TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stabile, L. T1 - AEROMET - Observation of quickly changing element mass concentrations in an ambient aerosol using portable TXRF N2 - Measurements of aerosol particles are vital for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. The project AEROMET, which has been started in June 2017 aims at implementing improvements in a) the uncertainty of particle mass, size and number concentration measurements and b) in the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Both are demanded by existing networks within the EU as well as by global atmospheric research. On-site measurement campaigns One of the objects is the application of mobile x-ray spectroscopy techniques combined with aerosol sampling techniques for quantifying particle compositions in the field for real time analysis. During two in-field measurement campaigns in Budapest, Hungary in May 2018 and Cassino, Italy in September 2018 the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols were monitored under dynamic conditions. Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filter substrates. During this project new sampling methods with specially designed substrate holders for an in-situ TXRF analysis were developed and applied for the first time. This approach allows a direct time and size resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination. Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor - size range from 0,03 µm to 10 µm - which was equipped with special adapters for acrylic discs of 30 mm diameter, serving as substrates. TXRF analysis was performed on site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH) equipped with a Mo X-ray tube and a 30 mm² Silicon Drift Detector (SDD). Excitation conditions were 50 kV, 600 µA, measurement time 1000 s. Quantification was based on internal standardization using 50 ng of Y in solution, which was pipetted into the centre of the discs prior to sampling. At moderate air pollution levels, i.e. PM10 ~ 20 µg/m³, sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough for the detection of elements in different particle size bins. The in-situ approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling, as the below example from the Cassino field campaign on 11 Sept. 2018 shows: The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their significant temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements in the aerosol remain unchanged. The validation of these results by backup measurements is planned. T2 - European Aerosol Conference EAC 2019 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 25.08.2019 KW - TXRF KW - Ambient air KW - Aerosol KW - Cascade impactor KW - Element analysis PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of element mass concentrations in aerosols by combination of cascade impactor sampling and in-situ TXRF Spectroscopy N2 - A mobile Bruker S2 Picofox TXRF spectrometer has been used in two field campaigns within the EMPIR env07 AEROMET project for the on-site analysis of cascade impactor aerosol samples.The results show that even at moderate air pollution levels – i.e.PM10 fairly below 20 μg/m³ - element mass concentrations in air in the range of 100 pg/m³could be measured in up to 13 size bins after sampling times of less than only 0.5 days. T2 - UFP 2019 Ultrafeinstaub in der Atmosphäre und in Innenräumen, 3. Symposium CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 19.09.2019 KW - TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Cascade impactor KW - Aerosol element alanysis KW - Aerosol element mass concentration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Proposal of a standard test method for the quantification of particulate matter during 3D printing and the systematic ranking of filament materials N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. T2 - 11th International Aerosol Conference CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Indoor emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Test method KW - Exposure risk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - UFP KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Chemical characterization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Hönicke, P. A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, B. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Reliable chemical analysis of aerosols by reference-free X-ray spectrometry for monitoring airborne particulate matter N2 - The physical and chemical analysis of aerosols using reliable and physically traceable methods is important for the thorough investigation of airborne particles to support a better understanding of their origin as well as their health and climate impacts. Within the European Metrology Research AeroMet project,the aim of hysikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt’s (PTB) X-ray spectrometry group is to develop and establish traceable and reliable X-ray methods to measure the elemental mass deposition per unit area, the elemental composition,and the chemical binding state of particulate matter supported by a flat substrate. This approach can substantially contribute to support quantitative analytical methods during on-site measurement campaigns where portable Instrumentation is employed by qualifying suitable calibration samples for commercial analytical X-ray instruments and by investigating samples collected during the field campaign. KW - AEROMET project KW - X-Ray analysis KW - TXRF KW - Aerosols KW - Particles KW - Air pollution KW - Elemental composition PY - 2020 UR - https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/reliable-chemical-analysis-of-aerosols-by-reference-free-x-ray-spectrometry-for-monitoring-airborne-particulate-matter SN - 0887-6703 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 42 EP - 46 PB - MJH Life Sciences CY - Cranbury, NJ AN - OPUS4-53357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völzke, Jule L. A1 - Hodjat Shamami, Parya A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Zimathies, Annett A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - High-Purity Corundum as Support for Affinity Extractions from Complex Samples N2 - Nonporous corundum powder, known as an abrasive material in the industry, was functionalized covalently with protein binders to isolate and enrich specific proteins from complex matrices. The materials based on corundum were characterized by TEM, ESEM, BET, DLS, EDS, and zeta potential measurements. The strong Al-O-P bonds between the corundum surface and amino phosphonic acids were used to introduce functional groups for further conjugations. The common crosslinker glutaraldehyde was compared with a hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) of around 10 kDa. The latter was oxidized with periodate to generate aldehyde groups that can covalently react with the amines of the surface and the amino groups from the protein via a reductive amination process. The amount of bound protein was quantified via aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA). This work shows that oxidized polyglycerol can be used as an alternative to glutaraldehyde. With polyglycerol, more of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be attached to the surface under the same conditions, and lower non-specific binding (NSB) was observed. As a proof of concept, IgG was extracted with protein A from crude human plasma. The purity of the product was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A binding capacity of 1.8 mg IgG per gram of corundum powder was achieved. The advantages of corundum include the very low price, extremely high physical and chemical stability, pressure resistance, favorable binding kinetics, convenient handling, and flexible application. KW - Corundum KW - Sapphire KW - Affinity chromatography KW - Antibodies KW - Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) KW - Polyglycerol KW - Dendrimer KW - Nonspecific binding (NSB) KW - Purification KW - Solid-phase extraction (SPE) PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559342 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090252 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Jule L. A1 - Hodjat Shamami, Parya A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Zimathies, Annett A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Corundum as a novel affinity platform for the isolation of human IgG from plasma N2 - Nonporous corundum powder was functionalized covalently with protein binders to isolate and enrich specific proteins from complex matrices.The common crosslinker glutaraldehyde was compared with a hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) of around 10 kDa. The latter was oxidized with periodate to generate aldehyde groups that can covalently react with the amines of the surface and the amino groups from the protein via a reductive amination process. The amount of bound protein was quantified via aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA). As a proof of concept, IgG was extracted with protein A from crude human plasma. The advantages of corundum include the very low price, extremely high physical and chemical stability, pressure resistance, favorable binding kinetics, convenient handling, and flexible application. T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2022 KW - Affinity support KW - Affinity chromatography KW - Affinity extraction KW - Phosphonic acids KW - Polyglycerol KW - Reductive amination KW - Amino acid analysis KW - Tyrosine KW - Protein quantification KW - SDS-PAGE KW - Antibodies KW - Antibody purification KW - Downstream processing KW - Bovine serum albumin KW - BSA KW - Protein a KW - TEM KW - ESEM KW - Aluminum oxide KW - Sapphire KW - Human plasma KW - Protein immobilization KW - Protein hydrolysis KW - Glutaraldehyde KW - Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Jacobi, T. A1 - Rasch, Fabian A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Emissions of fine and ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds from different filament materials operated on a low-cost 3D printer T1 - Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel sowie flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen beim Einsatz verschiedener Filamentmaterialien in einem „low-cost“-3D-Drucker N2 - 3D-printing or additive manufacturing has many promising and unique advantages. Especially low cost molten polymer Deposition Printers are increasingly populär in the private and educational sector. Their environmental friendliness can be questioned due to recently reported ultrafine particle and suspected VOC emissions, To further investigate 3D-printing as a potential indoor air pollution source we characterized fine and ultrafine particle emissions from a molten polymer deposition printer producing a 3D object with ten marketable polymer filament materials under controlled conditions in a test chamber. VOC emissions from the filaments have also been compared. Using a straightforward emission model time dependent and averaged particle emission rates were determined. The results indicate that under comparable conditions some filament materials produce mainly ultrafine particles up to an average rate of 1013 per minute. This value is in the upper ränge of typical indoor ultrafine particle sources (e.g. Smoking, frying, candle light, laser printer). The observed material-specific rates differ by five Orders of magnitude. Filament-specific gaseous emissions of organic compounds such as bisphenol A, styrene and others were also detected. Our results suggest a detailed evaluation of related risks and considering protective measures such as housing and filtering. N2 - 3D-Druck oder additive Herstellungsverfahren haben eine Menge vielversprechender und einzigartiger Vorteile. Insbesondere günstige 3D-Drucker für Polymere werden im privaten und ausbildenden Bereich zunehmend beliebter. Ihre Umweltfreundlichkeit kann aufgrund jüngst berichteter Emissionen ultrafeiner Partikel und vermuteter VOC-Emissionen infrage gestellt werden. Um 3D-Drucker für Polymere als mögliche Quelle von Innenraumluftverunreinigungen weiter zu untersuchen, charakterisierten wir die Emissionen feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel bei der Herstellung eines 3D-Objekts unter Verwendung zehn marktgängiger Polymerfilamente unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in einer Emissionsprüfkammer. Die VOC-Emissionen der verschiedenen Filamente wurden ebenfalls verglichen. Die zeitabhängigen und gemittelten Partikelemissionsraten wurden durch Anwendung eines einfachen Emissionsmodells bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen einige Filamente mit einer mittleren Rate von 10 KW - Emission KW - Ultrafine particles KW - VOC KW - 3D printer PY - 2018 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 VL - 78 IS - 3 SP - 79 EP - 87 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-44954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC, Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emissions from Additive Manufacturing and 3D-Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on Additive Manufacturing techniques and related potential risks from emission of hazardous gases and aerosols, based on emission characterizations in BAM. Voluntary mitigation strategies are presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - 3D Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Particulate emissions KW - Emissions of hazardous gases KW - Filament comparison PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - UBA Projects on Particulate Emissions from Laser Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on past and ongoing projects in BAM on laser printer particulate emissions, funded by the German Environment Agency (UBA) in order to further develop award criteria for the Blue Angel ecolabel for office machines T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Laser Printer KW - Particulate emission KW - Blue Angel ecolabel KW - Office machines PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -