TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Nanomaterial characterisation - The long way to standardisation N2 - In 1981 the OECD published the Test Guideline on Particle size and size distribution. This TG is still a valid document for the measurement of particles all over the world. When nanomaterials gained importance, ISO set up a technical commitee for Nanotechnologies in 2005 and the OECD followed this step in 2006 with the Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials. In the following years ISO and OECD published several documents about nanomaterials and the systematisation developed. In 2017 it was finally clear that nanomaterials need to be adressed in another way than chemicals and in 2020 ECHA revised the REACH-Annexes accordingly and included nanomaterials. Unfortunately there is a little problem with this: Only a few applicable test guidelines exit for the measurement of the nanomaterials. Several test guidelines date from 1981 and do not address nanomaterials. The logical next step for the OECD would be to publish a series of test guidelines which are indeed currently prepared and will be shown in this talk. Finally there is an additional need for the future of NM standardisation: Digitalisation. T2 - Bilateral workshop with Uni Bermingham CY - Online meeting DA - 10.03.2021 KW - Nano KW - Standardisation KW - Test guideline KW - OECD KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Determination and classification of seven-day uptake rates for indoor air VOCs into tube type diffusive samplers with Tenax® TA N2 - Axial passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is an accepted alternative to active sampling in occupational hygiene. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used defined as the ratio of the mass adsorbed and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ to an increasing degree from ideal values (UR,id) with increasing exposure doses (denominator of the given definition of UR), (Tolnai, 2001). In national and international standards, uptake rates are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover, especially for long exposure periods as applied in indoor air monitoring, the number of itemized substances is limited. Therefore it is the aim of this contribution to review and expand uptake rate data by comparison of literature and own laboratory values of assured quality. Passive samplers were exposed to nine single compound atmospheres of known concentrations for seven days. Concentrations were checked twice a day via active sampling.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 – 100 μg m-3 (approximately 100 – 300 ppm min). Seven-day uptake rates in ISO16017-2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. Thus, it is crucial for optimization of the method to produce more reliable uptake rate data, including specific information about applicable exposure times and concentrations, which will be promoted in the course of this ongoing study. T2 - Healthy Buildings America 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.01.2022 KW - Diffusive sampling KW - Volatile organic compounds (VOC) KW - Effective uptake rate PY - 2022 UR - https://www.isiaq.org/docs/HB2021America262.pdf AN - OPUS4-54372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Development of an efficient procedure for the analysis of the emissions of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in emission measurements from construction products and in the indoor air N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard describes a method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air by sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It also gives directions to adapt this methodology to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). Indeed, toxicologically based guideline values are being implemented for these compounds and it becomes necessary to measure them. But a comprehensive and robust measurement method is lacking. Investigations on the use of gaseous standards, the suitability of chromatography columns, the suitable sorbent combinations and the water removal are required. The talk will highlight the points that need to be explored towards the standardisation of a suitable procedure and provide appropriate preliminary results. T2 - Emissions and Odours from Materials 2021, Certech CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2021 KW - VVOCs KW - Analytical method KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles as reference material candidate for particle size measurements N2 - In order to utilize and rationally design materials at the nanoscale the reliable characterization of their physico-chemical properties is highly important, especially with respect to the assessment of their environmental or biological impact. Furthermore, the European Commission’s REACH Regulations require the registration of nanomaterials traded in quantities of at least 1 ton. Powders or dispersions where 50% (number distribution) of the constituent particles have sizes ≤ 100 nm in at least one dimension are defined as nanomaterials. This creates a need for industrial manufacturers and research or analytical service facilities to reliably characterize potential nanomaterials. Currently, BAM is developing reference nanoparticles, which shall expand the scarce list of worldwide available nano reference materials certified for particle size distribution and will also target other key parameters like shape, structure, porosity or functional properties. In this respect, materials like iron oxide or titanium dioxide are considered as candidates to complement the already available silica, Au, Ag, and polystyrene reference nanoparticles. The thermal decomposition of iron oleate precursors in high boiling organic solvents can provide large quantities of iron oxide nanoparticles that can be varied in size and shape.[1, 2] The presence of oleic acid or other hydrophobic ligands as capping agents ensures stable dispersion in nonpolar solvents. Such monodisperse, spherical particles were synthesized at BAM and pre-characterized by electron microscopy (TEM, SEM including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) and dynamic light scattering comparing cumulants analysis and frequency power spectrum. 1. REACH regulations and nanosafety concerns create a strong need for nano reference materials with diverse properties. 2. Iron oxide nanoparticles are under development as new candidate reference material at BAM. 3. Narrow particle size distribution confirmed by light scattering and electron microscopy. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.10.2020 KW - Iron oxide nanoparticles KW - Reference material KW - Particle size KW - Electron microscopy KW - Nanoplattform PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seneschal-Merz, Karine A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Heidrich, Christa A1 - Sander, Christoph T1 - New UV-protective glazing for the conservation of cultural assets N2 - For centuries, churches, secular buildings and museums have been furnished with valuable works of art. Many works of art are UV- and light-sensitive. It is well known that especially UV radiation causes damage and discoloration in paintings, textiles, plastics, wood and other materials. In particular, the wavelengths between 280 and 410 nm cause color changes, embrittlement or destruction of e.g. plastics over time. Therefore, strongly UV-absorbing glasses are advantageous for architecture and are necessary for the protection of cultural assets. As restorers in all disciplines become more and more aware, the demands placed on buildings and their furnishings in terms of climate are becoming increasingly detailed and precise. The aim in each case is to preserve the valuable artwork. For some years now, the industry has been offering the protection of cultural objects by installing special UV-protective glasses. Currently, UV protection for church buildings is realized by laminated safety glass equipped with appropriate UV-protective plastic films. Technically, this always means a second pane of glass in front of the windows, which is installed outside the building. This creates climatic gaps that are difficult to control and deterioration due to ageing effects can be expected. At the same time, this protective glazing is not invisible and has a considerable aesthetic influence on the interior and exterior appearance of the building. Meanwhile, the preservation of historical monuments accepts such aesthetic cuts on buildings in order to protect the artwork in the interior from UV light. To this day, however, the long-term durability of UV protection provided by inserted plastic films is still controversial. To date the only available alternative on the market is a mouth-blown UV protection glass which uses a so-called overlay to provide UV protection. This shows that UV protection can also be achieved by glasses without plastic films thus realizing an exclusive inorganic protection which normally is more stable than a polymeric one. So far there are not enough studies to prove long-term durability. The aim of this project is to provide existing glazing or new glazing to be created with a highly transparent layer that ensures this UV-protective filter function below 400 nm. The glass coating is to be applied to the glass over a large area and fired into the surface like a classic ceramic enamel paint with the same technics. In addition, it should be long-term durable in its function. It means, that the glass has to be fused at temperatures below 630 °C during the firing process, its chemical durability has to be high, its coefficient of thermal expansion has to be as close as the one of the substrate (usually float glass) and the glass has to absorb the UV-radiation within a thin thickness (thinner as 100 µm). In this project, the long-term durability of commercial UV-protective glasses is examined. New low melting glasses containing UV-absorbing ions are being developed. Their UV-absorption as a thin layer is analyzed as well as their chemical durability and their thermal properties. We are grateful to BMWI for the financial support in the frame of the Central Innovation Programme for SMEs (ZIM). T2 - HVG-DGG: 94. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Glass KW - Low melting KW - Chemical durability KW - Weathering tests KW - Aging test KW - UV absorption KW - UV protection KW - Architecture KW - Optical properties PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Development of a procedure for the analysis of the emissions of VVOCs – Results of a research project N2 - Since 1997, the Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBB) has been developing the basis for building regulations for protection against indoor health risks that may arise when building products are used. In 2009, the AgBB decided to include relevant VVOCs in the assessment procedure. The ISO 16000-6 (2021) states that the use of the thermal desorption gas chromatography technique is appropriate for VVOCs, if adaptations are considered. However, a suitable method for the trustworthy quantification of VVOC emissions from building products and in the indoor air is still missing. This webinar will present the results of a research project on the development of a procedure for VVOC analysis: • identification of the gaps towards standardization • investigations on gas standards and the suitability of chromatography columns • investigations on sorbent combinations and water management • validation of the method and screening of VVOC emissions from building products. T2 - Webinar organized by Umweltbundesamt and BAM CY - Online meeting DA - 13.09.2022 KW - Analytical method KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Mull, B. T1 - Two new promising approaches for quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing N2 - Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and reproducible emission rates were obtained. T2 - Indoor Air 2018 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Emission reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - CO2 assisted impregnation KW - FEM model PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Alexandra A1 - Bachmann, V. A1 - Kämpf, K. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Völker, D. T1 - OECD Test Guideline on particle size and size distribution of manufactured nanomaterials N2 - The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials. In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs. Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error. In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods. The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential. T2 - BAM-PTB Workshop 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Nano KW - OECD KW - Test Guideline KW - Size distribution KW - Particle PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Standard Operating Procedures in the digital context N2 - The intention of the presentation is to inspire a discussion on the needs and challenges for the digitalisation of SOPs. SOPs are available for the disciplines of physical-chemical characterisation, for toxicology, for environmental applications and for exposure applications. Furthermore the SOPs need to be integrated in the regulatory framework and need to be detailed enough for the digital processing. This is highlighted in this presentation. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - Nano KW - SOP KW - NFDI KW - Digitalisation KW - Operating Procedure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -