TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Happel, O. T1 - Combination of leaching tests with ecotoxicity and chemical analysis – lessons learnt N2 - The presentation describes analytical methods to characterize eluates from leaching tests and identify organic substances in leachates. Chances to obtain complementary information from ecotoxtests and chemical analysis are discussed. T2 - Workshop: Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products – test results, implementation in Guidance, Technical Standards and Ecolabelling CY - Online meeting DA - 21.03.2022 KW - Leaching KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Construction products PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Kretzschmar, M. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Happel, O. A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects N2 - Background: The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modifed cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects. Results: Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modifed cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identifed, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances. Conclusions: Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identifcation and development of environmentally friendly construction products. This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems. KW - Joint grouts KW - Leaching KW - Ecotoxixity PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562392 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Kretzschmar, M. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Happel, O. A1 - Ratte, M. T1 - Methoden und Kriterien zur Bewertung der Ökotoxizität von Produkten N2 - Die Umweltverträglichkeit von Bauprodukten, die in Kontakt mit Regen- oder Sickerwasser kommen, wurde durch Kombination normierter Elutions- (DSLT, Perkolationstest) und Ökotoxizitätstests (Algen, Daphnien, Fischeier, Leuchtbakterien) sowie Gentoxizitätstests (Ames, umu) untersucht. Ziel des Projektes war es einerseits, einen Beitrag zur Harmonisierung der Prüfmethoden unter CEN/TC 351 zu leisten und andererseits potentielle Produktgruppen, die sich für die Umweltzeichenvergabe des Blauen Engels eignen würden, zu erkennen. Durch umfangreiche qualitative und quantitative chemische Analysen (u. a. GC-MS- sowie LC-MS-Screening) wurden einige der freigesetzten Stoffe identifiziert und anhand von Literaturdaten ökotoxikologisch charakterisiert. Insgesamt wurden 34 Bauprodukte (Dachbahnen, Lacke, Wood-Plastic-Composites, Pflasterfugenmörtel, Korkgranulate, Schaumglasschotter, Wegedecken, Dichtmassen) untersucht. Hierbei wurden insbesondere bei den Fugenmörteln und Korkgranulaten sehr hohe Ökotoxizitäten (bis LID = 16384 bei den Fugenmörteln und LID = 24578 bei den Korkgranulaten) beobachtet. Algen- und Leuchtbakterientests waren in der Regel deutlich empfindlicher als der Daphnien- und Fischeitest. Die untersuchten Dachbahnen, Lacke, Wood-Plastic-Composites und Schaumglasschotter zeigten hingegen keine oder nur sehr geringe Ökotoxizitäten. Zur Qualitätssicherung und Validierung wurde ein Europäischer Ringversuch gemäß den Vorgaben der DIN ISO 5725 organisiert, durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Hierzu wurde ein Fugenmörtel als flächiges Produkt im DSLT und als gebrochenes körniges Produkt im Perkolationstests eluiert und die Eluate nachfolgend in den 29 teilnehmenden Laboren hinsichtlich ihrer Ökotoxizität untersucht. Hierbei wurden insgesamt plausible Ergebnisse und gute (<50 %) bis sehr gute (<20 %) Reproduzierbarkeiten erzielt. Es wird empfohlen, für die Produktgruppen Dachbahnen, Kunstrasen und Sportböden sowie Fugenmörtel Vergabekriterien für den Blauen Engel zu entwickeln KW - Bauprodukte KW - Umweltbewertung KW - Ökotoxizität PY - 2022 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/methoden-kriterien-zur-bewertung-der-oekotoxizitaet SN - 1862-4804 VL - 151 SP - 1 EP - 135 CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-56679 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials N2 - This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject. KW - Leaching KW - Recycling KW - Nano-materials PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545099 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiler, L. A1 - Pfingsten, J. A1 - Eickhoff, H. A1 - Geist, I. A1 - Hilbig, H. A1 - Hornig, U. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krause, K. A1 - Kautetzky, D. A1 - Linnemann, V. A1 - Gschwendtner, M. A1 - Lohmann, D. A1 - Overeem-Bos, E. A1 - Schwerd, R. A1 - Vollpracht, A. T1 - Improving consistency at testing cementitious materials in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test on the basis of the European technical specification CENTS 16637–2 – Results of a round robin test N2 - The environmental impact assessment of materials is usually based on laboratory tests, mostly in combination with models describing the longterm fate of the substances of interest in the targeted environmental compartment. Thus, laboratory tests are the fundamental link to achieve appropriate assessment conclusions which makes it essential to generate consistent results. This just as applies to the leaching of cementitious materials. In Europe, the leaching behavior of monolithic building materials is tested in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test following the specification CEN/TS 16637–2. An interlaboratory comparison on European level regarding this technical specification showed relatively high intra- and interlaboratory variations for the tested materials (monolithic copper slag and cement stabilized coal fly ash). Therefore the German Committee for Structural Concrete (DAfStb) framed a guideline to specify additional testing conditions for cementitious materials. To assess the possible improvement by this guidelines measures, a round robin test with 11 participants from Germany and the Netherlands was conducted. This work aims to provide insight into the factors to be considered in the testing of alkaline materials, including sample preparation, and highlights crucial procedures and their manifestation in the results. All evaluated parameters showed improved results compared to the earlier round robin test. The relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) of the elements calcium, barium, antimony, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, which are the parameters evaluated in both round robin tests, were RSDr = 4%, 4%, 2%, 5%, 5%, and 5% respectively (4% in average) for this work, in comparison to the European round robin test with an average RSDr of 29% (17%, 17%, 20%, 40%, 36%, and 42%). The RSDR improved from 41% (30%, 36%, 29%, 57%, 40%, and 56%) to 14% (12%, 8%, 6%, 28%, 15%, and 12%). CO2 ingress during testing and the inaccuracy of eluate analytics for concentrations close to the determination limits were identified as the main sources of error. KW - Environmental assessment KW - Leaching KW - Heavy metals KW - Round robin test KW - Building Material PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114959 SN - 0301-4797 VL - 314 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Thieme-Hack, M. A1 - Berghaus, U. A1 - Brümmer, F. A1 - Elsner, U. A1 - Färber, C. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Illgas, M. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kathage, J. A1 - Leers, A. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Röger-Göpfert, C. A1 - Russland, H.-J. A1 - Schnabel, B. A1 - Schneider, O. A1 - Schockmann, D. A1 - Schomakers, H. A1 - Schwalbe, D. A1 - Stegemann, D. A1 - van den Berg, T. A1 - Kramps, S. T1 - Fachbericht Kunststoffsportböden - Nachhaltige Kunststoffbelagsauswahl für Sportfreianlagen N2 - Kunststoff- und Kunststoffrasenflächen kommt bei intensiv genutzten Flächen als Allwetterbeläge eine große Bedeutung zu. Sie leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Absicherung eines ganzjähriger Sportangebote. Gerade Kunststoffrasen ist aber in den letzten Jahren häufig in die Kritik geraten, insbesondere durch gefährliche Inhaltsstoffe und andere negative Einflüsse auf die Umwelt. Dies hat bei Bauherren zu einer Verunsicherung geführt und Fragen aufgeworfen, die erst teilweise beantwortet sind. Die Diskussionen rund um diesen Allwetterbelag haben bereits dazu geführt, dass von Seiten der Industrie viel verändert wurde und neue innovative Lösungen gefunden werden. Der Fachbericht stellt eine Handreichung für Fachleute und interessierte Laien dar, um mehr Klarheit besonders hinsichtlich der Umweltanforderungen zu erzielen. KW - Kunststoffsportbeläge KW - Kunstrasen KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Mikroplastik PY - 2022 UR - https://shop.fll.de/de/fachbericht-kunststoffsportboeden-broschuere.html SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL) CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-54390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Wie naturnah simulieren die Elutionsverfahren? N2 - Die Untersuchung altlastverdächtiger Flächen umfasst viele einzelne Schritte von der Probenahme über die Probenvorbehandlung bis hin zur eigentlichen Analyse, die zur Ergebnisunsicherheit beitragen. Beim Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Bewertungsmaßstäben, um Entscheidungen zur Bewertung von Altlasten zu treffen, sind diese Faktoren zu berücksichtigen. Die Rolle von verschiedenen Unsicherheitskomponenten wird mit Blick auf Elutionsverfahren diskutiert. T2 - Messen, schätzen und bewerten – Theorie und Praxis der Altlastenbewertung: Online-Altlastenseminar des LLUR CY - Online meeting DA - 27.09.2021 KW - Altlasten KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - BBodSchV KW - Ergebnisunsicherheit PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53623 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash – leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Due to its large mineral fraction, incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration is an interesting raw material that can be used for road construction or to produce secondary building materials. However, leaching chloride, sulfate, and potentially harmful heavy metals may cause problems in using IBA in civil engineering. Investigating leaching behavior is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of IBA applications. Various test procedures are available for that purpose. In the present study, a long-term leaching test of a wet-mechanically treated IBA was performed in a lysimeter for almost six years. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. At the beginning of the lysimeter test, the Sb and V concentrations were low, but after approximately one year of operation at an L/S ratio of around 0.8 L/kg, a steady increase was observed. It was shown that this increase is the result of low Ca concentrations due to the formation of CaCO3. With the data, the solubility products from Ca-antimonate and Ca-vanadate were calculated. The unusual leaching behavior of Sb and V should be kept in mind when considering field scenarios and evaluating the impact on the environment. KW - Bottom ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534317 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 16 SP - 75 EP - 81 PB - CISA CY - Padua AN - OPUS4-53431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Ratte, M. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products: inter-laboratory test with DSLT and percolation test eluates in an aquatic biotest battery N2 - Background A European inter-laboratory test with 29 participating laboratories investigated whether a battery of four ecotoxicological tests is suitable for assessing the environmental compatibility of construction products. For this purpose, a construction product was investigated with the dynamic surface leaching test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-2) and the percolation test (DIN CEN/TS 16637-3). The eluates were produced centrally by one laboratory and were tested by the participants using the following biotests: algae test (ISO 8692), acute daphnia test (ISO 6341), luminescent bacteria test (DIN EN ISO 11348), and fish egg test (DIN EN ISO 15088). As toxicity measures, EC50 and LID values were calculated. Results Toxic effects of the eluates were detected by all four biotests. The bacteria test was by far the most sensitive, followed by the algae test and the daphnia test; the fish egg test was the least sensitive for eluates of both leaching tests. The toxicity level of the eluates was very high in the bacteria, daphnia, and algae test, with lowest ineffective dilution values of LID = 70 to LID = 13,000 and corresponding EC50 values around or even below 1 volume percent. The reproducibility (approximated by interlaboratory variability) of the biotests was good (< 53%) to very good (< 20%), regardless of the toxicity level of the eluates. The reproducibility of the algae test was up to 80%, and thus still acceptable. Conclusion It can be confirmed that the combination of leaching and ecotoxicity tests is suitable to characterize with sufficient reproducibility the environmental impact posed by the release of hazardous substances from construction products. KW - Inter-laboratory test KW - Construction products KW - Leaching tests KW - Ecotoxicity tests KW - Grouts PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529198 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 75 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-52919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -