs, E.
A1 - Benisek, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Majzlan, J.
T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4
N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4.
Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams.
KW - Formation enthalpy
KW - Heat capacity
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Bioceramics
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Entropy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5
VL - 55
SP - 8477
EP - 8490
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Leers, K.
A1 - Arnold, U.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Burkhardt, J.
T1 - Thermochemically Treated Sewage Sludge Ash From Pilot-Scale Production as P-Fertilizer for Spring Wheat and Maize in Different Soil Conditions
N2 - Background
P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge ash (SSA) may be suitable substitutes for rock phosphate (RP)-based fertilizers and contribute to sustainable use of waste. In this context, the thermochemical AshDec treatment of SSA (TC-SSA) has been continuously improved and has emerged as a possible method to produce plant-available and low-pollutant P-fertilizers. Aim Evaluation of the P-fertilizer efficacy of TC-SSA produced in pilot trials in vegetation experiments with different plants, soils, and fertilizer doses.
Methods
TC-SSA was tested in pot experiments for spring wheat and maize on different soils and at two doses (0.2 and 0.4 g fertilizer P pot−1) and is compared to untreated SSA (USSA), RP, Struvite, triple superphosphate (TSP), and a control without P-fertilization (Zero P). Pot experiments are complemented by an analysis of fertilizer P-solubility.
Results
P-solubility of SSA with different extraction methods increased due to the thermochemical treatment, whereas the water-insoluble property remained. In contrast to RP or USSA, TC-SSA enriched calcium–acetate–lactate extractable soil P to the same extent as TSP. Plant biomass and P-uptake increased with TC-SSA compared to Zero P, RP, and USSA and were in most cases equal to TSP fertilization under different soil conditions. In contrast, the effects of RP and USSA varied among soils but, mostly, did not exceed plant biomass and P-uptake of the unfertilized control.
Conclusion
TC-SSA has an increased fertilizer efficacy compared to USSA and is an effective P-fertilizer for spring wheat and maize in different soil conditions.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Thermochemical
KW - Maize
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648251
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.70035
SN - 1522-2624
VL - 189
IS - 1
SP - 81
EP - 93
PB - Wiley-VCH
AN - OPUS4-64825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin).
The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.
KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes
KW - Critical raw materials
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Sewage Sludge
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461
VL - 13
IS - 20
SP - 5461
AN - OPUS4-51446
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, Roland
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Jung, Christian
A1 - Weidner, Steffen
T1 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for investigating the thermal degradation of polyurethanes
N2 - Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was used to investigate the thermal degradation of two different polyurethanes (PU). PU samples were heated at different heating rates and the desorbed products were collected in a cold injection system and thereafter submitted to GC-MS. Prospects and limitations of the detection and quantification of semi-volatile degradation products were investigated. A temperature dependent PU depolymerization was
found at temperatures above 200 °C proved by an increasing release of 1,4-butanediol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) representing the main building blocks of both polymers. Their release was monitored quantitatively based on external calibration with authentic compounds. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the residues obtained after thermodesorption confirmed the initial competitive degradation mechanism indicating an equilibrium of crosslinking and depolymerization as previously suggested. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of SEC fractions of thermally degraded PUs provided additional hints on degradation mechanism.
KW - Thermo-desorption
KW - Mass spectrometry
KW - Polyurethanes
KW - Thermal degradation
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AY00173C
SN - 1759-9660
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Royal Society for Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-57307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Steckenmesser, D.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Félix, R.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Steffens, D.
T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment
N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595
SN - 0190-4167
VL - 45
IS - 8
SP - 1123
EP - 1133
PB - Taylor & Francis Online
AN - OPUS4-53755
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Mathies, H.
T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints
N2 - Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment.
At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.
KW - Substance release
KW - Construction products
KW - Biocides
KW - Transformation
KW - Weathering
KW - Driving rain
KW - Global radiation
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560651
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207368
VL - 15
IS - 20
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56065
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Walsh, Michael
A1 - Schenk, Gerhard
A1 - Robinson, Nicole
A1 - John, Samuel
A1 - Dayananda, Buddhi
A1 - Krishnan, Vithya
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Hermann, Ludwig
A1 - Schmidt, Susanne
T1 - The Circular Phosphorus Economy: Agronomic Performance of Recycled Fertilizers and Target Crops
N2 - ABSTRACTBackgroundThe circular phosphorus (P) economy addresses economic and environmental penalties inherent to the current linear P economy. Phosphorus sources recovered from waste steams (recyclates) offer an alternative to conventional fertilizers.AimThis research aimed to assess the agronomic performance of P recyclates derived from wastewater (hazenite, struvite), treated sewage sludge ash (SSA) and compost (FOGO food organics/garden organics) with crops previously characterized for P use efficiency (PUE).MethodsPhosphorus was supplied as granules and benchmarked against conventional fertilizers or mineral solution. Grown in controlled conditions, crops received recyclates individually or as amalgamates, with or without additional water‐soluble P. We quantified P uptake, yield and phytate content, and calculated agronomic performance indicators.ResultsResults revealed that (1) crop genotypes with purportedly lower or higher PUE showed similar performance when grown with limiting P supply and/or less soluble P recyclates, (2) crop performance improved when less soluble P recyclates were combined with water‐soluble P, (3) crops produced similar yield and biomass when supplied with an organo‐mineral formulation, hazenite, or conventional fertilizer, (4) grain accumulated higher levels of the antinutrient phytate with excess soluble P.ConclusionWe conclude that suitably formulated P recyclates can supplement or replace conventional fertilizers, and that fertilizer design should consider the solubility of recyclates and a crop's ability to access less soluble P. This adds to the growing body of evidence that well‐formulated next‐generation fertilizers can efficiently nourish crops. Integrating insights from controlled experiments and field trials is a cost‐effective strategy to actualize the circular P economy.
KW - Recycling fertilizer
KW - Phosphate recovery
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Struvite
KW - Hazenite
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627116
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202400299
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-62711
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Feldmann, Ines
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Reuter, M.
A1 - Stelter, M.
T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen
N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration.
Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase.
Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen.
Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist.
N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process.
The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke.
KW - Tantal
KW - Recycling
KW - Reduktionsprozess
KW - Perowskit
KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen
PY - 2020
SN - 1613-2394
VL - 73
IS - 4
SP - 196
EP - 205
PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld
AN - OPUS4-51064
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Borca, C.
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Kluge, Stephanie
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Taking a Look at the Surface: µ-XRF Mapping and Fluorine K-edge µ-XANES Spectroscopy of Organofluorinated Compounds in Environmental Samples and Consumer Products
N2 - For the first time, µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in samples concentrations down to 100 µg/kg fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheet) were investigated. µ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualisation at the sample surface and enables localisation of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 µm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analysed via fluorine K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded µ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analysed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 µg/kg dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length >C8 (e.g. 580 µg/kg dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent from quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, µ-XRF mapping combined with µ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples.
KW - PFAS
KW - XRF
KW - LC-MS/MS
KW - XANES
KW - Fluoride
KW - Soil
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576109
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00107E
SN - 2050-7887
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-57610
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Neuhold, S.
A1 - Drissen, P.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Presoly, P.
A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P.
A1 - Schenk, J.
A1 - Raith, J. G.
A1 - Pomberger, R.
A1 - Vollprecht, D.
T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 ratio in electric arc furnace slags to minimize the leaching of Vanadium and Chromium
N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior.
KW - Electric arc furnace slags
KW - FactSage calculations
KW - EAF slags
KW - Leaching control mechanisms
KW - Melting experiments
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507748
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549
VL - 10
IS - 7
SP - 2549
EP - 2565
AN - OPUS4-50774
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neuhold, S.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Drissen, P.
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Presoly, P.
A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P.
A1 - Schenk, J.
A1 - Raith, J. G.
A1 - Pomberger, R.
A1 - Vollprecht, D.
T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 Ratio in Electric Arc Furnace Slags to Minimize the Leaching of Vanadium and Chromium
N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior.
KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags
KW - FactSageTM calculations
KW - Leaching control mechanisms
KW - Melting experiments
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571517
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549
VL - 10
IS - 7
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-57151
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Stephan, D.
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
T1 - Synthesis and characterisation of alites from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags
N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment.
In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC.
If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases.
KW - BOFS
KW - Hydration products
KW - Thermal analysis
KW - X-ray diffraction
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106518
SN - 0008-8846
VL - 147
SP - 6518
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52939
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Drescher, P.
A1 - Fischer, M.
A1 - Fürhapper, C.
A1 - Gunschera, J.
A1 - Hill, R.
A1 - Melcher, E.
A1 - Wegner, R.
A1 - Wilken, U.
A1 - Wittenzellner, J.
T1 - Suitability of analytical methods to determine tebuconazole, propiconazole and permethrin in aged wood samples
N2 - The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied.
KW - Wood samples
KW - Biocides
KW - Analytical methods
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503959
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01496-y
VL - 78
IS - 2
SP - 271
EP - 279
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-50395
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Klose, H.
A1 - Poorter, H.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability
N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
KW - Combustion and gasification
KW - Phosphate extractability and availability
KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD)
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-56763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Helfenstein, J.
A1 - Massey, M.
A1 - Kretzschmar, R.
A1 - Schade, U.
A1 - Verel, R.
A1 - Chadwick, O.
A1 - Frossard, E.
T1 - Spectroscopic analysis shows crandallite can be a major component of soil phosphorus
N2 - Phosphorus (P) bioavailability is crucial for the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems, and soil P speciation plays a major role therein. Better understanding of P forms present in soil is thus essential to predict bioavailability. However, P speciation studies are only as powerful as the reference spectra used to interpret them, and most studies rely on a limited set of reference spectra. Most studies on soil P forms differentiate between Ca-bound P (e.g. apatite), organic P, Fe-bound P, and Al-bound P. In our analysis of a Ca, Al, and P rich soil from the Kohala region of Hawaii, we identified the mineral crandallite, CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O, a mineral previously not considered to play a significant role in soils. Crandallite was first identified with powder X-ray diffraction. Subsequently reference spectra were collected, and the presence of crandallite was confirmed using micro-focused P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Crandallite XANES spectra were distinct from other common XANES spectra due to the presence of features in the post-edge region of the spectrum. Linear combination fitting of bulk P K-edge XANES spectra allowed the determination of the proportion of crandallite to the total P content, indicating that crandallite comprises up to half, possibly even more of the soil P in the samples. Crandallite is therefore an important and potentially overlooked component of soil P, which pedogenically forms in soils with high P, Al, and Ca contents, where it could play an important role in P bioavailability.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - XANES spectrosocpy
KW - Infrared spectroscopy
KW - NMR spectrocopy
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654968
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117712
SN - 0016-7061
VL - 467
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65496
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Schuck, G.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Speciation of copper and zinc compounds relevant for the hazard property (HP) 14 classification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and fly ashes
N2 - The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 ‘ecotoxic’. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50–70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50–70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value.
KW - Thermal waste treatment
KW - XANES spectroscopy
KW - Ecotoxicity
KW - Incineration bottom ash
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609584
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.001
VL - 189
SP - 421
EP - 426
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Caliebe, W.
A1 - Tayal, A.
A1 - Vasala, S. J.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy
N2 - The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.
KW - Müllverbrennung
KW - XANES spectroscopy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599841
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01954-2
SN - 1438-4957
VL - 26
SP - 2152
EP - 72158
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59984
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Levandowski, G. V.
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash.
KW - Sugar cane bagasse
KW - Chicken manure ash
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Nutrient
KW - Plant availability
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060895
VL - 10
SP - 895
EP - 6
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-50973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz
A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos
A1 - Pimentel, Carlos
A1 - Montes-Hernández, German
A1 - Kochovski, Zdravko
A1 - Bienert, Ralf
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Scoppola, Ernesto
A1 - Van Driessche, Alexander E.S.
T1 - Solution-driven processing of calcium sulfate: The mechanism of the reversible transformation of gypsum to bassanite in brines
N2 - Here, we show that calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) can be directly, rapidly and reversibly converted to calcium sulfate hemihydrate (bassanite) in high salinity solutions (brines). The optimum conditions for the efficient production of bassanite in a short time (<5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the better-known behaviour of the bassanite phase in low-salt environments. In low-salinity aqueous solutions, bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion does not occur in pure water. Interestingly, the high-salinity transformation of gypsum-to-bassanite has been reported by many authors and used in practice for several decades, although its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures was inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline phase for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios.
KW - Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
KW - Strategy and Management
KW - General Environmental Science
KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
KW - Building and Construction
KW - Calcium sulfate
KW - Gypsum
KW - Bassanite
KW - Scattering
KW - Raman
KW - In situ
KW - Synchrotron
KW - BESSY
KW - MySpot
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594698
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624004591#appsec1
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141012
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 440
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59469
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kittner, Maria
A1 - Coesfeld, Bianca
A1 - Schlau, Sven
A1 - Werischak, Thomas
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
T1 - Simultaneous sampling for microplastics and environmental contaminants from artificial turf: development of a new integrated microplastics eluate lysimeter
N2 - To get a better understanding of potentially harmful contaminant emissions from soils or materials into the environment, politics demand practical and holistic sampling concepts for environmental samples such as leachates containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or heavy metals, and hazardous particulate matter like microplastics (MP). Of particular concern are MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches. So far, there has been only very limited data on MP mass emissions from artificial turf potentially posing a risk to the groundwater and no sampling device that allowed simultaneous sampling for dissolved and particulate contaminants. In this study, a novel integrative microplastics eluate lysimeter was developed to determine contaminant emissions from three artificial turf systems at different ageing states (fabric-new, artificially aged, real-time aged). For the accelerated ageing, all environmental simulation parameters were based on Central German conditions and simulated outdoor stress during the turf service lifespan of 15 years. MP masses from eluates were analysed using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, PAH concentrations using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Results showed that no PAH or heavy metal concentrations from the seepage water were above German legal limits for alternative granular construction materials considering soil and groundwater protection. Furthermore, it was found that only minimal MP emissions were released from new turf systems into the seepage water (< 1 mg/m2). Ageing of the artificial turf increased MP formation, especially from rubber infill and grass fibres, which are then carried into the seepage water. The highest total MP emissions over a simulated turf lifespan of 15 years were detected in two real-time aged turf systems ranging from 136.4–252.5 mg/m2. Considerably less total MP emissions were detected in accelerated aged artificial turf systems, one of which contained a synthetic rubber infill (5.4–8.0 mg/m2) and one without rubber infill (0.2–5.3 mg/m2). In summary, it was demonstrated that the newly developed MEL generated reliable and reproducible data and has thus proven itself as an integrated, straightforward and automated sampling device for simultaneous monitoring of particulate and dissolved pollutant emissions from simple soil matrices.
KW - Lysimeter
KW - Microplastics
KW - Artificial turf
KW - Thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
KW - TED-GC/MS
KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
KW - PAH
KW - Heavy metals
KW - Soil samples
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645301
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01235-1
SN - 2190-4715
VL - 37
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Open
AN - OPUS4-64530
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
T1 - Sequential Extraction of Incineration Bottom Ash: Conclusions Regarding Ecotoxicity
N2 - The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.
KW - Incineration bottom ash
KW - Hazard properties
KW - Ecotoxicity
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605262
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135541
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 14
IS - 13
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-60526
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Auer, Gerhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Selective removal of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust by chlorination–evaporation reactions
N2 - Re-melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) results in the accumulation of filter dust from off-gas treatment that predominantly consists of iron and zinc oxides. Filter dust is classified as hazardous waste due to its high contents of potentially toxic or ecotoxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and As. A promising processing route for this waste is selective chlorination, in which the non-ferrous metal oxides are chlorinated and selectively evaporated in form of their respective chlorides from the remaining solids via the process gas flow. Here, we investigate stepwise thermochemical treatment of EAF dust with either waste iron(II) chloride solution or hydrochloric acid at 650, 800, and 1100 ◦C. The Zn and Pb contents of the thermochemically processed EAF dust could be lowered from 29.9% and 1.63% to 0.09% and 0.004%, respectively. Stepwise heating allowed high separation between zinc chloride at the 650 ◦C step and sodium-, potassium-, and lead-containing chlorides at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the lab-scale results were transferred to the use of an experimental rotary kiln highlighting the possibilities of upscaling the presented process. Selective chlorination of EAF dust with liquid chlorine donors is, therefore, suggested as a potential recycling method for Zn-enriched steelworks dusts.
KW - Electric arc furnace dust
KW - Zinc
KW - Selective Chlorination
KW - Hazardous waste
KW - Resource Recovery
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133421
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 465
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59345
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gleis, Markus
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Schwermetallbelastung und Behandlung von Aschen aus Abfallverbrennungsanlagen
N2 - Die Thermische Abfallbehandlung in Abfallverbrennungsanlagen sorgt für eine Inertisierung des Restmülls bei gleichzeitiger Minimierung von abgas- und abwasserseitigen Emissionen. Da der Großteil der Rückstände in verwertbare Sekundärprodukte überführt wird, fördert die thermische Abfallbehandlung die Verwirklichung einer Circular Economy in Europa.
KW - Rostasche
KW - Circular Economy
KW - Ersatzbaustoffe
PY - 2021
SN - 1436-9095
VL - 23
IS - 3
SP - 48
EP - 52
PB - Springer Vieweg
CY - Wiesbaden
AN - OPUS4-52344
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rieger, J.
A1 - Colla, V.
A1 - Matino, I.
A1 - Branca, T. A.
A1 - Stubbe, G.
A1 - Panizza, A.
A1 - Brondi, C.
A1 - Falsafi, M.
A1 - Hage, J.
A1 - Wang, X.
A1 - Voraberger, B.
A1 - Fenzl, T.
A1 - Masaguer, V.
A1 - Faraci, E. L.
A1 - di Sante, L.
A1 - Cirilli, F.
A1 - Loose, Florian
A1 - Thaler, C.
A1 - Soto, A.
A1 - Frittella, P.
A1 - Foglio, G.
A1 - di Cecca, C.
A1 - Tellaroli, M.
A1 - Corbella, M.
A1 - Guzzon, M.
A1 - Malfa, E.
A1 - Morillon, A.
A1 - Algermissen, D.
A1 - Peters, K.
A1 - Snaet, D.
T1 - Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe
N2 - The steel industry is an important engine for sustainable growth, added value, and high-quality employment within the European Union. It is committed to reducing its CO2 emissions due to production by up to 50% by 2030 compared to 1990′s level by developing and upscaling the technologies required to contribute to European initiatives, such as the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and the European Green Deal (EGD). The Clean Steel Partnership (CSP, a public–private partnership), which is led by the European Steel Association (EUROFER) and the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP), defined technological CO2 mitigation pathways comprising carbon direct avoidance (CDA), smart carbon usage SCU), and a circular economy (CE). CE ap-proaches ensure competitiveness through increased resource efficiency and sustainability and consist of different issues, such as the valorization of steelmaking residues (dusts, slags, sludge) for internal recycling in the steelmaking process, enhanced steel recycling (scrap use), the use of secondary carbon carriers from non-steel sectors as a reducing agent and energy source in the steelmaking process chain, and CE business models (supply chain analyses). The current paper gives an overview of different technological CE approaches as obtained in a dedicated workshop called “Resi4Future—Residue valorization in iron and steel industry: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe” that was organized by ESTEP to focus on future challenges toward the final goal of industrial deployment.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Steelmaking residues
KW - Clean steel
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530350
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081202
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - 1202
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-53035
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Heisterkamp, I.
A1 - Kretzschmar, M.
A1 - Gartiser, S.
A1 - Happel, O.
A1 - Ilvonen, O.
T1 - Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects
N2 - Background: The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modifed cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects.
Results: Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modifed cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identifed, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances.
Conclusions: Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identifcation and development of environmentally friendly construction products.
This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems.
KW - Joint grouts
KW - Leaching
KW - Ecotoxixity
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562392
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00686-0
SN - 2190-4707
VL - 34
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56239
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Reductive Defluorination and Mechanochemical Decomposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): From Present Knowledge to Future Remediation Concepts
N2 - Over the past two decades, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as worldwide environmental contaminants, calling out for sophisticated treatment, decomposition and remediation strategies. In order to mineralize PFAS pollutants, the incineration of contaminated material is a state-of-the-art process, but more cost-effective and sustainable technologies are inevitable for the future. Within this review, various methods for the reductive defluorination of PFASs were inspected. In addition to this, the role of mechanochemistry is highlighted with regard to its major potential in reductive defluorination reactions and degradation of pollutants. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of the involved reactions, their mechanistic pathways are pointed out. Comparisons between existing PFAS decomposition reactions and reductive approaches are discussed in detail, regarding their applicability in possible remediation processes. This article provides a solid overview of the most recent research methods and offers guidelines for future research directions.
KW - PFAS
KW - Reductive defluorination
KW - Reductive decomposition
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Remediation
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513811
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197242
VL - 17
IS - 19
SP - 1
EP - 22
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-51381
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Singh, Amit Kumar
A1 - Mishra, Biswajit
A1 - Sinha, Om Prakash
T1 - Reduction Kinetics of Fluxed Iron Ore Pellets Made of Coarse Iron Ore Particles
N2 - The present work demonstrates a sustainable approach of using relatively coarser iron ore particles for ironmaking. The motivation is to reduce the energy consumption in the milling of the iron ore by utilizing coarser iron ore particles (+0.05 mm) and to select a suitable binder for improving pellet properties. Iron ore fines in the range of 0.05–0.25 mm was selected and classified into three size ranges. Fluxed iron ore pellets were prepared using lime as a binder for the basicity of 0, 1, and 2. Reduction of these pellets with a packed bed of coal fines was performed in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C for a duration of 30–120 min. The direct reduction kinetics of the iron ore pellets were studied by employing diffusion and chemical reaction control models to the experimental data. The results show that pellets made with coarser iron ore particles have improved reduction behavior and kinetics. The reduction reaction is found to be a mixed control. The activation energy for the reduction reaction varies from 44.3 to 74.76 kJ mol−1 as iron ore particle size decreases from 0.25 to 0.05 mm and basicity increases from 0 to 2.
KW - Materials Chemistry
KW - Metals and Alloys
KW - Process Metallurgy
KW - Iron making
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-598326
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300669
SN - 1611-3683
IS - 2300669
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-59832
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Beckmann, T.
A1 - Reuter, M.
A1 - Stelter, M.
ED - Reiser, B.
T1 - Recycling von metallurgischen Rückständen - Schmelzversuche zeigen, wie die Tantalrückgewinnung aus Zinnschlacken und weiteren Reststoffen optimiert werden kann
N2 - Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment. In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided. Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases.
N2 - Da das Recycling von tantalhaltigen Post-Consumer-Abfällen praktisch nicht existiert, stellen metallurgische Reststoffe eine äußerst wichtige Rohstoffquelle für das Tantalrecycling dar. Die meisten Zinnerze enthalten von Natur aus erhebliche Mengen an Refraktärmetallen. Diese Elemente werden in den Schlacken der pyrometallurgischen Primärzinngewinnung angereichert. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise hohen Wertstoffkonzentration und ihrer Funktion als zusätzlicher Schlackenbildner stellen diese Schlacken einen wertvollen Rohstoff für die Verhüttung tantalhaltiger Reststoffe dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein existierendes Verfahren zur Tantalrückgewinnung diskutiert, dem hauptsächlich pyrometallurgische Rückstände geringer Wertstoffkonzentration als Einsatzstoff dienen. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens sollte dasoxidisch vorliegende Tantal vollständig reduziert und in der Metallphase angereichert werden. Weiterhin sollte vermieden werden, dass unerwünschte Elemente wie Titan in die Metallphase überführt werden. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse besser zu verstehen, um so Ansätze für die Prozessoptimierung identifizieren zu können.
KW - Lichtbogenofen
KW - Pyrometallurgie
KW - Recycling
KW - Tantal
KW - Zinnschlacke
PY - 2020
SN - 0934-3482
VL - 33
SP - 10
EP - 17
PB - Rhombos-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50656
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Spanka, M.
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Auer, G.
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling
N2 - One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band.
KW - Blast-furnace sludge
KW - Selective chlorination
KW - Zinc chloride
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 402
IS - 123511
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51141
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Rechtliche Vorgaben der Klärschlammverordnung und deren Auswirkungen auf die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung
N2 - Im Abfalltechnik-Ausschuss der Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Abfall (LAGA) wurde eine Vollzugshilfe zur Klärschlammverordnung erarbeitet, die nach Verabschiedung durch die Umweltministerkonferenz Mitte Mai 2020 als LAGA-Merkblatt M-39 veröffentlicht wurde. Im vorliegenden vierten Arbeitsbericht der DWA-Arbeitsgruppe KEK-1.1 werden verschiedene Aspekte der ab dem Jahr 2029 geltenden Regelungen aufgegriffen und damit einige Punkte des LAGA M-39 hinsichtlich der technischen Auswirkungen für den Kläranlagenbetreiber konkret ausgeführt.
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Klärschlammverordnung
KW - Phosphor-Rückgewinnung
PY - 2022
SN - 1866-0029
VL - 5
IS - 69
SP - 406
EP - 413
PB - Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Abwassertechnik
CY - Hennef
AN - OPUS4-55009
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of the environmental impact
N2 - Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer.
BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates.
The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests.
An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction.
KW - MSWI bottom ash
KW - Leaching
KW - Batch tests
KW - Lysimeter
KW - Antimony
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508421
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2
SN - 1877-2641
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 7055
EP - 7065
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50842
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raniro, H.R.
A1 - Teles, A.P.
A1 - Pavinato, P.S.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus solubility and dynamics in a tropical soil under sources derived from wastewater and sewage sludge
N2 - Conventional phosphate fertilizers are usually highly water-soluble and rapidly solubilize when moistened by the soil solution. However, if this solubilization is not in alignment with plants demand, P can react with the soil colloidal phase, becoming less available over time. This is more pronounced in acidic, oxidic tropical soils, with
high P adsorption capacity, reducing the efficiency of P fertilization. Furthermore, these fertilizers are derived from phosphate rock, a non-renewable resource, generating an environmental impact. To assess these concerns, waste-recycled P sources (struvite, hazenite and AshDec®) were studied for their potential of reducing P Fixation by the soil and improving the agronomic efficiency of the P fertilization. In our work, we compared the solubilization dynamics of struvite, hazenite, AshDec® to triple superphosphate (TSP) in a sandy clay loam Ferralsol, as well as their effect on solution pH and on soil P pools (labile, moderately-labile and non-labile) via an incubation experiment. Leaching columns containing 50 g of soil with surface application of 100 mg per column (mg col 1) of P from each selected fertilizer and one control (nil-P) were evaluated for 60 days. Daily leachate samples from the column were analyzed for P content and pH. Soil was stratified in the end and submitted to P
fractionation. All results were analyzed considering p < 0.05. Our findings showed that TSP and struvite promoted an acid P release reaction (reaching pHs of 4.3 and 5.5 respectively), while AshDec® and hazenite reaction was alkaline (reaching pHs of 8.4 and 8.5 respectively). Furthermore, TSP promoted the highest P release among all sources in 60 days (52.8 mg col 1) and showed rapid release dynamic in the beginning, while struvite and hazenite showed late release dynamics and lower total leached P (29.7 and 15.5 mg col 1 P respectively). In contrast, no P-release was detected in the leachate of the AshDec® over the whole trial period. Struvite promoted
the highest soil labile P concentration (7938 mg kg 1), followed by hazenite (5877 mg kg 1) and AshDec® (4468 mg kg 1), all higher than TSP (3821 mg kg 1), while AshDec® showed high moderately-labile P (9214 mg kg 1), reaffirming its delayed release potential.
KW - Phosphate dynamics
KW - Struvite
KW - Wastewater
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - CaNaPO4
KW - P speciation
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113984
VL - 302
IS - Part A
SP - 113984
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-53600
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Becker, Roland
A1 - Sauer, Andreas
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
T1 - Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination
N2 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - ICP-OES
KW - Phosphous recovery
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Photometric P determination
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00677-1
VL - 34
IS - 99
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-55886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphatdüngemittel aus Klärschlammaschen
N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essenziell und wird beispielsweise von Pflanzen in Form von Phosphaten aufgenommen.
In der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion werden dem Boden die Phosphate durch Wachstum und Ernte der Pflanzen entzogen und müssen ihm in Form von Phosphatdüngemitteln wieder zugeführt werden, um die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu sichern. Rohphosphat stellt die Grundlage unserer derzeitigen Phosphatdüngemittel dar, ist aber gleichzeitig ein endlicher Rohstoff.
Des Weiteren sind insbesondere sedimentäre Rohphosphate oftmals mit erheblichen Konzentrationen toxischer Schadstoffe wie Cadmium, Uran und Thorium belastet. Eine Kreislaufführung des Phosphats sollte erfolgen, um natürliche Rohstoffvorkommen zu schonen und den Eintrag von Schadstoffen auf unsere Böden zu unterbinden.
KW - Phosphat
KW - Recyclingdüngemittel
PY - 2020
SN - 1610-6563
IS - 3
SP - 14
EP - 15
PB - MuP Verlag GmbH
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-50792
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zweigle, J.
A1 - Schmidt, A.
A1 - Bugsel, B.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Simon, Fabian
A1 - Zwiener, C.
T1 - Perfluoroalkyl acid precursor or weakly fluorinated organic compound? A proof of concept for oxidative fractionation of PFAS and organofluorines
N2 - Organofluorine mass balance approaches are increasingly applied to investigate the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other organofluorines in environmental samples more comprehensively. Usually, complex samples prevent the identification and quantification of every fluorine-containing molecule. Consequently, large unidentified fractions between fluorine sum parameters such as extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and the sum of quantified analytes are frequently reported. We propose using oxidative conversion to separate (unidentified) weakly fluorinated compounds (e.g., pesticides, pharmaceuticals) from PFAA-precursors (perfluoroalkyl chain lengths ≥ C6). We show with three organofluorine model substances (flufenamic acid, diflufenican, pantoprazole) that CF3-groups or aromatic fluorine can be quantitatively converted to inorganic fluoride and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) by applying PhotoTOP oxidation (UV/TiO2). The principle of fluorine separation in mixtures is demonstrated by the oxidation of the three weakly fluorinated compounds together with the PFAA-precursor 6:2/6:2 fluorotelomer mercaptoalkyl phosphate diester (FTMAP). After oxidation, the products F− and TFA were separated from PFCAs ( C4) by SPE, and the fractions were analyzed individually. Closed mass balances both with and without the addition of organic matrix were achieved. Eventually, the fluorine balance was verified by total fluorine measurements with combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The proposed methods should be considered a proof of concept to potentially explain unidentified fractions of the EOF, especially if compounds with low fluorine content such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and their transformation products contribute largely to the EOF. Future studies are needed to show the applicability to the complexity of environmental samples.
Graphical Abstract
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613429
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05590-5
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-61342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Riedel, Maren
A1 - Leube, Peter
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis
N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil.
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Consumer Products
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484
VL - 16
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61276
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Schatten, R.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Terytze, K.
T1 - Novelle der BBodSchV – Perspektiven für die Verwertung von Bodenmaterial
N2 - Der Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien wird auf Grund des Volumens dieses Stoffstromes eine hohe umweltpolitische Bedeutung beigemessen. Dabei ist unter Gewährleistung des Vorsorge- und Nachhaltigkeitsprinzips eine möglichst hochwertige Verwertung anzustreben, um natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen und die Beseitigung von Abfällen weitestgehend zu vermeiden.
Die vorgesehene Novelle der BBodSchV enthält in den Paragraphen 6 bis 8 neue Vorgaben hinsichtlich des Auf- und Einbringens von Bodenmaterialien unterhalb oder außerhalb einer durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht. So soll die Möglichkeit eingeräumt werden, Bodenmaterialien mit Feststoffgehalten von regulierten Stoffen zwischen dem einfachen und doppelten Vorsorgewert einer weiteren Verwertung zuzuführen unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Eluatwerte eingehalten werden.
Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens des Umweltbundesamtes (FKZ: 3716 74 203 0) wurden unterschiedliche Bodenmaterialien (Baggergut, Bankettschälgut, Stadt- und Auenböden, Bergematerial), die unter diese Kriterien fallen, mit besonderem Fokus auf PAK hinsichtlich ihres Verwertungspotentials untersucht.
Dabei wurden auch die Auswirkungen der Umstellung des Elutionsverfahrens von einem Wasser-Feststoffverhältnis (W/F) von 10 l/kg auf ein W/F von 2 l/kg auf die Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien betrachtet.
Insbesondere für die Stoffgruppe der PAK konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich mit Verabschiedung der neuen Regelungen zusätzliche Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht eröffnen und deren Deponierung teilweise vermieden werden kann.
KW - Bodenmaterialien
KW - Verwertung
KW - Novelle BBodSchV
KW - Vorsorgewerte
KW - Eluatwerte
KW - PAK
PY - 2020
SN - 0942-3818
VL - 2020
IS - 4
SP - 133
EP - 140
PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51090
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zweigle, J.
A1 - Capitain, C.
A1 - Simon, Fabian Michael
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Bugsel, B.
A1 - Zwiener, C.
T1 - Non-extractable PFAS in functional textiles − Characterization by complementary methods: oxidation, hydrolysis, and fluorine sum parameters
N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used for durable water-repellent finishing of different fabrics and textiles like outdoor clothing, carpets, medical textiles and more. Existing PFAS extraction techniques followed by target analysis are often insufficient in detecting widely used side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) that are barely or non-extractable. SFPs are typically copolymers consisting of a non-fluorinated backbone with perfluoroalkyl side-chains to obtain desired properties. We compared the accessible analytical information and performance of complementary techniques based on oxidation (dTOP assay, PhotoTOP), hydrolysis (THP assay), standard extraction, extractable organic fluorine (EOF), and total fluorine (TF) with five functional textiles and characterized 7 further textiles only by PhotoTOP oxidation. The results show that when applied directly to textile samples, oxidation by dTOP and PhotoTOP and also hydrolysis by the THP are able to capture large fractions of the TF in form of perfluoroalkyl side-chains present in the textiles while methods relying on extracts (EOF, target and non-target analysis) were much lower (e.g., factor ~25-50 lower). The conversion of large fractions of the measured TF into PFCAs or FTOHs from fluorinated side chains is in contrast to previous studies. Concentrations ranged from 150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations.
KW - Combustion ion chromatography
KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Fertilizer
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583429
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3va00178d
SN - 2754-7000
VL - 2
IS - 10
SP - 1436
EP - 1445
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-58342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Simon, Fabian
A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart
A1 - Feldmann, Ines
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Less Is More: Influence of Cross-Linking Agent Concentration on PFOS Adsorption in Chitosan
N2 - As a result of the continuous use of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), e.g., in aviation firefighting foams, contamination with PFAS has been found in soil, groundwater, and surface water around thousands of industrial and military installations. Due to their harmful (environmental) potential, further dispersion in the environment needs to be stopped, which can be achieved by appropriate absorption materials. In this work, the influence of the cross-linking agent epichlorohydrin (ECH) concentration on the perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) adsorption capacity of chitosan gel was investigated. It was found that higher ECH concentration during the cross-linking step decreases the PFOS adsorption capacity of the cross-linked chitosan gel from 0% to 4% ECH solution by about 15%. Using a concentration of 1%, ECH resulted still in an acid-stable material, and a maximum PFOS loading capacity of 4.04 mmol/g was obtained, one of the highest described in the literature. Furthermore, we used a rapid small-scale column test to compare the PFOS adsorption capacity of chitosan and activated carbon, each in both milled and unmilled form. Unmilled chitosan showed the highest PFOS adsorption capacity considering adsorption material dry masses (>0.9 and <0.4 mmol/g for both types of chitosan and activated carbon, respectively). Milled activated carbon proved to be the better adsorption material, considering the fixed volume of the adsorber (>99.9% PFOS adsorbed). Overall, the cross-linking agent concentration in chitosan is a crucial factor influencing its PFOS absorption potential. Our results feature cross-linked chitosan as an effective economic and ecologic alternative for PFOS adsorption in aqueous solutions.
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Remediation
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618406
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311145
VL - 14
IS - 23
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-61840
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Blasenbauer, D.
A1 - Huber, F.
A1 - Lederer, J.
A1 - Quina, M.
A1 - Blanc-Biscarat, D.
A1 - Bogush, A.
A1 - Bontempi, E.
A1 - Blondeau, J.
A1 - Chimenos, J.
A1 - Dahlbo, H.
A1 - Fagerqvist, J.
A1 - Giro-Paloma, J.
A1 - Hjelmar, O.
A1 - Hyks, J.
A1 - Keaney, J.
A1 - Lupsea-Toader, M.
A1 - O’Caollai, C.
A1 - Orupõld, K.
A1 - Pajak, T.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Svecova, L.
A1 - Syc, M.
A1 - Uvang, R.
A1 - Vaajasaari, K.
A1 - van Caneghem, J.
A1 - van Zomeren, A.
A1 - Vasarevičius, S.
A1 - Wégner, K.
A1 - Fellner, J.
T1 - Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe
N2 - Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place.
A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.
KW - Bottom ash
KW - Leaching tests
KW - Utilisation
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500161
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031
SN - 0956-053X
VL - 102
SP - 868
EP - 883
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50016
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Mathies, Helena
A1 - Lisec, Jan
T1 - Leaching and transformation of film preservatives in paints induced by combined exposure to ultraviolet radiation and water contact under controlled laboratory conditions
N2 - Stormwater from urban areas can transport biocidally active substances and related transformation products from buildings into the environment. The occurrence of these substances in urban runoff depends on the availability of water, and on ultraviolet radiation exposure that causes photolytic reactions. In a systematic laboratory study, painted test specimens were exposed to either ultraviolet radiation, water contact, or a combination of both. Leaching of the biocidally active substances carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and selected transformation products of terbutryn and diuron were observed under various exposure conditions. Remaining concentrations of these substances in the paint were quantified. It was demonstrated that the distribution of active substances and transformation products in eluates and in the coatings themselves differs with exposure conditions. Strategies for environmental monitoring of biocide emissions need to consider the most relevant transformation products. However, environmental concentrations of biocidally active substances and transformation products depend on earlier exposure conditions. As a consequence, monitoring data cannot describe emission processes and predict expected leaching of biocidally active substances from buildings if the data are collected only occasionally.
KW - Substance release
KW - Construction products
KW - Biocides
KW - Transformation
KW - UV radiation
KW - Water contact
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532114
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172390
SN - 2073-4441
VL - 13
IS - 17
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53211
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Gleis, M.
A1 - Karpf, R.
A1 - Kanefke, R.
A1 - Beckmann, M.
T1 - Kreislaufwirtschaft braucht Verbrennung
N2 - Warum eine Kreislaufwirtschaft ohne Abfallverbrennung nicht funktionieren wird, beschreibt die Dechema im Positionspapier „Abfallverbrennung in der Zukunft“. Experten der Fachgruppe „Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung“ von ProcessNet, einer gemeinsamen Initiative der Dechema und der VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurwesen, haben es erstellt.
KW - Abfallverbrennung
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Ersatzbaustoffe
PY - 2022
SN - 1436-5103
VL - 52
IS - 5-6
SP - 30
EP - 32
PB - VDI Fachmedien
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-54838
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maulas, Kryzzyl M.
A1 - Paredes, Charla S.
A1 - Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar
A1 - Jose, Mark Anthony
A1 - Opiso, Einstine M.
A1 - Arima, Takahiko
A1 - Park, Ilhwan
A1 - Mufalo, Walubita
A1 - Ito, Mayumi
A1 - Igarashi, Toshifumi
A1 - Phengsaart, Theerayut
A1 - Villas, Edrhea
A1 - Dagondon, Sheila L.
A1 - Metillo, Ephrime B.
A1 - Uy, Mylene M.
A1 - Manua, Al James A.
A1 - Villacorte-Tabelin, Mylah
T1 - Isolation and Characterization of Indigenous Ureolytic Bacteria from Mindanao, Philippines: Prospects for Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)
N2 - Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a widespread phenomenon in nature, is gaining attention as a low-carbon alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in geotechnical engineering and the construction industry for sustainable development. In the Philippines, however, very few works have been conducted to isolate and identify indigenous, urease-producing (ureolytic) bacteria suitable for MICP. In this study, we isolated seven, ureolytic and potentially useful bacteria for MICP from marine sediments in Iligan City. DNA barcoding using 16s rDNA identified six of them as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Bacillus paralicheniformis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus aryabhattai, and Stutzerimonas stutzeri but the seventh was not identified since it was a bacterial consortium. Bio-cementation assay experiments showed negligible precipitation in the control (without bacteria) at pH 7, 8, and 9. However, precipitates were formed in all seven bacterial isolates, especially between pH 7 and 8 (0.7–4 g). Among the six identified bacterial species, more extensive precipitation (2.3–4 g) and higher final pH were observed in S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai, which indicate better urease production and decomposition, higher CO2 generation, and more favorable CaCO3 formation. Characterization of the precipitates by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the formation of three carbonate minerals: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Based on these results, all six identified indigenous, ureolytic bacterial species from Iligan City are suitable for MICP provided that the pH is controlled between 7 and 8. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the urease-producing ability and potential for MICP of P. stutzeri, P. pseudoalcaligenes, S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai.
KW - Calcium carbonate
KW - Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)
KW - Ureolytic bacteria
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600888
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040339
VL - 14
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-60088
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker
A1 - Brüll, Robert
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Investigation on the Durability of a Polypropylene Geotextile under Artificial Aging Scenarios
N2 - Geosynthetics are widely used in various civil engineering applications, such as geotextiles in coastal protection, and display a sustainable alternative to natural mineral materials. However, the full benefits of using geosynthetics can only be gained with a long service lifetime of the products. With the use of added stabilizers to the polymers, service lifetimes can be achieved in the range of 100 years. Therefore, accelerated aging methods are needed for the assessment of the long-term performance of geotextiles. In the present study, the behavior of geosynthetic materials made of polypropylene was investigated under artificial aging conditions involving elevated temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, increased oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 50 bar in water-filled autoclaves, and UV irradiation under atmospheric conditions. ATR-IR spectroscopy was employed to detect the increase in the carbonyl index over various aging durations, indicating the oxidative degradation of the geotextile. The most pronounced increase was observed in the case of aging through UV irradiation, followed by thermal aging. Elevated pressure, on the other hand, had a lower impact on oxidation. High-temperature size exclusion chromatography was utilized to follow the reduction in molar mass under different degradation conditions, and the results were consistent with those obtained from ATR-IR spectroscopy. In polyolefins such as polypropylene, Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are used to suppress oxidation caused by UV radiation. The quantitative analysis of HAS was carried out using a UV/Vis method and HPLC. The degradation of UV stabilizers during the aging of geotextiles is responsible for the oxidation and the reduction in the molar mass of polypropylene. From the results, it can be concluded that applications of PP geotextile without soil or sand cover might cause the risk of the formation of microplastic particles. Material selection, design, and maintenance of the construction must follow best practices, including the system’s removal or replacement at end-of-life. Otherwise, a sustainable use of geotextiles in civil engineering is not possible.
KW - Geotextiles
KW - Microplastic
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - Accelerated aging
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599739
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093559
SN - 2071-1050
VL - 16
IS - 9
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-59973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Gäbler, H.-E.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Investigation of scandium in bauxite residues of different origin
N2 - This paper focuses on the scandium speciation in bauxite residues of different origin. Insights into mineralchemical similarities and differences of these materials will be presented and links to their natural geological background discussed. The presented research should provide fundamental knowledge for the future development of efficient and viable technologies for Sc-recovery from bauxite residues derived from different bauxites and accumulating at different localities. In total, five bauxite residues were investigated which originated from Greece, Germany, Hungary and Russia (North Ural & North Timan) using a combination of different analytical tools. Those included: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption near Edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, μ-Raman spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses. X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the overall chemical composition. The investigated samples were found to exhibit a relatively homogenous distribution of Sc between the larger mineral particles and the fine-grained matrix except for Al-phases like diaspore, boehmite and gibbsite. These phases were found to be particularly low in Sc. The only sample where Sc mass fractions in Al-phases exceeded 50 mg/kg was the Russian sample from North Ural. Fe-phases such as goethite, hematite and chamosite (for Russian samples) were more enriched in Sc than the Al-phases.
In fact, in Greek samples goethite showed a higher capacity to incorporate or adsorb Sc than hematite. Accessory minerals like zircon, rutile/anatase and ilmenite were found to incorporate higher mass fractions of Sc (>150 mg/kg), however, those minerals are only present in small amounts and do not represent major host phases for Sc. In Russian samples from North Ural an additional Ca–Mg rich phase was found to contain significant mass fractions of Sc (>500 mg/kg). μ-XANES spectroscopy was able to show that Sc in bauxite residue occurs adsorbed onto mineral surfaces as well as incorporated into the crystal lattice of certain Fe-phases. According to our observations the bauxite type, i.e. karstic or lateritic, the atmospheric conditions during bauxitization, i.e. oxidizing or reducing, and consequently the dominant Sc-bearing species in the primary Bauxite influence the occurrence of Sc in bauxite residues. In karstic bauxites, underlying carbonate rocks can work as a pH-barrier and stabilize Sc. This prevents the Sc from being mobilized and removed during bauxitization. Hence, karstic bauxites are more prone to show a Sc enrichment than lateritic bauxites. Reducing conditions during bauxitization support the incorporation of Sc into clay minerals such as chamosite, which can dissolve and reprecipitate during Bayer processing causing Sc to be redistributed and primarily adsorb onto mineral surfaces in the bauxite residue. Oxidizing conditions support the incorporation of Sc into the crystal lattice of Fe-oxides and hydroxides, which are not affected in the Bayer process. The genetic history of the bauxite is therefore the major influential factor for the Sc occurrence in bauxite residues.
KW - Sc recovery
KW - Scandium
KW - Bauxite Residue
KW - Red Mud
KW - XANES
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.104898
SN - 0883-2927
VL - 126
SP - 104898
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52123
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Schinnen, Andrea
A1 - Riedel, Maren
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Sawal, G.
A1 - Bandow, N.
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Investigation of pH-dependent extraction methods for PFAS in (fluoropolymer-based) consumer products: A comparative study between targeted and sum parameter analysis
N2 - Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and >50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 16% of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 states were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60% of the total agriculturally used sludge volume. In 2016, 60% of the WWTPs’ sludges exceeded the recovery limit of 2 wt % P which is 70% of the amount of sludge and 85% of the phosphorus load. Other nutrients are not affected by the recovery obligation. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three different scenarios for future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70–77% of the P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0–16% nitrogen, 36–52% of calcium, 31–53% of potassium, and 40–52% of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrients loads can substitute only 1% or less of the commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is up to 43% of the demand.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Wastewater
KW - Sewage sludge disposal
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130130
VL - 333
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-54186
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kittner, Maria
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
T1 - Freisetzung von Mikroplastik aus Sportböden
N2 - Die Europäische Kommission hat 2023 ein Verbot zum bewussten Austrag von Mikroplastik (MP) in die Umwelt beschlossen, das auch für die Verwendung von synthetischen Gummi-Granulaten (v. a. EPDM) in Sportböden gilt. In Deutschland gibt es laut DFB ca. 5100 Kunstrasenplätze. In der EU beläuft sich die Anzahl laut ECHA auf 13,000 Kunstrasen- und 47,000 Bolzplätze, Tendenz steigend. Das Hauptziel des Projektes ist daher, eine Massenbilanz für die Freisetzung von MP zu erstellen, um so eine Schätzung des MP-Austrags pro Kunstrasenplatz und Jahr zu ermöglichen. Dafür werden die MP-Emissionen von drei Kunstrasenszenarien in verschiedenen Zuständen (ungealtert, künstlich gealtert und in Echtzeit gealtert) verglichen: die Vergangenheit (Kunstrasen: fossilbasiert, EPDM-Füllung), die Gegenwart (der in Europa am häufigsten installierte Rasen) und die Zukunft (Rasen mit recycelten Grasfasern, keine synthetische Füllung sondern z.B. Quarzsand oder Korkschrott). Dazu werden fabrikneue Kunststoffrasen und EPDM-Granulat unter Laborbedingungen beschleunigt gealtert, um die Freiland-Beanspruchung eines Kunststoffrasens in circa 15 Jahren abzubilden. Die Verwendung spezieller Mikrofiltertiegel in Lysimeter-Experimenten ermöglicht die Abschätzung der Partikelgrößen des emittierten MP, was eine Grundbedingung für die Bewertung einer potenziellen Gesundheitsgefährdung für Menschen ist. Ergänzend werden weitere umweltrelevante Schadstoffausträge aus den Kunststoffrasen quantifiziert und so mögliche Transportpfade überprüft. Um in Zukunft den Anforderungen des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes zu entsprechen, sollen in diesem Projekt zudem Erkenntnisse zur Rückführbarkeit von Gummi-Granulaten und Altrasen in den Rohstoffkreislauf gewonnen werden
KW - Mikroplastik
KW - TED-GC/MS
KW - Kunststoffrasen
KW - PAK
KW - Schwermetalle
PY - 2024
UR - https://www.zukunftbau.de/neue-meldung/zukunft-bau-journal-2024
SP - 9
EP - 9
PB - Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR)
CY - Bonn
AN - OPUS4-61823
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Putna-Nimane, I.
A1 - Barda, I.
A1 - Liepina-Leimane, I.
A1 - Strode, E.
A1 - Kileso, A.
A1 - Esiukova, E.
A1 - Chubarenko, B.
A1 - Purina, I.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Environmental impact of geosynthetics in coastal protection
N2 - Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed.
KW - Geosynthetics
KW - Geotextiles
KW - Dynamic surface leaching test
KW - Artificial ageing
KW - Marine littering
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520576
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030634
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 14
IS - 3 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials)
SP - 634-1
EP - 634-13
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-52057
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Tietje, O.
A1 - Borho, N.
A1 - Burkhardt, M.
A1 - Rohr, M.
A1 - Vollpracht, A.
A1 - Weiler, L.
T1 - Environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems - Principles of an integrated source-path-target concept
N2 - Buildings exposed to water can release undesirable substances which, once transported to environmental compartments, may cause unwanted effects. These exposure pathways need to be investigated and included in risk assessments to safeguard water quality and promote the sustainability of construction materials. The applied materials, exposure conditions, distribution routes and resilience of receiving compartments vary considerably. This demonstrates the need for a consistent concept that integrates knowledge of emission sources, leaching processes, transport pathways, and effects on targets. Such a consistent concept can serve as the basis for environmental risk assessment for several scenarios using experimentally determined emissions. Typically, a source–path–target concept integrates data from standardized leaching tests and models to describe leaching processes, the distribution of substances in the environment and the occurrence of substances at different points of compliance. This article presents an integrated concept for assessing the environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems and unravels currently existing gaps and necessary actions. This manuscript outlines a source–path–target concept applicable to a large variety of construction products. It is intended to highlight key elements of a holistic evaluation concept that could assist authorities in developing procedures for environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures and identifying knowledge gaps.
KW - Construction products
KW - Environmental impact
KW - Assessment
KW - Concept
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542175
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020228
SN - 2073-4441
VL - 14
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-54217
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Buchert, M.
A1 - Sutter, J.
T1 - Environmental Evaluation of Gypsum Plasterboard Recycling
N2 - Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector and its worldwide consumption has been increasing for several decades. Depending on the life-time of the used gypsum products, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste follows. Especially against the background of a circular economy, the recycling of waste gypsum is of growing importance. However, the use of recycled gypsum makes only sense if it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, an evaluation of the environmental impacts of an industrial-scale processing for the recycling of post-consumer gypsum waste was conducted. The evaluation was performed with an established life cycle assessment software. Original data provided by industry and complementary data from a database for life cycle assessments were used for the calculations. Two scenarios for recycled gypsum with different transportation distances were calculated. These results are compared with results of the environmental evaluation of gypsum derived from coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) and natural gypsum. The results show that utilization of recycled gypsum can be environmentally advantageous compared to the use of natural gypsum or FGD gypsum, especially in the impact categories land transformation and resource consumption (abiotic depletion potential). For most environmental impact categories the specific transportation distances have a strong influence.
KW - Gypsum plasterboards
KW - Gypsum waste
KW - Recycled gypsum
KW - Environmental evaluation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522321
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020101
SN - 2075-163X
VL - 11
IS - 2
SP - 101
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Schweiz
AN - OPUS4-52232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Entwicklung von PFAS-Summenparametern mittels Combustion Ion Chroma- tography (CIC)
N2 - Wie können industriell synthetisierte Schadstoffe aus einer Stoffklasse quantifiziert werden, deren genauer Umfang unbekannt ist und auf mehrere tausend Verbindungen geschätzt wird? Im Falle der per- und polyfluorierten alkylierten Substanzen (PFAS) stellen sich Wissenschaftler*innen weltweit seit über zehn Jahren diese Frage. Neben der etablierten Methodik der Einzelstoffanalytik (engl. target analytic) existieren Summenparameteranalysen zur Quantifizierung
organisch gebundener fluorierter Verbindungen in Umweltmedien und Konsumprodukten. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) beschäftigen wir uns mit der Weiterentwicklung von Summenparametermethoden am Beispiel von PFAS-belasteten Umweltkompartimenten wie Böden, Klärschlämmen und Gewässerproben sowie PFAS-haltigen Konsumgütern. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir zwei ausgewählte Fallbeispiele vor und diskutieren die Vor- und Nachteile der Methoden im Vergleich zur Einzelstoffanalytik.
KW - PFAS
KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography
KW - LC-MS/MS
KW - Water analysis
KW - Environmental analysis
KW - Sum parameter analysis
PY - 2023
SN - 1618-3258
VL - 29
IS - 2
SP - 40
EP - 44
AN - OPUS4-57611
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Machado Ferreira de Araujo, F.
A1 - Duarte-Ruiz, D.
A1 - Saßnick, H.-D.
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie C.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Cocchi, C.
T1 - Electronic Structure and Core Spectroscopy of Scandium Fluoride Polymorphs
N2 - Microscopic knowledge of the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of scandium fluoride is still incomplete despite the relevance of this material as an intermediate for the manufacturing of Al−Sc alloys. In a work based on first-principles calculations and X-ray spectroscopy, we assess the stability and electronic structure of six computationally predicted ScF3 polymorphs, two of which correspond to experimentally resolved single-crystal phases. In the theoretical analysis based on density functional theory (DFT), we identify similarities among the polymorphs based on their formation energies, chargedensity distribution, and electronic properties (band gaps and density of states). We find striking analogies between the results obtained for the ow- and high-temperature phases of the material, indirectly confirming that the transition occurring between them mainly consists of a rigid rotation of the lattice. With this knowledge, we examine the X-ray absorption spectra from the Sc and F K-edge contrasting firstprinciples results obtained from the solution of the Bethe−Salpeter equation on top of all-electron DFT with high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection measurements. Analysis of the computational results sheds light on the electronic origin of the absorption maxima and provides information on the prominent excitonic effects that characterize all spectra. A comparison with measurements confirms that the sample is mainly composed of the high- and low-temperature polymorphs of ScF3. However, some fine details in the experimental results suggest that the probed powder sample may contain defects and/or residual traces of metastable polymorphs.
KW - Scandium
KW - X-ray spectroscopy
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570727
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04357
SN - 0020-1669
VL - 62
IS - 10
SP - 4238
EP - 4247
PB - ACS Publications
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-57072
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Sekine, R.
A1 - Huang, J.
A1 - Steckenmesser, D.
A1 - Steffens, D.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Borca, C.
A1 - Pradas del Real, A.
A1 - Castillo-Michel, H.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen species in the soil and the yield and phosphorus uptake of maize
N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammoniumcan enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and anammoniumsulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammoniumin the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available Ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammoniumuptake, whichmobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability.
KW - Fertilzer
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Ammonium
KW - Nitrification inhibitor
KW - XANES spectroscopy
KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136895
SN - 1879-1026
VL - 715
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50477
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Stephan, Dietmar
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Hirsch, Tamino
A1 - Manninger, Tanja
T1 - Effect of gypsum on the hydration of fused cement clinker from basic oxygen furnace slag
N2 - Fused cement clinker can be produced from molten basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) by way of a reductive thermochemical treatment. During the thermochemical treatment, oxidic iron is reduced to metallic iron and separated. The resulting low-iron slag has a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker. In this study, the hydraulic reactivity of the fused clinker from BOFS with and without gypsum was investigated using isothermal calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, in situ X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, a synthetic fused clinker without foreign ions and fused clinker produced by a mixture of both materials was studied. The hydraulic reaction of the fused clinker from BOFS was considerably slower than that of OPC. However, the reaction can be accelerated by adding gypsum as a sulfate carrier. Furthermore, the results showed an increased reaction rate with decreasing content of foreign ions such as Fe, P or Mn.
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Building and Construction
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00070
SN - 0951-7197
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Telford
AN - OPUS4-59391
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heisterkamp, I.
A1 - Ratte, M.
A1 - Schoknecht, Ute
A1 - Gartiser, S.
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Ilvonen, O.
T1 - Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products: inter-laboratory test with DSLT and percolation test eluates in an aquatic biotest battery
N2 - Background
A European inter-laboratory test with 29 participating laboratories investigated whether a battery of four ecotoxicological tests is suitable for assessing the environmental compatibility of construction products. For this purpose, a construction product was investigated with the dynamic surface leaching test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-2) and the percolation test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-3). The eluates were produced centrally by one laboratory and were tested by the participants using the following biotests: algae test (ISO 8692), acute daphnia test (ISO 6341), luminescent bacteria test (DIN EN ISO 11348), and fish egg test (DIN EN ISO 15088). As toxicity measures, EC50 and LID values were calculated.
Results
Toxic effects of the eluates were detected by all four biotests. The bacteria test was by far the most sensitive, followed by the algae test and the daphnia test; the fish egg test was the least sensitive for eluates of both leaching tests. The toxicity level of the eluates was very high in the bacteria, daphnia, and algae test, with lowest ineffective dilution values of LID = 70 to LID = 13,000 and corresponding EC50 values around or even below 1 volume percent. The reproducibility (approximated by interlaboratory variability) of the biotests was good (< 53%) to very good (< 20%), regardless of the toxicity level of the eluates. The reproducibility of the algae test was up to 80%, and thus still acceptable.
Conclusion
It can be confirmed that the combination of leaching and ecotoxicity tests is suitable to characterize with sufficient reproducibility the environmental impact posed by the release of hazardous substances from construction products.
KW - Inter-laboratory test
KW - Construction products
KW - Leaching tests
KW - Ecotoxicity tests
KW - Grouts
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529198
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00514-x
VL - 33
IS - 1
SP - Article number: 75
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-52919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Meiers, Emelie
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
A1 - Droas, Morten
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Leube, Peter
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Bagheri, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Seubert, A.
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Development and evaluation of analytical strategies for the monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from lithium-ion battery recycling materials
N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are well-known as “forever chemicals” and persistent pollutants released by different anthropogenic sources. The potential release of PFAS from accumulating electronic waste and lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling activities has gained increasing attention in the past years. This creates a need for analytical methods tailored for the determination of PFAS out of environmental matrices related to the named activities or directly out of the concerned materials. In this work, analytical strategies for the monitoring of PFAS in LIB recycling materials were explored for a group of legacy perfluoro sulfonic- and carbonic acids (PFSA and PFCA) and of fluorinated sulfonylimides suspected to be LIB electrolyte ingredients. These analytical strategies comprehend PFAS target approaches with a herein optimized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method equipped with a HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column in combination with the TOP (total oxidizable precursor) assay and an adapted sample preparation method for high-matrix LIB recycling materials. The validated target method was applied to a set of LIB recycling materials: end-of-life batteries, black masses from hydrometallurgical recycling, and gas absorption solutions from thermal treatment of black masses as part of the recycling procedure. Investigation results show that the LIB industry can be connected to the release of both “LIB”-PFAS, such as the target sulfonylimides, and “already-legacy” PFAS, like the PFSA and PFCA. Especially, the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as an emerging pollutant in every investigated LIB material type underlines the threat of PFAS emissions from LIB waste and recycling activities.
KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06165-8
SN - 1618-2642
VL - 417
SP - 6567
EP - 6583
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-64701
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart
A1 - Simon, Fabian
A1 - Roesch, Philipp
A1 - Fischer, E.
A1 - von der Au, Marcus
A1 - Pfeifer, Jens
A1 - Cossmer, Antje
A1 - Wittwer, Philipp
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Meermann, Björn
T1 - Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples - Comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS)
N2 - In this study, we compare combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) with respect to their applicability for determining organically Bound fluorine sum parameters. Extractable (EOF) and adsorbable (AOF) organically bound fluorine as well as total fluorine (TF) were measured in samples fromriver Spree in Berlin, Germany, to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques used as well as the two established fluorine sum Parameters AOF and EOF. TF concentrations determined via HR-CS-GFMAS and CIC were comparable between 148 and 270 μg/L. On average, AOF concentrations were higher than EOF concentrations, with AOF making up 0.14–0.81% of TF (determined using CIC) and EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF (determined using HR-CSGFMAS).
The results obtained by the two independent methods were in good agreement. It turned out that HR-CS-GFMAS is a more sensitive and precise method for fluorine analysis compared to CIC. EOF and AOF are comparable tools in Risk evaluation for the emerging pollutants per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances; however, EOF is much faster to conduct.
KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS)
KW - Combustion ion chromatography (CIC)
KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs)
KW - Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF)
KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF)
KW - Surface waters
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515351
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03010-y
SN - 1618-2650
VL - 413
IS - 28
SP - 103
EP - 115
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51535
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chubarenko, B.
A1 - Kileso, A.
A1 - Esiukova, E.
A1 - Pinchuk, V.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Dataset on geosynthetic material debris contamination of the South-East Baltic shore
N2 - The database gives information on the contamination of the shore of the South-Eastern Baltic with the debris of geosynthetic materials for the period 2018–2020. This new type of coastal pollution enters the natural environment due to the destruction of coastal protection structures and construction activities. The database contains sections:
(1) a list of types of geosynthetic material residues, their photographic images and photographs illustrating examples of finds in natural conditions
[1 List_geosynthetic_debris_SEB],
(2) monitoring data on the contamination of the beach strip with the debris of geotextiles, braids from gabions, geocontainers (big bags), geocells and geogrids for the beaches of the South-Eastern Baltic for the period 2018–2020
[2 Monitoring_geosynthetic_debris_SEB];
(3) statistical distributions of the found geosynthetic debris by size
[3 Scales_geosynthetic_debris_SEB] and (4) results of test surveys on the shores of Lithuania and Poland adjacent to Kaliningrad Oblast.
All data refer to the beaches of the Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), including the Russian parts of the Vistula and Curonian Spits, but also contains information on a one-time assessment of the pollution of the beaches of the adjacent territories: the Polish shore from the Poland-Russia border on the Vistula Spit to the mouth of the Vistula River, the Lithuanian shore from the border Lithuania-Russia on the Curonian Spit to the border of Latvia-Lithuania. Materials were collected during field surveys within the ERANET-RUS_Plus joint project EI-GEO, ID 212 (RFBR 18-55-76002 ERA_a, BMBF 01DJ18005).
KW - Geosynthetics
KW - Geotextiles
KW - Contamination
KW - Marine littering
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-541947
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107778
SN - 2352-3409
VL - 40
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Inc.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-54194
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Aydin, Zeynep
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Crystalline phase analysis and phosphorus availability after thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium and potassium sulfates for fertilizer production
N2 - Phosphorus rich sewage sludge ash is a promising source to produce phosphorus recycling fertilizer. However, the low plant availability of phosphorus in these ashes makes a treatment necessary. A thermochemical treatment (800–1000 °C) with alkali additives transforms poorly plant available phosphorus phases to highly plant available calcium alkali Phosphates (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4. In this study, we investigate the use of K2SO4 as additive to produce a phosphorus potassium fertilizer in laboratory-scale experiments (crucible). Pure K2SO4 is not suitable as high reaction temperatures are required due to the high melting point of K2SO4.
To overcome this barrier, we carried out series of experiments with mixtures of K2SO4 and Na2SO4 resulting in a lower economically feasible reaction temperature (900–1000 °C). In this way, the produced phosphorus potassium fertilizers (8.4 wt.% K, 7.6 wt.% P) was highly plant available for phosphorus indicated by complete extractable phosphorus in neutral ammonium citrate solution. The added potassium is, in contrast to sodium, preferably incorporated into silicates instead of phosphorus phases. Thus, the highly extractable phase (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4 in the thermochemical products contain less potassium than expected. This preferred incorporation is confirmed by a pilot-scale trial (rotary kiln) and thermodynamic calculation.
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Recycling fertilizer
KW - Calcium alkali phosphate
KW - Silicate
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536276
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01288-3
SN - 1611-8227
IS - 23
SP - 2242
EP - 2254
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-53627
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schreiner, V. C.
A1 - Fernandez, D.
A1 - Vermeirssen, E. L. M.
A1 - Bandow, Nicole
A1 - Munoz, K.
A1 - Schäfer, R. B.
T1 - Corrigendum to “Calibration and field application of passive sampling for episodic exposure to polar organic pesticides in streams” [Environ. Pollut. 194 (2014) 196-202]
N2 - The authors regret that the sampling rates were miscalculated as a result of flaws in the R script. Using a R script algorithm (Schreiner et al., 2020) sampling rates changed up to 45% (Table 1).
KW - Passive sampling
KW - Pesticides
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115335
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 265
IS - Part B
SP - 115335
EP - 115335
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Stemann, J.
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Comparison of thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate in laboratory-scale and pilot-scale experiments
N2 - There is an ongoing debate on European scale concerning the criticality of phosphorus. In Switzerland and Germany, phosphorus recovery from phosphorus-rich waste streams will become obligatory. Sewage sludge ash is rich in phosphorus and may become an important secondary feedstock. Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate under reducing conditions was shown to remove heavy metals from the solid product and produce the fully plant available crystalline phase CaNaPO4. Pilot-scale experiments in a rotary kiln were carried out at temperatures between 750 and 1000 °C and were compared to laboratory-scale experiments with crucibles. Process upscaling was successfully demonstrated but a series of differences were noticed: In comparison to laboratory-scale, solubility of phosphorus in samples from pilot-scale experiments was lower at all chosen treatment temperatures because of shorter retention time and incomplete decomposition of sodium sulphate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed remaining phase fractions of whitlockite (Ca3-x(Mg,Fe)x(PO4)2) and sodium sulphate from the starting materials in products and thus indicated incomplete reaction. In contrast to the results of laboratory-scale experiments, the crystalline phase CaNaPO4 was clearly absent in the products from the rotary kiln but instead a Mg-bearing phase (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 was formed. Laboratory-scale experiments confirmed (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 is an intermediate phase between whitlockite and CaNaPO4. However, both crystalline phases are characterized by high plant availability. It was shown that heavy metal removal increased at higher temperatures whereas solubility and thus plant availability of phosphorus already reached its maxima at temperatures of 950 °C in pilot-scale and 875 °C in laboratory-scale experiments.
KW - Crystalline phase identification
KW - Heavy metal removal
KW - Phosphorus availability
KW - Process upscaling
KW - Recovery
KW - Rhenanite
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524084
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03252-y
VL - 19
IS - 3
SP - 1997
EP - 2006
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-52408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
A1 - Bandow, Nicole
T1 - Comparing PFAS analysis in batch leaching and column leaching tests
N2 - Laboratory leaching tests are tools to assess the mobility of environmental contaminants released from granular materials. Comparative leaching tests were performed using four PFAS-contaminated soils whose concentration patterns of 10 selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) differed due to the two types of contamination sources. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of two usual laboratory-scale leaching test procedures, batch and column percolation tests, at liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) of 2 l/kg, which is the current practice within the German assessment framework, and 10 l/kg (relevant for some EU regulations such as the landfill directive). The differences between the replicates of leaching tests investigating PFAS were smaller for column percolation tests than for batch tests, probably mainly due to the greater sample size and the better representativeness of the sample portion analyzed. It was observed that batch tests overestimate the release of shorter-chain PFAS, whereby the effect was greater with carboxylic than with sulfonic acids. Currently, the limits of detection of analyses given by the DIN standard with regard to PFCA and PFSA in soils are partly not sufficient to detect very low contents, whereas the detection of selected PFCA and PFSA in eluates is more sensitive, in accordance with the available standards. This results in limitations when calculating mass balances.
KW - PFAS
KW - Leaching
KW - Column percolation test
KW - Batch test
KW - Soil
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618187
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35510-0
SN - 1614-7499
VL - 31
IS - 57
SP - 65233
EP - 65251
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-61818
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Doolette, A.
A1 - Huang, J.
T1 - Combining diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and 31P NMR spectroscopy to determine phosphorus species in soil
N2 - The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique shows in many publications a superior correlation to the amount of plant-available phosphorus (P) in soil. However, this technique cannot give information on the plant-available P species in soil. Therefore, we combined DGT with solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This was achieved by using a modified DGT device in which the diffusive layer had a larger pore size, the binding layer incorporated an adsorption material with a higher capacity, and the device had a larger exposure area. The spectroscopic investigation was undertaken after elution of the deployed DGT binding layer in a NaOH solution. Adsorption tests using solutions of known organic P compounds showed that a sufficient amount of these compounds could be adsorbed on the binding layer in order for them to be analyzed by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, various intermediates of the hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be also analyzed over time.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT)
KW - Passive sampling
KW - fertilizer
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545759
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20068
VL - 7
IS - 1
SP - e20068
PB - Wiley online library
AN - OPUS4-54575
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Preisner, M.
T1 - Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector
N2 - One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective Technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Waste water
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00960-z
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Hoffmann, Marie
A1 - Krüger, O.
A1 - Murzin, V.
A1 - Caliebe, W.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique
N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr).
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT)
KW - Chemical extraction
KW - XANES spectroscopy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509578
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08761-w
SN - 0944-1344
VL - 27
SP - 24320
EP - 24328
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50957
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maisels, A.
A1 - Hiller, A.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Chemisches Recycling für Kunststoffe: Status und Perspektiven
N2 - Das mechanische Recycling von Kunststoffen ist seit Jahren großtechnisch etabliert, hat aber technische und ökonomische Grenzen. Durch Verfahren des chemischen Recyclings gelangt man zurück zu Monomeren oder den Rohstoffen, so dass am Ende wieder Neuware für alle Einsatzgebiete von Kunststoffen entsteht. Die Vielfalt von chemischen Recyclingverfahren ist groß. Die Kapazitäten der Anlagen sind heute noch gering und die Wirtschaftlichkeit wird stark vom Ölpreis beeinflusst.
Die Rentabilitätsgrenze liegt derzeit bei einem Preis zwischen 50 und 60 US-$ pro Barrel.
KW - Chemisches Recycling
KW - Oxyfuel-Verbrennung
KW - Pyrolyse
KW - Solvolyse
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-535952
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202100115
SN - 0009-286X
SN - 1522-2640
VL - 93
IS - 11
SP - 1742
EP - 1750
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-53595
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maisels, A.
A1 - Hiller, A.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Chemical Recycling for Plastic Waste: Status and Perspectives
N2 - Industrial-scale mechanical recycling of plastics has been established for years, but has technical and economic limits. Chemical recycling processes lead back to monomers or to the raw materials, so that in the end new goods can be produced for all areas of application of plastics. The variety of chemical recycling processes is large. The capacities of the plants are still low today. The profitability of the plants is strongly influenced by the price of oil; the profitability limit is currently between 50 and 60 US $ per barrel.
KW - Chemical recycling
KW - Plastic waste
KW - Circular economy
KW - Pyrolysis
KW - Solvolysis
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565700
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200024
SN - 2196-9744
VL - 9
IS - 6
SP - 541
EP - 555
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-56570
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chubarenko, B.
A1 - Domnin, D.
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Scholz, Philipp
A1 - Leitsin, V.
A1 - Tovpinets, A.
A1 - Karmanov, K.
A1 - Esiukova, E.
T1 - Change over Time in theMechanical Properties of Geosynthetics Used in Coastal Protection in the South-Eastern Baltic
N2 - The most massive design on the Baltic shore used geosynthetic materials, the landslide protection construction in Svetlogorsk (1300 m long, 90,000 m2 area, South-Eastern Baltic, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russian Federation) comprises the geotextile and the erosion control geomat coating the open-air cliff slopes. Due to changes in elastic properties during long-term use in the open air, as well as due to its huge size, this structure can become a non-negligible source of microplastic pollution in the Baltic Sea. Weather conditions affected the functioning of the structure, so it was assessed that geosynthetic materials used in this outdoor (open-air) operation in coastal protection structures degraded over time. Samples taken at points with different ambient conditions (groundwater outlet; arid places; exposure to the direct sun; grass cover; under landslide) were tested on crystallinity and strain at break. Tests showed a 39–85% loss of elasticity of the polymer filaments after 3 years of use under natural conditions. Specimens exposed to sunlight are less elastic and more prone to fail, but not as much as samples taken from shaded areas in the grass and under the landslide, which were the most brittle.
KW - Geosynthetics
KW - Microplastic
KW - Degradation
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567978
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/1/113
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010113
SN - 2077-1312
VL - 11
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56797
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -