TY - CONF A1 - Song, Jessica T1 - (micro)Plastic biofilms: Keeping afloat by carving out a new niche N2 - As pervasive and persistent pollutants, microplastics exist alongside vast microbial communities in nature. These hardy substrates accumulate rich polymeric matrices from their surroundings that in turn offer nutrition and protection to diverse communities and their theatre of activity, representing a new ecological niche. In our research to date, biofilm communities demonstrate no specificity to plastic polymers but appear rather to be more strongly shaped by spatial and temporal factors. Other synthetic substrates such as tyre wear, however, signal towards some form of community selection that may manifest in the presence of leachates from the polymer itself. Contrary to these biofilms, polyaromatic hydrocarbons appear to observe the opposite pattern, with adsorbed concentrations on plastic more strongly dictated by the type of plastic polymer than the environment itself. Although community specificity has not yet been evidenced among different plastic polymers, our studies show that microplastics might shape communities in a different way. As suggested by our detection of carotenoid synthesis pathways and photosynthetic gene clusters among microplastic biofilms, we postulate this new niche to shape a specific functional toolkit adaptive among its members as a product of prolonged exposure to UV radiation at the sea’s surface. This opens exciting new avenues for further research into the functional capabilities of these biofilms and offers new perspective on their potential beyond subordinate processes such as biodegradation. Here, we present a synthesis of our collective research on microplastic biofilms, the factors that shape them, and their interactions with nature. T2 - MICRO 2024 Conference CY - Lanzarote, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Biofilms KW - Microplastics KW - Microbial ecology KW - 16S amplicon KW - Pollutants PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Catanzaro, Ilaria A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Onofri, Silvano A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - 1,8‐Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin provides unequal protection to black fungi Knufia petricola and Cryomyces antarcticus from UV‐B radiation N2 - Black fungi on rock surfaces endure a spectrum of abiotic stresses, including UV radiation. Their ability to tolerate extreme conditions is attributed to the convergent evolution of adaptive traits, primarily highly melanized cell walls. However, studies on fungal melanins have not provided univocal results on their photoprotective functions. Here, we investigated whether the black fungi Knufia petricola and Cryomyces antarcticus only use DHN melanin or may employ alternative mechanisms to counteract UV‐induced damage. For this, melanized wild types and non‐melanized Δpks1 mutants were exposed to different doses of UV‐B (312 nm) followed by incubation in constant darkness or in light–dark cycles to allow light‐dependent DNA repair by photolyases (photoreactivation). C. antarcticus could tolerate higher UV‐B doses but was sensitive to white light, whereas K. petricola showed the opposite trend. DHN melanin provided UV‐B protection in C. antarcticus, whereas the same pigment or even carotenoids proved ineffective in K. petricola. Both fungi demonstrated functional photoreactivation in agreement with the presence of photolyase‐encoding genes. Our findings reveal that although the adaptive trait of DHN melanization commonly occurs across black fungi, it is not equally functional and that there are species‐specific adaptations towards either UV‐induced lesion avoidance or repair strategies. KW - Rock-inhabiting Ascomycetes KW - Pigment KW - Photoprotection KW - Photolyase KW - Disinfection PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616859 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.70043 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-61685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 11. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 11/BAM IV.3/03/09 für ein Dichtungskontrollsystem (DKS) für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen N2 - 11. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 11/BAM IV.3/03/09 für ein Dichtungskontrollsystem (DKS) für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen der Firma Sensor Dichtungs-Kontroll-Systeme GmbH, Bremen. KW - Deponie KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn KW - Dichtungskontrollsystem PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611001 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61100 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 4. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/10/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen N2 - 4. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/10/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen der Firma HUESKER Synthetic GmbH, Gescher. KW - Deponie KW - Geotextil KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624038 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - 5. Sitzung des projektbegleitenden Ausschuss CF Pyro: Ergebnisse & Technologiebewertung N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse und diskutieren deren Limitierungen. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen auf, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Nach der Präsentation der Projektergebnisse erfolgte in der Diskussion mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik eine Technologiebewertung für die Nutzung von CF in pyrometallurgischen Prozessen. T2 - 5. PA Meeting CF Pyro CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 31.01.2024 KW - Cabonfasern KW - CFK KW - Recycling KW - Leichtbau PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60569 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 7. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/08/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen N2 - 7. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/08/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen der Firma Naue GmbH & Co. KG, Espelkamp. KW - Deponie KW - Geotextil KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624075 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62407 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/11/10 für Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen N2 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/11/10 für Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen der Firma Naue GmbH & Co. KG, Espelkamp. KW - Deponie KW - Bewehrungsgitter KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624056 SP - 1 EP - 24 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62405 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/12/10 für Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen N2 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/12/10 für Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen der Firma HUESKER Synthetic GmbH, Gescher. KW - Deponie KW - Bewehrungsgitter KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624020 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62402 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GOVDOC A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 12/BAM IV.3/09/00 für eine Schutzschicht bestehend aus einer sandgefüllten Schutzbahn für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen in Deponieabdichtungen N2 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 12/BAM IV.3/09/00 für eine Schutzschicht bestehend aus einer sandgefüllten Schutzbahn für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen in Deponieabdichtungen der Fa. G quadrat GmbH, Krefeld. KW - Zulassung KW - Deponie KW - Schutzschicht KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604877 SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60487 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shafiey, Hassan A1 - Gogol-Döring, Andreas A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Doublet, Vincent A1 - Disayathanoowat, Terd A1 - Paxton, Robert J. T1 - A new variant of slow bee paralysis virus revealed by transcriptome analysis N2 - Using NGS data from an RNA-seq library, we reveal a novel variant of slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) in a pooled sample of adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) collected in southwest Germany. We provide its sequence (NCBI Accession No. PP100271) and demonstrate that it is infective for adult honey bees by feeding. KW - SBPV KW - Apis mellifera KW - +ss RNA virus KW - Iflaviridae KW - Transmission KW - NGS PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-620900 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2024.2425912 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-62090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromer, Charlotte A1 - Katz, Aaron A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Laux, Peter A1 - Luch, Andreas A1 - Tschiche, Harald R. T1 - A targeted fluorescent nanosensor for ratiometric pH sensing at the cell surface N2 - AbstractThe correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5–9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role. KW - pH sensor KW - pH KW - Targeting, Nanoparticles KW - pHe KW - Nanosensor KW - Extracellular pH PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604339 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62976-2 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-60433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Advanced lightweight applications – recycling versus reliability and fossil energy footprint N2 - Advanced light weight applications like aircrafts and wind turbine blades are made of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) with continuous fibre reinforcement and must withstand a high thermo-mechanical cyclic loading. The quality of the fibre matrix interface has a high impact on the fatigue life and was continuously improved over the years since the 50th. The fatigue life of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) used in aircraft industry is 10 to 100 times higher compared to glass fibre non crimp fabrics used for wind turbine blades. To assure a constant and reliable high quality and strength of reinforcement fibres, synthetic fibre production is state of the art (CF, GF). There is a need for recycling GFRP and CFRP waste due to the upcoming use. Pyrolysis and solvolysis are more expensive than the mechanical route however enable a more sustainable recycling. Natural fibres and recycled synthetic fibres have a high scatter in quality and strength. Hence it is a challenge to optimize the production / recycling processes to get a reliable quality for any demanding (second life) application. Chemical routes for using renewables resources and recycling, is going to be a good approach especially for polymer-matrix systems to get 100% quality (back) compared to the state of the art. Finally, a proper design, life-time extension and repair is preferable to recycling to keep the carbon footprint as low as possible. T2 - 27. INTERNATIONALES DRESDNER LEICHTBAUSYMPOSIUM CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 13.06.2024 KW - Polymer Matrix Composites KW - Carbon Fibre KW - Recycling KW - Circular Economy PY - 2024 UR - https://leichtbausymposium.de/deu/ AN - OPUS4-60683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Advances in Characterization of Written Heritage N2 - The session discusses three brances of teh work on the manuscripts: ink analysis, parchment analysis by proteomics (Matthew Collins) and lipids (Mélanie Roffet-Salque); revealing of hidden text using AI. The example of Vesuvium Challenge is presented and discussed by Bren Seales. T2 - Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research Gordon Research Conference CY - Vaud, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Written Heritage KW - Vesuvius challenge KW - Proteomics KW - Lipids PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Gerengi, Husnu A1 - Kaya, Ertugrul A1 - M. Solomon, Moses A1 - Snape, Matthew T1 - Advances in the Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Concrete Corrosion: A Snapshot N2 - Concrete, a versatile construction material, faces pervasive deterioration due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in various applications, including sewer systems, marine engineering, and buildings. MIC is initiated by microbial activities such as involving sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), etc., producing corrosive substances like sulfuric acid. This process significantly impacts structures, causing economic losses and environmental concerns. Despite over a century of research, MIC remains a debated issue, lacking standardized assessment methods. Microorganisms contribute to concrete degradation through physical and chemical means. In the oil and gas industry, SRB and SOB activities may adversely affect concrete in offshore platforms. MIC challenges also arise in cooling water systems and civil infrastructures, impacting concrete surfaces. Sewer systems experience biogenic corrosion, primarily driven by SRB activities, leading to concrete deterioration. Mitigation traditionally involves the use of biocides and surface coatings, but their long-term effectiveness and environmental impact are questionable. Nowadays, it is important to design more eco-friendly mitigation products. The microbial-influenced carbonate precipitation is one of the green techniques and involves incorporating beneficial bacteria with antibacterial activity into cementitious materials to prevent the growth and the formation of a community that contains species that are pathogenic or may be responsible for MIC. These innovative strategies present promising avenues for addressing MIC challenges and preserving the integrity of concrete structures. This review provides a snapshot of the MIC in various areas and mitigation measures, excluding underlying mechanisms and broader influencing factors. KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete KW - Environment PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-619218 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235846 VL - 17 IS - 23 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-61921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas ED - Al-Akel, Said T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM N2 - Im Folgenden soll über aktuelle Diskussionen und Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Fachbeirat der BAM und von der Zulassungsstelle berichtet werden. Es werden Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen vorgestellt. Es wird über die aktuelle Diskussion über die Anforderungen z. B. an metallische Sensoren für Dichtungskontrollsysteme berichtet. Änderungen der Fremdprüfung von sogenannten Sandschutzmatten, des Standards zur Qualitätsüberwachung (SQÜ) von Kunststoff Dränelementen (KDE) und der Anpassung der Formulierungen zum Überbau der in Abdichtungen verwendeten Produkte werden aufgezeigt. T2 - 20. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Dichtungskontrollsystem KW - Deponie KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-943443-54-7 VL - 20 SP - 16 EP - 23 CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-59893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM N2 - Im Folgenden soll über aktuelle Diskussionen und Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Fachbeirat der BAM und von der Zulassungsstelle berichtet werden. Es werden Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen vorgestellt. Es wird über die aktuelle Diskussion über die Anforderungen z. B. an metallische Sensoren für Dichtungskontrollsysteme berichtet. Änderungen der Fremdprüfung von sogenannten Sandschutzmatten, des Standards zur Qualitätsüberwachung (SQÜ) von Kunststoff Dränelementen (KDE) und der Anpassung der Formulierungen zum Überbau der in Abdichtungen verwendeten Produkte werden aufgezeigt. T2 - 20. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Deponie KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn KW - Dichtungskontrollsystem PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59894 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - ALEE-AMC: Bacterial resistance evolution towards antimicrobial surfaces and development of a standardized test N2 - Background: Antimicrobial surfaces and coatings (AMCs) are important to protect man-made structures from biodeterioration and biodegradation. Advances in nano-structuring methods hold the promise of a new generation of AMCs. However, the evolution and selection of bacterial resistance to AMCs may threaten their efficacy in the long term. Therefore, according to the EU Biocidal Products Regulation, the risk of resistance development upon exposure to AMCs must be evaluated during product authorization. The same applies to the development of cross-resistances to other substances, for instance biocides and antibiotics. However, no standardized method exists to assess the risk of resistance and cross-resistance development upon exposure to AMCs during the authorization process. Objectives: • To develop a standardizable adaptive laboratory evolution experiment to be performed on AMCs (ALEE-AMC) • To assess performance and robustness of ALEE-AMC in a round robin test, using a copper AMC as reference • To uncover the mechanisms underlying evolution of resistance to copper AMC Materials & Methods: ALEE-AMC was developed based on an approved standard to determine the efficacy of antimicrobial surfaces (ISO 22196). ALEE-MC was performed on an antimicrobial copper surface as reference material and Escherichia coli as model organism. A round robin test was conducted with six participants to evaluate the reproducibility and applicability of ALEE-AMC. Evolved E. coli populations from the round robin partners were collected and subjected to phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ISO 22196) and genotypic (whole genome sequencing) characterization at BAM. Results: The results of the ALEE-AMC round robin test indicate that repeated exposure to copper can select for reduced copper susceptibility. However, failure of individual E. coli lineages to adapt to the copper surfaces was also observed. Evolved E. coli exhibited increased survival upon exposure to copper surfaces. Adaptation to copper did not induce cross-resistance to antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing of the evolved E. coli revealed high diversity of mutations among individual evolved strains, indicating the existence of multiple, underexplored evolutionary pathways towards increased survival of antimicrobial copper surfaces. Conclusion & Significance: ALEE-AMC offers a standardizable platform to assess the risk of resistance development towards novel and existing AMCs. Specifically, using ALEE-AMC in a round robin test, insights into evolvable survival mechanisms to copper AMCs have been gained. These mechanistic insights may be exploited to prevent the evolution against copper AMCs. In future steps, criteria need to be defined to provide guidelines for the authorization of AMCs based on the outcomes of ALEE-AMC T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium, Berlin, Germany CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Resistance KW - Evolution KW - Standardized test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Urban, Klaus A1 - Ackerhans, C. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen from Atmospheric Sources by Bulk Deposition Sampling at various locations in Germany N2 - Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter is an important indicator of air pollution and a significant factor in material surface fouling. The elemental composition of this nutrient-containing dust depends largely on the exposure region and time as well as on climate. Therefore, in this paper we report an analysis of atmospheric pollutions with a self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler directed at sampling deposition via air transport and rainfall. We used the device in diverse environments - thus comparing an urban region, an area surrounded by forest and an area mainly dominated by agriculture. The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) amounts were selected as indicator parameters and analyzed in a biweekly rhythm for three and a half and two years, respectively. The TOC value responded to particulate matter in the urban area, especially significant were the influences of the New Year's firework in urban and pollen in the rural forest area. In contrast, the TN value was more under the influence of the nitrogen emissions in the agriculture-dominated area. However, the TN value did not correlate with the NOx values in the urban area because the atmospheric nitrogen emissions in the city might originate from various emission sources. Summarizing, the TOC and TN values of the self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler were in good agreement with environmental events of their immediate surrounding. Moreover, the selected containers and sampling procedures are universally applicable to monitor and analyze organic as well as inorganic parameters (e.g. metal ions) of atmospheric deposition. KW - Passive sampling KW - Biomonitoring KW - Air Analysis PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609373 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100583 SN - 2666-7657 VL - 17 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martin, Nathan A1 - Nota, Kevin A1 - Aumont, Cédric A1 - Marchand, Grégor A1 - Marguerie, Dominique T1 - Anthropic and climatic impacts on biodiversity during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in North-Western France N2 - The Neolithic transition, which began around 10,000 BCE in Western Asia, has significantly impacted the biodiversity dynamics and the hunter-gatherer communities due to the beginning of anthropization and climate fluctuations during this period. Neolithic farmers gradually spread to the Atlantic margins of North-Western Europe during the 6th millennium BCE, arriving later than in other parts of the continent. This systematic review aims to shed a light on the landscape transformations and shifts in the ecological niches that occurred during neolithization in the Armorican Massif, driven by human and climatic influences, through an interdisciplinary examination of palynology, archaeology and palaeogenomics. This Massif is situated in North-Western France which hosted well established Mesolithic and Neolithic societies that have been extensively studied. However, recent research has called into question the coexistence of these two cultural groups in this area, necessitating a reevaluation of the literature in light of these new findings. This systematic review coupled with an analysis of pollen sequences reveals spatial and temporal heterogeneity in vegetation composition, openness, and the gradual introduction of domesticated taxa into the region. This analysis should be seen in the context of the delayed adoption of the agro-pastoral lifestyle in North-Western Europe, attributed to the different climatic conditions encountered, which required time for these societies and their domesticated taxa to adapt. Further investigation is needed to clearly differentiate between anthropogenic and climatic impacts and paleoclimatic reconstruction based on pollen sequences looks promising for addressing this issue. KW - Armorican massif KW - Neolithic transition KW - Anthropization KW - Climate KW - Palynology KW - Biodiversity dynamics PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.004 SN - 1040-6182 VL - 714 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-65313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaut, Valerie T1 - Antibiotic tolerance of biofilms emerging from multicellular effects of antibiotic efflux N2 - Biofilms are multicellular assemblies of bacteria living in a self-produced extracellular matrix. One characteristic of biofilms is that they are difficult to kill. Different mechanisms, like the development of persister cells or efflux pumps which pump some antimicrobials out of the cell, make them tolerant. Our central hypothesis is that efflux pump activity causes emergent antimicrobial tolerance of multicellular bacterial populations, through the interplay of efflux-mediated spatial interactions and efflux-linked persistence. To verify the hypothesis, we combine computational modelling with information gained from 3 types of multicellular assemblies. We are currently generating strains that differ in their levels of efflux activity, mixes are then cultivated together in the 3 model systems. In colonies the link between structure and spatial patterns of gene expression will be characterized. Using a microfluidic device, the interactions range of efflux as a response to different antimicrobials will be determined. In a flow chamber a 3D biofilm will be generated, to investigate the biofilm development over time and persister cell formation. All results will be compared with model predictions. T2 - EuroBioFilms2024 CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 25.06.2024 KW - Antibiotic KW - Biofilm KW - Tolerance KW - Efflux PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61277 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaut, Valerie T1 - Antibiotic tolerance of biofilms emerging from multicellular effects of antibiotic efflux N2 - Biofilms are multicellular assemblies of bacteria living in a self-produced extracellular matrix. One characteristic of biofilms is that they are difficult to kill. Different mechanisms, like the development of persister cells or efflux pumps which pump some antimicrobials out of the cell, make them tolerant. Our central hypothesis is that efflux pump activity causes emergent antimicrobial tolerance of multicellular bacterial populations, through the interplay of efflux-mediated spatial interactions and efflux-linked persistence. To verify the hypothesis, we combine computational modelling with information gained from 3 types of multicellular assemblies. We are currently generating strains that differ in their levels of efflux activity, mixes are then cultivated together in the 3 model systems. In colonies the link between structure and spatial patterns of gene expression will be characterized. Using a microfluidic device, the interactions range of efflux as a response to different antimicrobials will be determined. In a flow chamber a 3D biofilm will be generated, to investigate the biofilm development over time and persister cell formation. All results will be compared with model predictions. T2 - UNA Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.01.2024 KW - Antibiotic KW - Biofilm KW - Tolerance KW - Efflux PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61280 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Anwendungen von maschinellem Lernen und KI an der BAM N2 - Im Austausch mit den anderen Bundesoberbehörden wurden die KI-Ansätze der verschiedenen Bundesoberbehörden zu spezifischen Themen der Nanowissenschaften präsentiert. Der Vortrag der BAM fokusiert sich auf die Themen "Self driving lab", semantische Segmentierung und Auswertung von elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern sowie die Generierung von ausführbaren Machineninstruktionen aus natürlicher Sprache. Abschließend wird der neue BAM DataStore vorgestellt. T2 - Nano-Behördenklausur 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.07.02024 KW - Nano KW - Bundesoberbehörden KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Neuronale Netzwerke KW - Elektronisches Laborbuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61819 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grzelec, Małgorzata A1 - Haas, Sylvio A1 - Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka T1 - Application of scanning small-angle X-ray scattering in the identification of sheet formation techniques in historical papers N2 - Among writing substrates produced historically in different regions of the world, paper is one of the most complex materials. Its complexity results not only from a variety of highly processed ingredients, which can be used in its production, but also from a variety of methods in which these materials are combined to form the fibrillar network referred to as paper. While material identification methods are well established in the analysis of historical papers, the identification of manufacturing technologies is still an under-researched topic, that requires the development of appropriate methods and measurement protocols. This paper reports on the results of a research project aimed at the application of synchrotron scanning small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method in the characterization of paper structure, with emphasis on the assessment of fibrillar orientation as a marker characteristic for different, historical papermaking technologies. The main objective of this study consists of the development of a measurement protocol involving the SAXS technique complemented by other analytical methods in the characterization of the fibrous paper structure. KW - SAXS KW - Paper analysis KW - Papermaking technology KW - Fiber orientation PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651594 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-08157-4 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2024 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (AuW) und Gasreinigung (GAS) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.03.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ersatzbaustoffe PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Ling, Ruisi A1 - Koralewska, Ralf A1 - Gleis, Markus T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung N2 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung stellen mit rund 25% Massenanteil die größte Reststofffraktion dar. In Deutschland fallen pro Jahr rund 6 Millionen Tonnen an. Während sich die Verwertung der metallischen Anteile problemlos gestaltet, werden an die mineralische Fraktion Anforderungen bezüglich der möglichen Freisetzung von Schwermetallen sowie Chlorid und Sulfat gestellt. In der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung sind für Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung zwei Materialklassen mit unterschiedlich hohen Anforderungen an die Umweltverträglichkeit definiert. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob mit Abtrennung der Feinfraktion von 0–2mm die höhere Materialklasse HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. Im Ergebnis wurde eine Verbesserung des Auslaugverhaltens erzielt, doch nicht in dem Maß, dass eine Qualität nach HMVA-1 erreicht wird. Rostaschen halten aber die Anforderungen zur Deponierung auf einer DK I-Deponie sowie die Anforderungen zur Verwertung gemäß HMVA-2 sicher ein. KW - Rostasche KW - Auslaugtest KW - Ersatzbaustoff PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.1863-9763.2024.07.08 SN - 1863-9763 VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - 407 EP - 411 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60601 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Assessment of Microplastic Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches N2 - Following the recommendation of the European Chemicals Agency, on 25 September 2023 the European Commission passed a comprehensive new regulation to reduce emissions of microplastics (MP) into the environment, which includes the sale and use of intentionally added MP.1,2 This also applies to the application of synthetic rubber granulate infill in artificial turf systems and will ultimately have an impact on recreational sports. In Germany, rubber granulate made of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer rubber (EPDM) is currently predominantly used. So far, there is no sufficient database for estimating MP emissions from artificial turf pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution.3 This topic is controversially discussed due to the complexity of sampling and analytics. To close this research gap, this project has the goal to determine mass balances for the emissions of MP from artificial turf pitches to allow an estimation of the amount of MP released per artificial turf pitch and year. Within this study, MP emissions of three artificial turf scenarios at different time states (unaged, artificially aged and real-time aged) are compared: the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Europe: fossil based, EPDM infill), and the future (turf with recycled gras fibres, no synthetic infill). To simulate the outdoor weathering during the lifespan of an artificial turf of approx. 15 years, brand-new artificial turf and EPDM rubber granulate were accelerated aged by means of UV weathering and mechanical stress. Potential MP emissions into surface and groundwater are simulated by lysimeter and shake experiments. MP mass contents are subsequently determined by Thermal Extraction Desorption Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Using special microfilter crucibles allows the estimation of the particle sizes of the emitted MP, which is a fundamental requirement for an assessment of potential health hazards for humans. T2 - SETAC 2024 CY - Seville, Spain DA - 05.05.2024 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Lysimeter KW - PAK KW - Schwermetalle PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klein, Luise T1 - Bestimmung der Aufnahmeraten von Carbonylen und VVOCs aus Raumluft in Passivprobenahmesystemen N2 - Für die Bewertung der Innenraumluftqualität könnte die Bestimmung der Konzentration von sehr flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VVOCs) von großer Wichtigkeit sein, aber für viele Komponenten fehlen die Daten. Auch und im Besonderen bei den GerES-Studien des UBAs erfolgt die Probenahme von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOCs) üblicherweise mit Passivsammlern über deren substanzspezifische Aufnahmeraten Rückschlüsse auf die Konzentration der einzelnen Verbindungen gezogen werden können. Reale Aufnahmeraten für die Berechnung der Innenraumluftkonzentration fehlen für viele der VVOCs. Ziel dieses UFOPLAN-Projektes ist es von 69 ausgewählten VVOCs und flüchtigen Carbonylen die Aufnahmeraten auf Passivsammler experimentell zu bestimmen. Dafür werden Erkenntnisse von zwei Vorgängerprojekten zur Entwicklung von Analysemethoden für VVOCs mittels Thermodesorptions-Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (TD-GC-MS) und zur Bestimmung der Aufnahmeraten von VOCs angewendet und angepasst. T2 - Innenraumluft 2024 CY - Dessau, Germany DA - 06.05.2024 KW - VVOC KW - Passivsammler KW - Innenraumluft PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62097 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Bewertung der Freisetzung von Mikroplastik aus Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis N2 - Es handelt sich hierbei um die Abschluss-Präsentation des Projektes "Bewertung der Freisetzung von Mikroplastik aus Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis", die am 28.11.24 vor dem Drittmittelgeber Zukunft Bau Forschungsförderung im Rahmen der 28. Projekttage der Bauforschung präsentiert wurde. Der 30-minütige Vortrag gliederte sich in die Kapitel Forschungsbedarf, Konzept, Ergebnisse und Take Home-Messages des Projektes. T2 - 28. Projekttage der Zukunft Bau Forschungsförderung CY - Online meeting DA - 26.11.2024 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Kunststoffrasen KW - PAK KW - Schwermetalle KW - Mikroplastik Eluat Lysimeter PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61815 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas T1 - Biocides and phenotypic heterogeneity N2 - An overview of our findings regarding the interplay between phenotypic heterogeneity in bacteria and biocides. T2 - One Health and Antimicrobial Resistance CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.01.2024 KW - Biocides KW - Phenotypic heterogeneity KW - Biocide resistance PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Biorezeptivität und Optimierung von Lehmbaustoffen - Forschung an der BAM N2 - Der Vortrag fasst die Forschungsaktivitäten der BAM in den Themengebieten Biorezeptivität von Beton und Optimierung von Lehmbaustoffen zusammen. Er diente als Kurzpräsentation für eine anschließende Podiumsdiskussion. T2 - Transformationsdialog "Material als Motor" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2024 KW - Biorezeptivität KW - Beton KW - Lehmbaustoffe PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62220 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keshmiri, Hamid A1 - Cikes, Domagoj A1 - Samalova, Marketa A1 - Schindler, Lukas A1 - Appel, Lisa-Marie A1 - Urbanek, Michal A1 - Yudushkin, Ivan A1 - Slade, Dea A1 - Weninger, Wolfgang J. A1 - Peaucelle, Alexis A1 - Penninger, Josef A1 - Elsayad, Kareem T1 - Brillouin light scattering anisotropy microscopy for imaging the viscoelastic anisotropy in living cells N2 - Maintaining and modulating mechanical anisotropy is essential for biological processes. However, how this is achieved at the microscopic scale in living soft matter is not always clear. Although Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy can probe the mechanical properties of materials, spatiotemporal mapping of mechanical anisotropies in living matter with BLS microscopy has been complicated by the need for sequential measurements with tilted excitation and detection angles. Here we introduce Brillouin light scattering anisotropy microscopy (BLAM) for mapping high-frequency viscoelastic anisotropy inside living cells. BLAM employs a radial virtually imaged phased array that enables the collection of angle-resolved dispersion in a single shot, thus enabling us to probe phonon modes in living matter along different directions simultaneously. We demonstrate a precision of 10 MHz in the determination of the Brillouin frequency shift, at a spatial resolution of 2 µm. Following proof-of-principle experiments on muscle myofibres, we apply BLAM to the study of two fundamental biological processes. In plant cell walls, we observe a switch from anisotropic to isotropic wall properties that may lead to asymmetric growth. In mammalian cell nuclei, we uncover a spatiotemporally oscillating elastic anisotropy correlated to chromatin condensation. Our results highlight the role that high-frequency mechanics can play in the regulation of diverse fundamental processes in biological systems. We expect BLAM to find diverse applications in biomedical imaging and material characterization. KW - Optical and magnetic materials KW - Atomic and molecular physics and optics KW - Electronic PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595125 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01368-w SN - 1749-4885 SN - 1749-4893 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 276 EP - 285 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-59512 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - Carbon Fibers as Secondary Resource - Safety during application in pyrometallurgy N2 - Transformation technologies rely on lightweight construction based on carbon fibers (CF). Therefore, carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) make an important contribution to climate protection and resource efficiency. Nevertheless, the waste stream of approximately 62 kt/a poses a major challenge. Because the energy intensive production of CF is predominantly based on fossil raw materials, sustainable recycling solutions are pushed forward. The currently predominating role mechanical recycling loses attractiveness and the market share of processes recovering the high value fibers by pyrolysis or solvolysis raise in importance. Nevertheless, fibers that are to short to continue circulating, analogous to paper fibers, demand for a safe treatment. Because energetic is not feasible due to an incomplete conversion in conventional waste treatment facilities. To circumvent the chemical limitations of the conversion, new reaction pathways need to be opened. Therefore, the CF Pyro project investigates the application of CF containing waste streams as a secondary raw material in pyrometallurgy, replacing fossil coal. It places particular emphasis on the reactivity of CF, process stability and the avoidance of emissions of harmful WHO fibers. Finally, a technology assessment based on the experimental results and developed in dialog with experts from industry, science and politics is presented. T2 - Workshop on releases of critical fibres CY - Dortmund, Germany DA - 13.09.2024 KW - Cabon Fibers KW - Recycling KW - Waste Treatment KW - Secondary Resource KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61278 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Ward, Aengus T1 - Centenary Paper: Of Inks and Scribes: The Composition of a Thirteenth-Century Castilian Manuscript – British Library Res 20787 N2 - This article presents the results of the first scientific analysis of the inks of a thirteenth-century Castilian manuscript – British Library Res 20787, a copy of the Fuero de las leyes. The analysis reveals the fingerprint of the inks used in the codex and points the way to future cross-disciplinary research based on a wider corpus of evidence. KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscript KW - Colorant KW - Cinnabar PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2024.56 SN - 1475-3839 VL - 101 SP - 703 EP - 720 PB - Liverpool University Press AN - OPUS4-61435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - CFK-Recycling N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse gegeben und deren Limitierungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen aufgezeigt, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Abschließend wird eine, auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen und im Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik entwickelten, Technologiebewertung vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.10.2024 KW - Cabonfasern KW - Recycling PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barkeshli, Mandana A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Shevchuk, Ivan A1 - Soltani, Mojtaba T1 - Characteristics of Sizing Materials Used in Persian Medieval Manuscripts: Physical, Optical, Spectral Imaging, and Fungicidal Properties N2 - In this study, we investigated the diverse range of materials used for sizing in Iranian paper manuscripts during the Timurid (fifteenth century) to Safavid (sixteenth century) and Qajar (nineteenth century) periods. Our approach combined historical analysis with scientific examination of reconstructed sizings. We reconstructed 15 sizing materials based on identified Persian historical recipes and analysed their physical, optical, and spectral characteristics. Additionally, we assessed their behaviour against the mould fungus Aspergillus flavus. The results revealed distinctive properties for each sizing material, shedding light on their potential applications in paper preservation. Furthermore, our investigation demonstrated variations in hygroscopicity, thickness, grammage, and ash content post-sizing. The sizing materials also exhibited different effects on paper reflectance properties. Additionally, our study revealed insights into the impact of sizing on burnished papers, indicating that the mechanical process of burnishing did not significantly alter the chemical composition or spectral properties of the paper, with only minor changes in brightness observed in specific cases. All tested sizing materials supported varying levels of mould growth, indicating potential implications for paper conservation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the historical practices of Iranian paper sizing and offer practical considerations for the preservation of paper manuscripts. KW - Paper sizings KW - Persian historical recipes KW - Physical and optical characteristics KW - Fungicidal property KW - Spectral imaging PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2024.2342647 VL - 69 SP - 519 EP - 536 PB - Informa UK Limited AN - OPUS4-60159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Golian, M. J. A1 - Friedman, D. A. A1 - Harrison, M. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Buellesbach, J. T1 - Chemical and transcriptomic diversity do not correlate with ascending levels of social complexity in the insect order Blattodea N2 - AbstractEusocial insects, such as ants and termites, are characterized by high levels of coordinated social organization. This is contrasted by solitary insects that display more limited forms of collective behavior. It has been hypothesized that this gradient in sociobehavioral sophistication is positively correlated with chemical profile complexity, due to a potentially increased demand for diversity in chemical communication mechanisms in insects with higher levels of social complexity. However, this claim has rarely been assessed empirically. Here, we compare different levels of chemical and transcriptomic complexity in selected species of the order Blattodea that represent different levels of social organization, from solitary to eusocial. We primarily focus on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) complexity, since it has repeatedly been demonstrated that CHCs are key signaling molecules conveying a wide variety of chemical information in solitary as well as eusocial insects. We assessed CHC complexity and divergence between our studied taxa of different social complexity levels as well as the differentiation of their respective repertoires of CHC biosynthesis gene transcripts. Surprisingly, we did not find any consistent pattern of chemical complexity correlating with social complexity, nor did the overall chemical divergence or transcriptomic repertoire of CHC biosynthesis genes reflect on the levels of social organization. Our results challenge the assumption that increasing social complexity is generally reflected in more complex chemical profiles and point toward the need for a more cautious and differentiated view on correlating complexity on a chemical, genetic, and social level. KW - Chemical ecology KW - Ecological genetics KW - Entomology KW - Evolutionary ecology PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608260 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70063 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 14 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-60826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Julseth, Mara Jean T1 - Chromosome chains in termite evolution N2 - Termites, the oldest eusocial insect group, display important divergent features compared to the eusocial Hymenoptera, including diploidy and an XY sex differentiation system. Termite males have frequently been shown to generate multivalent chromosome chains and rings during meiosis. This intriguing phenomenon could act on multiple evolutionary scales. Firstly, chain formation creates a higher probability of large-scale chromosomal translocations, which could play an important role in chromosome evolution across deep evolutionary time. Secondly, chains occurring in meiosis I should suppress recombination, leading to accumulation of genetic divergence in corresponding chromosomal regions, with potential consequences for speciation dynamics. Suppressed recombination may also represent a mechanism to maintain genetic heterozygosity, thereby theoretically mitigating against the negative effects of inbreeding. A high tolerance for inbreeding could have played a prominent role during the evolution of termite eusociality through its potential impact on inclusive fitness. Using newly sequenced near-chromosome-level reference genomes of native European Reticulitermes species, we will compare chromosomal translocations against other termite species as well as solitary relatives from Blattodea. Additionally, combining a large-scale population genomic data set with high resolution karyotypying across the southern European range, we aim to test the hypotheses that the occurrence and extent of chromosomal rings or chains i) are positively correlated with inbreeding, and ii) contribute to species divergence via the accumulation and fixation of genetic differences. In summary, this project seeks to identify the diverse roles that chain and ring chromosomes have played and continue to play in termite evolution. T2 - IUSSI 2024 CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Termites KW - Chromosomes KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Julseth, Mara Jean T1 - Chromosome evolution in Reticulitermes of europe - dynamics of chain formation N2 - Termites, the oldest eusocial insect group, display important divergent features compared to the eusocial Hymenoptera, including diploidy and an XY sex differentiation system. Termite males have frequently been shown to generate multivalent chromosome chains and rings during meiosis. This intriguing phenomenon could act on multiple evolutionary scales. Firstly, chain formation creates a higher probability of large-scale chromosomal translocations, which could play an important role in chromosome evolution across deep evolutionary time. Secondly, chains occurring in meiosis I should suppress recombination, leading to accumulation of genetic divergence in corresponding chromosomal regions, with potential consequences for speciation dynamics. Suppressed recombination may also represent a mechanism to maintain genetic heterozygosity, thereby theoretically mitigating against the negative effects of inbreeding. A high tolerance for inbreeding could have played a prominent role during the evolution of termite eusociality through its potential impact on inclusive fitness. Using newly sequenced near-chromosome-level reference genomes of native European Reticulitermes species, we will compare chromosomal translocations against other termite species as well as solitary relatives from Blattodea. Additionally, combining a large-scale population genomic data set with high resolution karyotypying across the southern European range, we aim to test the hypotheses that the occurrence and extent of chromosomal rings or chains i) are positively correlated with inbreeding, and ii) contribute to species divergence via the accumulation and fixation of genetic differences. In summary, this project seeks to identify the diverse roles that chain and ring chromosomes have played and continue to play in termite evolution. T2 - SPP Meeting Gevol CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 30.09.2024 KW - Termites KW - Chromosomes KW - Evolution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Calvillo, Nelson T1 - Coloured Ruling Lines in a Fourteenth-Century Ashkenazi Torah Scroll N2 - Rabbinic halakhah required that Torah scrolls be written with relief ruling, horizontal and vertical lines scored into the writing surface. Coloured ruling with plummet or ink would make a Torah scroll invalid for liturgical use. Ruling lines on some leather fragments of early Oriental Torah scrolls give the impression of being produced with plummet or ink but may be the result of dust in the furrows of relief ruling. Erfurt 9, a fourteenth-century Ashkenazi Torah scroll, has coloured ruling, which is partial secondary re-ruling, on 13 of the 34 surviving sheets, perhaps added when the original relief ruling was difficult to see. The coloured ruling in Erfurt 9 is brown, giving it the visual appearance of iron-gall ink. However, XRF tests showed that the only meaningful metallic component in the coloured ruling was lead (Pb). Lead plummet ruling tends to have a greyish appearance. Black specks under near infrared light are consistent with minium, a lead-based red ink that can turn brown when it degrades. Partial secondary re-ruling added with minium to the original relief ruling comes as a surprise as it would have rendered Erfurt 9 unfit for liturgical use. KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ruling Lines KW - Coloured Ink PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628531 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.17169 SN - 2410-0951 VL - 10 SP - 9 EP - 32 AN - OPUS4-62853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Comparing PFAS analysis in batch leaching and column leaching tests N2 - Laboratory leaching tests are tools to assess the mobility of environmental contaminants released from granular materials. Comparative leaching tests were performed using four PFAS-contaminated soils whose concentration patterns of 10 selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) differed due to the two types of contamination sources. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of two usual laboratory-scale leaching test procedures, batch and column percolation tests, at liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) of 2 l/kg, which is the current practice within the German assessment framework, and 10 l/kg (relevant for some EU regulations such as the landfill directive). The differences between the replicates of leaching tests investigating PFAS were smaller for column percolation tests than for batch tests, probably mainly due to the greater sample size and the better representativeness of the sample portion analyzed. It was observed that batch tests overestimate the release of shorter-chain PFAS, whereby the effect was greater with carboxylic than with sulfonic acids. Currently, the limits of detection of analyses given by the DIN standard with regard to PFCA and PFSA in soils are partly not sufficient to detect very low contents, whereas the detection of selected PFCA and PFSA in eluates is more sensitive, in accordance with the available standards. This results in limitations when calculating mass balances. KW - PFAS KW - Leaching KW - Column percolation test KW - Batch test KW - Soil PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618187 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35510-0 SN - 1614-7499 VL - 31 IS - 57 SP - 65233 EP - 65251 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-61818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ben Efraim, R. T1 - Comparison of PFAS Adsorption and Electro-Sorption Using Pristine and Functionalized MWCNTs N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively utilized in various industrial processes, resulting in elevated concentrations in landfills and drinking water reservoirs. Despite recognizing that shortchained PFAS are harmful, they are often overlooked. Short-chain PFAS are more challenging to remove via adsorption and membrane separation processes, and their detection is complex, thus creating a critical gap in understanding their environmental impact. To improve their environmental monitoring, we aim to improve short-chain PFAS adsorption and electro-sorption on novel carbon-based adsorbers such as pristine and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and assess their adsorption mechanisms. Based on the obtained result, we aim to develop a PFAS passive sampling device. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sorption PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Contaminant Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches - Simultaneous sampling for Microplastics, PAH and Heavy Metals N2 - In September 2023, the European Commission introduced a new regulation to reduce microplastic (MP) emissions into the environment, including the sale and use of intentionally added (large) MP < 5 mm (ISO/TR 21960: 2020). This explicitly applies to the use of synthetic rubber granulate infill in artificial turf installations, which are complex multi-component systems consisting of multiple synthetic polymers (Fig. 1). In addition, abrasions of synthetic grass fibres and other turf components are also considered as MP sources. Although this has a major impact on public recreational sports, there is so far no sufficient data to estimate the MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution. To close this gap, this study compared environmental contaminant emissions of three artificial turf scenarios at different ageing states (unaged, artificially and real-time aged): the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Germany: fossil based, EPDM infill) and future (turf with recycled grass fibres, no synthetic infill). Accelerated ageing by UV weathering and mechanical stress was carried out to simulate the outdoor weathering during the lifespan of approx. 15 years. MP emissions and released environmentally relevant contaminants posing a risk to the groundwater were simultaneously sampled using the newly developed Microplastic Eluate Lysimeter manufactured at BAM (Fig. 2). MP contents were analysed using smart microfilter crucibles (mesh size: 5 μm) with subsequent MP detection by TED-GC/MS. Additionally, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined using GC/MS and heavy metals using ICP-AES. T2 - 22nd European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy (ESOPS) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 08.09.2024 KW - Microplastics Eluate Lysimeter KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Heavy Metals KW - PAH PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - CRISPR-Cas9 in der Materialforschung - Den gesteinsbesiedelnden Pilzen auf der Spur T1 - CRISPR-Cas9 in materials research - On the trail of rock-inhabiting fungi N2 - Das mikroskopische Leben auf exponierten Oberflächen ist genügsam und kooperativ. Gesteinsbesiedelnde schwarze Pilze, Grünalgen und Cyanobakterien unterstützen einander in der Eroberung von Felsen, Mauern, Denkmälern, Dächern, Fassaden und Sonnenkollektoren. Bedeutend sind die schwarzen Pilze als Gesteinszerstörer und Biofilmbildner. Ihre massiven Zellwände und ihr langsames Wachstum machen sie stresstolerant und fordern zugleich die experimentelle Forschung heraus. In der Materialforschung können Biofilme erwünscht oder unerwünscht sein. Biofilme auf Fassaden können das Innenstadtklima positiv beeinflussen, während sie auf einem Marmordenkmal unwillkommen sind. Ohne tieferes Verständnis der angepassten Mikroben ist weder ihre Bekämpfung noch ihre gezielte Förderung auf Materialien möglich. Hier treffen sich Genetik und Materialforschung: Die CRISPR-Cas9-Technologie ermöglicht es, die Genome der Pilze für funktionale Analysen zu editieren, um die Mechanismen der Materialbesiedlung und Materialschädigung zu entschlüsseln. N2 - Rock-inhabiting black fungi are adapted to the harsh life on rocks in deserts and release minerals from the rocks. The same adaptations enable these fungi to colonize man-made surfaces such as monuments, building facades and solar systems. Black fungi are often associated with phototrophic microorganisms. The slow growth and the melanized cell walls, which protect the fungi from extreme environmental infuences, render molecular biological and genetic engineering methods diffcult, which is why little is known about the biology of these fungi. Knufa petricola was selected to understand the processes of material colonization and damage with the help of adapted methods such as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. KW - Knufia petricola KW - Schwarze Pilze KW - Bioflme KW - Genomeditierung KW - Pigmente KW - Multiplexing KW - Resistenzkassette KW - Transformanten KW - Knufia petricola KW - Black fungi KW - Biofilms KW - Pigments KW - Genome editing KW - Multiplexing KW - Resistance cassette KW - Transformants PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-620500 DO - https://doi.org/10.11576/biuz-7595 SN - 0045-205X SN - 1521-415X N1 - Volltext (PDF) in deutsch und englisch - Full text (PDF) in German and English VL - 54 SP - 41 EP - 50 PB - Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland (VBiO) CY - München AN - OPUS4-62050 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Critical needs and stakeholder networks for engineered particles in air N2 - In the frame of CCQM a new Task Group for particle characterization is being formed. This presentation is a gap analysis and stakeholder mapping for particles in air, from engineered to natural materials. The analysis was requested for the following points: (1) critical literature on stakeholder needs and relevant metrology (2) existing reference materials and relevant interlaboratory comparisons (3) relevant metrology projects (4) critical stakeholders and stakeholder networks and stakeholder surveys T2 - CCQM IAWG/SAWG TG Particle Metrology CY - Online meeting DA - 09.07.2024 KW - CCQM KW - Particle KW - Nano KW - Characterization KW - Aerosol PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Ben Efraim, R. A1 - Nir, O. A1 - Chaudhary, M. A1 - Futterlieb, M. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - DEFEAT-PFAS: Detection, Quantification, and Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 UR - https://indico.scc.kit.edu/event/4029/attachments/7552/12045/Proceedings_Ger-Isr-Coop_Status-Seminar-2024.pdf SP - 33 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-60331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Catanzaro, Ilaria A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Onofri, Silvano A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Deletion of the polyketide synthase‐encoding gene pks1 prevents melanization in the extremophilic fungus Cryomyces antarcticus N2 - Cryomyces antarcticus, a melanized cryptoendolithic fungus endemic to Antarctica, can tolerate environmental conditions as severe as those in space. Particularly, its ability to withstand ionizing radiation has been attributed to the presence of thick and highly melanized cell walls, which—according to a previous investigation—may contain both 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L‐3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) melanin. The genes putatively involved in the synthesis of DHN melanin were identified in the genome of C. antarcticus. Most important is capks1 encoding a non‐reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) and being the ortholog of the functionally characterized kppks1 from the rock‐inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. The co‐expression of CaPKS1 or KpPKS1 with a 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of a yellowish pigment, suggesting that CaPKS1 is the enzyme providing the precursor for DHN melanin. To dissect the composition and function of the melanin layer in the outer cell wall of C. antarcticus, non‐melanized mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing. Notwithstanding its slow growth (up to months), three independent non‐melanized Δcapks1 mutants were obtained. The mutants exhibited growth similar to the wild type and a light pinkish pigmentation, which is presumably due to carotenoids. Interestingly, visible light had an adverse effect on growth of both melanized wild‐type and non‐melanized Δcapks1 strains. Further evidence that light can pass the melanized cell walls derives from a mutant expressing a H2B‐GFP fusion protein, which can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the study reports on the first genetic manipulation of C. antarcticus, resulting in non‐melanized mutants and demonstrating that the melanin is rather of the DHN type. These mutants will allow to elucidate the relevance of melanization for surviving extreme conditions found in the natural habitat as well as in space. KW - Astrobiology KW - Black fungi KW - CRISPR/Cas9 KW - DHN melanin KW - Cryptoendolithism PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-606599 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2895 SN - 1521-6551 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - 1072 EP - 1090 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-60659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Krutzsch, A1 - Nehring, ED - Prignitz, Sebastian ED - Vaelske, Veit T1 - Der Papyruskodex Berlin P 1862: Restaurierung und materialtechnische Beobachtungen N2 - This paper presents the conservation of the codex Berlin P 1862, which includes the reconstruction of the original double leaves. This made it possible to reconstruct the original sequence of the layers of the codex. In addition to a detailed description of the papyrus material, technical details are explained. These concern the production, structure and layout of this codex. KW - Papyrus KW - Tusche PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111345253-011 SP - 141 EP - 163 AN - OPUS4-62265 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronen, A. A1 - Panglisch, S. T1 - Detection, Quantification and Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Groundwater N2 - The research project focuses on tackling the detection, measurement, and elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from polluted groundwater, with a particular emphasis on addressing short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain PFAS. Given the widespread use of PFAS in various products, they are commonly found in groundwater near industrial and military sites in Germany and Israel. Moreover, recent regulations limiting the use of long chain PFAS have led industries to shift towards shorter chain alternatives. Hence, our efforts are geared towards refining detection, quantification, and removal methods for short and ultrashort chain PFAS. In terms of detection, ww are developing passive sampling devices capable of collecting and tracking the temporal distribution of PFAS species in groundwater. This will enable us to analyze contaminations in German and Israeli groundwater using cutting-edge analytical techniques. Additionally, contaminated groundwater will undergo a two-stage treatment process aimed at concentrating the relatively low PFAS concentrations using innovative membrane technologies such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis and mixed matrix composite nanofiltration membrane adsorbers. Subsequently, the streams containing higher PFAS concentrations will be treated through coagulation, with the remaining PFAS being adsorbed onto carbonaceous nanomaterials. The outcome of this research will include the creation of advanced tools for detecting, measuring, and eliminating PFAS from polluted groundwater, while also enhancing our understanding of the scope of these contaminations. T2 - German Israeli Water Technology Status Seminar CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Ground water KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Detektion, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von insbesondere ultrakurzkettigen PFAS in Grundwasser N2 - Da PFAS in großem Umfang in einer Vielzahl von Produkten verwendet wurde, sind sie im Grundwasser in der Nähe vieler industrieller und militärischer Anlagen weltweit zu finden. Darüber hinaus führten neue Vorschriften und Beschränkungen für die Verwendung von langkettigen PFAS zu einer vermehrten Produktion kurzkettiger Alternativen. Ultrakurzkettige PFAS (≥C3) können natürliche und anthropogene Barrieren durchdringen und schließlich in Trinkwasserquellen gelangen. Zudem entfernen die meisten gängigen Trinkwasser-aufbereitungsverfahren die ultrakurzkettigen PFAS nicht ausreichend. Im Kooperationsprojekt DEFEAT-PFAS wird daher das Ziel verfolgt, Wissenslücken über Nachweis, Quantifizierung und Entfernung von kurz- (C4-C7) und ultrakurzkettige (C1-C3) PFAS, in kontaminiertem Grundwasser zu schließen. Die israelischen und deutschen Projektpartner entwickeln dafür analytische Methoden and selektive Passivsammler, um das zeitliche Profil von PFAS-Spezies im Grundwasser zu erfassen und überwachen. Darüber hinaus ein zweistufiges Verfahren entwickelt, welches darauf ausgelegt ist, die relativ niedrigen PFAS-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser durch neuartige Membranverfahren, Umkehrosmose im Batchbetrieb mit geschlossenem Kreislauf sowie Verbund-Nanofiltrationsmembranen, zu konzentrieren. Anschließend werden die PFAS angereicherten Konzentrate mittels Koagulation behandelt und das verbleibende PFAS an kohlenstoffhaltigen Nanomaterialien adsorbiert. T2 - Workshop des Netzwerks Perflusan CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Grundwasser KW - Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60334 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Development of a new Lysimeter System to assess Microplastic, PAH & Heavy Metal Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches N2 - Since September 2023, the European Commission introduced a new regulation to reduce emissions of microplastics (MP) into the environment, including the sale and use of intentionally added MP. Therein, the use of synthetic rubber granules in artificial turf is explicitly mentioned and banned for future use. Additionally, abrasions of grass fibres and other turf components are also considered as MP sources. Artificial turf pitches are multi component systems: e. g. grass fibres made of polyethylene (PE), synthetic infill made of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), carpet backing of polypropylene (PP) glued with polyurethane (PU), winding yarn of polyethylene terephthalate or elastic layer of Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) bound with PU. While the ban has great impact on recreational sports, there is so far no sufficient data to estimate the MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution. To close this gap, three artificial turf scenarios in different ageing states (unaged, artificially aged and aged in real time) were analysed in this study: the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Germany: fossil based, synthetic infill) and future (turf with recycled grass fibres, no synthetic infill). To simulate outdoor weathering during the service life of approx. 15 years, accelerated ageing by UV weathering and mechanical stress was carried out. The newly developed and in-house manufactured Microplastic Eluate Lysimeter (MEL) simulates contaminant transfer into the groundwater and allows the simultaneous sampling for MP and dissolved contaminants, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or heavy metals (HM). MP mass contents were analysed using smart microfilter crucibles (mesh size: 5 µm) and Thermal Extraction Desorption Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and PAH and HM concentrations were determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry or Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, respectively. T2 - MICRO2024: Plastic Pollution from Micro to Nano CY - Arrecife, Spain DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Microplastics Eluate Lysimeter KW - Microplastics KW - Heavy Metals KW - PAH KW - TED-GC/MS PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Araujo Abilio, André A1 - Wolodko, John D. A1 - Eckert, Richard B. A1 - Skovhus, Torben L. T1 - Development of an expert system for assessing failures in oil and gas pipelines due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) N2 - This study highlights the modeling of an expert system for the classification of internal microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) failures related to pipelines in the upstream oil and gas industry. The model is based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) and involves the participation of 15 MIC experts. Each expert evaluated a number of model case studies ranging from MIC- to non-MIC-driven upstream pipeline failures. The model accounts for variations in microbiological testing methods, microbiological sample types, and degradation morphology, among other variables. It also accounts for missing datasets, which is commonly the case in actual failure assessments. The outcome is an expert system model whose outputs are classes (classification ANN) which comprises MIC potential and data confidence. The performances of two approaches are contrasted in this study. One classifies the output in 5 classes, a 5-output classification (5OC) model; the other in 3 classes, a 3-output classification (3OC) model. The 5OC model had an accuracy of 62.0% while the simpler 3OC model had a better accuracy of 74.8%. This modelling exercise has demonstrated that knowledge from experts can be captured in a reasonably effective model to screen for possible MIC failures. It is hoped that this study not only may contribute to a better understanding of the prevalence of MIC in the oil and gas sector, but also may highlight the key areas necessary to improve the diagnosis of MIC failures in the future. KW - Corrosion engineering KW - Oil and gas pipelines KW - Carbon steel KW - Artificial neural networks (ANNs) KW - Failure analysis KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) KW - Expert systems PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632084 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108426 SN - 1350-6307 VL - 163 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimmer, Christoph T1 - Development, application and measurement uncertainty of emission reference materials N2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly. T2 - Webinar Metrology for Indoor Air Quality Reference materials for QA/QC of the emission test chamber procedure CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Patrick, Andrist A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Vasileiadis, Pavlos D. A1 - Calvillo, Nelson A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Did the Original Scribes Write the Distigmai in Codex Vaticanus B of the Bible (Vat. gr. 1209)? N2 - The fourth-century Greek Bible manuscript Codex Vaticanus B (Vat. gr. 1209) contains pairs of horizontally aligned marginal dots known as distigmai, which correspond to textual variants in other manuscripts. The production of the distigmai has been variously dated to the 4th or 16th centuries. A fourth-century date would prove the early existence of hundreds of textual variants, many of which are otherwise only witnessed by later manuscripts. Near infrared microscope reflectography combined with micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved that the distigmai, both those categorized as “apricot” (which are visually similar to the ink of the original main text) and “chocolate” (which are visually similar to the reinking of the main text) were written with ink(s) made from chemically purified vitriol, a process that only became standard in the 16th century. As a result, there is no reasonable chance that the distigmai were written in the fourth century. Horizontal lines that have been hypothesized to function as text-critical obeloi were written in the same ink as the original main text, which differs completely from that of the distigmai. In other words, the distigmai and horizontal lines tested were not produced during the same writing session and are separated by more than 1,000 years, making it impossible for them to have functioned as conjoining text-critical symbols in the 4th century. KW - Bible manuscripts KW - New Testament KW - Paratextual features KW - Textual criticism KW - Obelos KW - Septuagint KW - XRF KW - Greek palaeography PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622902 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/27728641-00302005 SN - 2772-8633 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 156 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-62290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - Die Materialität der Zeichnung - Eine naturwissenschaftliche Annäherung N2 - Der Band 5 der N.i.Ke.-Schriftenreihe präsentiert den aktuellen Stand materialwissenschaftlicher und bildgebender Verfahren, die bei der Untersuchung von Zeichnungen Anwendung finden. Im ersten Teil der Publikation werden die klassischen Zeichnungsträger und Zeichnungsmaterialien vorgestellt. Der mittlere Teil der Publikation beschreibt die relevanten materialwissenschaftlichen und bildgebenden Verfahren. Der letzte Teil diskutiert anhand einiger Fallbeispiele die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Methoden. KW - Archäometrie KW - Zeichnungen KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Papier KW - Pergament KW - Zeichenmaterialien PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 111 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Selina B. I. A1 - Täschner, Tom A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Differential Selection for Survival and for Growth in Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Experiments With Benzalkonium Chloride N2 - Biocides are used to control microorganisms across different applications, but emerging resistance may pose risks for those applications. Resistance to biocides has commonly been studied using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with growth at subinhibitory concentrations linked to serial subculturing. It has been shown recently that Escherichia coli adapts to repeated lethal stress imposed by the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) by increased survival (i.e., tolerance) and not by evolving the ability to grow at increased concentrations (i.e., resistance). Here, we investigate the contributions of evolution for tolerance as opposed to resistance for the outcome of ALE experiments with E. coli exposed to BAC. We find that BAC concentrations close to the half maximal effective concentration (EC50, 4.36 μg mL−1) show initial killing (~40%) before the population resumes growth. This indicates that cells face a two‐fold selection pressure: for increased survival and for increased growth. To disentangle the effects of both selection pressures, we conducted two ALE experiments: (i) one with initial killing and continued stress close to the EC50 during growth and (ii) another with initial killing and no stress during growth. Phenotypic characterization of adapted populations showed that growth at higher BAC concentrations was only selected for when BAC was present during growth. Whole genome sequencing revealed distinct differences in mutated genes across treatments. Treatments selecting for survival‐only led to mutations in genes for metabolic regulation (cyaA) and cellular structure (flagella fliJ), while treatments selecting for growth and survival led to mutations in genes related to stress response (hslO and tufA). Our results demonstrate that serial subculture ALE experiments with an antimicrobial at subinhibitory concentrations can select for increased growth and survival. This finding has implications for the design of ALE experiments to assess resistance risks of antimicrobials in different scenarios such as disinfection, preservation, and environmental pollution. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615496 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70017 VL - 17 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-61549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Differential selection for survival and for growth in adaptive laboratory evolution experiments with benzalkonium chloride N2 - Biocides are used to control microorganisms across different applications, but emerging resistance may pose risks for those applications. Resistance to biocides has commonly been studied using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with growth at subinhibitory concentrations linked to serial subculturing. It has been shown recently that E. coli adapts to repeated lethal stress imposed by the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) by increased survival (i.e. tolerance) and not by evolving the ability to grow at increased concentrations (i.e. resistance). Here, we investigate the contributions of evolution for tolerance as opposed to resistance for the outcome of ALE experiments with E. coli exposed to BAC. We find that BAC concentrations close to the half maximal effective concentration (EC50, 4.36 µg mL-1) show initial killing (~40%) before the population resumes growth. This indicates that cells face a two-fold selection pressure: for increased survival and for increased growth. To disentangle the effects of both selection pressures, we conducted two ALE experiments: (i) one with initial killing and continued stress close to the EC50 during growth and (ii) another with initial killing and no stress during growth. Phenotypic characterization of adapted populations showed that growth at higher BAC concentrations was only selected for when BAC was present during growth. Whole genome sequencing revealed distinct differences in mutated genes across treatments. Treatments selecting solely for survival led to mutations in genes for metabolic regulation (cyaA) and cellular structure (flagella fliJ), while treatments selecting for growth and survival led to mutations in genes related to stress response (hslO and tufA). Our results demonstrate that serial subculture ALE experiments with an antimicrobial at sub-inhibitory concentrations can select for increased growth and survival. This finding has implications for the design of ALE experiments to assess resistance risks of antimicrobials in different scenarios such as disinfection, preservation, and environmental pollution. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1074740 PB - National Library of Biotechnology Information CY - Bethesda AN - OPUS4-61559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Differential selection for survival and for growth in adaptive laboratory evolution experiments with benzalkonium chloride N2 - Biocides are used to control microorganisms across different applications, but emerging resistance may pose risks for those applications. Resistance to biocides has commonly been studied using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with growth at subinhibitory concentrations linked to serial subculturing. It has been shown recently that E. coli adapts to repeated lethal stress imposed by the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) by increased survival (i.e. tolerance) and not by evolving the ability to grow at increased concentrations (i.e. resistance). Here, we investigate the contributions of evolution for tolerance as opposed to resistance for the outcome of ALE experiments with E. coli exposed to BAC. We find that BAC concentrations close to the half maximal effective concentration (EC50, 4.36 µg mL-1) show initial killing (~40%) before the population resumes growth. This indicates that cells face a two-fold selection pressure: for increased survival and for increased growth. To disentangle the effects of both selection pressures, we conducted two ALE experiments: (i) one with initial killing and continued stress close to the EC50 during growth and (ii) another with initial killing and no stress during growth. Phenotypic characterization of adapted populations showed that growth at higher BAC concentrations was only selected for when BAC was present during growth. Whole genome sequencing revealed distinct differences in mutated genes across treatments. Treatments selecting solely for survival led to mutations in genes for metabolic regulation (cyaA) and cellular structure (flagella fliJ), while treatments selecting for growth and survival led to mutations in genes related to stress response (hslO and tufA). Our results demonstrate that serial subculture ALE experiments with an antimicrobial at sub-inhibitory concentrations can select for increased growth and survival. This finding has implications for the design of ALE experiments to assess resistance risks of antimicrobials in different scenarios such as disinfection, preservation, and environmental pollution. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jm63xszx PB - Dryad AN - OPUS4-61558 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Dr. Frank Schreiber and Work on Biocide Resistance at BAM N2 - This talk details the career path of Dr. Frank Schreiber and his work on biocide resistance at BAM. Biocides are antimicrobial products for defined applications (disinfectants, preservatives, pest control). Biocides show heterogeneous killing facilitating resistance/tolerance evolution. Adaptation to biocides has effects on growth and selection. T2 - Vortrag an der Berliner Hochschule für Technik CY - Berlin, Gemany DA - 07.06.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fuentes, Elsa A1 - Prieto, Beatriz T1 - Effect of climate change on phototrophic biofilms colonizing granitic rocks and their biodeteriogenic activity. N2 - Material cultural heritage from NW of the Iberian Peninsula is linked to the use or presence of granite, whether in historical buildings, sculptures, archaeological sites or any other artistic manifestation. This resistant material has the ideal physical characteristics that favor its longevity, but, like any material exposed to the environment, it is susceptible to deterioration. To this respect, environmental changes due to climate change and global change may modify biological colonization-substrate interactions. The main objective of the present research was to analyse the effects of Climate Change, more specifically changes in water availability, increased temperature, increased CO2 concentrations and changes in UV-B radiation patterns, on the survival and biodeteriogenic activity of phototrophic biofilms on granite heritage and the consequences for the built heritage. Both field and laboratory work were carried out. Field studies were conducted on three rural churches to characterise the current biological colonization. A higher proportion of algae than cyanobacteria was identified, with the genera Trentepohlia and Desmococcus standing out among the former. The most common current fungi are lichenised fungi, but black fungal genera such as Catenulostroma, Rhinocladiella and Knufia were also identified. Bacterial genera related to the production of sphinganes, EPS, carotenoids and some causing the so-called pink discolouration are also present. The effect of climate change on the growth and physiological state of the organisms was analysed in the laboratory. For this purpose, mixed biofilms were developed in the laboratory and exposed to changing conditions of temperature, water availability, CO2 and UV-B. A reduction in growth was observed with increasing water restriction, although in the initial colonization process, rock bioreceptivity was shown to be a more important aspect in favoring anchorage and retention of organisms. Temperature was shown to have a growth-enhancing effect when water availability was low, whereas an increase in CO2 only resulted in increased growth under conditions of high-water availability. Increased UV-B produced a reduction in growth, especially at the highest dose (equivalent to the current dose of a west-facing wall in southern Portugal, which is considered as high), while little difference in the physiological state of the organisms was observed at the current doses in Galicia (considered as medium) and southern Ireland (considered as low). Clear changes in microbial composition were observed, with a trend towards increased or greater resistance of cyanobacteria to higher temperature, lower water availability and higher UV-B doses. In addition, all these changes in development, physiological and microbial composition had an effect on the predominant pigments, tending towards more yellowish-brownish colourations, and on the ability of the organisms to generate biodeterioration by affecting ion concentrations on water solutions by enhancing their consumption or adhesion which lead to granite deterioration. Future work should take into account the combination of a greater number of climatic parameters simultaneously and also the possible resistances associated with the nature of the SAB community studied. T2 - 19th International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biofilm KW - Granite KW - Climate change KW - Biodeterioration KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stephan, Dietmar A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Hirsch, Tamino A1 - Manninger, Tanja T1 - Effect of gypsum on the hydration of fused cement clinker from basic oxygen furnace slag N2 - Fused cement clinker can be produced from molten basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) by way of a reductive thermochemical treatment. During the thermochemical treatment, oxidic iron is reduced to metallic iron and separated. The resulting low-iron slag has a chemical and mineralogical composition similar to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker. In this study, the hydraulic reactivity of the fused clinker from BOFS with and without gypsum was investigated using isothermal calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, in situ X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, a synthetic fused clinker without foreign ions and fused clinker produced by a mixture of both materials was studied. The hydraulic reaction of the fused clinker from BOFS was considerably slower than that of OPC. However, the reaction can be accelerated by adding gypsum as a sulfate carrier. Furthermore, the results showed an increased reaction rate with decreasing content of foreign ions such as Fe, P or Mn. KW - General Materials Science KW - Building and Construction PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00070 SN - 0951-7197 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Telford AN - OPUS4-59391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Selina T1 - Effects of biocides on processes underlying resistance evolution N2 - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. It is well known that antibiotics can drive evolutionary processes that underlie antimicrobial resistance (AMR) evolution and spread in clinical and environmental settings. In contrast, less is known about the effects of antimicrobial substances that are used as biocides (i.e. disinfectants and preservatives) on AMR evolution and spread. Biocides are present in various settings, interacting with diverse microbial communities. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate their role in the evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Biocides occur in a wide range of concentrations in various environmental settings. By examining how the various concentrations affect selection mechanisms, we gain insights into potential developments related to antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this PhD thesis is to investigate the effects of biocides on processes underlying resistance evolution. Specifically, the work focused on key mechanisms for resistance spread, resistance evolution, and the effect of selection pressures on evolved resistance mechanisms. The thesis is structured around three major objectives: (i) to determine the effect of biocides on the evolution of resistance by affecting the rate of occurrence of de novo mutations, (ii) to determine the effect of biocides on the spread of resistance genes by modifying the rate of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) processes, and (iii) to investigate the selective drivers of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments. De-novo mutations are spontaneous mutations that occur at a certain rate in microorganisms. The effect of biocides at subinhibitory environmentally relevant concentrations on the mutation rate in Acinetobacer baylyi, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was assessed with the fluctuation assay. The results showed that biocides affected mutation rates in a species and substance dependent matter. The bisbiguanide chlorhexidine digluconate, the quaternary ammonium compound didecyldimethylammonium chloride, the metal copper, the pyrethroid-insecticide permethrin, and the azole-fungicide propiconazole increase mutation rates in E. coli, whereas no increases were identified for B. subtilis and A. baylyi. Horizontal gene transfer refers to diverse mechanisms that mediate the transfer of mobile genetic elements between microorganisms. This work focused on conjugation and transformation. Conjugation is a process whereby a conjugative plasmid is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell. Transformation is a process whereby exogenous donor DNA is taken up into a recipient cell and integrated into the recipient’s’ genome. The effects of subinhibitory environmentally relevant biocide concentrations on the conjugation rate of E. coli and the transformation rate of the naturally competent organisms A. baylyi in were assessed. The results showed that benzalkonium chloride (BAC), chlorhexidine and permethrin increased conjugation in E. coli, while none of the biocides increased transformation rates in A. baylyi. To further understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects on mutation and conjugation rates, I investigated the induction of the RpoS-mediated general stress and the RecA-linked SOS response upon biocide exposure. The results show a link between the general stress and the SOS response with increased rates of mutation and conjugation, but not for all biocides. One major approach to study the evolutionary response of bacteria to antimicrobials are ALE experiments with growth at subinhibitory concentrations linked to serial subculturing over many generations. Such experiments have been used to study resistance evolution to antibiotics and biocides. However, previous work showed that adaptation to biocide stress may be mediated by different evolutionary drivers. Here, I investigated the contributions of evolution for increased survival as opposed to improved growth in ALE experiments with E. coli exposed to subinhibitory BAC concentrations. Two distinct evolutionary treatments selecting for survival only or survival and growth led to specific evolutionary adaptations apparent in the phenotypes and genotypes of the evolved populations. Populations growing in the presence of BAC evolved increased fitness in the presence of BAC associated with higher resistance to BAC and cross-resistance to antibiotics, while this was not the case for populations evolving for increased survival only. Genotypic characterization by whole genome sequencing of the evolved populations revealed parallelism in mutated genes among replicate populations and distinct differences across treatments. Treatments selecting for survival and growth showed mutations in stress response related genes (hslO and tufA), while selection for survival led to mutations in genes for metabolic regulation (cyaA) and cellular structure (flagella fliJ). In summary, this thesis shows that biocides affect AMR evolution and emphasizes the importance of understanding of how biocides impact the molecular and evolutionary process that underlie AMR evolution. KW - Biocides KW - Antimicrobial resistances KW - Microbial survival mechanisms PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-43383-9 SP - 1 EP - 101 PB - Freie Universität CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Gleis, Markus ED - Thiel, Stephanie ED - Thome-Kozminesky, Elisabeth ED - Quicker, Pater ED - Gosten, Alexander ED - Stengler, Ella T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung N2 - There are two mirror entries in the European Waste Catalogue for bottom ash and slag from waste incineration: 19 01 11* and 19 01 12. Entry 19 01 11* describes a waste material containing hazardous substances. It was shown that only the hazardous property HP14 (ecotoxic) is of relevance for the classification. If substances with the hazard statement code (HSC) H400, H410, H411, H412 and H413 are present in incineration bottom ash (IBA) above certain level the waste is classified as hazardous, otherwise it is non-hazardous (in this case 19 01 12). It was further shown that only Cu, Zn and Pb compounds have an impact on the classification using a summation rule: 100xΣ c(H410) + 10xΣ c(H411) + Σ c(H412). Limit value is 25 percent. It is obvious that H410 substances have the highest impact. Therefore, the knowledge of the elemental composition of IBA is not sufficient because the content of distinct chemical compounds (with the respective molecular weight) is needed. When the exact speciation is not known a worst-case approach has to be applied. A practical guideline for the estimation of HP14 was developed based on the definition of 4 substance groups: 1. Metals and alloys, 2. Water-soluble substances, 3. Oxides and carbonates and 4. Substances not soluble in weak acids. In substance group 1 only fine Zn powder has the HSC H410. Water-soluble substances are assumed to be H410 substances. Their concentrations are, however, regularly below the cut-off value of 0.1 %. The amount of substance group 3 is estimated by a selective extraction with maleic acid. According to the worst-case approach it is assumed that CuCO3xCu(OH)2 and ZnO represent the respective Cu and Zn species in IBA because these substances have the highest stochiometric factor. Even with this worst-case approach results from operators of IBA treatment plant showed that the limit value of 25 % is not exceeded. The requirements for utilization of IBA in Germany are defined in the Secondary Building Materials Decree (Ersatzbaustoffverordnung EBV) which was set into force in August 2023. Leaching methods (batch test or column test) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 l/kg are applied. IBA fulfills the requirements for class HMVA-2. Actually, even a classification of IBA as hazardous (i.e 19 01 11*) would not affect utilization but handling and transport. KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Ersatzbaustoffverordnung KW - XANES-Spektroskopie PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-944310-90-9 VL - 1 SP - 402 EP - 414 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-59465 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp ED - Thiel, Stephanie ED - Thome-Kozminesky, Elisabeth ED - Antrekowitsch, Helmut ED - Pomberger, Roland ED - Firsbach, Felix T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (IBA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA erforderlich. Informationen über über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für IBA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der IBA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequentiellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der IBA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass IBA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-911006-80-4 VL - 11 SP - 176 EP - 190 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-60281 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA erforderlich. Informationen über die chemische Zusammensetzung von HMVA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für HMVA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der HMVA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequenziellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der HMVA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass HMVA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Elutionsverfahren im Wandel der Zeit - ISO, CEN, DIN N2 - Ein historischer Abriss der Entwicklung und Standardisierung von Elutionsverfahren auf nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Ebene im Zusammenhang mit deutschen und europäischen Regularien im Bereich der Verwertung von mineralischen Abfällen und der Zertifizierung von Bauprodukten wurde gegeben. Die Bedeutung der Elutionsverfahren für die BBodSchV und EBV (Mantelverordnung), die im Juli 2023 in Kraft getreten sind wurde dabei in den Focus gestellt. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Organische und anorganische Schadstoffe KW - Quelltermbestimmung KW - Standardisierung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62058 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Löhmann, Oliver A1 - Lindemann, Franziska A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Embedding and cross-sectioning as a sample preparation procedure for accurate and representative size and shape measurement of nanopowders N2 - Reliable measurement of the size of polydisperse, complex-shaped commercial nanopowders is a difficult but necessary task, e.g., for regulatory requirements and toxicity risk assessment. Suitable methods exist for the accurate characterization of the size of non-aggregated, stabilized, spherical and monodisperse nanoparticles. In contrast, industrial nanoscale powders usually require dedicated sample preparation procedures developed for the analysis method of choice. These nano-powders tend to agglomerate and/or aggregate, a behavior which in combination with an innate broad particle size distribution and irregular shape often significantly alters the achievable accuracy of the measured size parameters. The present study systematically tests two commercially available nanoscale powders using different sample preparation methods for correlative analysis by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method and differential mobility analysis. One focus was set on the sample preparation by embedding nanoparticles in carbon-based hot-mounting resin. Literature on this topic is scarce and the accuracy of the data extracted from cross sections of these particles is unclearly stated. In this paper systematic simulations on the deviation of the size parameters of well-defined series of nanoparticles with different shapes from the nominal value were carried out and the contributing factors are discussed. KW - Nanopowder KW - Electron microscopy KW - Sample preparation KW - Cross-sectioning KW - Cerium oxide KW - Zinc oxide PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593289 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-51094-0 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-59328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Emission reference materials for indoor air measurements N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented. T2 - GAS Analysis 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 30.01.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC KW - Indoor air quality PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Ergebnisvergleich Teil 4 – Untersuchung von BM/BG mit und ohne CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen und Methodenvergleichen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden Robustheitsuntersuchungen für die Wahl des Eluenten besonders für Böden mit hohem Humusgehalt und/oder Tongehalt vorgestellt und die Einführung einer neuen Option in die Normen begründet. Der Einsatz 0,001 molarer CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel führt zu niedrigeren Trübungen im Eluat und reduziert den Aufwand zur Vorbereitung der Eluate für die Folgeanalytik, erleichtert den Fest-Flüssig-Trennschritt bei Schütteleluaten und hat Auswirkungen auf die Mobilisierung/Freisetzungspotenziale bestimmter Analyten, die häufig an Kolloide im Boden binden. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Eluent KW - Kolloide PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62063 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Klärschlammasche-Monitoring 2022-2025 N2 - Die BAM beschafft möglichst alle Klärschlammaschen aus deutschen Klärschlammverbrennungsanlagen. Die BAM hatte hierzu in den Jahren 2012/2013 ein breit angelegtes Monitoring deutscher Klärschlammverbrennungsanlagen durchgeführt (Krüger et al., 2014 ), was als Ausgangslage für die Probenakquise und die Einordnung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse dient. Die Aschen werden eingehend chemisch-mineralogisch charakterisiert. T2 - DWA - Perspektiven der Klärschlammverwertung CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 10.09.2024 KW - Phosphor KW - Deutschland KW - Analyse KW - Monoverbrennung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61917 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Joachim A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Ebert, D. A1 - Ehrenberg, A. A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Gerlach, J. A1 - Wendt, K. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Rogge, Andreas ED - Meng, Birgit T1 - Erzeugung von Bindemitteln aus Stahlwerksschlacken N2 - Die geplante Transformation der Stahlindustrie innerhalb der nächsten 20 Jahre hat aufgrund des mit ihr verbundenen Auslaufens der Hüttensanderzeugung Konsequenzen für die Zementindustrie, deren Abmilderung Gegenstand der Forschungsprojekte SlagCEM und DRI-EOS ist. Ersteres untersucht die Rückgewinnung von Eisen aus LD-Konverter-Schlacke bei gleichzeitiger Herstellung eines mineralischen Produktes mit zementä- ren Eigenschaften. Zweiteres befasst sich mit der Generierung eines Hüttensandersatzes aus Lichtbogen- ofenschlacke mit Rückgewinnung von Schwermetallen sowie deren Umwelteffekt bei Verbleib in der Schlacke. T2 - 11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - Bindemittel KW - Stahlwerksschlacke PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613127 SN - 978-3-9818564-7-7 SP - 78 EP - 89 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61312 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Evolutionary genomics of termite sociality N2 - Termite sociality is thought to have evolved around 150 million years ago and is therefore ancient. Reconstructing the transitions that led to the evolution of this group of ecologically dominant insect societies is challenging. We sought to address this by sequencing near-chromosome-quality genomes from the major solitary, subsocial and social lineages of termites and their nearest blattodean relatives. We present findings from a comparative analysis of the sequenced genomes, where we explore the molecular underpinnings of termite sociality, and seek to understand the evolutionary origins of termite castes. At a broader scale, we test the extent to which a two-step process involving an initial expansion of genomic elements in cockroaches followed by extensive genome rearrangements in termites, may have acted as an important mechanism of evolutionary change. We then ask whether specific genomic processes may have facilitated evolutionary novelty, for example, through the analysis of transposon-host gene associations across the social gradient. We also report on findings that combine genomes with brain transcriptomics to explore the mechanistic basis of termite phenotypic plasticity, thereby enabling a first large-scale comparative genomic analysis of the evolutionary origins of termite sociality. T2 - International Congress of Entomology (ICE) 2024 CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 25.08.2024 KW - Termite KW - Reference genome KW - Genomics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Kanaris, Orestis A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique A1 - Gödt, Annett A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Evolutionary implications of heterogeneous disinfectant tolerance N2 - Introduction: Effective disinfection is crucial to maintain hygiene and to prevent the spread of infections. Phenotypic heterogeneity in disinfection survival (i.e. tolerance) may result in failure of disinfection, which in turn may foster the evolution of resistance to both disinfectants and antibiotics. However, the consequences of phenotypic heterogeneity for disinfection outcome and resistance evolution are not well understood. Goal: This study investigates the impact of phenotypic heterogeneity on the survival and evolution of Escherichia coli during disinfection with six commonly used substances. Furthermore, the consequences of evolved disinfectant tolerance for antibiotic resistance evolution are studied. Materials & Methods: The extent of population heterogeneity during disinfection is derived by determining time-kill kinetics and analysis with mathematical modelling. The link between population heterogeneity and evolvability of disinfectant tolerance was assessed by laboratory evolution experiments under periodic disinfection. The ability of disinfectant tolerant strains to evolve antibiotic resistance is assessed by serial transfer experiments with increasing concentrations of different antibiotics and by whole genome sequencing. Results: Multi-modal time-kill kinetics in three of the six disinfectants suggest the presence of disinfectant-tolerant subpopulations (i.e. persister cells). Importantly, the ability and extent to evolve population-wide tolerance under periodic disinfection is related with the presence of persister cells and the level of phenotypic heterogeneity during disinfection. Interestingly, the probability of high-level resistance evolution to certain antibiotics is attenuated in disinfectant tolerant strains as compared to the sensitive ancestor. Whole-genome sequencing reveals epistatic interactions between disinfectant tolerance and antibiotic resistance mutations, preventing access to canonical evolutionary paths to resistance. Summary: Our findings suggest that phenotypic heterogeneity can facilitate disinfection survival and the evolution of population wide tolerance, which can impact future antibiotic resistance evolution. T2 - Vereinigung Allgemeiner und Angewandter Mikrobiobiologie Jahreskongress 2023 CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 02.06.2024 KW - Biocide KW - Resistance KW - Persistence KW - Evolution KW - Herteogeneous phenotypes PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aumont, Cédric T1 - Exploring the evolution of termite immunity across phylogeny, sociality and foraging behaviour N2 - The phylogeny of the Blattodea boasts a wide degree of sociality spanning from solitary cockroaches to advanced ecosystem-dominating termite societies. The emergence of sociality in termites was associated with the acquisition of a diverse range of social structures and caste-specific behaviours. From wood-dwelling to fungus-growing and cooperative scouting, termite foraging strategies require different immune defences to confront the diverse pathogens found in the foraging environment. Previous work has found evidence for a caste-specific social defence system in termites leading to an immune system that may favour group over individual defence. While preliminary work suggests a correlation between social transitions and a reduction of immune gene family diversity, the lack of available high-quality termite genomes hampers complete knowledge of the true diversity of immune gene evolution across termite phylogeny. Here, we report on the sequencing and near-chromosome level assembly of 47 high-quality long-read-based genomes across major termite and cockroach sister-branch lineages. We investigate the diversity and evolutionary history of immune genes across genomes, focusing on correlations between immune gene evolution, transitions in sociality and foraging behaviour diversity over termite phylogeny. T2 - ASAB Spring Meeting CY - Exeter, UK DA - 23.04.2024 KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian T1 - Forschungsprojekt CF Pyro: Sichere Nutzung von Carbonfasern als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie N2 - Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse gegeben und deren Limitierungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen aufgezeigt, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Abschließend wird eine, auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen und im Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik entwickelten, Technologiebewertung vorgestellt. T2 - BMUV Behördenklausur 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.07.2024 KW - Leichtbau KW - Carbonfasern KW - Recycling KW - CFK PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60570 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kittner, Maria A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Freisetzung von Mikroplastik aus Sportböden N2 - Die Europäische Kommission hat 2023 ein Verbot zum bewussten Austrag von Mikroplastik (MP) in die Umwelt beschlossen, das auch für die Verwendung von synthetischen Gummi-Granulaten (v. a. EPDM) in Sportböden gilt. In Deutschland gibt es laut DFB ca. 5100 Kunstrasenplätze. In der EU beläuft sich die Anzahl laut ECHA auf 13,000 Kunstrasen- und 47,000 Bolzplätze, Tendenz steigend. Das Hauptziel des Projektes ist daher, eine Massenbilanz für die Freisetzung von MP zu erstellen, um so eine Schätzung des MP-Austrags pro Kunstrasenplatz und Jahr zu ermöglichen. Dafür werden die MP-Emissionen von drei Kunstrasenszenarien in verschiedenen Zuständen (ungealtert, künstlich gealtert und in Echtzeit gealtert) verglichen: die Vergangenheit (Kunstrasen: fossilbasiert, EPDM-Füllung), die Gegenwart (der in Europa am häufigsten installierte Rasen) und die Zukunft (Rasen mit recycelten Grasfasern, keine synthetische Füllung sondern z.B. Quarzsand oder Korkschrott). Dazu werden fabrikneue Kunststoffrasen und EPDM-Granulat unter Laborbedingungen beschleunigt gealtert, um die Freiland-Beanspruchung eines Kunststoffrasens in circa 15 Jahren abzubilden. Die Verwendung spezieller Mikrofiltertiegel in Lysimeter-Experimenten ermöglicht die Abschätzung der Partikelgrößen des emittierten MP, was eine Grundbedingung für die Bewertung einer potenziellen Gesundheitsgefährdung für Menschen ist. Ergänzend werden weitere umweltrelevante Schadstoffausträge aus den Kunststoffrasen quantifiziert und so mögliche Transportpfade überprüft. Um in Zukunft den Anforderungen des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes zu entsprechen, sollen in diesem Projekt zudem Erkenntnisse zur Rückführbarkeit von Gummi-Granulaten und Altrasen in den Rohstoffkreislauf gewonnen werden KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Kunststoffrasen KW - PAK KW - Schwermetalle PY - 2024 UR - https://www.zukunftbau.de/neue-meldung/zukunft-bau-journal-2024 SP - 9 EP - 9 PB - Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-61823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dehkohneh, Abolfazl T1 - From microscale to macroscale: environmental conditions and growth patterns of the black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Environmental, black fungi are known for their oligotrophic lifestyle and melanin production and ubiquitous colonisers of natural and anthropogenic subaerial surfaces like marble monuments, washing machine soap dispensers and solar panels. Even though their growth is generally unappreciated, prevention or inhibition thereof is still to be accomplished. We have chosen the black fungus Knufia petricola as a model species to study these organisms as it is genetically amenable, able to colonise and deteriorate minerals and produces extracellular polymeric substances allowing attachment. Our goal is simple: the quantitative description of its growth on various environmental conditions to create a mathematical model which could allow the development of a mitigation strategy. The conditions to be tested are the quantity and type of carbon and nitrogen sources, the pH and the presence of neighbouring colonies. The mathematical model is in development using the iDynoMiCS 2.0 platform. Our first results showed that the growth rate is negatively correlated to the colony forming units (i.e. the presence of a neighbouring colony). Although interesting with respect to mitigation, we therefore have chosen to track the growth of single colonies. On a macro-scale, the highest extension rates of colonies were at pH 5, 0.01M NO3, 0.01M NH4, 0.1M glucose, and 0.1M sucrose. Interesting are the similar rates in the range of 0.01M to 0.1M for carbon, and that CO2 production on similar conditions correlates well with these results. On a microscale, we have followed the growth of single cells using a custom-made microfluidic flow cell. Overall, first results show that medium containing more carbon not necessarily affected the growth rate but rather the quantity of branches produced by a single cell. This rapidly results in a more compact microcolony versus the more extended colonies on C-deficient media. This more profound knowledge on the growth of black fungi will allow to dissect their role in material deterioration and colonisation. T2 - CurvoBio 2024 CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 28.08.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Rock-inhabiting fungi KW - Fungal biofilm KW - Individual-based modelling KW - Biocorrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dehkohneh, Abolfazl T1 - From microscale to macroscale: how environmental conditions impact the growth of the black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Environmental, black fungi are known for their oligotrophic lifestyle and melanin production and ubiquitous colonisers of natural and anthropogenic subaerial surfaces like marble monuments, washing machine soap dispensers and solar panels. Even though their growth is generally unappreciated, prevention or inhibition thereof is still to be accomplished. We have chosen the black fungus Knufia petricola as a model species to study these organisms as it is genetically amenable, able to colonise and deteriorate minerals and produces extracellular polymeric substances allowing attachment. Our goal is simple: the quantitative description of its growth on various environmental conditions to create a mathematical model which could allow the development of a mitigation strategy. The conditions to be tested are the quantity and type of carbon and nitrogen sources, the pH and the presence of neighbouring colonies. The mathematical model is in development using the iDynoMiCS 2.0 platform. Our first results showed that the growth rate is negatively correlated to the colony forming units (i.e. the presence of a neighbouring colony). Although interesting with respect to mitigation, we therefore have chosen to track the growth of single colonies. On a macro-scale, the highest extension rates of colonies were at pH 5, 0.01M NO3, 0.01M NH4, 0.1M glucose, and 0.1M sucrose. Interesting are the similar rates in the range of 0.01M to 0.1M for carbon, and that CO2 production on similar conditions correlates well with these results. On a microscale, we have followed the growth of single cells using a custom-made microfluidic flow cell. Overall, first results show that medium containing more carbon not necessarily affected the growth rate but rather the quantity of branches produced by a single cell. This rapidly results in a more compact microcolony versus the more extended colonies on C-deficient media. This more profound knowledge on the growth of black fungi will allow to dissect their role in material deterioration and colonisation. T2 - International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation Society (IBBS) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Rock-inhabiting fungi KW - Fungal biofilm KW - Individual-based modelling PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - From rocks to riches: Knufia petricola as model and expression platform N2 - Black fungi belong to different classes of Ascomycota but evolved similar morpho-physiological adaptations such as yeast-like growth and constitutive melanin formation to colonize extreme competition-free environments. They are ubiquitously found on air-exposed surfaces, from ancient marble monuments to modern solar panels. The rock inhabitant Knufia petricola was chosen to become a model for these extremotolerant black fungi. Plasmid-based and ribonucleoprotein-based CRISPR/Cas9 techniques were introduced to precisely introduce one to multiple double strand breaks into the DNA to modify, replace or add sequences to the genome either using the available selection marker systems (hygR, natR, genR, baR, suR) or by marker-free approaches. Multiplexing is very efficient, allowing for four or more simultaneous genome editing events. The newly generated cloning vectors containing the Tet on construct for doxycycline-controlled gene expression, and the validated sites in the K. petricola genome for color-selectable (pks1, phs1, ade2) or neutral insertion (igr1 to 5) of expression constructs complete the reverse genetics toolbox. One or multiple endogenous or heterologous genes can be expressed on demand from different genomic loci or from a single construct by using 2A self-cleaving peptides. We thus can express genes from synthetic clusters in a non-pigmented background (Δpks1/Δphs1). The fact that K. petricola only produces few secondary metabolites (DHN melanin, carotenoids, mycosporines and a siderophore) and plant cell-wall degrading enzymes but is capable to take the burden of acetyl-CoA-consuming metabolism and protein secretion renders K. petricola a promising host for the expression of heterologous genes encoding high-end secondary metabolites and enzymes. T2 - 12th International Mycological Congress (IMC12) CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 11.08.2024 KW - Fungus KW - Genetic engineering KW - Heterologous gene expression KW - Cell factory PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Gebäudebegrünung mit Biofilmen: Herausforderungen und Chancen N2 - Der Vortrag stellt die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten zur Biorezeptivität von Betonfassaden sowie der gezielten Applikation von Algen dominierten Biofilmen auf Betonfassaden vor. Insbesondere werden die Anforderungen an eine repräsentative Prüfmethode erläutert. T2 - BuGG-Tag der Forschung und Lehre Gebäudegrün 2024 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 26.09.2024 KW - Begrünung KW - Biorezeptivität KW - Beton KW - Biofilm PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62221 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben T1 - Genetic engineering of a black rock-inhabiting fungus shows its strengths and weaknesses  N2 - Environmental black fungi are known to inhabit anthropogenic habitats like marble monuments, solar panels, indoor walls and even washing machines. These pests are generally assumed to persist and grow in these environments due to their melanin production and oligotrophic lifestyle, respectively. We aimed to confirm these assumptions and to find methods to mitigate their substrate colonisation and deterioration by looking at their ability to produce melanin and take up iron, the latter being a general weakness of aerobes. This was done by means of selecting one species, Knufia petricola, and applying CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing techniques. This showed that K. petricola produces one siderophore; deletion of its encoding gene showing no strong phenotypic effects. Deletion of the other iron uptake mechanism – reductive iron assimilation (RIA) – did however cause a strong growth deficiency at iron depleted conditions. Both together reveal that K. petricola has a weak siderophore and relies on RIA to acquire iron, reflecting a natural habitat free of competition for iron. This comes at a price: K. petricola but also other black fungi isolated from solar panels are extremely sensitive to mediocre iron chelators, offering us a mitigation strategy. Melanin, although adsorbing and reducing iron, did not have an observable effect on iron uptake. The pigment did however affect the fungal ability to withstand desiccation: pigment-deficient mutants were not able to withstand a prolonged incubation in a desiccator. This is a clear advantage in the colonisation of dry subaerial surfaces. T2 - 12th International Mycological Congress (IMC12) CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 12.08.2024 KW - Iron uptake KW - Black fungi KW - Melanin PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerrits, Ruben T1 - Genetic engineering of melanised fungi to study the role of melanin in mineral weathering and metal corrosion N2 - Melanins are organic, dark pigments produced by many organisms. Fungi either fix these pigments in their cell wall or secrete them into their environment to protect themselves against an array of physicochemical stresses (e.g., UV irradiation, desiccation, ...). However, melanins can also adsorb metals like iron and therefore might have a role in the fungal capacity to deteriorate iron-containing minerals and metals. To study this, we focus on the fungi Knufia petricola, a rock-inhabiting fungus with melanised cell walls which deteriorates minerals, and Amorphotheca resinae, a soil-borne fungus able to secrete melanin, degrade alkane-containing fuels, and corrode metals. The broader significance of this work lies in the mitigation of climate change via the negative emission technology enhanced rock weathering for the former to the mitigation of corrosion of biofuel infrastructure for the latter. Genes of K. petricola involved in melanin synthesis and iron uptake were deleted and down- and up- regulated to generate strains with a different melanin content and ability to take up iron. These strains and the wild type (WT) were exposed to a growth solution containing the iron-magnesium silicate olivine of which dissolution rates were obtained by measuring aqueous Mg concentrations using ICP-OES. Thus, the specific mineral deterioration mechanisms of melanised fungi were identified. Abiotically, these experiments showed that iron oxidation at the surface inhibits olivine dissolution. K. petricola was able to enhance dissolution when this abiotic inhibition is strongest (at pH 6) but prevented dissolution when this inhibition is weakest (at pH 4). The fungus therefore dissolves olivine by interacting with the oxidised iron at the olivine surface. Its iron uptake pathways do not seem to be involved as mutants deficient in iron uptake dissolved olivine at the same rate as the WT. The higher dissolution rates of a mutant which secretes a melanin precursor and the lower rates of a melanin-deficient mutant, however, indicate that the iron-adsorbing and -reducing capacities of melanin play a key role. This hypothesis is further supported by carbon steel corrosion experiments with six strains of A. resinae isolated from anthropogenic and natural environments. Their varying ability to secrete melanin correlated with their corrosion rates. We now plan to develop CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing techniques for A. resinae to figure out whether this correlation is also a causation. In summary, our data show that the iron-binding capacity of melanins enables fungi to deteriorate iron-containing substrates at a higher rate. T2 - IBBS19 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Black fungi KW - Weathering KW - Corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A. T1 - Genetic tools for targeted genome editing and random mutagenesis of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Rock-inhabiting black fungi are ubiquitously found on sun-exposed natural and human-made surfaces. These stresstolerant biofilm-formers are known to force the deterioration of the colonized surfaces. Black fungi belong to different classes of Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Dothideomycetes) but evolved the same morpho-physiological adaptations such as strong melanized multilayered cell walls and slow yeast-like or meristematic growth to resist extreme environmental conditions. The rock-inhabitant Knufia petricola was chosen as representative of the polyphyletic group of black fungi for studying mineral weathering, biofilm formation, and interaction with phototrophic microbes. For understanding the molecular basis of these traits, the genetic information and its regulation must be explored. Thus, the genome was sequenced, first -omics datasets obtained and protocols for the transformation of protoplasts and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing were implemented to enable genetic studies. In scope of this work, the transformation protocol was optimized to improve the regeneration of K. petricola protoplasts. The successful implementation of multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 and three additional selection marker systems (geneticin/nptII, glufosinate/bar, chlorimuron ethyl/sur) extended the existing strategies for targeted genome editing. While in the first promoter studies only constitutive promoters (PoliC, PgpdA) were identified as appropriate for expression of fluorescent reporter genes in K. petricola, the functionality of an inducible promoter (synthetic TET-on promoter system) could later be demonstrated. The identification and validation of defined genomic insertion sites enabled the neutral or color-based selection (igr1-5 or pks1, phs1, ade2) as well as the detection of correctly integrated expression constructs. Using the color-based transformant screening (black – pink/white/rose) accelerated the selection of transformants, especially for localization and protein-protein interaction studies (e.g., by studying bimolecular fluorescence complementation). Additionally, the fusion of two or three genes via the viral P2A motif was shown to allow the expression of multiple genes from a single expression cassette/integration site. Finally, the established tools enabled the implementation of a forward genetics tool (customized Ac/Ds transposon system) for regulatable in-vivo mutagenesis of K. petricola. The isolation and characterization of revertants/Ds reinsertion mutants demonstrated the functionality of the system which marks an important milestone for assigning functions to yet unknown species- and/or trait-specific genes. In sum, the genetic engineering toolbox is now fully equipped which paves the way for exploring the biology of K. petricola and other black fungi. KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Genetic engineering KW - CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing KW - DHN melanin KW - Transposon mutagenesis PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 231 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62364 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Beate A1 - Pfeiffer, Friedhelm A1 - Remus, Daniela A1 - Dyall-Smith, Mike A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg ED - Klepac-Ceraj, Vanja T1 - Genome sequence of Pseudomonas silesiensis strain G3, a member of a bacterial consortium capable of polyethylene degradation N2 - A consortium of landfill bacteria including strain G3 can break down polyethylene, a long-lasting plastic that accumulates in the environment. The complete genome sequence of strain G3 was determined by PacBio and Nanopore sequencing and consists of three circular replicons. Genome-based classification assigned strain G3 to the species Pseudomonas silesiensis. KW - PE degradation KW - Polyethylene PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611618 DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00138-24 SN - 2576-098X VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - American Society for Microbiology AN - OPUS4-61161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hellemans, S. A1 - Rocha, M. M. A1 - Wang, M. A1 - Romero Arias, J. A1 - Aanen, D. K. A1 - Bagnères, A.-G. A1 - Buček, A. A1 - Carrijo, T. F. A1 - Chouvenc, T. A1 - Cuezzo, C. A1 - Constantini, J. P. A1 - Constantino, R. A1 - Dedeine, F. A1 - Deligne, J. A1 - Eggleton, P. A1 - Evans, T. A. A1 - Hanus, R. A1 - Harrison, Mark C. A1 - Harry, M. A1 - Josens, G. A1 - Jouault, C. A1 - Kalleshwaraswamy, C. M. A1 - Kaymak, E. A1 - Korb, J. A1 - Lee, C.-Y. A1 - Legendre, F. A1 - Li, H.-F. A1 - Lo, N. A1 - Lu, T. A1 - Matsuura, K. A1 - Maekawa, K. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Mizumoto, N. A1 - Oliveira, D. E. A1 - Poulsen, M. A1 - Sillam-Dussès, D. A1 - Su, N.-Y. A1 - Tokuda, G. A1 - Vargo, E. L. A1 - Ware, J. L. A1 - Šobotník, J. A1 - Scheffrahn, R. H. A1 - Cancello, E. A1 - Roisin, Y. A1 - Engel, M. S. A1 - Bourguignon, T. T1 - Genomic data provide insights into the classification of extant termites N2 - The higher classification of termites requires substantial revision as the Neoisoptera, the most diverse termite lineage, comprise many paraphyletic and polyphyletic higher taxa. Here, we produce an updated termite classification using genomic-scale analyses. We reconstruct phylogenies under diverse substitution models with ultraconserved elements analyzed as concatenated matrices or within the multi-species coalescence framework. Our classification is further supported by analyses controlling for rogue loci and taxa, and topological tests. We show that the Neoisoptera are composed of seven family-level monophyletic lineages, including the Heterotermitidae Froggatt, Psammotermitidae Holmgren, and Termitogetonidae Holmgren, raised from subfamilial rank. The species-rich Termitidae are composed of 18 subfamily-level monophyletic lineages, including the new subfamilies Crepititermitinae, Cylindrotermitinae, Forficulitermitinae, Neocapritermitinae, Protohamitermitinae, and Promirotermitinae; and the revived Amitermitinae Kemner, Microcerotermitinae Holmgren, and Mirocapritermitinae Kemner. Building an updated taxonomic classification on the foundation of unambiguously supported monophyletic lineages makes it highly resilient to potential destabilization caused by the future availability of novel phylogenetic markers and methods. The taxonomic stability is further guaranteed by the modularity of the new termite classification, designed to accommodate as-yet undescribed species with uncertain affinities to the herein delimited monophyletic lineages in the form of new families or subfamilies. KW - Termite KW - Taxonomy KW - Evolution PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608276 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51028-y VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-60827 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Gewinnung von grünem Eisen und weiteren Wertstoffen aus Rotschlamm mittels Wasserstoffplasma N2 - Rotschlamm fällt in sehr großen Mengen bei der Herstellung von Aluminiumoxid an und wird fast ausschließlich deponiert. Es wird eine neue Technologie vorgestellt bei der das im Rotschlamm enthaltene Eisenoxid mittels Wasserstoffplasma reduziert wird. Es wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus über Titanomagnetit und Hercynit vorgeschlagen. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Metallkreisläufe CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.03.2024 KW - Rotschlamm KW - Wasserstoffplasma PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59722 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jovičević-Klug, Matic A1 - Souza Filho, Isnaldi R. A1 - Springer, Hauke A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Raabe, Dierk T1 - Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction N2 - AbstractRed mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest environmentally hazardous waste products, with the staggering amount of 4 billion tonnes accumulated on a global scale1. Here we present how this red mud can be turned into valuable and sustainable feedstock for ironmaking using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction, thus mitigating a part of the steel-related carbon dioxide emissions by making it available for the production of several hundred million tonnes of green steel. The process proceeds through rapid liquid-state reduction, chemical partitioning, as well as density-driven and viscosity-driven separation between metal and oxides. We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method. The approach establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud as feedstock to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking. KW - Multidisciplinary PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594424 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06901-z SN - 0028-0836 VL - 625 IS - 7996 SP - 703 EP - 709 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-59442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin A1 - Gödt, Annett A1 - Lewerenz, Dominique A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Heterogeneous survival upon disinfection underlies evolution of increased tolerance N2 - Disinfection is important to limit the spread of infections, but failure of disinfection may foster the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Persisters are phenotypically tolerant subpopulations that survive toxic stress longer than susceptible cells, leading to failure in treatments with antimicrobials and facilitating resistance evolution. To date, little is known about persistence in the context of disinfectants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of persisters on disinfection and to determine the consequences of disinfectant persistence for the evolution of increased tolerance to disinfectants. Disinfection kinetics with high temporal resolution were recorded for Escherichia coli exposed to the following six disinfectants: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutaraldehyde (GTA), chlorhexidine (CHX), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (ISO). A mathematical model was used to infer the presence of persisters from the time–kill data. Time–kill kinetics for BAC, DDAC, and ISO were indicative of persisters, whereas no or weak evidence was found for H2O2, GTA, and CHX. When subjected to comparative experimental evolution under recurring disinfection, E. coli evolved increased tolerance to substances for which persisters were predicted (BAC and ISO), whereas adaptation failed for substances in which no persisters were predicted (GTA and CHX), causing extinction of exposed populations. Our findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, highlighting a potential link between persistence to disinfectants and the ability to evolve disinfectant survival mechanisms. IMPORTANCE: Disinfection is key to control the spread of infections. But the application of disinfectants bears the risk to promote the evolution of reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials if bacteria survive the treatment. The ability of individual bacteria to survive disinfection can display considerable heterogeneity within isogenic populations and may be facilitated by tolerant persister subpopulations. Using time–kill kinetics and interpreting the data within a mathematical framework, we quantify heterogeneity and persistence in Escherichia coli when exposed to six different disinfectants. We find that the level of persistence, and with this the risk for disinfection failure, depends on the disinfectant. Importantly, evolution experiments under recurrent disinfection provide evidence that links the presence of persisters to the ability to evolve reduced susceptibility to disinfectants. This study emphasizes the impact of heterogeneity within bacterial populations on disinfection outcomes and the potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistances. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615566 DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03276-22 SN - 2165-0497 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - American Society for Microbiology CY - Birmingham, Ala. AN - OPUS4-61556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - HistRCL- Vorstudie zur Identifikation und Einordnung von historischen Lehmbauteilen für die Wiederverwendung hinsichtlich der Anreicherung von Schadstoffen und bauschädlichen Salzen N2 - Lehm aus dem historischen Baubestand bietet ein hohes Potenzial für eine Wiederverwendung und die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen. Anthropogene Einflüsse aus der Industrie der Region Mitteldeutschland und auch die Akkumulation von Schadstoffen durch spezifische Nutzungen sowie durch Feuchteeinfluss angereicherte bauschädliche Salze können einer Wiederverwendung entgegenstehen. Ziel des Projektes war daher die Überprüfung der Rezyklierbarkeit von Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Bauten hinsichtlich der Umwelt- und Nutzerverträglichkeit. Dafür wurden exemplarisch Wellerlehmgebäude aus dem historischen Bestand mit einer potenziellen Belastung beprobt und untersucht. Die Ergebnisse liefern einen Beitrag, Unsicherheiten bei im Lehmbau tätigen Unternehmen hinsichtlich des sicheren Umganges mit möglichen stofflichen Belastungen abzubauen und diese bei der Einhaltung umweltrechtlicher und kreislaufgerechter Rahmenbedingungen bei der Wiederverwendung von Lehm aus dem historischen Bestand zu unterstützen. T2 - GOLEHM Innovationsforum CY - Halle (Saale), Germany DA - 26.07.2024 KW - Lehm KW - Wiederverwendung KW - Schadstoffe KW - Bauschädliche Salze PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61878 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - How does light affect rock-inhabiting fungi? N2 - Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Less apparent are other light-dependent processes such as light-driven DNA repair by photolyases (photoreactivation) or ion pumping by microbial opsins. Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess many proteins for absorbing UV/blue, green, red and far-red light, produce the black 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin and orange-red carotenoids, and may live in multispecies biofilms. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed light (UV-B) tolerance of K. petricola. T2 - 32nd Fungal Genetics Conference CY - Pacific Grove, CA, USA DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Knufia petricola KW - Black fungi KW - Light-induced stress PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment N2 - This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available. T2 - EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Bacteria KW - Standardization KW - Biocides PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scales, B. S. A1 - Hasenrück, C. A1 - Moldaenke, L. A1 - Hassa, J. A1 - Rückert-Reed, C. A1 - Rummel, C. A1 - Völkner, C. A1 - Rynek, R. A1 - Busche, T. A1 - Kalinowski, J. A1 - Jahnke, A. A1 - Schmitt-Jansen, M. A1 - Wendt-Potthoff, K. A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja T1 - Hunting for pigments in bacterial settlers of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch N2 - The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a significant collection of plastic introduced by human activities, provides an ideal environment to study bacterial lifestyles on plastic substrates. We proposed that bacteria colonizing the floating plastic debris would develop strategies to deal with the ultravioletexposed substrate, such as the production of antioxidant pigments. We observed a variety of pigmentation in 67 strains that were directly cultivated from plastic pieces sampled from the Garbage Patch. The genomic analysis of four representative strains, each distinct in taxonomy, revealed multiple pathways for carotenoid production. These pathways include those that produce less common carotenoids and a cluster of photosynthetic genes. This cluster appears to originate from a potentially new species of the Rhodobacteraceae family. This represents the first report of an aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacterium from plastic biofilms. Spectral analysis showed that the bacteria actively produce carotenoids, such as betacarotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, and bacteriochlorophyll a. Furthermore, we discovered that the genetic ability to synthesize carotenoids is more common in plastic biofilms than in the surrounding water communities. Our findings suggest that plastic biofilms could be an overlooked source of bacteria-produced carotenoids, including rare forms. It also suggests that photoreactive molecules might play a crucial role in bacterial biofilm communities in surface water. KW - Microplastics KW - Biofilm KW - Pigment KW - Microorganisms PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605725 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16639 SN - 1462-2912 VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - e16639 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishra, Biswajit A1 - Kumar Singh, Amit A1 - Shankar Mahobia, Girija T1 - Hydrogen reduction studies of low-grade multimetallic magnetite ore pellets N2 - The hydrogen reducibility of pellets made from a low-grade multimetallic magnetite ore (Fe content ∼ 45 %) was investigated in the present study. Pellets were reduced in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K for 1 to 60 min. Pure Hydrogen (H2) gas (99.9 %) at three flow rates of 0.25 L/min, 0.5 L/min, and 1 L/min were blown during the reduction process. A maximum reduction degree of 94.07 %, metallization ratio of 0.925, and H2 gas utilization of 9.01 % were obtained at a temperature and a reduction time of 1173 K and 60 min, respectively. In order to optimize the hydrogen utilization, a reduction temperature of 1173 K, a reduction time of 45 min, and a gas flow rate of 0.25 L/min were selected, resulting in a reduction degree and metallization ratio of 90 % and 0.89, respectively. The cold crushing strength (CCS) of the reduced pellets initially decreased and then increased slightly, exhibiting behavior similar to high-grade ores. Imputities like SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO, present in the low grade ores are found to control the porosity of the pellets, directly affecting the CCS and reducibility of the pellets. KW - Cold Crushing Strength KW - Low-grade iron ores KW - Hydrogen Reduction KW - Metallization ratio KW - Gangue elements PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108823 SN - 0892-6875 VL - 215 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-62539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobisch, Lydia-Yasmin T1 - Identification of Genes Involved in Susceptibility to Biocides in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria N2 - Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) poses a significant challenge in various industries, leading to structural damage and economic losses due to the activity of microorganisms on metal surfaces. The major culprits of MIC are the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). A common mitigation method is the usage of biocides to prevent MIC. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine susceptibility of SRB to biocides have been poorly understood. Our aim is to identify genes that are linked to biocide susceptibility in the model SRB strain Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis (G20). We investigated the susceptibility of G20 towards three biocides commonly used in MIC protection: benzalkonium chloride (BAC), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS). We determined selection of mutants in specific genes in two G20 barcoded transposon mutant libraries in the presence of these biocides and media as control along a concentration gradient up to 500 ppm. Our study investigated over 1843 genes in G20, revealing insights into their response to biocide treatments. We identified 1668 genes negatively affected by biocide treatment, while 175 genes showed improved fitness. Among the treatments leading to reduced fitness in the mutants, GTA had the highest number of solely negatively affected genes (186), followed by BAC (67) and THPS (69). There were common negative impacts on 280 genes of all four treatments (BAC, GTA, THPS, control). Notably, BAC and GTA shared 113 affected genes, BAC and THPS shared 59, and GTA and THPS shared 72. On the single gene level, mutants treated with THPS exhibited reduced fitness for the rluD gene (DDE_1447), encoding ribosomal large subunit pseudouridine synthase d, which plays a crucial role in protein biosynthesis. In the presence of BAC, mutants showed reduced fitness due to the lack of the acrB gene (DDE_0401), encoding a cationic efflux pump crucial for biocide resistance. Our findings provide leads for future research into the detailed molecular mechanisms that underlie biocide susceptibility in microorganisms responsible for MIC. Such detailed understanding will enable the development of improved MIC prevention strategies and foster a more sustainable use of biocides. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Biocide Resistance KW - Transposon Mutant Libraries KW - Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) KW - Microbially Induced Corrosion (MIC) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61526 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Identifikation und Einordnung von historischen Lehmbauteilen für die Wiederverwendung hinsichtlich Anreicherung von Schadstoffen und bauschädlichen Salzen N2 - Lehmbaustoffe, einschließlich Lehm aus dem historischen Baubestand, bieten ein hohes Potenzial für ihre Wiederverwendbarkeit und die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen. Zur Bewertung des Wiederverwendungspotenzials gibt es nur wenige Studien hinsichtlich der Schadstoffbelastung und der Anreicherung von Salzen in Gebäuden aus dem historischen Bestand. Tonminerale, die in Lehmbaustoffen als Bindemittel fungieren, können Schadstoffe binden. Die Region Mitteldeutschland ist geprägt durch jahrzehntelange Einwirkung erheblicher Schadstoffemissionen aus der Chemie- und Braunkohleindustrie. Der Eintrag von Schadstoffen in Lehmbaustoffe ist außerdem aus geogenen Hintergrundbelastungen denkbar, z. B. in Auenböden beeinflusst durch Einträge aus dem Erzbergbau. Salzbildende Anionen wie Chloride oder Nitrate können aufgrund ihrer hohen Löslichkeit mittels kapillarer Kräfte durch die Porenstruktur transportiert werden. In Lehmwänden können sie vor allem in oberflächennahen Lagen, in denen höhere Verdunstungsraten vorherrschen, durch Bindung mit in Lösung vorliegenden oder baustoffeigenen Kationen auskristallisieren und bauschädliche Salze ausbilden. Auch durch spezifische Nutzungen akkumulierte Schadstoffe, z. B. durch die Einwirkung von Tabakrauch, könnten theoretisch einer Wiederverwendung von Lehm entgegenstehen. In Anbetracht der Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der klimatischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, sind wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse im Lehmbau erforderlich, die eine Integration in eine nachhaltige Kreislaufwirtschaft ermöglichen. Bei bisherigen Gesetzgebungsverfahren zu rezyklierten Baustoffen wurden Lehmbaustoffe noch nicht berücksichtigt. Ziel einer Vorstudie im Rahmen der WIR!-Initiative GOLEHM ist die Überprüfung der Wiederverwendbarkeit Wiederverwendbarkeit von Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Bauten an Stichproben hinsichtlich der Umwelt- und Nutzerverträglichkeit. Für den Raum Mitteldeutschland können damit Anhaltspunkte darüber gegeben werden, welche Schadstoffe und bauschädlichen Salze in welchem Maße in Lehmbaustoffen aus dem Gebäudebestand erwartet werden können. Daraus können Hinweise zum Umgang mit Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Gebäuden abgeleitet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden exemplarisch an zwei Gebäuden mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung einer möglichen Belastung mit Schimmelpilzen vorgenommen. T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Lehm KW - Schadstoffe KW - Wiederverwendung KW - Historischer Baubestand PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61881 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schröder, Simon Alexander A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Hohmann, Gloria A1 - Ziegert, Christof T1 - Identifikation und Einordnung von historischen Lehmbauteilen für die Wiederverwendung hinsichtlich Anreicherung von Schadstoffen und bauschädlichen Salzen T1 - Identification and classification of historical earth construction elements for recycling in respect of accumulation of pollutants and structurally damaging salts N2 - Lehmbaustoffe, einschließlich Lehm aus dem historischen Baubestand, bieten ein hohes Potenzial für ihre Wiederverwendbarkeit und die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen. Zur Bewertung des Wiederverwendungspotenzials gibt es nur wenige Studien hinsichtlich der Schadstoffbelastung und der Anreicherung von Salzen in Gebäuden aus dem historischen Bestand. Tonminerale, die in Lehmbaustoffen als Bindemittel fungieren, können Schadstoffe binden. Die Region Mitteldeutschland ist geprägt durch jahrzehntelange Einwirkung erheblicher Schadstoffemissionen aus der Chemie- und Braunkohleindustrie. Der Eintrag von Schadstoffen in Lehmbaustoffe ist außerdem aus geogenen Hintergrundbelastungen denkbar, z. B. in Auenböden beeinflusst durch Einträge aus dem Erzbergbau. Salzbildende Anionen wie Chloride oder Nitrate können aufgrund ihrer hohen Löslichkeit mittels kapillarer Kräfte durch die Porenstruktur transportiert werden. In Lehmwänden können sie vor allem in oberflächennahen Lagen, in denen höhere Verdunstungsraten vorherrschen, durch Bindung mit in Lösung vorliegenden oder baustoffeigenen Kationen auskristallisieren und bauschädliche Salze ausbilden. Auch durch spezifische Nutzungen akkumulierte Schadstoffe, z. B. durch die Einwirkung von Tabakrauch, könnten theoretisch einer Wiederverwendung von Lehm entgegenstehen. In Anbetracht der Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der klimatischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, sind wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse im Lehmbau erforderlich, die eine Integration in eine nachhaltige Kreislaufwirtschaft ermöglichen. Bei bisherigen Gesetzgebungsverfahren zu rezyklierten Baustoffen wurden Lehmbaustoffe noch nicht berücksichtigt. Ziel einer Vorstudie im Rahmen der WIR!-Initiative GOLEHM ist die Überprüfung der Wiederverwendbarkeit Wiederverwendbarkeit von Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Bauten an Stichproben hinsichtlich der Umwelt- und Nutzerverträglichkeit. Für den Raum Mitteldeutschland können damit Anhaltspunkte darüber gegeben werden, welche Schadstoffe und bauschädlichen Salze in welchem Maße in Lehmbaustoffen aus dem Gebäudebestand erwartet werden können. Daraus können Hinweise zum Umgang mit Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Gebäuden abgeleitet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden exemplarisch an zwei Gebäuden mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung einer möglichen Belastung mit Schimmelpilzen vorgenommen. N2 - Earth construction materials, including earth from historical building stock, offer high potential in terms of their recyclability and sparing use of natural resources. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted on the levels of pollutants and the accumulation of salts in buildings from the historical building stock to enable an assessment of the potential for recycling. The aim of a preliminary study as part of the GOLEHM Initiative from WIR! is to use spot checks to review the recyclability of earth construction materials from historical buildings in terms of environmental impact and tolerance by users. This could provide indicators for the Central Germany region on which pollutants and structurally damaging salts can be expected in earth construction materials from the building stock and to what extent, allowing conclusions to be drawn on how to manage earth construction materials from historical buildings. Additionally, microbiological inspections of two sample buildings were performed to assess a potential contamination with mould. T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Lehm KW - Wiederverwendung KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Schadstoffe KW - Bauschädliche Salze PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 8 CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-61883 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wen, Keqing T1 - In situ analysis of biofilm formation under different flow regimes with the help of a microfluidic platform N2 - Bacteria often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, which is ubiquitous in a diverse range of environments such as surface waters, wastewater treatment facilities, pipelines, and medical implants. Bacterial adhesion on surfaces may lead to biocorrosion and biodegradation. In comparison to traditional static and macro flow chamber assays for biofilm formation studies, microfluidic chips allow in situ monitoring of biofilm formation and biofilm related gene expression under various flow regimes. We developed a complete microfluidic platform to investigate biofilms under precisely controlled flow conditions. This platform central unit is a single-inlet microfluidic flow cell with a 5 mm wide chamber tested and analyzed by imaging tracking velocimetry (PIV) to achieve ultra-homogenous flow in the central area of the chamber. Additionally, dedicated microstructures were introduced to the chamber’s center to favor and localize bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation pattern. The flows and vortices induced by the structure were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and related to shape and dimension of the biofilm formed by Escherichia coli TG1. The major proteinaceous component of E. coli biofilms are extracellular amyloid fibers (curli) consisting of major (CsgA) and minor (CsgB) subunits. We used the promotor probe plasmid pRU1701 to monitor csgB-promotor activity under different flow regimes in complex and minimal medium. For comparison, csgB promotor activity in a batch liquid culture and curli production on LB and M9 agar plates were assessed. The microfluidic platform represents a powerful and versatile tool for studying biofilm in flow. The setup shows great potential for the yet not too much explored in flow monitoring of biofilm formation and related gene expression under hydrodynamic stresses. T2 - International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium (IBBS) 19 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microfluidics KW - Biofilm KW - Escherichia coli KW - Curli PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Cohen, Zina T1 - Inks of the Bologna Scroll: A Preliminary Study N2 - Rotolo 2 at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, also known simply as the “Bologna Scroll,” is currently the oldest known complete Torah scroll without later replacement sheets or significant lacunae. The Bologna Scroll has some unusual scribal features. According to one opinion in the Babylonian Talmud, a Torah scroll must be written with carbon ink to be valid for liturgical use.12 The main inks of the Bologna Scroll are very black, and the inks of the marginal corrections in tiny letters are even blacker. In this study, eh inks were tested by means of XRF-spectroscopy and NIR imaging. Conreary to the expectations, the current tests have definitively determined that the Bologna Scroll was both written and corrected using multiple iron-gall inks. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1353/mns.2024.a945374 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 222 EP - 242 AN - OPUS4-62264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baar, C A1 - Laar von, C A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Insektenmonitoring und genetisches Barcoding N2 - Die aus der Kirche in Greven entnommenen A. punctatum wiesen größere genetische Unterschiede auf als die aus der isolierten Zucht der BAM. Dies lässt vermuten, dass ein Austausch von zufliegenden oder eingeschleppten Individuen zu einer erhöhten genetischen Variabilität beiträgt. Die Ergebnisse der Sequenzanalysen vom Standort Greven zeigten, dass vier Variationen vorhanden waren. Die DNA-Barcodes aus der Datenbank NCBI (Frankreich, Finnland und Deutschland) besaßen nur SNPs, die bereits aus den Insekten der Kirche in Greven bekannt waren. Nach aktueller Datenlage für den betrachteten Genabschnitt sind diese Varianten (V2 bis V22) als repräsentativ für den mitteleuropäischen Raum anzunehmen. Potenzielle weitere Varianten lassen sich nur über eine größere Stichprobenanzahl entdecken/finden. Die Ergebnisse der Käferproben aus der isolierten Zucht der BAM sind deutlich homogener und entsprachen der Variante 1 aus Greven. Die Variante 1 wurde ebenfalls in vier französischen und einer deutschen Probe aus der NCBI-Datenbank nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf zwei Hauptvariationen (Vx und V20) hin, wobei die eine (VJ homogener als die andere (V20) zu sein scheint. Da für den Räuber K. caeruleus keine Unterschiede in der COI gefunden wurden, gilt zu prüfen, ob der gewählte Genabschnitt für die Untersuchung repräsentativ ist. Dies ist mit einer höheren Probenzahl zu validieren. T2 - 32. Deutsche Holzschutztagung CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.04.2024 KW - Korynaetes caeruleus KW - Insektenmonitoring KW - Genetisches Barcoding KW - Anobium punctatum PY - 2024 SP - 244 EP - 252 AN - OPUS4-60027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian T1 - INTEGRAL - Integriertes Konzept für mineralische Abfälle und Landmanagement zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung von Stadt-Land-Nutzungsbeziehungen, Teilvorhaben 4: BAM, Ermittlung stofflicher Parameter N2 - Zusammenfassend wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Setzmaschinentechnik eine geeignete Methode ist, um Brechsande aus gemischten Bauabfällen aufzubereiten. Die Trennung des Materials in zwei Stoffströme unterschiedlicher Dichte hat sich mit einer Absenkung um 56% besonders effizient in der Reduzierung von PAK Belastungen im Feststoff erwiesen. Auch die Sulfatlast im Produktstrom wurde durch den Prozess im Vergleich zum Aufgabegut um 29% gesenkt. Neben der Erhöhung des Median Partikeldurchmessers durch Klassierungseffekte, ist die Herabsetzung verschiedener Eluatparameter ebenfalls positiv zu bewerten. Dies bezieht sich zum einen auf die elektrische Leitfähigkeit, die nach EBV von RC-3 auf RC-1 aufgewertet wurde und zum anderen auf die Chromkonzentration, die von RC-2 auf die Stufe RC-1 angehoben wurde. Die vorliegenden Aufbereitungsergebnisse erlaubten jedoch nicht eine Gesamteinordnung des Materials als Ersatzbaustoff oberhalb der Klasse RC-3. Hierzu ist eine weitere Absenkung der Eluatwerte für Sulfat um 25% von RC-3 (1325 mg L-1) auf RC-2 (< 1000 mg L-1) und des PAK-15 Wertes um 4% von RC-3 (8.3 µg L-1) auf RC-2 (< 8.0 µg L-1) erforderlich. Eine detaillierte Optimierung der Prozessparameter der Setzmaschinentechnik könnten diesen Spielraum ermöglichen. KW - Setzmaschine KW - Nassaufbereitung KW - Ersatzbaustoff PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600263 DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1887868135 N1 - Das diesem Bericht zugrunde liegende Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Förderkennzeichen 033L223D gefördert SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-60026 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Schinnen, Andrea A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Sawal, G. A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of pH-dependent extraction methods for PFAS in (fluoropolymer-based) consumer products: A comparative study between targeted and sum parameter analysis N2 - Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (