TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 49, Heft 4 & Band 50, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2019 & 1/2020 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Festlegungen PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508230 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 49 & 50 IS - 4/2019 & 1/2020 SP - 1 EP - 298 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates orsensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent tothe bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing ofdangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, variousmethods are used, which often do not meet the requirements of the bubble test withregard to important criteria.Sensitivity, flow direction, pressure level and automatability are particularly importantfactors when selecting a suitable industrial leak testing method.The following methods are in principle both suitable and equally effective as thebubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detectionand gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuumchamber technique).To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leaktesting and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous GoodsRegulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regula-tions. This requires, on the one hand, information about the sensitivity of the bubbletest and, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective indus-trial test methods with their specific boundary conditions. T2 - 22nd IAPRI World Packaging CY - Online meeting KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Industrial leak testing KW - Leakproofness test KW - Series production PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507521 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2502 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Ackermann, M. A1 - Senkel, U. T1 - Staubdichtheit von Gefahrgutsäcken und -FIBC - Überblick über Probleme in der derzeitigen Transportpraxis N2 - Gemäß den internationalen Gefahrgutvorschriften müssen Säcke und flexible Großpackmittel (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container - FIBC) für feste Gefahrgüter staubdicht sein. In der Praxis der stichpunktartigen Kontrollen von Gefahrguttransporten durch die Autobahnpolizei Münster werden jedoch immer wieder Austritte von pulverförmigen oder körnigen Gefahrgütern aus eigentlich intakten Säcken und FIBC detektiert. Es wird ein Überblick über die im Jahr 2019 festgestellten Gefahrgutaustritte aus diesen Arten von Gefahrgutverpackungen gegeben. Darauf aufbauend wird eine systematische Einordnung hinsichtlich betroffener Bauarten und eine Diskussion möglicher Lösungsansätze vorgenommen. KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Staubdichtheit KW - Gefahrgutsäcke KW - FIBC KW - Gefahrgutkontrollen PY - 2020 SN - 2191-007 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 10 EP - 15 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50717 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Vergleichende Fallversuche zur Bewertung von Fallfundamenten - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Oft verfügen Produktionsstätten über bereits verbaute Fallfundamente, die nicht das geforderte Massenverhältnis von 1:50 aufweisen. Gemäß ADR ist jedoch auf dem Niveau der Musterprüfung zu prüfen. Es ist daher fraglich, ob die Prüfungen im Rahmen der Eigenüberwachung und die Baumusterprüfungen vergleichbare Ergebnisse liefern, wenn die Fallfundamente unterschiedlich beschaffen sind. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist daher die Entwicklung eines Untersuchungs- und Prüfkonzepts für bereits verbaute Fallfundamente für Gefahrgutverpackungen im Rahmen einer ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Promotionsarbeit. T2 - 33. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Fallfundamente PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51250 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Vergleichende Schüttwinkelmessungen - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Es ist bislang noch keine einheitliche Vorgehensweise und kein bestimmtes Prüfverfahren für die Schüttwinkelmessung festgelegt. Bei den Prüffüllgütern handelt es sich nicht nur um gefährliche Ersatzfüllgüter, sondern zum Teil auch um gefährliche Originalfüllgüter. Es liegen noch keine systematische Untersuchungen darüber vor, welche der in den Prüfstellen gängigen Methoden sich prinzipiell für die Anwendung bei bestimmten Extremfällen von Füllgütern eignen. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist daher ein systematischer Vergleich bei der Anwendung verschiedener in den Prüfstellen gängiger Schüttwinkelmessmethoden. T2 - 33. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Schüttwinkel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51248 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Vergleichende Fallversuche zur Bewertung von Fallfundamenten - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Es wird ein Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM gegeben, die im Rahmen einer ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Promotionsarbeit durchgeführt werden sollen. T2 - 40. Sitzung des ERFA Verpackungen CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Fallfundamente PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates or sensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent to the bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing of dangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, various methods are used which often do not reach the sensitivity of the bubble test. Based on a suitable pragmatic approach, its sensitivity under industrial conditions can be considered 10-4 Pa m³/s (SLR). For the selection of a suitable industrial leak testing method, however, factors other than the sensitivity are also important, for example flow direction, pressure level and automatability. The following methods are in principal suitable and equally effective as the bubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detection and gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuum chamber technique). To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leak testing and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous Goods Regulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regulations. On the one hand, this requires an information about the sensitivity of the bubble test, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective industrial test methods with their specific boundary conditions T2 - 22nd IAPRI World Packaging Online Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Industrial leak testing KW - Leakproofness test KW - Series production PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 51, Heft 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2021 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Festlegungen PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533350 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 111 EP - 134 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53335 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pampel, Jonas T1 - Natrium- und Lithium-Metall-Batterien - Wie gefährlich sind sie wirklich N2 - Das Verhalten von Batteriezellen bei Beschädigung ist von hoher Bedeutung für die Einschätzung der Sicherheit bei Transport, Lagerung sowie Verwendung. Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem exponentiell wachsenden Sektor der Lithium-Batterien kam es in der Vergangenheit immer wieder zu kritischen Vorfällen. Hierbei haben Lithium-Metall-Batterien, welche elementares Lithium enthalten, den Ruf besonders gefährlich zu sein. Um dieses Thema bewerten zu können, werden im Vortrag die Unterschiede zwischen Lithium-Ionen- und Lithium-Metall-Batterien erläutert und experimentelle Studien des Verhaltens von aktuellen Systemen bei Schädigung verglichen. Darüber hinaus wird auf die Eigenschaften sowie das Sicherheitsverhalten von zukünftigen Lithium- bzw. Natrium-Batterien eingegangen. T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien - Logistik, Lagerung und Entsorgung CY - Online meeting DA - 26.01.2021 KW - Lithium-Batterien KW - Sicherheit KW - Thermisches Durchgehen KW - Natrium-Batterien PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54055 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pampel, Jonas T1 - Neues aus der Welt der Lithiumbatterien: Jüngste Forschungsergebnisse und deren Auswirkungen auf die Beförderung und Lagerung N2 - Das Verhalten von Batteriezellen bei Beschädigung ist von hoher Bedeutung für die Einschätzung der Sicherheit bei Transport, Lagerung sowie Verwendung. Die Auswirkungen bei Schädigung hängen natürlich von der Art der Zelle, jedoch auch vom Ladezustand und der Schädigungsmethode ab. Im Vortrag werden die Schädigungsversuche von Einzelzellen sowie Propagationsversuche an der BAM für verschieden Ladezustände präsentiert. Des Weiteren werden die aktuellen Vorgaben/Empfehlungen bezüglich der Lagerung von Lithium-Batterien kurz dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die neusten Entwicklung bezüglich der Vorgaben für den Transports von Natrium-Ionen-Batterien vorgestellt und diskutiert. T2 - 18. Gefahrgut Technik Tage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.11.2021 KW - Lithium-Batterien KW - Sicherheit KW - Thermisches Durchgehen KW - Batterie-Lagerung KW - Batterie-Transport PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54078 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bloi, L. M. A1 - Hippauf, F. A1 - Boenke, T. A1 - Rauche, M. A1 - Paasch, S. A1 - Schutjajew, K. A1 - Pampel, Jonas A1 - Schwotzer, F. A1 - Dörfler, S. A1 - Althues, H. A1 - Oschatz, M. A1 - Brunner, E. A1 - Kaskel, S. T1 - Mechanistic insights into the reversible lithium storage in an open porous carbon via metal cluster formation in all solid-state batteries N2 - Porous carbons are promising anode materials for next generation lithium batteries due to their large lithium storage capacities. However, their highsloping capacity during lithiation and delithiation as well as capacity fading due to intense formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) limit their gravimetric and volumetric energy densities. Herein we compare a microporous carbide-derived carbon material (MPC) as promising future anode for all solid-state batteries with a commercial high-performance hard carbon anode. The MPC obtains high and reversible lithiation capacities of 1000 mAh g−1carbon in half-cells exhibiting an extended plateau region near 0 V vs. Li/Li+ preferable for full-cell application. The well-defined microporosity of the MPC with a specific surface area of >1500 m2 g−1 combines well with the argyrodite-type electrolyte (Li6PS5Cl) suppressing extensive SEI formation to deliver high coulombic efficiencies. Preliminary full-cell measurements vs. nickel-rich NMC-cathodes (LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2) provide a considerably improved average potential of 3.76 V leading to a projected energy density as high as 449 Wh kg−1 and reversible cycling for more than 60 cycles. 7Li Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was combined with ex-situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering to elucidate the storage mechanism of lithium inside the carbon matrix. The formation of extended quasi-metallic lithium clusters after electrochemical lithiation was revealed. KW - All solid-state battery KW - Microporous carbon KW - Lithium battery KW - Anode PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.11.061 SN - 0008-6223 VL - 188 SP - 325 EP - 335 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts-und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 51, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2021 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527760 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52776 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bruchno, Martin A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Release of Powdery or Granular Substances from Intact Dangerous Goods Bags During Road Transport - Analysis of the Causes and Development of a Test Concept N2 - Abstract: The leaks of dangerous goods from actually intact bags detected in the years 2018 to 2020 tend to be at an almost constant high level. These releases of powdery or granular dangerous goods represent violations of the sift-proofness required in the dangerous goods regulations. This article first analyzes the causes. The components of the bags that are affected by leaks are micro-perforations, joins and closures, in particular internal sleeve valves. A distinction must be made between bags closed in conformity with or contrary to the manufacturer's instructions. The particle release is determined by a number of influencing factors of the filling substance, the packaging and other boundary conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive test concept is developed in this work, which takes all these factors into account. The application of this test concept facilitates the planning of the test setup and the experiments. On this basis, the complex mechanisms involved in the release of solid substances can be systematically investigated in the test laboratory. To prevent releases of powdery or granular substances from intact bags, it is necessary that the user has access to the closing instructions and the relevant properties of the test substance used for the design type approval. Further experimental investigations are needed to assess whether filling substances change their properties during transport and whether this enables them to escape. T2 - IAPRI Member Conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2021 KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Sift-proofness KW - Particles KW - Leak PY - 2021 UR - https://whova.io/email/click/d11d7d6cf1c84dfdc8c12349468fe91c/c9af5bcf002312cff80d9b962d1014e4/ SN - 978-1-63821-160-0 SP - 390 EP - 405 PB - IAPRI CY - East Lansing, Michigan, USA AN - OPUS4-52786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Release of Powdery or Granular Substances from Intact Dangerous Goods Bags During Road Transport - Analysis of the Causes and Development of a Test Concept N2 - The leaks of dangerous goods from actually intact bags detected in the years 2018 to 2020 tend to be at an almost constant high level. These releases of powdery or granular dangerous goods represent violations of the sift-proofness required in the dangerous goods regulations. This article first analyzes the causes. The components of the bags that are affected by leaks are micro-perforations, joins and closures, in particular internal sleeve valves. A distinction must be made between bags closed in conformity with or contrary to the manufacturer's instructions. The particle release is determined by a number of influencing factors of the filling substance, the packaging and other boundary conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive test concept is developed in this work, which takes all these factors into account. The application of this test concept facilitates the planning of the test setup and the experiments. On this basis, the complex mechanisms involved in the release of solid substances can be systematically investigated in the test laboratory. To prevent releases of powdery or granular substances from intact bags, it is necessary that the user has access to the closing instructions and the relevant properties of the test substance used for the design type approval. Further experimental investigations are needed to assess whether filling substances change their properties during transport and whether this enables them to escape. T2 - 30th IAPRI Member Conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Sift-proofness KW - Particles KW - Leak PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52827 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bruchno, Martin A1 - Thomas, Goedecke T1 - Release of Powdery or Granular Substances from Intact Dangerous Goods Bags During Road Transport - Analysis of the Causes and Development of a Test Concept N2 - The leaks of dangerous goods from actually intact bags detected in the years 2018 to 2020 tend to be at an almost constant high level. These releases of powdery or granular dangerous goods represent violations of the sift-proofness required in the dangerous goods regulations. This article first analyzes the causes. The components of the bags that are affected by leaks are micro-perforations, joins and closures, in particular internal sleeve valves. A distinction must be made between bags closed in conformity with or contrary to the manufacturer's instructions. The particle release is determined by a number of influencing factors of the filling substance, the packaging and other boundary conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive test concept is developed in this work, which takes all these factors into account. The application of this test concept facilitates the planning of the test setup and the experiments. On this basis, the complex mechanisms involved in the release of solid substances can be systematically investigated in the test laboratory. To prevent releases of powdery or granular substances from intact bags, it is necessary that the user has access to the closing instructions and the relevant properties of the test substance used for the design type approval. Further experimental investigations are needed to assess whether filling substances change their properties during transport and whether this enables them to escape. KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Leak KW - Particles KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527287 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2575 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 435 EP - 446 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-52728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schutjajew, K. A1 - Pampel, Jonas A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Antonietti, M. A1 - Oschatz, M. T1 - Influence of pore architecture and chemical structure on the sodium storage in nitrogen‐doped hard carbons N2 - Hard carbon is the material of choice for sodium ion battery anodes. Capacities comparable to those of lithium/graphite can be reached, but the understanding of the underlying sodium storage mechanisms remains fragmentary. A two‐step process is commonly observed, where sodium first adsorbs to polar sites of the carbon (“sloping region”) and subsequently fills small voids in the material (“plateau region”). To study the impact of nitrogen functionalities and pore geometry on sodium storage, a systematic series of nitrogen‐doped hard carbons is synthesized. The nitrogen content is found to contribute to sloping capacity by binding sodium ions at edges and defects, whereas higher plateau capacities are found for materials with less nitrogen content and more extensive graphene layers, suggesting the formation of 2D sodium structures stabilized by graphene‐like pore walls. In fact, up to 84% of the plateau capacity is measured at potentials less than 0 V versus metallic Na, that is, quasimetallic sodium can be stabilized in such structure motifs. Finally, gas physisorption measurements are related to charge discharge data to identify the energy storage relevant pore architectures. Interestingly, these are pores inaccessible to probe gases and electrolytes, suggesting a new view on such “closed pores” required for efficient sodium storage. KW - Sodium Ion Batteries KW - Hard Carbon KW - Storage Mechanism KW - Anode PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522529 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202006767 VL - 17 IS - 48 SP - 2006767 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-52252 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Vergleichende Schüttwinkeluntersuchungen nach Vorlagerung bei 23 °C und 50 % r. F. N2 - In den von der BAM anerkannten Prüfstellen kommen derzeit unterschiedliche Methoden der Schüttwinkelmessung zum Einsatz. Es ist unklar, welche dieser Methoden sich prinzipiell für welche Füllgüter eignen. Daher werden derzeit systematische Untersuchungen an der BAM durchgeführt, die im folgenden vorgestellt werden. T2 - 34. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2021 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Schüttwinkel KW - Fließfähigkeit KW - Hausner-Faktor PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53414 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Vogler, Nico A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances of dangerous goods packagings - Comparison of the measurement of the angle of repose and the determination of the Hausner ratio N2 - To ensure safety when transporting dangerous goods, it is important to specify the flow properties of the respective solid filling substance of the packagings. For this purpose, the angle of repose is currently used for the UN approvals in Germany. Measurements were carried out on 12 powdery or granular substances applying the angle of repose measuring methods customary in the test centres. The results of the methods differ significantly from each other. In addition, some of the techniques cannot be applied for very cohesive or coarse-grained materials. The results for the angle of repose show a strong scatter for some constellations (coefficient of variation more than 20 %). Safety during transport of dangerous goods cannot be guaranteed with this currently practiced system of measuring the angle of repose. As a consequence, an alternative parameter to characterize the flow properties of bulk materials should be used in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings, such as the Hausner ratio. This approach leads to more precise test results for the substances examined (maximum coefficient of variation 2.8 %). It also has advantages in terms of applicability and occupational safety. Since the flow properties are safety-relevant, both in terms of mechanical safety and safety against the release of dangerous substances, the testing practice in the recognized test labs should be improved and standardized. KW - Sift-proofness KW - Powders KW - Flowability KW - Flow properties KW - Angle of repose KW - Hausner ratio PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552990 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2678 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-55299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Fließeigenschaften von festen Gefahrgütern - Vergleich der Messung des Schüttwinkels und der Bestimmung des Hausner-Faktors N2 - Fazit: Nachteile der Schüttwinkel-Messmethoden: Einschränkungen bei der Anwendbarkeit auf Füllgüter mit bestimmten Eigenschaften; Die einzelnen Methoden liefern dann unterschiedliche Ergebnisse (statist. signifikante Abweichung der Mittelwerte); Schlechte Wiederholbarkeit; Bedienereinfluss spielt Rolle; Gewährleistung des Arbeitsschutzes schwierig; Bestimmung des Hausner-Faktors: Keins dieser Defizite Mögliche Abhilfemaßnahmen: Prüfbericht und Zulassungsschein sollten zumindest die Methode angeben, die zur Messung des Schüttwinkels 𝛼 eingesetzt wurde; Einheitliches Verfahren zur Schüttwinkelmessung (DIN-Methode)? Umstellung des Systems auf einen alternativen Parameter zur Bestimmung der Fließeigenschaften: Hausner-Faktor 𝐻: Bessere Wiederholbarkeit der Ergebnisse; Zuverlässige Anwendbarkeit auch auf Extremfälle von Schüttgütern; Sicherere Handhabung von Gefahrgütern T2 - 35. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.09.2022 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Schüttwinkel KW - Hausner-Faktor KW - Pulver PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55810 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. T1 - Development of an analysis and testing concept for the evaluation of impact targets in the mechanical safety testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The mechanical and geometrical properties of impact targets greatly influence the outcome of a drop test. The International Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) as well as ISO 2248 describe the characteristics of impact targets for drop tests of dangerous goods packagings. According to these regulations, the impact target’s surface needs to be unyielding, under testing conditions non-deformable, flat, and integral with a mass at least 50 times that of the heaviest packaging to be tested. The problem is that many production facilities, especially manufacturers of corrugated fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required 50 times mass ratio of the impact target for a regulation compliant drop test during series production. Furthermore, at UN level it is considered necessary to revise these requirements. In the present paper, the impact target requirements are examined in detail and compared with those in other technical areas (e.g., impact target for container for the transport of radioactive materials). A research method is being developed to investigate the dependency between the mass ratio of the packaging and the target as well as the damage resistance of a drop tested package in relation to specific design characteristics. The results are of high relevance for industry purposes and intended to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment for the mechanical testing of dangerous goods packagings. KW - Corrugated fibreboard boxes KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549660 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2656 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 689 EP - 700 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-54966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Development of an analysis and testing concept for the evaluation of impact targets in the mechanical safety testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The mechanical and geometrical properties of impact targets greatly influence the outcome of a drop test. The International Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) as well as ISO 2248 describe the characteristics of impact targets for drop tests of dangerous goods packagings. According to these regulations, the impact target’s surface needs to be unyielding, under testing conditions non-deformable, flat, and integral with a mass at least 50 times that of the heaviest packaging to be tested. The problem is that many production facilities, especially manufacturers of corrugated fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required 50 times mass ratio of the impact target for a regulation compliant drop test during series production. Furthermore, at UN level it is considered necessary to revise these requirements. In the present paper, the impact target requirements are examined in detail and compared with those in other technical areas (e.g., impact target for container for the transport of radioactive materials). A research method is being developed to investigate the dependency between the mass ratio of the packaging and the target as well as the damage resistance of a drop tested package in relation to specific design characteristics. The results are of high relevance for industry purposes and intended to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment for the mechanical testing of dangerous goods packagings. T2 - IAPRI Bangkok 2022, 23rd World Packaging Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Corrugated fibreboard boxes KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances of dangerous goods packagings - Comparison of the measurement of the angle of repose and the determination of the Hausner ratio N2 - To ensure safety when transporting dangerous goods, it is important to specify the flow properties of the respective solid filling substance of the packagings. For this purpose, the angle of repose is currently used for the UN approvals in Germany. Measurements were carried out on 12 powdery or granular substances applying the angle of repose measuring methods customary in the test centres. The results of the methods differ significantly from each other. In addition, some of the techniques cannot be applied for very cohesive or coarse-grained materials. The results for the angle of repose show a strong scatter for some constellations (coefficient of variation more than 20 %). Safety during transport of dangerous goods cannot be guaranteed with this currently practiced system of measuring the angle of repose. As a consequence, an alternative parameter to characterize the flow properties of bulk materials should be used in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings, such as the Hausner ratio. This approach leads to more precise test results for the substances examined (maximum coefficient of variation 2.8 %). It also has advantages in terms of applicability and occupational safety. Since the flow properties are safety-relevant, both in terms of mechanical safety and safety against the release of dangerous substances, the testing practice in the recognized test labs should be improved and standardized. T2 - IAPRI Bangkok 2022 23rd World Packaging Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Sift-proofness KW - Powders KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Angle of repose KW - Hausner ratio PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olscher, C. A1 - Jandric, A. A1 - Zafiu, C. A1 - Part, Florian T1 - Evaluation of marker materials and spectroscopic methods for tracer-based sorting of plastic wastes N2 - Plastics are a ubiquitous material with good mechanical, chemical and thermal properties, and are used in all industrial sectors. Large quantities, widespread use, and insufficient management of plastic wastes lead to low recycling rates. The key challenge in recycling plastic waste is achieving a higher degree of homogeneity between the different polymer material streams. Modern waste sorting plants use automated sensor-based sorting systems capable to sort out commodity plastics, while many engineering plastics, such as polyoxymethylene (POM), will end up in mixed waste streams and are therefore not recycled. A novel approach to increasing recycling rates is tracer-based sorting (TBS), which uses a traceable plastic additive or marker that enables or enhances polymer type identification based on the tracer’s unique fingerprint (e.g., fluorescence). With future TBS applications in mind, we have summarized the literature and assessed TBS techniques and spectroscopic detection methods. Furthermore, a comprehensive list of potential tracer substances suitable for thermoplastics was derived from the literature. We also derived a set of criteria to select the most promising tracer candidates (3 out of 80) based on their material properties, toxicity profiles, and detectability that could be applied to enable the circularity of, for example, POM or other thermoplastics. KW - Circular economy KW - Post-consumer plastic waste KW - Plastic waste recycling KW - Tracer-based sorting KW - Sensor-based sorting KW - Spectroscopy KW - Fluorescent markers KW - Thermoplastics KW - Polyoxymethylene PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555624 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153074 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55562 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Bewertung von Fallfundamenten in der mechanischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Gefahrgutverpackungen N2 - Bericht über die Vorgehensweise der systematischen Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung angepasster Kriterien für die Bewertung von Aufprallfundamenten in der mechanischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Gefahrgutverpackungen T2 - AK Prüfstellen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.09.2022 KW - Fallprüfung KW - Aufprallfundament KW - Gefahrgutverpackung KW - Fallfundament KW - Mechanische Sicherheitsprüfung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55842 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Bewertung von Fallfundamenten in der mechanischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Gefahrgutverpackungen N2 - Bericht über die Vorgehensweise der systematischen Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung angepasster Kriterien für die Bewertung von Aufprallfundamenten in der mechanischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Gefahrgutverpackungen T2 - ERFA Verpackungen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.09.2022 KW - Fallprüfung KW - Aufprallfundament KW - Gefahrgutverpackung KW - Fallfundament KW - Mchanische Sicherheitsprüfung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55843 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Damage assessment of complete, filled fibreboard boxes in regulative vertical impact tests by dropping N2 - Due to the high damping mechanical properties of fibreboard materials, corrugated fibreboard boxes are widely used as transport packages of dangerous goods. Since there is a hazard of vertical impact within the distribution system, drop tests are performed as design type tests to assess the package’s ability to withstand damage. However, there is little information in this context regarding the mechanical response of a filled fibreboard box. This work aims to propose a concept utilizing experimental drop test results by means of finite-element (FE) analyses in order to predict the damage resistance of complete, filled corrugated fibreboard boxes which are ready for transportation. T2 - 38th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Poros Island, Greece DA - 20.09.2022 KW - Drop test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Corrugated fibreboard box KW - Finite-element-analysis KW - Explicit transient simulation KW - Crash simulation PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 52, Heft 4 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2022 KW - Zulassungen KW - Anerkennungen PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567677 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 405 EP - 460 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56767 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings. KW - Corrugated fibreboard box KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Mechanical response KW - Steel drum KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576985 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2759 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-57698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - How To Measure The Angle of Repose of Hazardous Substances in the Test Centers for Dangerous Goods Packagings N2 - The flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances for dangerous goods packagings are safety-relevant parameters. To specify the flow behavior, the angle of repose is measured in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings in Germany. Previous investigations performed on non-hazardous substances revealed that some of the methods currently used have disadvantages in application. Additionally, for occupational health and safety reasons, it was generally viewed critically to carry out measurements of the angle of repose for dangerous goods at all. Instead, the dimensionless Hausner ratio to describe the flow behavior was proposed. In this work, the investigations were extended to real hazardous substances to concretize the assessment. Five exemplary hazardous substances were tested for their angle of repose using the methods commonly applied in the test centers. The Hausner ratio was also determined. In addition, the influence of a different climatic preconditioning on the angle of repose measurement was examined using three selected non-hazardous bulk materials. The results show that the measurement of the angle of repose is not fundamentally excluded for dangerous goods. However, for reasons of applicability, repeatability and occupational health and safety, only the ISO method can be applied for dangerous filling substances. This method provides conservative results regarding a safety-related evaluation of flow properties for the transport of dangerous goods. In principle, both the ISO method and the determination of the Hausner ratio can be used for dangerous goods. It is also essential especially with finely powdered filling goods, to carry out controlled preconditioning. KW - Angle of repose KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Hausner ratio KW - Powders KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576552 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2756 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-57655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings. T2 - 31st IAPRI Members’ conference CY - Mumbai, India DA - 22.05.2023 KW - Drop test KW - Structural dynamics KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Impact target KW - Vibration analysis PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - How To Measure The Angle of Repose of Hazardous Substances in the Test Centers for Dangerous Goods Packagings N2 - The flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances for dangerous goods packagings are safety-relevant parameters. To specify the flow behavior, the angle of repose is measured in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings in Germany. Previous investigations performed on non-hazardous substances revealed that some of the methods currently used have disadvantages in application. Additionally, for occupational health and safety reasons, it was generally viewed critically to carry out measurements of the angle of repose for dangerous goods at all. Instead, the dimensionless Hausner ratio to describe the flow behavior was proposed. In this work, the investigations were extended to real hazardous substances to concretize the assessment. Five exemplary hazardous substances were tested for their angle of repose using the methods commonly applied in the test centers. The Hausner ratio was also determined. In addition, the influence of a different climatic preconditioning on the angle of repose measurement was examined using three selected non-hazardous bulk materials. The results show that the measurement of the angle of repose is not fundamentally excluded for dangerous goods. However, for reasons of applicability, repeatability and occupational health and safety, only the ISO method can be applied for dangerous filling substances. This method provides conservative results regarding a safety-related evaluation of flow properties for the transport of dangerous goods. In principle, both the ISO method and the determination of the Hausner ratio can be used for dangerous goods. It is also essential especially with finely powdered filling goods, to carry out controlled preconditioning. T2 - 31st IAPRI Members' Conference CY - Navi Mumbai, India DA - 22.05.2023 KW - Angle of repose KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Hausner ratio KW - Powders KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - FEA of the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations in drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods need to meet special requirements to get an approval. This includes free fall drop testing onto an essentially unyielding surface as a means to assess a package’s resistance to mechanical damage. A main requirement for drop tests is that the impact target’s mass shall be at least 50 times that of the heaviest package to be tested. Nevertheless, many manufacturers do not possess foundation structures with the required mass ratio. Previous evidence highlights that the mass ratio is not a decisive criterion on its own. Parameters such as the impact target foundation’s connection and the impulse experienced by the impacting object are essential as well. However, these factors are not easily verifiable since experimental measurements are not possible at most facilities. The objective of this work is to provide a detailed analysis on the interaction between impact target foundation and subgrade in dynamic impact testing using validated finite-element (FE) models. This research is highly beneficial for industrial application since it allows manufacturers to make informed predictions about the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 2023 CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 03.09.2012 KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Foundation KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Farahbakhsh, Mahin A1 - Tscheuschner, Frank T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT N2 - Es werden die Anwendungen des Gefahrgutdatenpools der BAM aufgezeigt, der ein zentrales Informationssystem für den Transport gefährlicher Güter darstellt. T2 - Internationale Gefahrguttage Hamburg 2024 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 26.02.2024 KW - BAM-Liste KW - Datenbank GEFAHRGUT KW - Gefahrgut-Schnellinfo KW - Gefahrgutdatenpool KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Informationssystem KW - Kurzinfo KW - Modul für Beförderungspapier KW - Modul für radioaktive Stoffe KW - BAM List KW - Dangerous Goods Database KW - Dangerous Goods Quickinfo KW - Radioactive Materials Module KW - Transport Documents Module PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59682 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neitsch, Marcel T1 - Die Gefahrgutregeln der BAM - Wichtige Handlungsanleitungen für die Praxis rund um Verpackungen, IBC und Großverpackungen für den Transport gefährlicher Güter N2 - Im Vortrag werden die Gefahrgutregeln der BAM vorgestellt, die für den Bereich Verpackungen, Großpackmittel und Großverpackungen relevant sind. Es wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen gegeben. T2 - 18. Gefahrgut-Technik-Tage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.11.2021 KW - BAM-GGR KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-58896 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neitsch, Marcel T1 - Nutzung von Recycling-Kunststoffen für die Produktion von Gefahrgutverpackungen – aktueller Stand der Norm ISO 16103 N2 - Im Vortrag wird der Stand der Weiterentwicklung der ISO 16103 dargestellt, in der Regelungen zur Qualitätssicherung bei der Herstellung von Recycling-Kunststoffen und daraus hergestellter Gefahrgutverpackungen enthalten sind. Darüber hinaus wird auf die Verbindungen zu den UN Model Regulations und zum ADR eingegangen und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Zulassung und die Anerkennung des Qualitätssicherungsprogramms ergeben. T2 - 19. Gefahrgut-Technik-Tage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.11.2023 KW - ISO 16103 KW - Recycling-Kunststoffe KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58894 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neitsch, Marcel T1 - Gefahrgutverpackungen richtig verwenden N2 - Im Vortrag wird an Praxisbeispielen auf die richtige Nutzung von Gefahrgutverpackungen einschl. der Bewertung der UN-Kennzeichen und anderer vom Gefahrgutrecht vorgeschriebener Kennzeichen eingegangen. T2 - 09. Gefahrgut-Infomarkt CY - Online meeting DA - 16.05.2022 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - ADR KW - UN-Kennzeichen KW - Gefahrguttransport PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-58895 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Ablauf des Zustimmungsverfahrens zu alternativen Methoden zum Wasserbad in der BAM N2 - Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Ablauf zur Zustimmung alternativer Methoden der Dichtheitsprüfung für gefüllte Druckgaspackungen nach ADR 6.2.6.3.2. T2 - IGA-Herbstforum CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 24.11.2023 KW - Druckgaspackungen KW - Zustimmung KW - Alternative Dichtheitsprüfverfahren PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59032 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - el Dsoki, Chalid T1 - Hitzebeständigkeit von Funkgeräten N2 - Lithium-Akkus können bei großer Hitzeeinwirkung thermisch durchgehen. Und doch sind sie in vielen Geräten der Feuerwehr verbaut, zum Beispiel in Funkgeräten. Ein Sicherheitsrisiko beim Löscheinsatz? KW - Funkgeräte Löscheinsatz PY - 2023 IS - 12 SP - 64 EP - 66 AN - OPUS4-59075 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Katja A1 - Stahl, Michael T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT N2 - Es werden die Anwendungen des Gefahrgutdatenpools der BAM aufgezeigt, der ein zentrales Informationssystem für den Transport gefährlicher Güter darstellt. T2 - Stuttgarter Gefahrguttag CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 24.10.2023 KW - BAM-Liste KW - Datenbank GEFAHRGUT KW - Gefahrgut-Schnellinfo KW - Gefahrgutdatenpool KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Informationssystem KW - Kurzinfo KW - Modul für Beförderungspapiere KW - Modul für radioaktive Stoffe KW - BAM List KW - Dangerous Goods Database KW - Dangerous Goods Quickinfo KW - Radioactive Materials Module KW - Transport Documents Module PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58710 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Katja A1 - Stahl, Michael T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT - Hilfe bei der Kennzeichnung der Umweltgefahr N2 - Möglichkeiten der Datenbank GEFAHRGUT und des Gefahrgutdatenservices die Notwendigkeit der Kennzeichnung der Umweltgefahr zu ermitteln. T2 - Stuttgarter Gefahrguttag CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 24.10.2023 KW - Datenbank KW - Fachinformationssystem KW - Gefahrgut KW - Kennzeichnung KW - Umweltgefahr KW - Dangerous goods KW - Database KW - Environmentally hazardous substance KW - Labelling KW - Specialised information system PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58711 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Vergleichende Schüttwinkelmessungen an festen Gefahrgütern N2 - Die in den von der BAM anerkannten Prüfstellen für Gefahrgutverpackungen gängigen Schüttwinkel-Messmethoden werden verglichen, anhand der Messung an fünf pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoffen mit gefährlichen Eigenschaften. Zusätzlich wird die Untersuchung des Einflusses einer unterschiedlichen klimatischen Vorlagerung vorgenommen. T2 - 36. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.09.2023 KW - Schüttwinkel KW - Pulver KW - Schüttgüter KW - Fließfähigkeit PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58278 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rieck, Arielle A1 - Schwarz, Irina T1 - Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) coupled to gas fermentation with acetogenic bacteria N2 - For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels. A promising method to alleviate the greenhouse effect and thereby forming value-added chemicals or syngas as an energy carrier, is through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work, a bioelectrotechnological approach is developed, in which the CO2RR reaction products (CO and H2) are directly fed to bacteria (acetogens), who use them as “reduction equivalents” to further metabolize CO2 to valuable carbon compounds. Therefore, a bio-electrochemical system consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell will be established. Currently, scarce catalysts such as Ag and Au are used as for the CO2RR which may hamper the use of decentral CO2 conversion technology for cost reasons. The technological viability of the bacteria-assisted electrolysis depends on the usage of efficient, biocompatible, and selective electrocatalysts prepared from inexpensive precursors. Porous transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) have emerged as precious-metal free electrocatalysts for the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CO and are excellent candidates for scale-up and deployment in technological applications. Furthermore, Co/Ni/Zn functioning as the catalytically active sites will be used, as they are expected to depict non-bactericidal properties in contrast to Cu and Ag catalysts. The non-bactericidal property could e.g., allow for application within the hybrid device (bio-electrochemical system), without the need to separate bacteria and cathode catalyst. The MNCs with the most promising electrocatalytic activity and selectivity will be evaluated in abiotic conditions in the hybrid bio-electrochemical reactor system. T2 - DFG Summer School Workshop CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 01.09.2022 KW - Katalysator KW - CO2 Reduktion KW - Bioelectrochemical CO2 reduction PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rieck, Arielle A1 - Schwarz, Irina T1 - Valorization of CO2 by electrocatalytic reduction coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers (Ecat-acetogens) N2 - For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels. A promising method to alleviate the greenhouse effect and thereby forming value-added chemicals or syngas as an energy carrier, is through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work, a bioelectrotechnological approach is developed, in which the CO2RR reaction products (CO and H2) are directly fed to bacteria (acetogens), who use them as “reduction equivalents” to further metabolize CO2 to valuable carbon compounds. Therefore, a bio-electrochemical system consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell will be established. Currently, scarce catalysts such as Ag and Au are used as for the CO2RR which may hamper the use of decentral CO2 conversion technology for cost reasons. The technological viability of the bacteria-assisted electrolysis depends on the usage of efficient, biocompatible, and selective electrocatalysts prepared from inexpensive precursors. Porous transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) have emerged as precious-metal free electrocatalysts for the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CO and are excellent candidates for scale-up and deployment in technological applications. Furthermore, Co/Ni/Zn functioning as the catalytically active sites will be used, as they are expected to depict non-bactericidal properties in contrast to Cu and Ag catalysts. The non-bactericidal property could e.g., allow for application within the hybrid device (bio-electrochemical system), without the need to separate bacteria and cathode catalyst. The MNCs with the most promising electrocatalytic activity and selectivity will be evaluated in abiotic conditions in the hybrid bio-electrochemical reactor system. T2 - DFG Summer School Workshop CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 01.09.2022 KW - CO2 Reduktion KW - MNC catalyst KW - Clostridium ragsdalei PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Farahbakhsh, Mahin A1 - Tscheuschner, Frank T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT N2 - Es werden die Anwendungen des Gefahrgutdatenpools der BAM aufgezeigt, der ein zentrales Informationssystem für den Transport gefährlicher Güter darstellt. T2 - Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage Hamburg 2023 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 27.02.2023 KW - BAM-Liste KW - Datenbank GEFAHRGUT KW - Gefahrgut-Schnellinfo KW - Gefahrgutdatenpool KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Informationssystem KW - Kurzinfo KW - Modul für Beförderungspapier KW - Modul für radioaktive Stoffe KW - BAM List KW - Dangerous Goods Database KW - Dangerous Goods Quickinfo KW - Radioactive Materials Module KW - Transport Documents Module PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57114 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Farahbakhsh, Mahin A1 - Tscheuschner, Frank T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT - Hilfe bei der Kennzeichnung der Umweltgefahr N2 - Möglichkeiten der Datenbank GEFAHRGUT und des Gefahrgutdatenservices die Notwendigkeit der Kennzeichnung der Umweltgefahr zu ermitteln T2 - Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage Hamburg 2023 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 27.02.2023 KW - Datenbank KW - Fachinformationssystem KW - Gefahrgut KW - Kennzeichnung KW - Umweltgefahr KW - Dangerous goods KW - Database KW - Environmentally hazardous substance KW - Labelling KW - Specialised information system PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57115 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Kadoke, Daniel A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Zehn, Manfred W. T1 - Damage assessment of complete, filled fibreboard boxes in regulative vertical impact tests by dropping N2 - Due to the high damping mechanical properties of fiberboard materials, corrugated fiberboard boxes are widely used as transport packagings of dangerous goods. Since there is risk of vertical impact within the distribution system, drop tests are performed as design type tests to assess a package’s ability to withstand damage. In this context, however, little is known regarding the transient mechanical response of a filled fiberboard box. The reason is that the nature of the packaging material presents challenges in identifying the deformation mechanisms experimentally. The aim of this work is to provide a framework for predicting the damage resistance of complete, filled corrugated fiberboard boxes which are ready for transportation. Therein, drop test finite-element simulations are used and validated by experimental results. These numerical calculation models are a valuable tool for virtual product development and contribute to the optimization of the design cycle. KW - Finite-element-method KW - Digital image correlation KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Corrugated fiberboard box KW - Drop test PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575050 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.679 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-57505 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John T1 - Fließeigenschaften fester Gefahrgüter vor dem Hintergrund der Sicherheit beim Gefahrguttransport in Gefahrgutverpackungen - Teil 2: Vergleichende Schüttwinkeluntersuchungen N2 - In den deutschen Zulassungen für Gefahrgutverpackungen muss der minimale Schüttwinkel angegeben werden, für den die Verpackung verwendet werden darf. Dieser fungiert als Maß für die Fließeigenschaften pulverförmiger oder körniger Stoffe und ist wichtig für die Sicherheit beim Gefahrguttransport. In den Prüfstellen existiert jedoch eine Reihe von Messmethoden für diese Kenngröße. In der Vergangenheit war hierbei unklar, welche dieser Methoden für welche Prüffüllgüter prinzipiell geeignet sind. Die BAM nahm dies zum Anlass, die gebräuchlichen Messmethoden systematisch zu untersuchen. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Gesamtüberblick über die Ergebnisse und stellt die Schlussfolgerungen für die Prüfpraxis in den anerkannten Prüfstellen für Gefahrgutverpackungen dar. KW - Schüttwinkel KW - Gefahrgut KW - Fließeigenschaften PY - 2024 SN - 2191-007 VL - 14 IS - 09-10 SP - 19 EP - 24 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH und Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-60986 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John T1 - Fließeigenschaften fester Gefahrgüter vor dem Hintergrund der Sicherheit beim Gefahrguttransport in Gefahrgutverpackungen - Teil 1: Einführung N2 - Die Fließeigenschaften fester Gefahrgüter spielen für die Sicherheit beim Gefahrguttransport eine wichtige Rolle. Diese haben einen Einfluss sowohl auf die mechanische Sicherheit der verwendeten Verpackung als auch auf die Freisetzung fester Substanzen unter normalen Beförderungsbedingungen aufgrund ungenügender Staubdichtheit. Bei festen Gefahrgütern kann es sich entweder um pulverförmige oder um körnige Stoffe handeln. Um der sicherheitsrelevanten Bedeutung der Fließeigenschaften fester Füllgüter Rechnung zu tragen, muss in den deutschen Zulassungen für Gefahrgutverpackungen der minimale Schüttwinkel angegeben werden, für welche die Verpackung verwendet werden darf. In der Praxis der Prüfstellen existiert jedoch eine Reihe von Messmethoden für diese Kenngröße. In der Vergangenheit war hierbei unklar, welche dieser Methoden für welche Prüffüllgüter prinzipiell geeignet sind. Es ist jedoch essenziell, die Vor- und Nachteile sowie die Grenzen der einzelnen Verfahren zu kennen. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Einführung in die Thematik und in experimentelle Untersuchungen, die in der BAM durchgeführt wurden, um eine Klärung herbeizuführen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Versuche werden in einem Folgeartikel vorgestellt. KW - Schüttwinkel KW - Gefahrgut KW - Fließeigenschaften PY - 2024 VL - 14 IS - 07-08 SP - 23 EP - 29 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH und Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-60985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Drop test simulation of packaging for dangerous goods: Investigation of appropriate drop height adjustment N2 - In the approval process of dangerous goods packagings, drop tests onto a flat, essentially unyielding surface are used to assess resistance against mechanical damage. International adopted regulations like ADR and RID define filling good dependent drop heights and filling degrees whilst the user needs to define the maximum gross mass to be tested and approved. Maximum packaging gross mass is defined conservatively and not reached in practice. To meet the defined gross mass in testing, using additives is permitted. However, in some cases, additives are not desirable due to packaging design or filling substance properties. This leads to deviations from the initial gross mass definition. Hence, a certain drop height adjustment is necessary to achieve the required impact loading. Laboratories frequently adjust drop height assuming a perfectly elastic collision which is inaccurate. Appropriate adjustment is not trivial due to energy conversion processes, e.g., plastic deformation. In this work, a test stand is developed for measuring the change in kinetic energy of different packaging designs and filling substances in regulative drop tests. The experimental results are used to validate finite-element (FE) models so that packaging properties can be varied in simulated drop test scenarios. The findings intend to describe the appropriate drop height adjustment of the respective packaging with same design but deviating gross mass to produce comparable mechanical response. The results are highly beneficial for testing laboratories, approval issuing authorities and packaging institutes confronted with the problem of testing packages with gross masses other than those to be approved. T2 - 24th IAPRI World Conference CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 17.06.2024 KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - FEM KW - Drop test KW - Mechanical response PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hong, H. A1 - Part, Florian A1 - Nowack, B. T1 - Prospective dynamic and probabilistic material flow analysis of graphene-based materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 N2 - As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all current or expected uses of GBMs from 2004 to 2030, during which time there have already been significant changes in how the graphene mass produced is distributed to different product categories. Although the volume of GBM production is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, outflow from the consumption of products containing GBMs shows only a slightly positive trend due to their long lifetimes and the large in-use stock of some applications (e.g., GBM composites used in wind turbine blades). From consumption and end-of-life phase GBM mass flows in 2030, estimates suggest that more than 50% will be incinerated and oxidized in waste plants, 16% will be landfilled, 12% will be exported out of Europe, and 1.4% of the annual production will flow to the environment. Predicted release concentrations for 2030 are 1.4 ng/L in surface water and 20 μg/kg in sludge-treated soil. This study’s results could be used for prospective environmental risk assessments and as input for environmental fate models. KW - Graphene KW - Graphene-based material (GBM) KW - Material flow analysis KW - Exposure modeling PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568843 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04002 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 56 SP - 13798 EP - 13809 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-56884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick‐Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, Manfred W. T1 - Drop Test Simulation of Packaging for Dangerous Goods: An Investigation of Appropriate Drop Height Adjustment in Case of Deviating Packaging Gross Mass N2 - In the approval process of dangerous goods packagings, drop tests onto a flat, essentially unyielding surface are used to assess resistance against mechanical damage. International adopted regulations like ADR and RID define filling good dependent drop heights and filling degrees whilst the user needs to define the maximum gross mass to be tested and approved. Maximum packaging gross mass is defined conservatively and not reached in practice. To meet the defined gross mass in testing, using additives is permitted. However, in some cases, additives are not desirable due to packaging design or filling substance properties. This leads to deviations from the initial gross mass definition. Hence, a certain drop height adjustment is necessary to achieve the required impact loading. Laboratories frequently adjust drop height assuming a perfectly elastic collision that is inaccurate. Appropriate adjustment is not trivial due to energy conversion processes, for example, plastic deformation. In this work, a test stand KW - Corrugated fibreboard box KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Mechanical response KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614138 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2858 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-61413 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -