TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Systematic ranking of filaments regarding their particulate emissions during fused filament fabrication 3D printing by means of a proposed standard test method N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. KW - Emission test method KW - FFF-printing KW - Particle emission KW - Indoor air quality KW - FFF-filament PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545087 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13010 SN - 1600-0668 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA AN - OPUS4-54508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vigna, L. A1 - Gottschalk, Martin A1 - Cacocciola, N. A1 - Verna, A. A1 - Marasso, S. L. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Pirri, C.F. A1 - Cocuzza, M. T1 - Flexible and reusable parylene C mask technology for applications in cascade impactor air quality monitoring systems N2 - The development of traceable new methodologies to quantify elemental air pollutants in particulate matter (PM) supports modernization of methods used in air quality monitoring networks in Europe. In the framework of the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET II project, the combination of cascade impactor aerosol sampling and total reflection X-ray fluorescence elemental spectroscopy (TXRF) was investigated. This technique requires a traceable calibration based on reference samples. This paper describes a new, simple and effective method to produce such reference samples using flexible, reusable, and low-cost parylene C shadow masks, fabricated by photolithographic steps. These shadow masks can be used to produce reference samples that mimic the Dekati cascade impactor’s deposition patterns by applying as-prepared micro stencils to 30 mm acrylic substrates and evaporating a reference material (Ti) in arrangements of thin circular dots. The highly flexible direct patterning of acrylic discs with reference material, otherwise impossible with conventional photolithography, allows multiple reusing of the same micro stencils. The aspect ratios of the dots could be repeated with an error less than 4 %. A first set of standard reference samples for the 13 stages of the Dekati cascade impactor was produced and preliminary TXRF measurements of the deposited Ti masses were performed. The centricity of the deposition patterns turned out to be an important parameter for the quality of the TXRF results. The parylene mask technology for the production of reference samples turns out to be a promising new approach for the traceable calibration of TXRF spectrometers for the quantification of element concentrations in environmental aerosol samples but, due to its great versatility, it could be used for several other micropatterning applications on conventional and unconventional substrates. KW - AEROMET II KW - Aerosol KW - Parylene C KW - Reference samples KW - Flexible shadow masks KW - Cascade impactor KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Micropatterning KW - Mask fabrication KW - Elemental aerosol analysis KW - TXRF PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mne.2022.100108 SN - 2590-0072 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54252 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - 17th International Conference Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - Chemical characterization KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - UFP KW - Chamber measurement PY - 2021 SP - 251 EP - 252 AN - OPUS4-54255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, Frank A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte (Teil II): Anwendung eines Adapters und vereinfachtes Bewertungsverfahren T1 - Further Development of the Odour Measurement Method for Building Products (Part II) N2 - Zur Weiterentwicklung der Probenpräsentation wurde ein Adapter entwickelt, der Emissionsprüfkammer und Bewertungstrichter miteinander verbindet und dadurch eine der direkten Messung vergleichbare Geruchsbewertung ermöglicht. Die analytischen Messungen zeigen, dass es kaum Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Probenluft in der Kammer im Vergleich zum Probenbehälter gibt. Bei den olfaktorischen Messungen kam es jedoch bei der Bewertung der Probenluft mit Hilfe des Adapters zu Minderbefunden. Anschließende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beim Ausschalten des Geräts Umgebungsluft über den Trichter in den Adapter strömt und zu einer Verdünnung der Probenluft führt. Um dies zu vermeiden, werden derzeit weitere Messungen durchgeführt. Eine weitere Versuchsreihe wurde durchgeführt, um den Messaufwand bei der Bewertung der empfundenen Intensität zu reduzieren. Die entwickelte „größer-oder-kleiner/gleich“ Abfrage kann hier hilfreich sein. Die Untersuchungen im Luftqualitätslabor und im Rahmen eines Ringversuches mit verschiedenen Laboren, zeigen, dass die Abfrage in fast allen Fällen zu den gleichen Ergebnissen führt, wie die normgerechte aber aufwendigere Ermittlung der empfundenen Intensität mithilfe des Vergleichsmaßstabes. N2 - For technical improvement of sample presentation an adapter was developed to connect the emission test chamber with the evaluation funnel and thus enabling a more direct measurement. The analytical measurements demonstrate that the air has a very similar composition sampled at the funnel or in the emission test chamber. The results of the olfactory measurements show overall that the intensities determined using the adapter are often reported as lower. Further investigations have shown that air backflow via the funnel into the sample container of the adapter may be the cause. This has to be avoided in future. Another experimental series was carried out to reduce the measurement effort of evaluation of perceived intensity. Here application of the developed ‘greater than, or less than/equal to’ survey could be helpful. The results of the measurements in the air quality lab and in the frame of a round robin test indicate, that the survey leads to the same evaluation as the more complex determination of perceived intensity with standard method. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - VOC-Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertungsverfahren PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549875 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 82 IS - 3-4 SP - 83 EP - 89 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-54987 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Development of a procedure for the analysis of the emissions of VVOCs N2 - Several aspects were explored towards the standardization of a suitable procedure. The use of gaseous standards is necessary and a standard gas mixture containing 60 substances was successfully generated and employed for further investigations. The suitability of different chromatography columns was addressed: The use of PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) columns is well suitable for VVOC analysis. The recoveries of the 60 analytes on several adsorbents and their combinations were determined: A combination of a graphitized carbon black and a carbon molecular sieve showed great results for all analytes. Carbon molecular sieves adsorb water which can impair the analysis. Different options such as purging, the use of a drying system or splitting were investigated for water removal. This contribution will present experimental results supporting the standardization of a method for VVOC analysis. T2 - Indoor Air conference CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Analytical method KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Bereitstellung qualitätsgesicherter VOC-Aufnahmeraten für axiale Passivsammler N2 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs Passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is a simple, cost efficient and representative method to determine VOCs concentrations in indoor air. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used, defined as the ratio of the uptaken mass and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ considerably from ideal values (UR,id). Literature values in national and international standards, are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover the number of itemized substances is limited. The aim of this study was to review and expand this set of uptake rates by determination of own quality assured laboratory values.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 100 µg/m³ (approximately 100 300 ppm min). Seven day uptake rates in ISO16017 2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. N2 - Die passive Probenahme von VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) mit Tenax® TA und Thermodesorption GC/MS Analytik ist eine einfache, kosteneffiziente und repräsentative Methode zur Bestimmung der VOC-Konzentrationen in der Innenraumluft. In der Theorie ist die Stoffaufnahme in den Passivsammler nur abhängig vom Diffusionskoeffizienten der Substanz in Luft und der Geometrie des Sammlers (ideale Adsorption). Um sie zu charakterisieren, wird die Aufnahmerate (UR), definiert als Quotient der Massenaufnahme und dem Produkt aus Konzentration und Expositionszeit, verwendet. Viele effektive Aufnahmeraten (UR,eff) unterscheiden sich beträchtlich von idealen (theoretischen) Werten (UR,id). Literaturwerte sind in nationalen und internationalen Normen lediglich für bestimmte Expositionszeiten vorgegeben, während detaillierte Informationen über den zugehörigen Konzentrationsbereich fehlen. Außerdem ist die Anzahl der insgesamt in der Literatur beschriebenen Substanzen begrenzt. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es diesen Fundus an Aufnahmeraten zu begutachten und zu prüfen und ihn durch die Bestimmung eigener qualitätsgesicherter Laborwerte zu ergänzen. Die bestimmten Aufnahmeraten werden als akkurat bezüglich ihrer relativen Standardabweichung und Vergleichbarkeit zu Literaturwerten betrachtet und können für Expositionszeiten von 7 Tagen bei Konzentrationen von 50 100 µg/m³ (ca. 100 300 ppm min) empfohlen werden. Die Sieben Tage Aufnahmeraten aus ISO16017 2 und ASTM D6196 sind nicht generell für diesen Zweck geeignet, wie exemplarisch für Benzol gezeigt wurde. T2 - Kongress 29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Passive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-949241-04-8 AN - OPUS4-55209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Weiterentwicklung und Validierung eines leistungsfähigen Verfahrens zur Bestimmung von VVOCs aus Bauprodukten und in der Innenraumluft N2 - Mehrere Aspekte wurden im Hinblick auf die Standardisierung eines geeigneten Verfahrens für die Analyse sehr flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VVOCs) untersucht. Die Verwendung gasförmiger Standards ist notwendig und es wurde ein stabiles Standardgasgemisch aus 60 Substanzen erfolgreich erzeugt und auf Stabilität und Reaktivität überprüft. Die Eignungsuntersuchung verschiedener Chromatographiesäulen ergab, dass PLOT-Säulen (Porous Layer Open Tubular) für die VVOC-Analytik gut geeignet sind. Für die 60 Analyten wurden Wiederfindungsraten auf mehreren Adsorbenzien und deren Kombinationen bestimmt. Dabei zeigte eine Kombination aus einem graphitierten Ruß und einem Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieb hervorragende Ergebnisse für alle Zielkomponenten. Nachteilig an Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieben ist, dass sie Wasser adsorbieren, was die Analyse beeinträchtigen kann. Zur Wasserentfernung wurden verschiedene Optionen wie das Trockenspülen oder der Einsatz eines Trocknungssystems untersucht. T2 - WaBoLu Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - Analytische Methode KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55281 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Determination and classification of seven-day uptake rates for indoor air VOCs into tube type diffusive samplers with Tenax® TA N2 - Axial passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is an accepted alternative to active sampling in occupational hygiene. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used defined as the ratio of the mass adsorbed and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ to an increasing degree from ideal values (UR,id) with increasing exposure doses (denominator of the given definition of UR), (Tolnai, 2001). In national and international standards, uptake rates are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover, especially for long exposure periods as applied in indoor air monitoring, the number of itemized substances is limited. Therefore it is the aim of this contribution to review and expand uptake rate data by comparison of literature and own laboratory values of assured quality. Passive samplers were exposed to nine single compound atmospheres of known concentrations for seven days. Concentrations were checked twice a day via active sampling.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 – 100 μg m-3 (approximately 100 – 300 ppm min). Seven-day uptake rates in ISO16017-2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. Thus, it is crucial for optimization of the method to produce more reliable uptake rate data, including specific information about applicable exposure times and concentrations, which will be promoted in the course of this ongoing study. T2 - Healthy Buildings America 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.01.2022 KW - Diffusive sampling KW - Volatile organic compounds (VOC) KW - Effective uptake rate PY - 2022 UR - https://www.isiaq.org/docs/HB2021America262.pdf AN - OPUS4-54372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, S. T1 - Odour Emissions from Building Products Simplifying the Evaluation of Perceived Intensity N2 - One criterion to evaluate the odour of a sample is perceived intensity П which is evaluated with the aid of a comparative scale. The procedure is well accepted but also time consuming and extensive. The study should help simplify the testing procedure by asking the panel members to only indicate whether a sample is perceived as less to equally intense or of greater intensity in comparison to a given acetone concentration of 7 pi on the comparative scale. In Germany a value of 7 pi is required for products to be suitable for the indoor use. The results show that the simplified test is basically suitable. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2022 “Healthy people in healthy indoor environment” CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Perceived Intensity KW - Emissions KW - Chamber test KW - Odour KW - VOC KW - Building product PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Proposal of a standard test method for the quantification of particulate matter during 3D printing and the systematic ranking of filament materials N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. T2 - 11th International Aerosol Conference CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Indoor emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Test method KW - Exposure risk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -