TY - CONF A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Blankenhagel, Paul T1 - Organic peroxide fireballs - Report of progress N2 - Summary of recent research activities at BAM concerning large scale fireballs of organic peroxides (OP). Videos of the tests performed in Nanjing, China, are presented. A new model for OP fireball diameter, duration, height and SEP is proposed based on all experiments. In addition, small scale test results using DTBP and heptane are presented. Finally, CFD simulation is used to predict the fireball parameters: diameter, duration and height. T2 - IGUS EOS Meeting CY - Shanghai, China DA - 09.04.2018 KW - Fireball KW - Organic peroxide KW - Thermal radiation KW - Safety distances PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankenhagel, Paul A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Mishra, K. B. T1 - Thermal radiation assessment of fireballs using infrared camera JF - Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries N2 - The thermal radiation impact of organic peroxide fireballs is experimentally assessed using an infrared camera. Fireballs are generated while liquid peroxide filled steel drums are subjected to gas burner fire at different heating rates. Three large burning clouds are observed with varying flame characteristics. Thermal radiation properties are assessed by infrared images with the presented methods. Despite of the two-dimensional temperature fields, the flames are treated and characterized as three-dimensional objects. Fireball diameters and heights are calculated based on a representing radiating sphere with the same cloud volume. By the use of the solid flame model and assumptions for emissivity and transmissivity, heat fluxes and thermal radiation doses against distance are predicted. Thermal safety distances are presented based on the maximum irradiance and the allowed exposure time. The validation of the maximum and time-dependent radiation fields is achieved through heat flux sensors in varying distances to the fireball. The results prove the use of an infrared camera and a volume based size calculation to fully assess the thermal radiation hazards of fireballs. KW - Fireball KW - Thermal radiation KW - Infrared camera KW - Organic peroxide KW - Safety distances PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.04.008 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 54 SP - 246 EP - 253 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-45277 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankenhagel, Paul A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Mishra, K. B. A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - The capability of commercial CFD code to predict organic peroxide fireball characteristics JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials N2 - Fireballs of liquid organic peroxides differ from those of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Modified equations for predicting the fireball diameter, height, surface emissive power and the duration in dependence of the fuel mass are presented for di-tert-butyl peroxide. They base on 13 steel drum tests with fuel masses from 10 kg to 168 kg. Moreover, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed using the laminar flamelet approach and a statistically turbulence treatment. Fireballs involving peroxide from 10 kg to 80 kg were simulated and their properties compared to the experimentally developed models. The deviations of each property are partially compensating each other leading to an adequate prediction of thermal safety distances for both, a time-independent and a time-averaged treatment. Simulations prove to be a good tool for predicting thermal radiation hazards of fireball scenarios. KW - Fireball KW - CFD simulation KW - Organic peroxide KW - Fire safety KW - DTBP PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.011 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 365 SP - 386 EP - 394 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -