TY - JOUR A1 - Santandrea, A. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Brunello, D. A1 - Perrin, L. A1 - Laurent, A. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Evaluating the explosion severity of nanopowders: International standards versus reality N2 - The maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise, which characterize thedust explosion severity, are commonly measured in apparatuses and under specific conditions defined byinternational standards. However, those standards conditions, designed for micropowders, may not befully adapted to nanoparticles. Investigations were conducted on different nanopowders (nanocellulose,carbon black, aluminum) to illustrate their specific behaviors and highlight the potential inadequacyof the standards. The influence of the sample preparation was explored. Various testing procedureswere compared, focusing on the dust cloud turbulence and homogeneity. Dust dispersion experimentsevidenced the importance of the characterization of the dust cloud after dispersion, due to the frag-mentation of agglomerates, using metrics relevant with nanoparticles reactivity (e.g. surface diameterinstead of volume diameter). Moreover, the overdriving phenomenon (when the experimental resultsbecome dependent of the ignition energy), already identified for micropowders, can be exacerbated fornanoparticles due to their low minimum ignition energy and to the high energy used under standardconditions. It was evidenced that for highly sensitive nanopowders, pre-ignition phenomenon can occur.Finally, during severe explosions and due to a too long opening delay of the ‘fast acting valve’, the flamecan go back to the dust container. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.011 VL - 138 SP - 279 EP - 291 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qianc, X. T1 - Minimum explosion concentrations of coal dusts with CH4/H2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - A 20-L spherical explosion chamber was used to investigate the explosion characteristics of dust clouds in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). including minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of dust. Explosion pressure (Pex) and explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)ex). Two dust samples (anthracite coal, bituminous coal) and were three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) were tested. Experimental results showed that the explosion of hybrid mixtures occurs when both dust and gas concentrations are lower than the LEL/MEC of the single substances. Meanwhile. all flammable gases with different volume fractions have distinct effects on the MEC. Pex and (dp/dt)ex of the dust samples. With the increase of the flammable gas concentration. either the Pex and (dp/dt)ex increase or the MEC decreases for all the hybrid mixtures of both two dust samples. At the same concentration of coal dusts. the addition of CH4 promotes higher explosion risks than the other two flammable gases. The distribution of (dp/dt)ex is quite different with the restricted area defined by empirical formulas. These results improve our understanding of the explosion behaviour and the explosion risk of hybrid dust-gas mixtures in air. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum explosible concentration KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116401 SN - 0032-5910 VL - 260 SP - UNSP 116401 PB - Elsevier Sci. Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qian, X. T1 - Minimum ignition temperature of carbonaceous dust clouds in air with CH4/H-2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - Godbert-Greenwald furnace was used to investigate the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). Three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) and three carbonaceous dusts (anthracite coal, bituminous coal and sweet potato starch) were tested. Results showed that all flammable gases have distinct effects on the MITC of the dust samples and volatile matter content of dust plays an important role during the ignition process. Specifically, the MITC of anthracite coal dust decreased from 610 °C to 560 °C, 580 °C and 570 °C with 3% CH4, 3% CO and 2.5% H2, respectively. Moreover, a heterogeneous ignition mechanism model was proposed to verify the equally global ignition characteristic between hybrid anthracite coal-CxHy mixture and bituminous coal. All three gases had an ignorable effect on the MITC of starch dust considering the experimental error. The presence of CO and H2 slightly promoted the ignition of bituminous coal dust, but the addition of CH4 showed a distinct concentration effect on the MITC of bituminous coal: the MITC decreased with 1% CH4 while increased with 2% and 3% CH4. This negative-effect of flammable gases at such low concentrations on ignition temperature of bituminous coal dusts was found for the first time. Furthermore, the presence of the 2nd flammable gas had a smaller effect on the MITC of dust samples with a higher volatile content, resulted from the competition of heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition mechanisms. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116811 SN - 0016-2361 VL - 264 SP - 116811 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Thomas A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Vergiftungstod bei Motorbootreinigung N2 - Ein Praktikant atmete bei Reinigungsarbeiten Dämpfe des verwendeten Reinigungsmittels ein, fiel in Ohnmacht und verstarb. Der Meister, der den Praktikanten mit dieser Tätigkeit beauftragt hatte, wurde wegen fahrlässiger Tötung durch Verstöße gegen das Jugendarbeitsschutz- und Gefahrstoffrecht verurteilt. Dieser Aufsatz bereitet die wesentlichen Aussagen des Urteils auf – und erläutert auch die Fehler gemäß Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV), die das Gericht nicht anspricht. KW - Arbeitsschutz KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - Substitution PY - 2020 SN - 2698-3710 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 31 PB - Verlag C.H.BECK oHG CY - München AN - OPUS4-50455 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Wilrich, Thomas T1 - Explosion bei Reinigungsarbeiten mit Ethanol im Schulunterricht N2 - Für die Reinigung ihres Klassenzimmers von Klebstoffresten, Schmierereien u. ä. am Ende des Schuljahres verwendeten die Schüler einen 20 l-Blechkanister mit Lösemittel (Ethanol bzw. Spiritus für Matrizendrucker), der als leichtentzündlich gekennzeichnet war. Die Entnahme des Lösemittels durch die Schüler erfolgte durch vorsichtiges Kippen des in einem Regal stehenden Kanisters nach vorne, so dass Lösemittel auf die für die Reinigung verwendeten Papiertücher tropfte. Am 23. Juni 1997 kam es unter Bildung einer Stichflamme zur Entzündung verschütteten Ethanols und in der Folge auch zum Bersten des Behälters. In der Folge des Unfalls verstarb eine Schülerin und acht weitere Schülerinnen und Schüler wurden zum Teil schwerstverletzt. Zudem entstand infolge des Brandgeschehens erheblicher Sachschaden. Dieser Aufsatz stellt das Strafurteil gegen den verantwortlichen Lehrer vor und diskutiert die relevanten, aber im Urteil nicht benannten Anforderungen des Gefahrstoffrechts. KW - Explosion KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - Substitution PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.2365-7634.2020.01.11 SN - 2365-7626 SN - 2365-7634 (eJournal) IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 46 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag (ESV) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50269 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Oertzen, Alexander A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - GHS Einstufung von Explosivstoffen — Quo vadis? N2 - Länderübergreifende und vereinheitlichte Kriterien zur Einstufung von gefährlichen Chemikalien und zu ihrer Gefahrenkommunikation sind ein wichtiges Element für die Sicherheit im Umgang mit Gefahrstoffen. Das globale System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien – das Globally Harmonized System der Vereinten Nationen (UN) – oder kurz GHS – unterstützt dieses Anliegen und hat auch Eingang in die europäischen Rechtsvorschriften gefunden. Die Vereinten Nationen (UN) haben sich nunmehr einiger systematischer Probleme im GHS angenommen und verändern in diesem Zuge auch das Einstufungssystem für Explosivstoffe. Die Fachdiskussionen im Kreis der Experten bei UN sind komplex und nicht leicht zu verfolgen. Es soll daher hier ein Zwischenstand über die bislang vorliegenden Ergebnisse der damit befassten Arbeitsgruppen dargestellt werden. KW - GHS KW - Explosivstoffe PY - 2020 SN - 0941-4584 VL - 2020 IS - 01 SP - 25 EP - 29 AN - OPUS4-50651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Lagerung von Desinfektionsmitteln N2 - Alkoholische Desinfektionsmittel sind entzündbare Flüssigkeiten und daher nach CLP-Verordnung entsprechend eingestuft und gekennzeichnet. Damit handelt es sich um Gefahrstoffe, für die die Arbeitsschutzvorschriften der Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV) zu beachten sind. Die Anforderungen der GefStoffV an die Lagerung von Gefahrstoffen in ortsbeweglichen Behältern sind in der TRGS 510 untersetzt und detailliert. Die TRGS 510 beschreibt konkrete Schutzmaßnahmen zur Erfüllung der Schutzziele der GefStoffV, die (fast) wie eine Checkliste abgearbeitet werden können. KW - Arbeitsschutz KW - Desinfektionsmittel KW - Entzündbare Flüssigkeiten KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Lagerung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - TRGS 510 PY - 2020 UR - https://www.sifa-sibe.de/sicherheitsingenieur/lagerung-von-desinfektionsmitteln/ VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 22 EP - 23 PB - Dr. Curt Haefner-Verlag GmbH CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-51027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aris, Stephan A1 - Szypkowski, Marko T1 - LPG-Gasflaschenventile: Aktuelles zur Normung N2 - Im Artikel wird über die Änderungen der überarbeiteten Normen für LPG-Gasflaschenventile und -Sicherheitsventile sowie deren Auswirkungen auf deren verbindliche Anwendung im Rahmen der Konformitätsbewertung nach TPED/ADR informiert. KW - LPG KW - Gasflaschenventile KW - Sicherheitsventile KW - Normung KW - TPED KW - ADR PY - 2020 SN - 0721-5894 IS - 5 SP - 14 EP - 16 PB - Strobel Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - Arnsberg AN - OPUS4-51344 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Thomas A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Zwei Strafverfahren zu Gefahrstoff-Unfällen nach missglückten Schulversuchen N2 - In zwei Fällen führten missglückte Schulversuche unter Verwendung von entzündbaren Flüssigkeiten zu Verletzungen von Schülern und Lehrern mit teilweise erheblichen Verbrennungen. Dieser Aufsatz erläutert die gerichtlichen Verfahren gegen die beiden verantwortlichen Lehrer und diskutiert die relevanten, aber in den Verfahren nicht benannten gefahrstoffrechtlichen Regelungen und Anforderungen des DGUV-Regelwerks. KW - Brand- und Explosionsschutz KW - Entzündbare Flüssigkeiten KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.2365-7634.2020.11.12 IS - 11 SP - 420 EP - 423 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag (ESV) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51515 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Silke A1 - Kurth, Lutz T1 - Wege zur richtigen Beurteilung von Gefährdungen - Unfalluntersuchung eines schwarzpulverähnlichen Reinigungspulvers N2 - Bei der Explosion in einer Herstellungsstätte für ein Pulver zur Reinigung industrieller Feuerungsanlagen ist eine Person tödlich verunglückt. Die BAM wurde gebeten, beschlagnahmte Muster des Reinigungspulvers zu bewerten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese sollten klären, ob die stoffliche Einstufung des Reinigungspulvers in die Klasse 5.1 für die sichergestellten Pulverproben zutreffend ist. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die untersuchten Pulverproben explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften aufweisen und der Klasse 1 zuzuordnen sind. Die weiterführende Gefährdungsbeurteilung erfolgte anhand neu eingeführter sicherheitstechnischer Kenndaten Kriterien und der daraus abgeleiteten Gefahrgruppe. KW - Gefährdung KW - Kenndaten KW - Gefahrgruppen PY - 2020 SN - 0941-4584 IS - 2 SP - 15 EP - 21 PB - Deutscher Sprengverband CY - Siegen AN - OPUS4-51146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Y. A1 - Cui, Y. A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zeng, Y. A1 - Sun, L. T1 - Economic analysis of hydrogen-powered data center N2 - The data center needs more and more electricity due to the explosive growth of IT servers and it could cause electricity power shortage and huge carbon emission. It is an attractive and promising solution to power the data center with hydrogen energy source. The present work aims to conduct an economic analysis on the hydrogen-powered data center. Configurations of hydrogen-powered and traditional data centers are compared and the differences focus on backup power system, converter/inverter, fuel cell subsystem, carbon emission, hydrogen and electricity consumptions. Economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the feasibility to power the data center with hydrogen energy source. Results show that electricity price increasing rate and hydrogen cost are the main factors to influence economic feasibility of hydrogen-powered data center. When the electricity price keeps constant in the coming two decades, the critical hydrogen price is about 2.8 U.S. dollar per kilogram. If the electricity price could increase 5% annually due to explosive growth of electric vehicles and economy, critical hydrogen price will become 6.4 U.S. dollar per kilogram. Hydrogen sources and transportation determine the hydrogen price together. Hydrogen production cost varies greatly with hydrogen sources and production technologies. Hydrogen transport cost is greatly influenced by distances and H2 consumptions to consumers. It could be summarized that the hydrogen-powered data center is economic if hydrogen could be produced from natural gas or H2-rich industrial waste streams in chemical plant and data center could not be built too far away from hydrogen sources. In addition, large-scale hydrogen-powered data center is more likely to be economic. Solar hydrogen powered data center has entered into a critical stage in the economic feasibility. Solar hydrogen production cost has restrained the H2 utilization in data center power systems now, since it could be competitive only when more strict carbon emission regulation is employed, hydrogen production cost reduces greatly and electricity price is increasing greatly in the future. However, it could be expected solar hydrogen-powered system will be adopted as the power source of data centers in the next few years. KW - Hydrogen KW - Date center KW - Economic analysis PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.048 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 46 IS - 55 SP - 27841 EP - 27850 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53658 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zang, N. A1 - Qian, X. A1 - Shu, C. A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Parametric sensitivity analysis for thermal runaway in semi-batch reactors: Application to cyclohexanone peroxide reactions N2 - The semi-batch reactors (SBRs) system, which is widely used in industrial processes, possesses an intrinsic parametric sensitivity, in which infinitesimal disturbances of input parameters can result in large variations in output variables. In this work, local parametric sensitivity analysis (PSA) was used to understand parameter variations and global PSA was conducted to examine the interaction of input parameters. The effects of these parameters on the output of the system model were analyzed based on the Monte Carlo method with Latin hypercube sampling and the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test model. The results showed that the evolution of thermal behaviors in SBRs were observed: marginal ignition; thermal runaway; and the quick onset, fair conversion, and smooth temperature profile. The threshold point of transition from marginal ignition to thermal runaway was at the maximal value of local sensitivity, for which the slope with respect to cooling temperature equaled zero. Moreover, the sequence of the global sensitivity of six common input parameters was computed and evaluated. The reliability of the numerical models was verified by using our previous experimental results of cyclohexanone peroxide reaction. This comprehensive sensitivity analysis could provide valuable operating information to improve chemical process safety. KW - Semi-batch reactor KW - Parametric sensitivity analysis KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Thermal runaway KW - Cyclohexanone peroxide PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104436 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 70 SP - 104436 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, D. A1 - Ji, T. A1 - Jing, Q. A1 - He, W. A1 - Fan, Z. A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Qian, X. T1 - Experimental study and mechanism model on the ignition sensitivity of typical organic dust clouds in O2/N2, O2/Ar and O2/CO2 atmospheres N2 - To reveal and improve our understanding of the ignition behavior and mechanism, G-G furnace experiments of three typical organic dusts were performed to investigate the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) in O2/N2, O2/ Ar and O2/CO2 atmospheres with oxygen mole fraction from 8.4% to 50%. The experimental results were presented in oxygen-lean and oxy-fuel atmospheres to evaluate the ignition sensitivity of dusts in different atmospheres. It was found that CO2 is the strongest in terms of lowing the ignition sensitivity of the three dusts, and the dust explosion risk increases significantly with increasing O2 mole fraction for the three dusts through a logarithmically and significantly reducing MIT. However, for different dusts, inert gases show different suppression effects. In addition, a modified steady-state homogeneous ignition model was proposed and successfully applied to oxygen-lean atmospheres, and in oxy-fuel atmospheres, this model has also been improved to estimate the ignition mechanism. This ignition mechanism model could be used to successfully predict the minimum ignition temperature of high volatile dust under different inert atmospheres controlled by homogeneous ignition, which will provide a reference for the ignition hazard assessment of dust on hot surfaces. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125108 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 412 SP - 125108 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-53660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Z. A1 - Guo, X. A1 - Xie, G. A1 - Yan, T. A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhang, F. A1 - Ang, R. T1 - Heat and electric flux coupling of closed-loop thermoelectric generator N2 - Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has been proved as a promising technology for directly converting heat into electricity based on Seebeck effect. On the contrary, this electricity can trigger a solid-state cooling based on conventional Peltier effect. However, these two effects induce a coupling between heat and electric flux, especially for the quantitative relationship still remaining a mystery. Here, we show experimental evidence and theoretical calculation for the coupling by monitoring transient response of fluid temperature and output power. The experimental maximum heat flow in open circuit is 1162 W at cold fluid flow rate = 0.3 m3/h and fluid temperature difference ΔTf = 70 °C, enhanced by 13% owing to heat compensation from intrinsic coupling in closed-loop circuit. Meanwhile, the measured maximum output power of TEG is 18.2 W, and subsequently decreases to 15.4 W due to the objective existence of coupling. This double-edged sword in coupling vigorously inspires the potential applications in heat-dissipation situation such as spacecraft, electronic components, photovoltaic, refrigerator and etc. Present findings open a novel avenue for manipulating heat-electricity conversion in practical engineering. KW - Thermoelectric generator PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114529 SN - 0196-8904 VL - 244 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, W. A1 - Wei, A. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Zhao, Peng A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Experimental and theoretical study on the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 blends on the ignition behavior of carbonaceous dust clouds N2 - Gaseous inhibitors are used in many industries for the explosion prevention of combustible dusts, mitigating the potential hazard to humans, properties and environments. This work experimentally and theoretically studied the inerting effect of gaseous inhibitors on the ignition process of dust clouds in O2/N2/CO2 atmospheres, with an emphasis on the role of the CO2/N2 ratio. 10 different combustible carbonaceous dusts were selected, including grain dust, biomass dust and coal dust. Experimental results showed that the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 is closely related to the ignition mechanism of dust clouds. Specifically, a higher ratio of CO2/N2 yields a stronger inhibition effect on the ignition process of dust samples with relatively low volatile matter contents predominated by heterogeneous ignition. In addition, two novel steady-state ignition mechanism models were developed to interpret the experimental observations. Maxwell-Stefan equations were used to describe the diffusivity in the ternary O2/N2/CO2 gas mixtures. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental data of the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC) in oxygen-lean atmospheres. The mechanism modelling can be used to estimate the critical ignition temperature of all carbonaceous dust clouds with a wide range of volatile matter content under different inert atmospheres, which will provide a reference for the explosion hazard assessment of dust posed by a hot surface in the process industries. KW - CO2/N2 ratio KW - Inerting effect KW - Volatile matter content KW - MITC KW - Mechanism model PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.005 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 153 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-53662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiesner, Anja A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Patzelt, Anne-Katrin T1 - InnoBOSK - Neues Netzwerk für besser abgestimmte zivile Sicherheitstechnik N2 - Innovative Lösungen im Bereich der zivilen Sicherheitstechnologie müssen sehr genau auf die Ansprüche der Endanwender*innen abgestimmt werden. Das vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderte Innovationsforum InnoBOSK der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ermöglicht erstmalig die Vernetzung von Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben (BOS) mit kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU). Während verschiedener Workshops, einer zweitägigen Konferenz und auf der digitalen Plattform des Projekts können Anbieter*innen und Endanwender*innen technischer Ausstattung in der zivilen Gefahrenabwehr in Kontakt treten. KW - BOS KW - KMU KW - Netzwerk KW - Security KW - Safety PY - 2021 SN - 0948-7913 VL - 52 IS - 2/2021 SP - 35 EP - 38 PB - Walhalla Fachverlag CY - Regensburg AN - OPUS4-53594 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Thomas A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Acetylen als Silvester-Feuerwerk bei der Berufsfeuerwehr: Zweckentfremdung mit Unfallfolge und Strafsanktion N2 - Zwei Brandmeister der Berufsfeuerwehr wollten ein Acetylen-Sauerstoffgemisch für ein Silvester-Feuerwerk verwenden (bzw. zweckentfremden). Dabei kam es zu einer starken Explosion und die beiden Feuerwehrleute erlitten schwerste Verbrennungen. Gegen die beiden wurden Strafbefehle wegen fahrlässigen "Herbeiführens einer Sprengstoffexplosion" erlassen. Der Aufsatz stellt die Strafbefehle vor und bespricht die Schnittstelle zum Arbeitsschutz- und Gefahrstoffrecht. KW - Acetylen KW - Explosion KW - Feuerwerk KW - Explosionsfähige Atmosphäre KW - Gefahrstoffe PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.2365-7634.2021.12.11 SN - 2365-7626 SN - 2365-7634 (eJournal) IS - 12 SP - 535 EP - 536 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag (ESV) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Wei, A. A1 - Duan, Q. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Ignition temperature and mechanism of carbonaceous dust clouds: The roles of volatile matter, CH4 addition, O2 mole fraction and diluent gas N2 - Minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) was studied experimentally and theoretically in different atmospheres. Three carbonaceous dusts were tested in both air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with CH4 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Results showed that the ignition risk of the three dusts significantly increases (decrease of MITC by ~100 ℃) with increasing XO2 from 21% to 50%, but significantly decreases replacing N2 in air with CO2. The inhibition effect of CO2 on MITCs could be diminished by increasing XO2 or adding CH4. The addition of small amount of CH4 has different effects on the MITCs of different dust samples, following the opposite order of volatile matter content: anthracite>bituminous coal>starch. Two modified steady-state ignition models, considering the density of mixture gas and dust cloud, XO2 and its diffusivity, were developed to interpret the experimental observations. The analysis revealed that the global heterogeneous ignition model suits well for the hybrid mixtures of anthracite or bituminous coal dusts. In contrast, the proposed global homogeneous ignition model was found to be only valid for the pure starch dust, and the extra CH4 addition could strongly affect the ignition process of starch, particularly in O2/CO2 atmospheres with higher XO2. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124189 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 405 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schalau, Sebastian A1 - Michel, S. A1 - Plischka, H. A1 - Harms, F. A1 - Leitl, B. A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Turnow, J. T1 - Simulation kurzzeitiger Gefahrstofffreisetzungen aus Industrieanlagen T1 - Simulation of short-term hazmat releases from industrial facilities - Challenges and possible solutions N2 - Gefahrstofffreisetzungen aus technischen Anlagen können erhebliche Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt bergen und sind deshalb bei der Planung, der Genehmigung und im Regelbetrieb technischer Anlagen zu berücksichtigen. Zur Identifizierung von Gefahrenbereichen im Zusammenhang mit Gasfreisetzungen und zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Schutzmaßnahmen werden Ausbreitungsrechnungen mithilfe verschiedener Modelle durchgeführt. Es werden zunehmend komplexere Berechnungsmodelle eingesetzt, die verlässlichere Prognosen liefern und helfen sollen, die Risiken durch windgetriebene Ausbreitung von Gasen weiter zu reduzieren. Mit steigender Komplexität der Simulationsverfahren steigen allerdings auch der Aufwand für die Entwicklung und die anwendungsbezogene Evaluierung neuer Modelle. Mit den vorgestellten Arbeiten wollen die Autoren einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung und Bereitstellung frei verfügbarer numerischer Strömungs- und Transportmodelle leisten und speziell die Weiterentwicklung der im Bereich Auswirkungsbetrachtungen verwendeten Werkzeuge unterstützen. Der Artikel beschreibt erste Problemlösungen auf dem Weg zur Entwicklung entsprechender, frei verfügbarer und angemessen validierter Softwaretools. N2 - Possible releases of hazardous materials from industrial sites pose substantial risks for people and the environment. Thus, they must be considered during planning, licensing, and operation of corresponding facilities. Different types of models are employed for identifying danger zones in the context of gaseous releases and to document the effect of protection measures. Numerical simulation tools of increasing physical complexity are utilized to obtain more reliable predictions and further reduce the risks associated gaseous hazmat releases. However, the increasing physical and Computational complexity of simulation tools is also raising the efforts needed for model development and application specific model evaluation. The work presented in this article is intended to foster the development of more sophisticated and freely available numerical flow and transport models, contributing to the further improvement of software tools available for respective consequence analysis and assessment. The article describes some first problems to be adequately addressed and solved on the way to a properly validated community modelling toolbox for near field dispersion of releases in complex industrial environments. KW - Gefahrstofffreisetzungen KW - CFD-Simulation KW - Turbulenzmodellierung KW - Windkanalmessungen PY - 2021 SN - 0949-8036 VL - 81 IS - 07-08 SP - 257 EP - 270 PB - VDI Fachmedien AN - OPUS4-53910 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Duan, Q. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction, inert gas and CH4 addition N2 - The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH4 (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (Pex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N2 with CO2, suggesting that CO2 has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH4 moderates the inhibition effect of CO2 and the promotion effect of O2 on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH4 mixture explosions, Barknecht’s curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier’s line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries. KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Minimun explosion concentration KW - Explosion charasteristics KW - Hybrid mixture KW - Explosion regimes PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104490 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. ET - 71 AN - OPUS4-54074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Reyes Rodriguez, M. A1 - Kristen, A. A1 - Kadoke, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Ignition temperatures and flame velocities of metallic nanomaterials N2 - The production of materials with dimensions in the nanometre range has continued to increase in recent years. In order to ensure safety when handling these products, the hazard potential of such innovative materials must be known. While several studies have already investigated the effects of explosions (such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise) of powders with primary particles in the nanometre range, little is known about the ignition temperatures and flame velocities. Therefore, the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of metallic nano powders (aluminium, iron, copper and zinc) was determined experimentally in a so called Godbert-Greenwald (GG) oven. Furthermore, the flame velocities were determined in a vertical tube. In order to better classify the test results, the tested samples were characterised in detail and the lower explosion limits of the tested dust samples were determined. Values for the burning velocity of aluminium nano powders are higher compared to values of micrometre powd ers (from literature). While MIT of nanometre aluminium powders is within the range of micrometre samples, MIT of zinc and copper nano powders is lower than values reported in literature for respective micrometre samples. KW - Dust explosions KW - Nanomaterial KW - Flame propagation KW - Minimum ignition temperature PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104482 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 2021 IS - 71 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Quasi-static dispersion of dusts for the determination of lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures N2 - Knowledge of explosion limiting concentration of explosible materials is necessary forthe design of explosion protection measures. Currently employed methods of testing MEC of a dust cloud or LEL of a hybrid mixture are based on arbitrary assumptionsand possess technical limitations that often lead to values of MEC/LEL, which are unrealistically low or poorly reproducible. This contribution presents an improved method for experimental determination of MEC of a combustible dust cloud or LEL of a flammable gas or hybrid mixture. The new setup operates under laminar conditions and allows a uniform suspension of dust particles in an open top acrylic glass tube. Dust concentration is measured with the help of infrared sensors installed a few centimeters above and below the ignition source. In order to evaluate the dependence of MEC on flow front velocity, MEC of lycopodium was determined at four flow velocities. The results show that the flow field intensity does not significantly influence the MEC of lycopodium for the flow ranges tested in this work. Moreover, LEL of hybrid mixtures of lycopodium and methane was also tested at flow velocities of 4.7 cm/s, 5.8 cm/s, 7 cm/s and 11 cm/s and compared with the values obtained from other sources. The results suggest that the requirement of high energy pyrotechnical igniter may be relinquished, provided that a truly homogeneous suspension of dust particles could be achieved. Moreover, the effect of relative amount of dust and gas, on the course of ignition and flame propagation in hybrid mixtures at their LEL, was studied by the help of high speed videos. For hybrid mixtures of carbonaceous dusts (like lycopodium) at their LEL, ignition occurs in the gas phase, however, flame propagation is only possible through a two-way interaction of dust and gas during the course of combustion. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104640 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 74 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54077 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Wilrich, Thomas T1 - Geringe Gefährdung gemäß Gefahrstoffverordnung bei Corona-Selbsttest? Gericht bestätigt die Vereinbarkeit mit dem Gefahrstoffrecht N2 - Corona-Selbsttests sind nicht nur in aller Munde, sondern auch in vielen Nasen und im Gespräch. Vor Kurzem musste sich das Oberverwaltungsgericht Magdeburg dazu äußern, ob die Durchführung von Corona-Selbsttests verweigert werden kann, unter anderem mit Hinweis und Begründung aus dem Gefahrstoffrecht. Dieser Aufsatz stellt das Urteil vor und geht auf die "geringe Gefährdung" gemäß Gefahrstoffrecht ein. KW - Corona-Selbsttest KW - Gefahrstoffrecht KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Geringe Gefährdung PY - 2021 IS - 12 SP - 44 EP - 46 PB - Dr. Curt Haefner-Verlag GmbH CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-54114 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -