TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Linke, B. A1 - Schulz, Sabrina A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - CO2-corrosion of steels exposed to saline water environment N2 - With CO2 being one reason for climate change carbon capture and storage (CCS) is discussed to mitigate climate change. When emission gases are compressed into deep geological layers CO2-corrosion can easily cause failure of injection pipes. Different steels 42CrMo4, X46Cr13 and X20Cr13 were tested as well as X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 in a laboratory Environment similar to the conditions of the CCS engineering site at the Northern German Bassin. Samples were exposed to synthetic aquifer water saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 NL/h. Corrosion rates obtained via mass loss vary in a wide range (0,005 to 2.5 mm/year). The precipitations within the corrosion scale revealed a complicated multiphase layer containing siderite FeCO3, goethite α-FeOOH, lepidocrocite γ-FeOOH, mackinawite FeS and akaganeite Fe8O8(OH)8Cl1,34 and spinelphases of various compositions. T2 - TMS 2011 - 140th Annual Meeting & Exhibition CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 27.02.2011 KW - CCS KW - Steel KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon Capture and Storage PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118062173.ch102 VL - 3 IS - 0807 SP - 807 EP - 814 AN - OPUS4-23472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartoszek, M. A1 - Eckelt, R. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Kosslick, H. A1 - Pawlik, Alf A1 - Schulz, A. T1 - Mesoporous silica-aluminas derived from precipitation: a study of the acidity, textural properties and catalytic performance KW - Silica-alumina KW - Solid state NMR KW - Acidity KW - Silicates KW - Tetrahedral aluminium PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3580-y SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 44 IS - 24 SP - 6629 EP - 6636 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Norwell, Mass. AN - OPUS4-20462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frunza, S. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Frunza, L. A1 - Ganea, P. A1 - Kosslick, H. A1 - Harloff, J. A1 - Schulz, A. T1 - Molecular relaxation processes in a MOF-5 structure revealed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy: signature of phenylene ring fluctuations N2 - The molecular mobility of a MOF-5 metal–organic framework was investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Three relaxation processes were revealed. The temperature dependence of their relaxation rates follows an Arrhenius law. The process observed at lower temperatures is attributed to bending fluctuations of the edges of the cages involving the Zn–O clusters. The processes ('region II') at higher temperatures were assigned to fluctuations of phenyl rings in agreement with the NMR data found by Gould et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3246). The carboxylate groups might also be involved. The rotational fluctuations of the phenyl rings leading to the low frequency part of relaxation region II might be hindered either by some solvent molecules entrapped in the cages or by an interpenetrated structure and have a broad distribution of activation energies. The high frequency part of region II corresponds nearly to a Debye-like process: This is explained by a well-defined structure of empty pores. PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1071617 SN - 1520-6106 SN - 1520-5207 SN - 1089-5647 VL - 114 IS - 40 SP - 12840 EP - 12846 PB - Soc. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-22255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marieta, C. A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Irusta, L. A1 - Gabilondo, N. A1 - Tercjak, A. A1 - Mondragon, I. T1 - Evaluation of fiber surface treatment and toughening of thermoset matrix on the interfacial behaviour of carbon fiber-reinforced cyanate matrix composites N2 - Composites of carbon fiber and cyanate ester matrix have been investigated. The research has been focused on the interfacial behaviour. The influence of carbon fiber surface treatments, sizing and oxidation, and also modification of thermoset matrix by the addition of a thermoplastic, has been analysed. In order to relate the interfacial behaviour with the characteristics of the components, a physico-chemical characterisation of the carbon fibers and of the cyanate ester resins has been carried out. Thereafter, the apparent interfacial shear strength, the interlaminar shear strength and the Mode II delamination fracture toughness, GIIC, have been measured by pull-out test, short beam-shear test, and end-notched flexure test, respectively. For fractographic analysis the surfaces of laminates fractured under Mode II deformation have also been examined by scanning electron microscopy. KW - Carbon fiber composites KW - Cyanate ester KW - Thermoplastic KW - Interfacial bonding KW - Mechanical properties KW - Morphology PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.008 SN - 0266-3538 VL - 65 IS - 14 SP - 2189 EP - 2197 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-10891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Lauer, A. T1 - ESP: Beurteilung elektronischer Fahrdynamiksysteme durch den ATT und Stand der internationalen Diskussion N2 - Untertitel: Zur Funktionsweise der Systeme Unterscheidung in Fahrzeug-Stabilisierung und Anhänger-Wank-Stabilisierungsfunktion Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik allgemein anerkannte Regeln der Technik Warum ist die Wirkvorschrift so wichtig? Gibt es Alternativen? Ist eine Einführung von elektronischen Fahrstabilisierungseinrichtungen auch ohne gesetzliche Vorgabe denkbar? Einbindung in den Markt (u. a. Bustouristik) Welche weiteren Vorstöße werden unternommen, um die vorhandenen Systeme in Regelwerke und damit in die Flotten einzuführen? Vorgehen in Dänemark T2 - anlässlich des Symposiums Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Gefahrgutrecht und der Fahrzeugkonstruktion im Rahmen der 60. IAA Nutzfahrzeuge CY - Hanover, Germany DA - 2004-09-30 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4280 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hinrichs, V. A1 - Leistner, A. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - Viscoelastic properties of the interphase in fibre reinforced polymers - measurement and simulation KW - Polymer KW - Glass fibre KW - Interphase KW - Coating KW - Glass transition KW - Dynamic KW - Viscoelastic PY - 1999 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 93 EP - 101 PB - North-Holland CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-12003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Reck, Günter A1 - Radeglia, Reiner A1 - Springer, A. A1 - Schulz, Burkhard T1 - Designed self-assembly of a bimolecular calix[4]resorcinarene capsule held together by hydrogen bonds N2 - The X-ray crystallographic study of the macrocyclic tetrakis-N[N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazino]calix[4]resorcinarene·3CH3CH2OH·H2O (3) reveals a self-assembled dimeric capsule-like complex held together by an array of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Pairs of concave molecules associate directly in bowl-to-bowl fashion and enclose an accessible supramolecular cavity of Å3 hosting one water and three ethanol molecules. The supramolecular arrangement displays alternating layers of facing bowls and interlocking lower rim aliphatic moieties. The helical conformation of the 2-hydroxyethyl piperazinomethyl moieties displays chirality of a bimolecular capsule frozen in the solid state. 3 crystallises in the triclinic space group P-1 with two symmetry independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Two enantiomeric capsules form a racemic pair in the unit cell. KW - Hydrogen bonded molecular capsule KW - Conformational chirality KW - Calix[4]resorcinarenes KW - Crystal structure PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.08.027 SN - 0022-2860 SN - 1872-8014 SN - 0377-046X VL - 784 IS - 1-3 SP - 157 EP - 161 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-12241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Pfaffernoschke, M. A1 - Springer, J. A1 - Schulz, Eckhard T1 - Polystyrene-grafted Carbon Fibers: Surface Properties and Adhesion to Polystyrene N2 - It is highly desirable to improve attractive interactions between carbon fibers and unreactive thermoplastic matrices to the possible maximum. This could be achieved by a simple grafting process to create a covalently bonded interface or interlayer, which should result in cohesive interactions between the polymer-grafted fibers and the same matrix material, leading to a better adhesion strength in the obtained composite material. Here, we are describing the grafting of styrene onto unmodified and unsized carbon fibers via free-radical bulk polymerization in the presence of fibers. After grafting, the surface properties of the carbon fiber approach those of pure polystyrene which was proven by contact angle and zeta ({zeta}) potential measurements. As indicated by the water contact angle, the carbon fiber surface becomes more hydrophobic. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides evidence of grafted polymer. This simple procedure results in a continuous polystyrene coating. The fiber diameter increases significantly after polymer grafting. The adhesion and fracture behavior between the original and polystyrene-grafted carbon fibers to a polystyrene (VESTYRON®) matrix was characterized using the single-fiber pull-out test. There is a considerable increase in the measurable adhesion, i.e., the interfacial shear strength IFSS, by almost 300% between the grafted fibers and polystyrene as compared to untreated original fibers. Two planes of interfacial failure could be distinguished; first in the fiber coating interface leading to lower interfacial shear strength and second in the PS-matrix-PS-coating interphase resulting in a higher interfacial shear strength. In addition to the improved adhesion, there are also clear differences in the pull-out behavior between the nongrafted and grafted fibers. After the initial debonding process corresponding to the maximal pull-out force is completed, the pull-out force is increasing again. PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705705049559 SN - 0892-7057 SN - 1530-7980 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 307 EP - 331 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-11599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ho, K.K.C. A1 - Lamoriniere, S. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Interfacial behavior between atmospheric-plasma-fluorinated carbon fibers and poly(vinylidene fluoride) N2 - Atmospheric-plasma fluorination was used to introduce fluorine functionalities onto the surface of carbon fibers without affecting their bulk properties. The interfacial adhesion between atmospheric-plasma-fluorinated carbon fibers and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was studied by means of direct wetting measurements and single fiber pullout tests. Measured contact angles of PVDF melt droplets on modified carbon fibers show that short exposure times of carbon fibers to atmospheric-plasma fluorination (corresponding to a degree of surface fluorination of F/C = 0.01 (1.1%)) leads to improved wettability of the fibers by PVDF melts. The apparent interfacial shear strength as a measure of practical adhesion, determined by the single-fiber pullout test, increases by 65% under optimal treatment conditions. The improved practical adhesion is not due to the formation of transcrystalline regions around the fibers or a change of the bulk matrix crystallinity or to an increased surface roughness; it seems to be due to the compatibilization of the interface caused of the atmospheric-plasma fluorination of the carbon fibers. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Fluorination KW - Contact angle KW - Interface KW - Adhesion KW - Surface area KW - Fiber properties PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.076 SN - 0021-9797 SN - 1095-7103 VL - 313 IS - 2 SP - 476 EP - 484 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-16026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Braig, A. ED - Marosi, G. J. T1 - Light stabilizers under attack by acid rain T2 - 2nd International Conference on Modification, Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers ; 2nd MoDeSt CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 SN - 3-527-30706-0 SN - 1022-1360 N1 - Serientitel: Macromolecular symposia – Series title: Macromolecular symposia IS - 202 SP - 1 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Braig, A. T1 - Stabilizers in Automotive Coatings under Acid Attack N2 - To examine the action of acid atmospheric precipitation on the light stabilisers in automotive coatings two common clearcoat types (TSA and 2K-PU) blended with commercially available HALS and UVA were subjected to artificial weathering (Acid Dew and Fog test and Acid-free weathering test) and natural weathering outdoors in Jacksonville, FL. Tracing gloss and haze during weathering the test results showed that the influence of acid stress on the long-term performance of the clearcoats depended on the kind of the stabilisation system. T2 - 26th FATIPEC Congress CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2002-09-09 KW - Coatings KW - Ageing KW - Stabilisation KW - HALS KW - Gloss KW - Acid resistance PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200209)187:1<835::AID-MASY835>3.0.CO;2-Y SN - 1022-1360 SN - 0258-0322 SN - 1521-3900 VL - 187 SP - 835 EP - 844 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stock, H.-R. A1 - Schulz, A. A1 - Kopnarski, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas ED - Ricard, A. T1 - Standards for composition-depth profiles of TiN, Ti(C, N) and (Ti, Al)N with different chemical composition T2 - 5th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE) CY - Garmisch-Patenkirchen, Germany DA - 1996-09-09 KW - Beschichtung KW - Plasma PY - 1996 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 97 IS - 1-3 SP - 181 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -