TY - THES A1 - Traulsen, Christoph T1 - Programmierbare supramolekulare (Komposit-)Multischichten auf Gold- und Siliziumoberflächen N2 - The present doctoral thesis focuses on the deposition of programmable supramolecular multilayers and composite-multilayers on gold and silicon substrates using a layer-by-layer selfassembly approach which is based on coordination chemistry. For this purpose, a variety of pyridine- and terpyridine-terminated self-assembled monolayers has been developed and deposited on gold and silicon substrates. Multitechnique analysis was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), (angle-dependent) near-edge Xray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS spectroscopy), time-of-flight secondaryion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), transmissions UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). By optimization of the deposition procedure, highly-ordered monomolecular and binary monolayers were deposited. As a proof of principle, transition metal-ions and appropriately labeled test-ligands were deposited on top of the functional monolayers. Furthermore, monolayers of terpyridine-terminated tetralactam macrocycles and the corresponding ether rotaxanes have been immobilized using coordination chemistry. In order to enhance the macrocycle surface coverage, the deposition procedure has been optimized as well. Multilayers consisting of diterpyridine-terminated tetralactam macrocycles have been deposited using either Fe(II) or alternatingly Fe(II) and Ni(II) metal-ions. The surface analysis proved a regular layer growth and a remarkable orientation of the macrocycles within the layer stacks. The applicability of the deposition procedure was expanded to a programmable layer stack by implementing pyridine-terminated macrocycles. The monodentate ligands led to an additional coordination sphere and thus to the application of a different transition metal-ion. The macrocycles and metal-ions were programmed according to the deposition sequence applied. The corresponding layer stack exhibited a linear dichroism of the π*-resonance corresponding to a preferential orientation of the macrocycles. Furthermore, the concept was extended to the deposition of composite multilayers consisting of pyridine-functionalized macrocycles and gold-nanoparticles which were synthesized during this thesis as well. Finally, reversible on-surface host-guest complex formation N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Herstellung von programmierbaren, supramolekularen Multischichten und Komposit-Multischichten auf Gold- und Siliziumoberflächen durch Anwendung eines koordinationschemischen Schicht-auf-Schicht-Selbstorganisationsverfahrens und den damit verbundenen Synthesen, Beschichtungen und Analysen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde zunächst eine Vielzahl von pyridin- und terpyridinterminierten selbstorganisierten Monoschichten (SAM) hergestellt und auf Gold- und Siliziumoberflächen abgeschieden. Die Abscheideprozedur wurde optimiert wobei zur Analytik der Oberflächen Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS), winkelabhängiger kantennaher Röntgenabsorptionsfeinstrukturspektroskopie (NEXAFS-Spektroskopie), Flugzeit-Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie (ToF-SIMS), Transmissions-UV/Vis-Spektroskopie sowie Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) eingesetzt wurde. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich hochgeordnete monomolekulare und gemischte Monoschichten erzeugen lassen. Die terminalen funktionellen Gruppen dieser SAMs konnten als Ligand zur Komplexbildung mit Übergangsmetallionen verwendet werden. Diese koordinative Haftschicht wurde zur Verknüpfung zunächst von Testliganden und später von terpyridin-terminierten Tetralactam-Makrozyklen (TLM) und darauf basierenden Etherrotaxanen verwendet. Hierbei wurden ebenfalls die Beschichtungsbedingungen optimiert, um einen vollständigen Bedeckungsgrad zu erreichen. Unter Verwendung dieser Bedingungen wurden anschließend Multischichten aus TLMs und Fe(II)-Ionen sowie alternierend Fe(II) und Ni(II) abgeschieden. Die Analyse der hergestellten Multischichten zeigte reproduzierbar ein regelmäßiges, kontrollierbares Wachstum und eine Vorzugsorientierung. Durch den Einsatz von pyridin- und terpyridin-terminierten TLMs mit variierenden Metallionen konnte gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, die Abfolge verschiedener Schichten der Multischicht gezielt festzulegen. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit wurden pyridin-terminierte Goldnanopartikel hergestellt und in die Multischichten integriert, um so Komposit-Multischichten herzustellen. Letztlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die erzeugten Multischichten genutzt werden können, um über nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen reversibel Gastmoleküle zu binden und freizusetzten. KW - Layer-by-layer deposition KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - ToF SIMS KW - Progammable rotaxane stacks PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000096664-6 SP - 1 EP - 141 PB - Freie Universität CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Heinrich, Thomas T1 - Switchable Surfaces: Mono- and Multilayers of Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecules on Solid Supports N2 - Rotaxanes are mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that are considered to be excellent prototypes for the development of molecular machines. They comprise a discrete number of molecules that are bound to each other via non-covalent interactions. Mechanically interlocked means that a covalent bond must be broken in order to separate the molecules from another. If the rotaxanes are furthermore provided with different binding sites, they can perform a con-formational change and thus a nanoscopic movement by the application of an external stimu-lus. However, this movement is not directed in solution and a macroscopic effect is therefore, if at all, very difficult to realize. The integration of rotaxanes into a reference system by, for example, the immobilization on a surface is regarded as a promising approach to convert the generated nanoscopic motion into a macroscopic effect. The present work describes the immobilization of chloride-switchable rotaxanes onto surfaces using a variety of methods. In detail, the applied methods are the metal-mediated layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly and the covalent deposition using click chemistry, which can be con-sidered as separate approaches. Before the rotaxanes were immobilized, the deposition meth-ods were first established and gradually improved on the basis of earlier results by using dif-ferent macrocycle and guest molecules. Various template layers – so-called self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) – were used. These are terminated with pyridine or terpyridine for the metal-induced LbL deposition. Azide-terminated SAMs are used for the covalent deposition. In the course of that, the following objectives were achieved: The deposition of diterpyridin functionalized macrocycles in multilayers with a preferential orientation was investigated and verified by transmission-UV/Vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). In order to produce the multilayer, metal-ions and macrocycles were alternately deposited onto various SAMs. To enable further process control for the LbL deposition, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been extended by use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which is capable of analyzing even very small changes in the deposition procedure. By using two different macrocycles and four metals, a mixed multilayer was fabricated that can be programmed by its deposition sequence. The treatment of the multilayers with appropriate guest molecules showed that they are on one hand addressable to the lowest layer by an external stimulus and that they are on the other hand able to incorporate a relatively large amount of the guest. Additionally, the covalently deposited supramolecules are also able to bind guests and to adapt to their structures. In both cases, the reversibility could be shown by appropriate experiments. Finally, the introduction of pyridine-functionalized nanoparticles into the multilayers led to a higher guest uptake, which can be explained by the reduction of the macrocycle-order due to the uneven surface of the nanoparticles. KW - Layer-by-layer deposition KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - ToF SIMS KW - Switchable rotaxane PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000103658-0 SP - 1 EP - 139 PB - Freie Unversität CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -