TY - CHAP A1 - Helman-Wasny, Agnieszka ED - Martin, E. ED - Brox, T. ED - Lange, D. T1 - What makes ‘Tibetan paper’ Tibetan? Understanding the materiality of Tibetan paper N2 - Paper, as a writing support, is an integral element of the materiality of Tibetan books together with the technologies of their production. Analysis of the material features of the paper used in Tibetan written artefacts can help us to unravel their provenance, which is often unknown. First, however, we need a relatively clear understanding of the characteristic features of paper produced within particular book cultures and geographical regions at particular periods of time. This chapter offers a starting point by discussing the general characteristics of paper that originated in Tibet. Drawing on macro- and microscopic studies, it highlights the wide variety of paper types that have been used as writing supports in Tibetan written artefacts, before examining in more detail the raw materials, papermaking technologies and processes, and writing surface preparations that might justify the descriptor ‘Tibetan’ and thus grant Tibetan identity to paper. KW - Written artefacts KW - Paper KW - Tibet PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-649288 SN - 978-3-98887-016-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.11588/hasp.1522 SP - 113 EP - 146 PB - Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing (HASP) CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-64928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Caldararo, N. A1 - Rimon, H. ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - The Role of DNA Analysis in the Study of the Biblical Manuscripts N2 - Interest in the type of skin used in scriptural materials and preparation methods increased from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. This was due partly to the number of newly discovered fragments and to the invention of new instruments and scientific procedures to identify animal skins and produce qualitative means to demonstrate specific preparation reagents and techniques. The invention of various means of analyzing the DNA of organic materials brought about a revolution in archaeology and in conservation. Difficulties in overcoming contamination of archaeological samples resulted in a number of controversies but also produced advances and improvement in the techniques of ancient DNA analysis and interpretation of results. KW - DNA KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 120 EP - 123 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Schwarz, T. A1 - Galinski, E. A. ED - Lee, N. M. T1 - The compatible solute ectoine: protection mechanisms, strain development, and industrial production N2 - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya can adapt to saline environments by accumulating compatible solutes in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. Compatible solutes are of diverse chemical structure (sugars, polyols, amino acid derivatives) and are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes but also as protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying, and high temperatures. The aspartate derivative ectoine is a widespread compatible solute in Bacteria and possesses additional protective properties compared with other compatible solutes and stabilizes even whole cells against stresses such as ultraviolet radiation or cytotoxins. Here, it is our intention to go beyond a simple description of effects, but to depict the molecular interaction of ectoine with biomolecules, such as proteins, membranes, and DNA and explain the underlying principles. The stabilizing properties of ectoine attracted industry, which saw the potential to market ectoine as a novel active component in health care products and cosmetics. In joint efforts of industry and research, a large-scale fermentation procedure has been developed with the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata used as a producer strain. The development and application of ectoine-excreting mutants from H. elongata (“leaky” mutants) allow for the annual production of ectoine on a scale of tons. The details of the strain development and fermentation processes will be introduced. KW - Ectoine KW - Biotechnology KW - Compatible solute KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Osmophobic effect PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-11-042773-8 SP - 121 EP - 136 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-51472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamas ED - Zhang, H. X. T1 - Sustainable Remediation Methods for Metals and Radionuclides N2 - Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products. KW - Permeable reactive barriers KW - Uranium mining KW - Groundwater KW - Electrochemical remediation PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-0716-2465-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2466-1_63 SN - 2629-2378 SP - 251 EP - 284 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-58018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Wintermann, Carsten A1 - Laurenza, D. ED - Quenzer, J. B. T1 - Scientific Analysis of Leonardo’s Manuscript with Anatomic Drawings and Notes N2 - In this paper, we discuss the importance of scientifically investigating cultural artefacts in a non-invasive way. Taking as test case Leonardo da Vinci’s Manuscript with anatomic drawings and notes, which is stored in Weimar, we clarify fundamental steps in the chronology of this folio. By means of microscopy, infrared reflectography, UV photography, and X-ray fluorescence analysis, we were able to identify various types of sketching material and several varieties of iron gall ink. For his sketches, Leonardo used two different sketching tools, a lead pencil and a graphite pencil, as well as several types of ink for developing these sketches into drawings. With regard to ink, it is important to observe that there is no difference between the ink Leonardo used for drawing and the ink he used for writing text. Based on the materials analysed, we suggest a chronology for the creation of this unique folio. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-invasive analysis KW - Drawings KW - Leonardo da Vinci PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543460 SN - 978-3-11-074545-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110753301-011 VL - 25 SP - 213 EP - 228 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-54346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Brahms, I. T1 - Rötel und Eisengallustinte als Farbeffekte in der Zeichnung N2 - Eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Materialien findet für die farbliche Gestaltung von Zeichnungen Verwendung. Einige Pigmente und Farbstoffe, d.h. Tinten, Stifte oder Kreiden, waren nur für den Gebrauch als Zeichenmittel vorgesehen – andere wiederum finden sich auch in der Tafel- oder Fassmalerei. Ausgehend von schwarzen Zeichenmaterialien soll zunächst eine allgemeine Typologie der Farbmittel entwickelt werden, um den Kosmos dieser Vielfältigkeit zu illustrieren. In einem zweiten Teil werden farbige Elemente am Beispiel von Rötel in Zeichnungen hinterfragt, deren Funktion und Bedeutung sich aus der Betrachtung heraus nicht unbedingt sofort erschließt. So diente die Farbe hier weder der naturgetreuen Nachahmung, noch wurde sie für eine nachträgliche Wertsteigerung eingesetzt. Der dritte Teil dieses Exkurses widmet sich schließlich solchen „farbigen“ Elementen, deren Konnotationen sich aus den Zeichnungen nicht ermitteln lassen und die daher zunächst irritieren. Diese vermeintliche Farbigkeit war aber ursprünglich vielleicht gar nicht intendiert, sondern ist vielmehr auf Alterungs- und Korrosionsprozesse zurückzuführen. KW - Zeichenmaterialien KW - Eisengallustinte KW - Rötel KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7319-0772-5 SP - 152 EP - 159 PB - Michael Imhof Verlag CY - Petersberg AN - OPUS4-51404 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schumacher, Julia ED - Scott, B. ED - Mesarich, C. T1 - Role of light in the life cycle of Botrytis cinerea N2 - The fungus Botrytis cinerea (Botryotinia fuckeliana) infects more than 500 plant species and causes a wide range of symptoms: soft rots, accompanied by collapse and water-soaking of tissues followed by the appearance of gray masses of conidia on leaves and soft fruits (gray mold), and spots that may turn brown to full-scale soft rotting on flower petals (Botrytis blight). In general, B. cinerea is responsible for severe economic losses that are either due to the damage of growing plants in the field or the rot of harvested fruits, flowers, and vegetables during storage under cold and humid conditions. B. cinerea has adapted to the plant host and its environment by evolving strategies to use plant tissues for proliferation in terms of a necrotrophic lifestyle, and to survive biotic stresses (host responses) as well as abiotic factors of the host’s environment such as sunlight and concomitant stresses. B. cinerea maintains a complex regulatory network of light-sensitive proteins and signal transduction pathways to use light for coordinating stress responses, virulence, and reproduction. Different light-controlled reproduction cycles enable B. cinerea to live in moderate climate zones by infecting and propagating in summer and resting in winter when green host tissues are unavailable. KW - Gray mold fungus KW - Plant pathogen KW - Light KW - Photoreceptors KW - Development PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16503-0_14 VL - 5 SP - 329 EP - 346 PB - Springer, Cham AN - OPUS4-56724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Holm, O. ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Quicker, P. ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S. T1 - Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) im Klärschlamm N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of more than 4700 anionic and cationic anthrophonic substances which have been used extensively in a variety of products and industries due to their inert chemical stability and resistance to degradation by heat or acids. As a result of continuous use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil and groundwater resources. However, because of the continuous use of fluorinated consumer products, also effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been shown to be an important source of PFAS contamination into the aquatic environment. Resulting from recent stricter regulations and restrictions in the last years on the use of long chain (≥C8) PFAS, there is a significant shift in the chemical industry towards production of short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain alternatives. With the amendment of the Sewage Sludge Ordinance in 2017 the German legislation banned sewage sludge application on agricultural land, and by 2029/2032 sewage sludge will be completely prohibited from agricultural application. While environmental exposure of organic pollutants like PFAS, pesticides and pharmaceuticals are no longer desirable, phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge must still be used to produce high-quality P-fertilizers for a circular economy. Currently, plant-available P-fertilizers from sewage sludge/wastewater can be produced using a variety of treatment approaches including precipitation, leaching, and thermal treatment. However, the fate of legacy and emerging PFAS compounds during P leaching, precipitation and treatment from sewage sludge and wastewater is for the most parts still unknown. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Klärschlamm KW - Düngemittel PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-944310-65-7 SP - 270 EP - 279 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-56290 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Non-invasive Analytic Tools in Studies of Manuscripts N2 - Physico-chemical analyses of writing materials offer insight into various questions associated with historical, cultural, and conservational aspects of manuscript studies. The catalogue of questions that can be addressed with these methods includes authenticity, dating, the attribution of various parts of the text to different scribes and the relation between the primary and secondary texts. Similarly, preservation of the manuscripts requires knowledge of the composition of the original materials versus old repairs, identification of damage, as well as recognition of natural aging and degradation processes. The material sciences can contribute data about the chemical compositions of the writing materials, elucidation of the techniques of their production and the absolute age of organic components, as well as characterization of corrosion effects, evaluation of conservation treatment, and monitoring of the preservation state. KW - Material Analysis KW - Manuscripts PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 114 EP - 116 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lessovaia, S.N. A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Polekhovsky, Y.S. A1 - Dultz, S. A1 - Kopitsa, G.G. ED - Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V. ED - Vlasov, D. ED - Panova, E.G. ED - Lessovaia, S.N. T1 - Modeling Biogenic Weathering of Rocks from Soils of Cold Environments N2 - Morphologically simple and microbially dominated ecosystems termed “biofilms” have existed on Earth for a long period of biosphere evolution. A model biofilm combining one heterotroph and one phototroph component was used in a laboratory experiment to simulate biogenic weathering with two different specimens of basic rock samples from the soil profiles. The rocks fragments from the regions of cold environments of Eurasia,where abiotic physical processes, including rock disintegration initiated by freezing–thawing cycles, represent the most probable Scenario of rock weathering, were subjected to biological colonization. The rock Fragments were represented by dolerite and metagabbro amphibolites. Polished sections of the rock samples were inoculated with the model microbiological consortium of the oligotrophic fungus and the phototrophic cyanobacteria (biofilm). After 3 month runtime of the experiment the progress of rock weathering was derived from the growth of the biofilm on the rock surfaces. The model biofilm visualization on the rock surface of polished sections illustrated their stronger development namely on dolerite in comparison with metagabbro amphibolite. The findings confirmed the higher sensitivity of dolerite to biogenic weathering due to (i) mineral association, in which quartz was absent and (ii) porosity providing higher specific surface area for biotic—abiotic interaction influenced by the occurrence of micro-porosity in the rock. KW - Biogenic weathering KW - Rock leaching KW - Fractal structure KW - Biofilm formation KW - Internal pores PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21614-6_27 SP - 501 EP - 515 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -