TY - JOUR A1 - Maresca, A. A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Astrup, T. F. T1 - Influence of wood ash pre-treatment on leaching behaviour, liming and fertilising potential N2 - In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil. KW - Wood ash KW - Phoshpor availability KW - Leaching KW - Forest soils PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.003 SN - 0956-053X VL - 83 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-46583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Antimony in incineration bottom ash – Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Antimony (Sb) is used in industrial products mainly as flame retardant in plastic material. Due to such additives in plastics, about a half of Sb ends up in municipal solid waste incineration at the end-of-life and consequently in relevant amounts in the generated bottom ash. In contact with water, the initial leachability is low, as antimonates form sparingly soluble compounds with Ca2+. Following the carbonation of the incineration bottom ash (IBA) during the proceeding ageing the pH in the leachates decreases. With decreasing concentration of Ca in the eluate the solution equilibrium changes and antimonates dissolve. In Germany it is intended to regulate Sb in IBA with the planned implementation of the so called Mantelverordnung (MantelVO, containing provisions on the utilisation of mineral waste) in the near future. The limit values set in the draft might be critical for IBA and therefore pose a risk for the utilisation of the mineral fraction of IBA in the well-established recycling routes. T2 - SUM 2020 – 5th Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Antimony PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-51622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of the environmental impact N2 - Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction. KW - MSWI bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Batch tests KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508421 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2 SN - 1877-2641 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 7055 EP - 7065 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact N2 - Around 5 million tonnes of MSWI bottom ash (BA) are generated per year in Germany. The incineration itself serves for metals as a concentrating and cleaning process. However, due to the almost exclusive wet extraction out of the furnace chamber the various metals are integrated in a heterogeneous and instable matrix. The metal recovery is therefore still a challenge relating the recovery rate and the purity, respectively. With state of the art treatment trains in Germany around 7.7% of ferrous metals and 1.3% of non-ferrous metals can be recovered out of MSWI BA. Large quantities of the mineral fraction are reused for sub-base material in road construction. A three month ageing period has been established as the common practice of further treatment of bottom ash before reuse applications. In the course of this aging the pH value of bottom ash decreases and contaminants are immobilized by processes like carbonation, hydration and oxidation. In particular leaching of heavy metals may be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels. However, the aging results in fixing of other valuable resources such as metals. Two laboratory scale lysimeters (30 cm in diameter) are being operated for more than three years aiming at the investigation of the long-term leaching behavior of a 0.25/45 mm mineral material obtained by treatment of MSWI bottom ash directly after incineration by a wet processing technology. Artificial rainwater is used as leachant (pH ≈ 6, ingredients NO32-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). The lysimeters are irrigated related to an average annual precipitation rate of 600 mm/a leading to a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of about 0.7 per year of operation. Lysimeter tests are more adequate to simulate field scenarios and long-term leaching behavior in contrast to laboratory column tests particularly due to the unsaturated conditions and realistic contact time with the leachant. In comparison to the leaching of bottom ash (aged for 3 month and non-treated) in column tests the chloride and sulfate leaching in the lysimeters was reduced as a consequence of the previous wet processing. The sulfate release kept almost constant limited by CaSO4 solubility up to an L/S of about 0.7 l/kg. The chloride concentrations dropped quickly, starting from 7300 mg/l, and are now at an almost constant level of 50 mg/l which is significantly above the chloride concentration in the leachant. After an initial decrease of the pH from about 10.4 to 8 at L/S of 0.2 l/kg, the pH increased again and leveled out around 9.8 up to L/S 2.2 l/kg. At an L/S of about 2.5 l/kg now, Cr, Cu are still released. The Cu and Cr concentrations in the leachates were about 760 µg/l and 90 µg/l respectively at the beginning. For both metals the concentration decreased to about 35 µg/l now. The Mo concentrations dropped steadily from 1300 to 250 µg/l, whereas V and Sb concentrations increased in the course of the tests. Fe and Mn are not detectable anymore. More results of this experimental study will be presented and discussed with a special focus on elements forming oxyanions. T2 - 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Lysimeter, Antimony KW - MSWI bottom ash KW - Leaching PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Happel, O. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kretzschmar, M. A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Investigating the ecotoxicity of construction product eluates as multicomponent mixtures N2 - The release of hazardous compounds from construction products can harm human health and the environment. To improve the sustainability of construction materials, the leaching of substances from construction products and their potential environmental impact should be assessed. Twenty-seven construction products from different product groups were examined with a combination of standardized leaching tests (dynamic surface leaching test and percolation test) and biotests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria, umu and Ames fluctuation tests). To identify the released substances, extensive qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses were performed, including gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic screening techniques. Results: Many of the tested eluates caused signifcant ecotoxic efects. Particularly high ecotoxicities were observed for grouts (lowest ineffective dilution (LID) up to 16384) and cork granules (LID up to 24578). The results of ecotoxicity tests allow the prioritization of the eluates that should be subjected to detailed chemical analyses. Organic screening by different methods and ranking the identifed substances based on recorded hazard classification is a suitable approach to identify the relevant toxic substances. Conclusions: Determining the ecotoxicity of eluates from construction products records the summary effect of all leachable substances. This instrument is especially useful for construction products of complex and largely unknown composition. The ecotoxicological and the chemical–analytical approach complement each other in an ideal way to characterize the potential hazard of eluates from construction products and to identify the environmentally hazardous components in these eluates. Our results confirm that the proposed harmonized methods for testing eluate toxicity are an adequate and applicable procedure to move toward a more sustainable way of building and to reduce toxic effects of construction products in their use phase in the environment. KW - Construction products KW - Building materials KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Biotests KW - Leaching KW - Eluates KW - Chemical analysis KW - Analytical screening techniques KW - Mixture toxicity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568864 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00711-w VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-56886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Gloßmann, A. T1 - Assessment of leachates from reactive fire-retardant coatings by chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing N2 - The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: “Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test” (DSLT) and the “Intermittent Immersion Test” (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO4(2−) and PO4(3−). Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable. KW - Construction products regulation (CPR) KW - Intumescent coating KW - Fire-retardant paint KW - Leaching KW - Ecotoxicity PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.044 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 226 SP - 85 EP - 93 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gentzmann, Marie A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Serrano, Juan A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite. The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc from bauxite residues. KW - Bauxite residue KW - Scandium KW - Leaching KW - Design of experiments KW - Red mud PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041 SN - 0375-6742 VL - 2022 IS - 240 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Finkel, M. A1 - Grathwohl, P. A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Influence of flow rate and particle size on local equilibrium in column percolation tests using crushed masonry N2 - Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model. KW - Leaching KW - Porosity KW - Stop/flow experiments model KW - Intraparticle diffusion KW - Vanadium KW - Molybdenum PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00827-3 SN - 1438-4957 SN - 1611-8227 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 642 EP - 651 PB - Springer Japan AN - OPUS4-47265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -