TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Bosse, M. ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Untersuchung der Witterungsbeständigkeit komplexer Funktionalitäten von Polymerwerkstoffen durch künstliche Bewitterung: Flammschutz N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde die Degradation der polymeren Matrix von flammgeschützten Polymeren eingehend untersucht. Erst in den letzten Jahren jedoch hat sich die Frage der Lebensdauer der Funktionalität des Flammschutzes selbst als wichtige Fragestellung herauskristallisiert, z.B. bei Kabeln. Deshalb sollte diese Fragestellung durch systematisch-variierte künstliche Klima- und Bewitterungstests an flammgeschützten Polymerwerkstoffen untersucht werden. T2 - 50. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (GUS) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.03.2022 KW - Flammschutz, Witterungsbeständigkeit, Langzeitbeständigkeit, UV, E&E PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-9818507-7-2 VL - 50 SP - 143 EP - 148 CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-54543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Kukofka, Tobias A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Ruder, J. A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Degradation of flame retardance: A comparison of ethylene‐vinyl acetate and low‐density polyethylene cables with two different metal hydroxides N2 - The durability of flame retardancy is a challenge for cables over long lifetimes. The degradation of flame retardance is investigated in two kinds of exposures, artificial weathering and humidity. In this basic study, typical mineral flame retardants in two polymers frequently used in cable jackets are investigated to get the fundamental picture. Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) are compared in ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), and further in EVA and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) cables containing the same ATH. The changes in chemical structure at the surface are studied through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), the formation of cracks, and changes in color are investigated. The cone calorimeter and a bench scale fire testing cable module are utilized to evaluate the fire behavior of the cables. Although the flame retardancy deteriorated slightly, it survived harsh exposure conditions for 2000 h. Compared to EVA/MDH and LLDPE/ATH, the fire behavior of EVA/ATH is the least sensitive. Taken together, all of the results converge to estimate that there will be no problem with flame retardancy performance, for materials subjected to natural exposure for several years; the durability of fire retardancy is questionable for longer periods, and thus requires further investigation. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) KW - Magnesium hydroxide KW - Ethylene-vinyl acetate KW - Cables KW - Weathering PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519573 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50149 VL - 138 IS - 14 SP - 50149 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-51957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Hochrein, T. A1 - Bastian, M. T1 - Langzeit- und Witterungsstabilität von halogenfreiem Flammschutz in Polymeren N2 - Die Forderung, dass der Flammschutz von Kunststoffen nicht nur zum bei der Herstellung der jeweiligen Produkte, sondern auch über die gesamte Einsatzdauer im geforderten Maß wirksam ist, stellt eine große Aufgabe dar. Ferner ist die Anforderung für viele Produkte in der Praxis neu, da bisher vor allem der Einfluss der Flammschutzmittel auf die Stabilität der Polymerwerkstoffe, nicht aber die Stabilität des Flammschutzes untersucht wurde. Das Langzeitverhalten halogenfreier Systeme ist bis heute wenig untersucht, insbesondere weil Phosphor- und Stickstoff-basierte Systeme die oxidative Beständigkeit von Polymeren weniger zu beeinflussen scheinen als halogenhaltige FSM. Die Frage, wie zuverlässig der Flammschutz wirkt, wenn Kunststoffe einige Jahre im Innen- und Außenbereich im Einsatz sind und dabei wechselnden Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt waren, wurde bislang nur vereinzelt untersucht. Mögliche Auswirkungen von Witterungseinflüssen auf flammgeschützte Polymerwerkstoffe sind, dass die Flammschutzmittel selbst abbauen, ausgewaschen werden, oder auch durch Wechselwirkung mit den eingesetzten Additiven oder mit den Alterungsprodukten der Polymermatrix in ihrer Wirkung nachlassen. Hier bestand großer Forschungsbedarf, um an den Punkt zu gelangen, die Beständigkeit der Flammschutzeigenschaften eines Produktes über seine gesamte Lebensdauer zuverlässig garantieren zu können. Diese Fragestellung greift das durchgeführte Forschungsvorhaben auf. Ziel war die Untersuchung der Langzeitstabilität der Flammschutzwirkung von halogenfrei flammgeschützten Polymerwerkstoffen unter diversen Witterungseinflüssen. Dazu wurden die Schädigungsmechanismen der Polymerwerkstoffe und der Flammschutzmittel sowie die auftretenden Wechselwirkungen analysiert, um ein Verständnis für die ablaufenden Prozesse zu entwickeln und Empfehlung für die Reduzierung der Alterung zu erarbeiten. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen waren anwendungsrelevante Flammschutz-Konzepte, die miteinander verglichen wurden. Die Erarbeitung von Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen ermöglichte die Beschreibung der Empfindlichkeiten und den Vergleich zwischen den Systemen. Darauf basierend wurden für die FSM spezifische Leitlinien für die Optimierung der Langzeitstabilität des Flammschutzes erstellt. N2 - The requirement that the flame retardancy of plastics is still effective to the required degree not only at the time of manufacture of the respective products, but also over the entire period of use, is a major challenge in view of the very long periods of time involved. In addition, the requirement is new for many products in practice, as up to now the influence of flame retardants on the stability of the polymer materials has been investigated, but not the stability of the flame retardant itself. The long-term behaviour of halogen-free systems has been little studied to date, especially because phosphorus- and nitrogen-based systems seem to have a much smaller influence on the oxidative stability of polymers than halogene containing flame retardants. The question of how reliable flame retardancy is when plastic products have been in use for several years indoors and outdoors and have been exposed to a wide range of climatic stresses has only been investigated in isolated cases. Possible effects of weathering on flame-retarded polymer materials are that the flame retardants themselves degrade, migrate or are washed out, or that their effect diminishes through interaction with other additives used or with the ageing products of the polymer matrix. At this point, there was a great need for research in order to reach the point where the stability of the flame retardant properties of a product can be reliably guaranteed over its entire service life. This question is taken up by the research project carried out. The aim of the research project was the systematic investigation of the long-term stability of the flame-retardant effect of halogen-free flame-retardant polymer materials under various weather conditions. For this purpose, the predominant damage mechanisms of the polymers and the flame retardants as well as the interactions occurring were analysed in order to develop an understanding of the processes taking place and to work out recommendations for reducing ageing. Subject of the investigations were different applicationrelevant flame retardant concepts, which were compared with each other. The development of structure-property relationships enabled the description of the specific sensitivities and the comparison between the different systems. Based on this, specific guidelines for the optimisation of the long-term stability of the flame retardants were developed for the different flame retardants. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Flammschutz KW - Weathering KW - Ethylene-vinyl acetate KW - Cables KW - Polyamid KW - Langzeitstabilität PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-8440-7781-0 SN - 2364-754X SP - 1 EP - 222 PB - Shaker CY - Düren AN - OPUS4-54274 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering Resistance of Halogen-free Flame Retardance in E&E Polymeric Materials N2 - Nowadays, various polymeric materials are used in E&E applications with sufficient flame retardance by adding rather different flame retardants. It doesn’t matter whether cables are used outdoor or are installed indoor as building products, the weathering exposures such as UV radiation, humidity and variation in temperature occur and influence the flame-retardant property. Recently, the lifetime of the flame retardance itself becomes an increasingly important factor. In this work, several devices were used to perform accelerated artificial ageing simulating different environment exposures. The comprehensive and global understanding of the durability of flame retardance in dependence on the weathering or ageing conditions is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, the weathering resistance of various halogen-free fire-retarded polymers was investigated in this work. Polymeric systems with different kinds of fire retardants were chosen, including various fire retardant mechanisms. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) blends with high amounts of inorganic flame retardant such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH), boehmite and synergists, which mainly dilutes the polymer resin work as heat sink and cooling agent, and enhance residue formation was examined. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was modified with melamine cyanurate (MC), which mainly acts by changed melt flow and dripping behavior as well as fuel dilution. Additionally, aluminum diethylphosphinate and boehmite are induced as assistant flame retardant. Furthermore, glass fiber reinforced Polyamide 66 (PA) was investigated containing different kinds of aluminum diethylphosphinate based flame retardant mixtures, which acts by flame inhibition and additional char formation. The degradation of the surface was analyzed after the different weathering conditions. Most of the specimens exhibited an intensive material degradation at the top surface accompanied by a distinct discoloration, e.g. getting darker or showing yellowing. The weathering of the EVA samples lead to numerous cracks (already) after 4000 h. The corresponding changes in the chemical structure was investigated by ATR FT-IR for all materials. The flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter, UL-94 burning chamber, and oxygen index (LOI) using plate and bar specimens. The flame retardance of most of the materials studied degrades only slightly or were rather stable for the investigated exposure times. Interestingly, also some opposite results were found. EVA modified by different inorganic flame retardants such as ATH achieved higher LOI after exposing in the humidity chamber and the accelerated oxidation under water in the autoclaves. It is suggested that the particle size of ATH and boehmite plays an important role, when these flame retardants agglomerate at the surface during accelerated weathering. Both materials, EVA and TPU, were also investigated as cable jackets. While EVA modified with inorganic flame retardants exhibits low-smoke and non-dripping fire behavior, TPU flame-retarded with MC yields cables with pronounced melt-dripping. Cone calorimeter tests were carried out using cable rafts of the size of 100 mm * 100 mm as well as our self-made cable module test, which simulates the vertical full-scale test of a bundle of cables at the bench-scale. Both methods were used to investigate the weathering resistance of the flame retardance in cables. The results of the cable module test for the flame-retarded EVA cables were only slightly affected even when a long time hydrothermal ageing was carried out. This is because of inorganic residue which just delays the fire growth but does not extinguish. However, for the flame-retarded TPU cable jackets, the cable module test exhibited an accelerated fire spread and a melt-dripping behavior which was promoted by weathering exposure. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Cable KW - Flame retardant KW - Weathering resistance KW - Durability KW - ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Thermoplastic polyurethane KW - Flammability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -