TY - RPRT A1 - Brosig, Laura A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Pyza, Lars A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Ringversuch zur Einführung der Geruchsmessungen nach DIN ISO 16000-28 in die Bewertung von Bauprodukten N2 - Während in der Vergangenheit insbesondere die Entwicklung einer sensorischen Prüfmethode (in DIN ISO 16000-28 und VDI 4302-1 genormt und im AgBB-Schema verankert) für die Bewertung von Bauprodukten im Vordergrund der Betrachtungen stand, wurde im Rahmen der vom UBA initiierten Pilotphase mithilfe des Ringversuches erstmals die institutsübergreifende Anwendbarkeit dieser Verfahren untersucht. Ziel dabei war es, noch bestehende Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit der Prüfmethode zu identifizieren und Empfehlungen für das weitere Vorgehen herauszuarbeiten. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - Empfundene Intensität KW - Hedonik KW - VOC KW - Bauprodukt PY - 2015 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/ringversuch-zur-einfuehrung-der-geruchsmessungen SN - 1862-4804 VL - 88/2014 SP - UBA-FB 002049, EP - 1-141 CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-34885 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Brozowski, Frank A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte (Teil II): Anwendung eines Adapters und vereinfachtes Bewertungsverfahren T1 - Further Development of the Odour Measurement Method for Building Products (Part II) N2 - Zur Weiterentwicklung der Probenpräsentation wurde ein Adapter entwickelt, der Emissionsprüfkammer und Bewertungstrichter miteinander verbindet und dadurch eine der direkten Messung vergleichbare Geruchsbewertung ermöglicht. Die analytischen Messungen zeigen, dass es kaum Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Probenluft in der Kammer im Vergleich zum Probenbehälter gibt. Bei den olfaktorischen Messungen kam es jedoch bei der Bewertung der Probenluft mit Hilfe des Adapters zu Minderbefunden. Anschließende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beim Ausschalten des Geräts Umgebungsluft über den Trichter in den Adapter strömt und zu einer Verdünnung der Probenluft führt. Um dies zu vermeiden, werden derzeit weitere Messungen durchgeführt. Eine weitere Versuchsreihe wurde durchgeführt, um den Messaufwand bei der Bewertung der empfundenen Intensität zu reduzieren. Die entwickelte „größer-oder-kleiner/gleich“ Abfrage kann hier hilfreich sein. Die Untersuchungen im Luftqualitätslabor und im Rahmen eines Ringversuches mit verschiedenen Laboren, zeigen, dass die Abfrage in fast allen Fällen zu den gleichen Ergebnissen führt, wie die normgerechte aber aufwendigere Ermittlung der empfundenen Intensität mithilfe des Vergleichsmaßstabes. N2 - For technical improvement of sample presentation an adapter was developed to connect the emission test chamber with the evaluation funnel and thus enabling a more direct measurement. The analytical measurements demonstrate that the air has a very similar composition sampled at the funnel or in the emission test chamber. The results of the olfactory measurements show overall that the intensities determined using the adapter are often reported as lower. Further investigations have shown that air backflow via the funnel into the sample container of the adapter may be the cause. This has to be avoided in future. Another experimental series was carried out to reduce the measurement effort of evaluation of perceived intensity. Here application of the developed ‘greater than, or less than/equal to’ survey could be helpful. The results of the measurements in the air quality lab and in the frame of a round robin test indicate, that the survey leads to the same evaluation as the more complex determination of perceived intensity with standard method. KW - Geruchsmessung KW - VOC-Emission KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertungsverfahren PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549875 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 82 IS - 3-4 SP - 83 EP - 89 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-54987 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brosig, Laura A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Method-verification and optimisation of the standardised assessment of odour intensity regarding ISO 16000-28 N2 - Besides measurement of VOC emissions also the evaluation of odour emissions and the perceived intensity of odours gains in importance. Due to difficulties detected in the measurement method of the perceived intensity described in (ISO 16000-28, 2012) the introduction of “reference” odours will be recommended for the training of panellists and as basis for interlaboratory comparisons. In order to generate the “reference” odours standard liquid substances were directly injected into the main gas flow provided to the panellists. One of the substances tested was ethyl acetate. A pre-evaluation was conducted with six untrained panellists and has shown that ethyl acetate is potentially suitable as reference odour. For further validation of those “reference” odours they additionally will be provided to and evaluated by trained panellists of well established-measurement institutes. T2 - Indoor Air 2016 The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Odour assessment KW - Perceived odour intensity KW - Reference odour KW - Emission testing KW - Building products PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9846855-5-4 SP - Paper 568, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-38373 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Zertifizierung emissionarmer Materialien für Museumsvitrinen N2 - Anregungen aus dem N.i.Ke.-Workshop 2017 und künftige Anforderungen. BEMMA steht für Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen. Es ist die Kurzbezeichnung für ein Schema/Verfahren zur Untersuchung und Bewertung flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Werkstoffen, die im mittelbaren Kontakt mit historischen Materialien des Kunst- und Kulturgutes stehen. Hier wird der Status-Quo des Erreichten dargestellt. Wie wird das Schema in der Museumsöffentlichkeit wahrgenommen und seine Akzeptanz. T2 - BZS-Beirat CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 19.01.2018 KW - BEMMA KW - Museumsvitrinen KW - VOC-Emissionen PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-43860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Mull, B. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Renner, M. T1 - Reproducibly emitting reference material for quality assurance/quality control of emission test chamber measurements N2 - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are ubiquitous in the indoor air, since they emit from materials used indoors. Investigations of these materials are mostly carried out in test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. Quality control of these test chamber measurements is important but there is a lack of commercially available homogenous reference materials as required for round robin tests or quality assurance of laboratories. The approach of the present study is the impregnation of a supporting material with VOC, which are reproducibly released in measurable chamber air concentrations under standardised test conditions. A polymer made of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was chosen as carrier material. It was impregnated with the VOC trimethyl pentanediol isobutyrat (texanol). T2 - Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe CY - Lublin, Poland DA - 02.07.2017 KW - Emissions testing KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Polymeric material KW - CO2 assisted impregnation PY - 2017 SN - 978-83-7947-232-1 SP - Paper 0172, 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-42348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Quality Improvement of VOC chamber emission tests observed for 10 years with round robin tests N2 - In Europe, the Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 2011/305/EU) sets basic requirements (BR) on how construction works must be designed and built. BR 3 “hygiene, health and the environment” states low emissions of toxic gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCVOCs), particles, etc. from building materials. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional Commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. The participation in Round Robin Tests (RRTRRTs) is a means to prove a laboratory’s proficiency. Since 2006 BAM offers such proficiency test for emission chamber test every two years. Any commercially available product on the market can be used as reference material, provided it is thoroughly characterised. However, these materials often emit only a few and material specific VOCs and appropriate homogeneity is not given. Therefore, alternative materials should be found. BAM used different materials over the years. Currently, the best suited reference material is a cured lacquer surface which contained several VOCs added to the liquid lacquer system. The round robin tests 2014, 2016 and 2018 were conducted with such a system. Compounds like Styrene or n-Alkanes like Decane or Tridecane were tested in many of the proficiency test operated by BAM. Up to now the relative standard deviation of these compounds decrease continuously. Starting with values about 30 % in 2008 we reached values for the mentioned compounds 15 to 20 % now. But even for more polar compounds improved results were received. Over the years the results of a large group of laboratories detected many compounds with much higher accuracy than at the beginning. So, the comparability between results of different laboratories becomes much better. T2 - International Conference on Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Chemicals CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.09.2018 KW - Chamber test KW - Round robin test KW - VOC-emission PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47906 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - VOC-Sampling inside display cases with focus on BEMMA evaluation N2 - Museum display cases aim to protect art and cultural goods not only from theft and vandalism, but also from dirt and dust. An often-heard argument within a call for tender of new display cases is that there should be no emission inside of the display case. This is nearly impossible for new ones especially when they must also fulfill the requirement of an air change rate of less than 0.1 per day. For example, constructions or decorations in exhibition spaces, storage containers in depot rooms, and exhibition display cases release volatile substances that might lead to irreversible changes or, under certain circumstances, damage to the stored or displayed objects. In Germany beneath the well-established Oddy-test also the BEMMA procedure is used to evaluate the construction materials. For larger amounts of display cases control measurements of VOCs at the end of construction or buildup is quite common. However, what is necessary to measure the air inside of display cases. What are the circumstances when the display cases were closed before the test period? Is it possible to organize a clean environment for reliable measurements. How comparable are the resulting VOCs with results from BEMMA test and control measurement at the end. The BEMMA procedure should include a further VOC-test at 60 °C. What are the benefits of this enlargement. Mainly materials that have a high potential to store VOCs inside of the material in combination with a less permeable surface should be evaluated stricter than others. T2 - IAQ 2024 The International Conference on Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - New York, USA DA - 18.11.2024 KW - Emission KW - Air quality KW - Display cases KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schröder, Simon Alexander A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Hohmann, Gloria A1 - Ziegert, Christof T1 - Identifikation und Einordnung von historischen Lehmbauteilen für die Wiederverwendung hinsichtlich Anreicherung von Schadstoffen und bauschädlichen Salzen T1 - Identification and classification of historical earth construction elements for recycling in respect of accumulation of pollutants and structurally damaging salts N2 - Lehmbaustoffe, einschließlich Lehm aus dem historischen Baubestand, bieten ein hohes Potenzial für ihre Wiederverwendbarkeit und die Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen. Zur Bewertung des Wiederverwendungspotenzials gibt es nur wenige Studien hinsichtlich der Schadstoffbelastung und der Anreicherung von Salzen in Gebäuden aus dem historischen Bestand. Tonminerale, die in Lehmbaustoffen als Bindemittel fungieren, können Schadstoffe binden. Die Region Mitteldeutschland ist geprägt durch jahrzehntelange Einwirkung erheblicher Schadstoffemissionen aus der Chemie- und Braunkohleindustrie. Der Eintrag von Schadstoffen in Lehmbaustoffe ist außerdem aus geogenen Hintergrundbelastungen denkbar, z. B. in Auenböden beeinflusst durch Einträge aus dem Erzbergbau. Salzbildende Anionen wie Chloride oder Nitrate können aufgrund ihrer hohen Löslichkeit mittels kapillarer Kräfte durch die Porenstruktur transportiert werden. In Lehmwänden können sie vor allem in oberflächennahen Lagen, in denen höhere Verdunstungsraten vorherrschen, durch Bindung mit in Lösung vorliegenden oder baustoffeigenen Kationen auskristallisieren und bauschädliche Salze ausbilden. Auch durch spezifische Nutzungen akkumulierte Schadstoffe, z. B. durch die Einwirkung von Tabakrauch, könnten theoretisch einer Wiederverwendung von Lehm entgegenstehen. In Anbetracht der Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der klimatischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, sind wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse im Lehmbau erforderlich, die eine Integration in eine nachhaltige Kreislaufwirtschaft ermöglichen. Bei bisherigen Gesetzgebungsverfahren zu rezyklierten Baustoffen wurden Lehmbaustoffe noch nicht berücksichtigt. Ziel einer Vorstudie im Rahmen der WIR!-Initiative GOLEHM ist die Überprüfung der Wiederverwendbarkeit Wiederverwendbarkeit von Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Bauten an Stichproben hinsichtlich der Umwelt- und Nutzerverträglichkeit. Für den Raum Mitteldeutschland können damit Anhaltspunkte darüber gegeben werden, welche Schadstoffe und bauschädlichen Salze in welchem Maße in Lehmbaustoffen aus dem Gebäudebestand erwartet werden können. Daraus können Hinweise zum Umgang mit Lehmbaustoffen aus historischen Gebäuden abgeleitet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden exemplarisch an zwei Gebäuden mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung einer möglichen Belastung mit Schimmelpilzen vorgenommen. N2 - Earth construction materials, including earth from historical building stock, offer high potential in terms of their recyclability and sparing use of natural resources. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted on the levels of pollutants and the accumulation of salts in buildings from the historical building stock to enable an assessment of the potential for recycling. The aim of a preliminary study as part of the GOLEHM Initiative from WIR! is to use spot checks to review the recyclability of earth construction materials from historical buildings in terms of environmental impact and tolerance by users. This could provide indicators for the Central Germany region on which pollutants and structurally damaging salts can be expected in earth construction materials from the building stock and to what extent, allowing conclusions to be drawn on how to manage earth construction materials from historical buildings. Additionally, microbiological inspections of two sample buildings were performed to assess a potential contamination with mould. T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Lehm KW - Wiederverwendung KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Schadstoffe KW - Bauschädliche Salze PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 8 CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-61883 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brosig, Laura A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Ringversuche zur Einführung von Geruchsmessungen in die Bewertung von Bauprodukten entsprechend der DIN ISO 16000-28 und VDI 4302-1 N2 - The DIN ISO 16000-28 and VDI 4302-1 describe a method for the assessment of the perceived intensity of odours. It is based on a trained assessment panel using a referencing scale that provides defined acetone concentrations. Due to the AgBB-scheme including a place holder for odour assessment it is currently checked whether the method is applicable. To check the applicability a pilot phase regarding the „Implementation of Odour Measurements into the Assessment of Building Products“ was started by AgBB1 in 2012. Düring this phase amongst others two interlaboratory tests were conducted. The first one in 2012 served to test the applicability and to identify need and potential for improvement. Based on those findings an additional Standard Operation procedure was developed for the second interlaboratory test in 2014. The second interlaboratory test confirmed the findings of the first one and the need for improvement of the measurement method as well. Nonetheless both tests showed Standard deviations of reproducibility between 20 and 40%. Standard deviations of reproducibility of well-established interlaboratory tests for VOCs show comparable results. T2 - 17. Workshop - Geruch und Emissionen bei Kunststoffen CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 16.03.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 8-1 EP - 8-9 AN - OPUS4-33075 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Scutaru, A.M. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Entwicklungen der Bewertungsmethodik von Gerüchen in Innenräumen N2 - Um eine gute Luftqualität in Gebäuden zu erreichen, müssen Reinigungslasten durch Lüften aus Räumen abgeführt bzw. vermieden oder verringert werden. Wird der Luftwechsel verringert, verschlechtert sich die Raumluftqualität, und die Zufriedenheit der Nutzer nimmt ab. An Arbeitsplätzen kann es bei schlechter Luftqualität und der daraus resultierenden Unzufriedenheit zu einer geringeren Produktivität der Beschäftigten kommen. Um die Reinigungslasten und deren Wirkung auf den Raumnutzer überdas Geruchsempfinden zu verringern, ist neben einer messtechnischen Erfassung der Verunreinigungen auch eine sensorische Prüfung in Innenräumen und von Bauprodukten notwendig. In diesem Artikel wird die Entwicklung der Bewertungsmethodik von Gerüchen im Innenraum erläutert und auf Anwendungen eingegangen. KW - Geruch KW - Innenraum KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertung PY - 2014 SN - 2195-643X VL - 135 IS - 2 SP - 70 EP - 82 PB - DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-32403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nohr, Michael A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Lorenz, W. T1 - Development of a multi-VOC reference material for quality assurance in materials emission testing N2 - Emission test chamber measurement is necessary to proof building materials as sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results of such measurements are used to evaluate materials and label them according to their potential to emit harmful substances, polluting indoor air. If only labelled materials were installed indoors, this would improve indoor air quality and prevent negative impacts on human health. Because of the complex testing procedure, reference materials for the quality assurance are mandatory. Currently, there is a lack of such materials because most building products show a broad variation of emissions even within one batch. A previous study indicates lacquers, mixed with volatile organic pollutants, as reproducible emission source for a wide range of substances. In the present study, the curing of the lacquer-VOC mixture inside micro-chambers was optimised. Therefore, the humidity and the chamber flow were varied. Typical indoor air pollutants with a wide range of volatilities, for example, styrene, n-hexadecane, dimethyl and dibutyl phthalate were selected. It turned out that, under optimised curing parameters inside the micro-chamber, their emission can be reproduced with variations of less than 10 %. With this, a next important step towards a reference material for emission testing was achieved. KW - Reference material KW - Emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Micro-chamber KW - VOC PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8387-2 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 407 IS - 11 SP - 3231 EP - 3237 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Pech, Anja A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Determination of methanol and ethanol in test chamber air by using TDS-GC-FID N2 - A method for the determination of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in air was developed and successfully tested for methanol and ethanol. Carbotrap 300 (R) (a multi-bed tube using Carbopack C (R), Carbopack B (R) and Carbosive SIII (R)) was selected as sorption material for thermal desorption and tested for its suitability for emission test chamber measurements. The adsorption behaviour and the chromatographic results are influenced negatively by spiking aqueous solutions on the adsorption medium for calibration purposes. The latter effect can be reduced by blowing dry air across the adsorbent to remove the adsorbed water. Detection and quantification limits were determined for a GC-FID system and compared to GC-MS. The applicability of the method was tested with a methanol eliminating silane modified polymeric adhesive (SMP-adhesive for parquet) in an emission test chamber. T2 - Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Hong Kong, People's Republic of China DA - 07.07.2014 KW - Methanol KW - Ethanol KW - VVOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - Carbotrap 300 PY - 2014 SP - B6-HP0620, 1-2 AN - OPUS4-32323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Design of Reference Materials for Proficiency Tests for Measurements in Emission Test Chambers T1 - Entwicklung von Referenzmaterialien für Leistungstests bei Emissionskammermessungen N2 - Emission testing of products is currently a rapidly increasing field of measurement activity. Labelling procedures for construction products are based on such emission test chamber measurements and hence measurement performance should be verified. A suited procedure for this purpose is the testing of one unique homogenous material in different laboratories within a Round Robin Test (RRT). Therefore, it is useful to have a reference material which can be used within inter-laboratory studies or as part of the quality management system to ensure comparable results. Any commercially available product on the market can be used as reference material, provided it is thoroughly characterised. However, these materials often emit only a few and material specific VOCs and appropriate homogeneity is not given. Therefore, alternative materials should be found. Several approaches on the development of reproducibly emitting materials have been published. These have in common only to emit a single VOC – toluene. Two further research studies carried out by BAM aimed to develop reference material for emissions testing containing one or more VOC in a single material. The first approach was a doped lacquer with Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC/SVOC) and the second was Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) or a Squalane/Paraffin mixture. Currently, the second approach is not at a level that it could be tested within a RRT. Important requirements for the production of a reference material were repeatability (homogeneity), reproducibility, long-term stability in terms of compound release and transport stability. The emission rates should be high enough to obtain well measurable chamber air concentrations at standardised test conditions. The lacquer samples were prepared by weighing portions of a water-based lacquer to which defined amounts of the pure analytes were added. Defined amounts of the lacquer mixture were filled into Petri dishes and cured under standard conditions (23 °C and 50% relative humidity). Reproducible emissions were obtained when the storage time of the cured material was not longer than four weeks. The concentrations were analyzed 7 days after loading of the material into the chamber. Two RRT were conducted by use of the lacquer system. Here, the laboratories had to identify and also to quantify the compounds. The relative standard deviations obtained were typical for such a kind of test. More than 50 participants reported results. N2 - Die Untersuchung von Produkten auf deren Emissionseigenschaften ist ein aktuell wachsender Aufgabenbereich für Messinstitute. Label werden für Bauprodukte auf Basis von Emissionskammermessungen vergeben, weshalb die dabei eingesetzten Messmethoden überprüft werden sollten. Ein Ringversuch (RV), bei dem ein homogenes Material von verschiedenen Laboratorien parallel untersucht wird, ist ein geeignetes Verfahren dafür. Für einen solchen Ringversuch aber auch generell für die laborinterne Qualitätssicherung ist es sehr hilfreich ein Referenzmaterial zu haben, um gut vergleichbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Generell kann jedes kommerziell erhältliche Produkt als Referenzmaterial verwendet werden, wenn es gut charakterisiert ist. Allerdings emittieren die meisten Produkte nur wenige VOC und diese sind typischerweise sehr materialspezifisch. Die Homogenität der Materialien ist nicht immer gegeben, so ist es besser, nach alternativen Materialien zu suchen. Es sind schon einige Veröffentlichungen zu reproduzierbar emittierenden Materialien verfügbar. Diese enthalten bislang zumeist nur ein einzelnes VOC – Toluol. Im Rahmen von zwei Forschungsvorhaben arbeitet die BAM an der Entwicklung von Referenzmaterialien für Emissionskammer-Untersuchungen, die einzelne VOC oder VOC-Mischungen emittieren. Der erste Ansatz war die Dotierung eines kommerziellen Lackes mit einer VOC/SVOC-Mischung, weitere Untersuchungen werden mit Thermo¬plastischem Polyurethan (TPU) sowie einer Squalan/Paraffin-Mischung durchgeführt. Da mit dem zweiten Ansatz noch Tests laufen, ist damit noch kein RV durchgeführt worden. Wichtige Anforderungen an ein Referenzmaterial sind die Wiederholbarkeit (Homogenität), Reprodu-zierbarkeit und Langzeitstabilität in Bezug auf die VOC-Abgabe und die Transportstabilität. Die Emissionsraten sollten hoch genug sein, um gut messbare Kammerluft-Konzentrationen bei Standardbedingungen zu erhalten. In einen wasserbasierten Lack wurde eine VOC/SVOC-Mischung zugegeben und nach der Durchmischung wurden davon einzelne Portionen in Petrischalen abgefüllt. Diese Schalen wurden unter Standardbedingungen (23 °C und 50% relative Luftfeuchtigkeit) getrocknet. Reproduzierbare Emissionen wurden erhalten, wenn die Lagerzeit ca. vier Wochen nicht überschritten wurde. Die Konzentrationen wurden sieben Tage nach der Beladung der Kammer bestimmt. Zwei RV wurden mit einem wie oben beschriebenen Lacksystem durchgeführt. Es nahmen ca. 50 Labore teil, diese mussten die Zielsubstanzen sowohl identifizieren als auch quantifizieren. Die gefundenen Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen lagen jeweils im zu erwartenden Bereich für solch einen RV. T2 - Odour and Emission of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 21.03.2017 KW - Ringversuch KW - Round robin test KW - Emissionskammer KW - Emission test chamber KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Reference material PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Schultealbert, C. T1 - Development of a reproducibly emitting reference material for volatile organic compounds N2 - The aim of this study is the development of a reproducibly emitting reference material for volatile organic compounds (VOC). The first part of the work was carried out with styrene, for which supporting materials were successfully selected, doped and analyzed in test chambers. T2 - Indoor Air 2016 The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Quality control KW - Emission test chamber KW - Indoor air KW - Quality assurance PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9846855-5-4 AN - OPUS4-36849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pech, Anja A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Analysis of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) with thermal desorption GC-MS N2 - Most VVOC were rarely considered in the evaluation of construction products. (Salthammer, 2014) In Germany this will change because the latest version of the German AgBB scheme for health evaluation (2015) now include VVOC, e.g. ethyl acetate and ethanol. In this study selected compounds were tested with the procedure described in ISO 16017 and a method for measuring VVOC with thermal desorption was developed. Three different adsorbents Tenax TA, Carbograph 5TD and Carbopack X were tested to analyse VVOC according to ISO 16017. For the tested VVOC, Carbograph 5TD showed the best results under the chosen analytical conditions. T2 - Indoor Air 2016, The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Thermal desorption KW - VVOC KW - Carbograph 5TD KW - Carbopack X PY - 2016 SP - Paper 889, 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-37035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Mölders, N. A1 - Renner, M. T1 - Reproducibly emitting reference material on thermoplastic polyurethane basis for quality assurance/quality control of emission test chamber measurements N2 - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are ubiquitous in the indoor air since they are emitted from materials used indoors. Investigations of these materials are mostly carried out in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. Reference materials are an important tool for quality assurance/Quality control of emission test chamber measurements but so far they are not commercially available. In this study, a new approach was tested to develop an appropriate reference material with homogenous and reproducible emission of the VOC with well measurable air concentrations in emission test Chambers larger than 20 L at air change rates of 0.5 - 1 /h. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was selected as Matrix material which was impregnated with 2,2,4- trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (texanol) as test VOC using compressed carbon dioxide. An optimization of the impregnation parameters such as temperature, pressure, time, VOC injection volume and TPU sample size was performed until the targeted area specific Emission rate (SERa) value was reached. Further aspects like process control, storage effects and correlation of the sample size to the emission rate were investigated. It was found that the SERa immediately after sample preparation were not reproducible between the batches but became unified 10 days after loading into the test chamber indicating the necessity of aging before use. SERa between 13,000 and 18,000 mg m-2 h-1 were obtained, and the impregnated materials could be well stored in aluminum-coated polyethylene foil for at least seven weeks without significant losses. Furthermore, the impregnation of styrene and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene was tested. KW - Reference material KW - Emissions testing KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Polymer material KW - CO2 assisted impregnation PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.005 SN - 0360-1323 SN - 1873-684X VL - 122 SP - 230 EP - 236 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Schultealbart, Caroline T1 - Reference materials for round robin tests for emission test chambers – a review N2 - Since some volatile organic compounds (VOC) are dangerous to human health whilst others cause harm to the environment by influencing the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, the overall aim of the KEY-VOCs project is to improve the measurement infrastructure for Key Volatile Organic Compounds in indoor and outdoor air. This is done by providing traceable and comparable reference gas standards and by validating new measurement systems in support to the air monitoring networks. T2 - Metrologie for indoor air quality CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.06.2017 KW - Emission test chamber KW - QA/QC KW - Reference material KW - Round robin test KW - VOC PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Schultealbert, C. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Reproducibly emitting reference materials for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds—using finite element modeling for emission predictions N2 - Recent research into emissions of (semi-)volatile organic compounds [(S)VOC] from solid materials has focused on the development of suitable reference materials for quality assurance/quality control of emission test chamber measurements, which fulfill requirements such as homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. The approach of this study was to find a method for preparation of a material with predictable (S)VOC emission rates. AVOC (styrene) and an SVOC (2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, DIPN), loaded into either vacuum grease or a 1:1 mixture of paraffin/squalane, have been tested. For the prediction of the emission rates, a model using the finite element method (FEM) was created to simulate the (S)VOC emission profiles. Theoretical and experimental results obtained in a Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor (μ-CTE™) and in 24 L emission test chamber measurements were in good agreement. Further properties were investigated concerning the material applicability, such as shelf life and inter-laboratory comparability. The maximum relative standard deviation in the inter-laboratory study was found to be 20%. KW - Emitting reference material KW - Emission test chamber KW - Micro-chamber KW - FEM model PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0508-6 SN - 1873-9318 SN - 1873-9326 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 1237 EP - 1246 PB - Springer Science+Business Media B.V. AN - OPUS4-41951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Dahms, A. A1 - Bitter, F. A1 - Wargocki, P. A1 - Olesen, B. A1 - Knudsen, H.N. A1 - Afshari, A. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Airaksinen, M. A1 - Järnström, H. A1 - Tirkkonen, T. A1 - Witterseh, T. T1 - Material labelling: Combined material emission tests and sensory evaluations T2 - Indoor Air 2008, 11th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 2008-08-17 KW - Material labelling KW - Emission test KW - Sensory evaluation KW - Odour intensity KW - Acceptability PY - 2008 IS - Paper 1066 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-18047 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Kasche, J. T1 - Chemische analytische Bewertung von Baustoffemissionen T2 - Deutsche Kälte-Klima-Tagung 2008 CY - Ulm, Deutschland DA - 2008-11-20 KW - AgBB-Schema KW - VOC KW - Emissionen KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertung Emissionen PY - 2008 IS - AA.IV.15 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-18406 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Bauproduktüberprüfung und Geruch - Neue Entwicklungen im Rahmen von Label-Systemen T2 - 11. Workshop "Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials" CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 2009-03-30 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19331 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockstroh, Jens A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Development of a reliable test method for laser printers, copiers and multifunctional devices in emission test chambers - Part 1 N2 - Background to the studies was the revision of the current selection criteria of the German ecolabel Blauer Engel (“Blue angel“) for copiers and printers. In the requirements limits were set for ozone, dust and styrene emissions. The former test methods did no longer correspond to today’s requirements with regard to emission measurements. In addition, the emission behaviour of hardcopy devices due to the use of different and non-com parable test methods has been recently discussed controversely. For this reason a new test method had to be developed which enables a reliable, reproducible determination of emission rates (ER) for dust, ozone and VOC (volatile organic compounds). The basis for this was the ECMA-Standard 328 compiled by ECMA (European Computer Manufacturer Association) using dynamic chamber measurements. Nine different machines, desktop laser printers as well as office devices like bigger copiers and multifunctional devices were investigated. As a result of the study new criteria for the Blauer Engel for copiers, printers and a new created for multifunctional devices, concerning TVOC, ozone and dust emission were determined. Additionally a model is presented calculating the concentrations in real rooms under usual printing conditions derived from the test chamber results. PY - 2005 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 71 EP - 80 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-7210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Classification of OSB emissions assessed with a German evaluation scheme T2 - 8th international Conference on Healthy Buildings 2006 CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 2006-06-04 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Bitter, F. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Environmental and Health Provisions for Building Products - Identification and evaluation of VOC emissions and odour exposure (Research Report 202 62 320 / UBA-FB 001002) N2 - In this study 50 construction products were tested in emission test chambers according to the requirements of the AgBB-scheme: 7 acrylic and 6 silicone sealants, 6 paste-like synthetic resin plasters, 13 wood based products, 4 adhesives, 5 lacquers, 6 wall paints and 3 further construction products. VOC and odour emissions were tested on the 1st, 3rd, 10th, and 28th day. In addition to the VOC-measurements, a test procedure was developed to evaluate odour emission of construction products.This test is planned to be implemented into the AgBB-Scheme. A direct evaluation by a sensory panel in the emission test chamber was not possible. So the odour samples were collected in 300- litre tedlar bags which were evaluated later. Odour intensity of the samples was compared with different acetone concentrations. Within this study an interlaboratory comparison was conducted using the newly developed odour test method. Additionally, VVOC emissions, detection of carcinogenic compounds, repeatability of emission test chamber tests, and other issues are presented. This project has shown that construction products can be evaluated in accordance with the AgBB scheme. A sensory evaluation is intended to be introduced in the AgBB scheme. A method for this evaluation is described in this study. The test procedure should be enhanced and validated for practical utilisation. KW - Building products KW - Emissions KW - Odour KW - AgBB-Scheme KW - Chamber tests KW - Interlaboratory study KW - Construction products KW - Emission test chamber KW - Odour evaluation KW - VOC KW - VVOC KW - SVOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - GC/MS KW - GC-ODP KW - Odour standard of comparison KW - Gas sensor KW - Acrylic and silicone sealant KW - Wood-based product KW - Paints KW - Lacquers KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2007 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/environmental-health-provisions-for-building SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 381 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-15931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, D. T1 - VOC emissions from building materials accompanying sensory tests for different evaluation schemes N2 - Within a follow up project of a former study (Horn et al. 2005) emissions and odor from different types of construction products were investigated (financed by the German Federal Environmental Agency - FKZ 37 07 62 300). The tested materials were mainly those used for construction of floors indoors. For this type of materials in Germany several labeling procedures exist which are based on Emission chamber testing. Two important labeling procedures in Germany are based on the AgBBevaluation scheme (Däumling et al. 2005). For some applications (flooring material) it is the mandatory Ü-mark of DIBt (German Institute for Construction Technology). Furthermore for carpets, adhesives and many other products, like sealants, mattresses, furniture and so on the voluntary blue angel mark exist. Within this scheme the volatile organic compounds (VOC) compounds are measured with well established procedures and are evaluated with LCI-values which were derived from health information. Beyond that many complaints according to building products are caused by odors. Therefore an evaluation procedure for the odor is very important and should be implemented into all of the mentioned labeling schemes. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Odor KW - Construction product KW - VOC-emission KW - Evaluation KW - AgBB PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Results of sensory tests and sensory-limit settings for building materials in Germany N2 - Indoor air pollutants influence the health and comfort of building occupants and consequently the energy consumption of the building. The pollutants are emitted by various sources. Among these sources, building products are of particular importance. To control the emission of pollutants from building materials, a few different voluntary labelling Systems have been introduced in Europe. In Germany also mandatory “Principles for the health assessment of construction products used in interiors” have been applied for the technical approval of floor coverings since 2004. This procedure is based on the assessment scheine of the Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBBScheme). The sensory-limit settings for building-material label Blue Angel offer consumer to differ not only low-emission but also low-odour Building materials from another building materials. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Perceived air-quality KW - Odour evaluation KW - Odour labelling KW - Test procedure KW - Standardisation PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Wiegner, Katharina T1 - Inter-laboratory study to check the performance ot test chamber measurements for product emission testing N2 - The labelling of construction products or building materials as “low-emitting” is based on measurements using third-party emission test chambers. Unfortunately there is no method to validate the performance of such test chamber measurements. This might give a Variation of results when testing one material at different laboratories. Therefore it is necessary to hold round robin tests as part of the quality management System to ensure comparable results. A research project financed by the Federal Environmental Agency focused on the development of an external quality management System for the detection of relevant Chemical compounds from products and in ambient air. The project was structured in four phases (Horn et al., 2009 and 2011; Wilke et al., 2009a) This paper shows results of the fourth phase of the project, which was an inter-laboratory study for VOC-emission testing by means of emission test chambers. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Emission test chamber KW - Product emission testing KW - VOC-Emission KW - Round robin test PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - European Test Method Validation Approaches T2 - NIST/Virginia Tech Workshop: Reference Material Development for Product Emissions Testing CY - Gaithersburg, MD, USA DA - 2011-04-28 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23913 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Danielak, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Sensory-based evaluation of building product emissions - Integration into the Blue Angel award criteria and assessment scheme of the Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products (UBA-FB 001500 / Förder-Kennz. 370762300) N2 - Emissions from building products can considerably impair the quality of indoor air. The AgBB scheme is employed to evaluate the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from building products. The hygienic evaluation according to the AgBB scheme requires product-specific measuring procedures. These are available for a range of products. They have been validated in co-operation with several research and testing institutes and have been included in the criteria for awarding the Blue Angel ecolabel. The evaluation is, however, stricter and generally has lower limits. VOC emissions and odours can cause health problems so testing using sensors is an important element in the evaluation of building products and has – for reasons of precaution – been set down in the AgBB scheme. The main goal of the project was to derive a method of evaluation using sensors and limits for awarding the Blue Angel and for the AgBB scheme. Based on the research conducted (see Chapter 5 Results and Discussion), perceived intensity and hedonics were suggested as a suitable Evaluation method. The derivation of limits for the evaluation using sensors on the 28th day was effected in the present study through the additional questioning of the test subjects on the reasonability of a sample. For the Blue Angel, there could be different limits of perceived intensity and hedonics for each group of products. A preliminary suggestion for possible limits – for all product groups – is a perceived intensity of 7 pi (5 pi + 2 pi as confidence coefficient, Chapter 5.1.5) and -1 (0+/-0.8, rounded to -1) for the hedonic value. KW - Labelsysteme KW - VOC KW - Geruch KW - Geruchstest KW - Emissionsmessungen KW - Building product KW - Directive KW - Health care KW - Pollutant KW - Test method KW - Hydrocarbon KW - Testing using sensors KW - Emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Odour KW - AgBB scheme KW - Health assessment KW - Assessment procedure KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Very volatile organic compounds KW - VVOC KW - Semi volatile organic compounds KW - SVOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - GC/MS KW - GC-ODP KW - Odour standard of comparison KW - Floor coverings KW - Coverings KW - Blue Angel KW - Odour evaluation KW - Acceptability KW - Perceived intensity KW - Hedonic KW - Reasonability KW - Standardization KW - Environmental sign KW - Volatile emission KW - Product labelling PY - 2011 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/sensory-based-evaluation-of-building-product SN - 1862-4804 IS - 61 SP - 1-133, Annex 1-109 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-25200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Müller, Birgit A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Messung und Bewertung von Gerüchen aus Bauprodukten für den Innenraum T1 - Measurement and evaluation of odour emissions from building products for indoor usage N2 - Messung und Bewertung von Gerüchen aus Bauprodukten für den Innenraum gewinnen vor allem durch den zunehmenden Bau energieeffizienter Gebäude an Bedeutung. Intensive und unangenehme Gerüche werden von Bewohnerinnen, Bewohnern und Angestellten nicht akzeptiert und können auf Dauer krank machen. Bislang stand noch kein allgemein anerkanntes Messverfahren zur Verfügung. Dieses wurde nun in Forschungsprojekten entwickelt, wobei auch konkrete Bewertungsvorschläge zur Zumutbarkeit von Gerüchen gemacht wurden. Das Verfahren ist an die Messung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Bauprodukten gekoppelt und nutzt Probanden, um die Geruchsstärke (Intensität) und den Geruchseindruck (Hedonik) zu ermitteln. In der Praxis wird das Verfahren nun an verschiedenen Stellen erprobt. Die Bewertung der Geruchsemissionen gibt der Industrie die Möglichkeit, geruchsarme Produkte zu gestalten. Die Kennzeichnung geruchsarmer Bauprodukte mit dem Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel erleichtert Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern die Orientierung beim Einkauf. N2 - Measuring and evaluating odour emissions from building products used in indoor spaces are becoming increasingly important for the construction of energy-efficient buildings. Intensive and unpleasant smells are not accepted by inhabitants and employees and may lead to negative health effects. Up to now a consistent measuring method for odour emissions has not been available. A measuring method and also concrete standards for the assessment of odours by using reasonableness of smells have now been developed in succeeding research projects. The procedure uses a panel of test persons to determine the strength (intensity) and impression (hedonic appraisal) of odour and is linked to the already well established measurement of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products. At the Moment the new procedure is tested in practice at different laboratories. Evaluating odour emissions helps manufacturers to develop products with low or very low odour emissions. The labeling of low-odour Building products with the environmental label Blue Angel gives consumers an orientation for purchase. KW - Labelsysteme KW - VOC KW - Geruch KW - Geruchstest KW - Emissionsmessungen PY - 2011 SN - 2190-1120 SN - 2190-1147 VL - 4 SP - 50 EP - 58 PB - BfS CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25210 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Different Possibilities for the Statistical Evaluation of Round Robin Tests for Volatile Organic Compounds in Emission Test Chambers T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2012-07-08 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26230 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Do Particleboards produced with recycled wood contribute to indoor air pollution with biocides? T2 - 7th International Conference Healthy Buildings 2003: Energy-Efficient Healthy Buildings CY - Singapore DA - 2003-07-13 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Evaluation of material emissions for museum equipment – BEMMA-Scheme N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d 1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful immissions inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially high concentrations of organic acids, which can emit from e.g. sealing materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure witch is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. textiles, plastics, sealing material, coatings and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. The BEMMA scheme is not a guarantee for an emission free display case, but a necessary requirement for the choice of suitable materials for emission and immission reduced display cases. The basic evaluation for the values used for first assessments were a ZIM-project with nearly 100 tested materials. In-between more than 100 new materials were tested and enlarged the knowledge about material emissions from display case materials. Mainly silicone sealing materials were tested due to the fact that this group of material have the highest emissions. With regard to the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Nevertheless in combination with the certificate also designed by BAM additionally the further steps of construction can be taken into account. So other factors such as age and storage time of materials, tightness respectively air change rate, air condition or ventilation of display cases can be included in the evaluation. T2 - Airmon: 9th International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring and Biomonitoring CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 11.06.2017 KW - Display cases KW - BEMMA KW - Museum KW - Emission KW - VOC PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Luise A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Bethke, Robert T1 - Bestimmung der Aufnahmeraten von VVOCs aus Raumluft in Passivprobenahmesystemen N2 - Für die Bewertung der Innenraumluftqualitat ist die Bestimmung der Konzentration von sehr flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (very volatile organic compounds — VVOCs) von großer Wichtigkeit. Im Besonderen bei den Deutschen Umweltstudien zur Gesundheit (GerES) des Umweltbundesamts erfolgt die Probenahme von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOCs) üblicherweise mit Passivsammlern, über deren material- und substanzspezifische Aufnahmeraten Rückschlisse auf die Konzentration der einzelnen Verbindungen gezogen werden können. Ziel dieses Projekts im Ressortforschungsplan (REFOPLAN) ist es, von 55 ausgewählten VVOCs die realen Aufnahmeraten auf Thermodesorptionsrohren als Passivsammlern experimentell zu bestimmen. Dafür wird eine entwickelte Analysemethode für VWOCs mittels Thermodesorption-Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie (TD-GC/MS) verwendet. Passivsammler mit verschiedenen Adsorbenzien werden für sieben Tage (23°C, 50 % r.E) mit den VVOCs exponiert. Carbograph 5TD weist für die ersten getesteten VVOCs die höchsten Aufnahmeraten auf. KW - VVOC KW - Passivsammler KW - Innenraumluft KW - Umweltstudien PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2025-03-04-65 SN - 0949-8036 VL - 85 IS - 03-04 SP - 65 EP - 70 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-63635 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Nohr, Michael A1 - Farke, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Frische Luft für Museumsvitrinen - Neue Methode zur Untersuchung von Vitrinenbaumaterialien als Beitrag zur Präventiven Konservierung N2 - Nicht nur Schadstoffe aus der Umwelt können Museumsexponate schädigen. Auch interne Schadstoffquellen wie objektimmanente Exhalate und Emissionen von Lösemitteln oder organischen Säuren können den wertvollen Gu¨tern Schaden zufu¨gen. Auf Schadstoffe zu pru¨fen sowie geeignete Messmethoden zu entwickeln und zu optimieren, ist daher von großer Bedeutung. Neuste Forschungen stellen die Autoren vor. KW - VOC KW - Präventive Konservierung KW - Emissionsmessungen KW - AgBB-Schema KW - Ausstellungsvitrinen KW - Verpackungsmaterialien PY - 2011 SN - 0933-4017 VL - 117 IS - 5 SP - 30 EP - 35 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-23877 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Farke, M. A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Determination of formic and acetic acids in air N2 - Formic and acetic acids are often responsible for damage of cultural objects, e. g. glass and metal corrosion or changing and fading of colours. Museums all around the world are equipped with different show cases. Display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical damage. Several construction materials which are used for display cases, including wood, glue and coatings, are possible sources of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These construction products can emit formic and acetic acids into the indoor or display case air. Modern display cases with small air change rates can cause higher concentrations of formic and acetic acids if any source is installed in the display case (Salthammer and Uhde, 2009). To minimize the risk of damage emissions from building products must be quantified. There is a need for a method for identification and quantification of acetic and formic acid. Some possibilities for the identification of acetic acid exist. The quantification of acetic acid for example after sampling on TENAX® or CARBOTRAP and thermal desorption-GC in accordance with ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1 results in very low recovery rates. A new method should be stabile, robust, reproducible and comparable, with an easy local sampling and determination in laboratories. Miniaturised emission test chambers and model display cases were used to study the recovery rates. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - VOCs KW - Detection of formic and acetic acid KW - Quantification of formic and acetic acid KW - Air sampling PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23876 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Developement of methods for testing of microbiological contamination of small climate control units for air in display cases T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2012-07-08 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26228 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2012-07-08 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26229 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barthel, Mathias A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Measurement of fine and ultrafine particles from office devices during printing in order to develop a test method for the Blue Angel ecolabel for office-based printing devices N2 - The research project on which this report is based focuses on the measurement of particulate emissions in the area of fine and ultrafine particles from laser printing devices. Against the backdrop of a public debate about possible hazards related to these emissions, ⁠UBA⁠ has commissioned BAM to develop a measurement method for these emissions, to expand the existing awarding criteria for the "Blue Angel" ecolabel by the aspect of particle emissions and to physically and chemically analyse particulate emissions. The resulting awarding criteria will be submitted to RAL later this year. ⁠Emission⁠ characteristics of laser printing devices, conclusions on awarding criteria and interim results of the project were discussed in three sessions of a project-related expert group. KW - Bürogeräte KW - Laserdrucker KW - Partikelemissionen PY - 2013 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/measurement-of-fine-ultrafine-particles-from-office SN - 1862-4804 VL - 75 IS - UBA-FBNr: 001743/E / FKZ: 3708 95 301 SP - 1-142, Suppl.RAL-UZ-122 1-39 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-28987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barthel, Mathias A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Erfassung der Zahl feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel aus Bürogeräten während der Druckphase zur Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für das Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel für Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion KW - Bürogeräte KW - Laserdrucker KW - Partikelemissionen PY - 2013 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/erfassung-zahl-feiner-ultrafeiner-partikel-aus SN - 1862-4804 VL - 74 IS - FKZ/Projektnr. 3708 95 301 UBA-FBNr. 001743 SP - 1-146, Anh. 1-39 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-28988 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barthel, Mathias A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Erfassung der Zahl feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel aus Bürogeräten während der Druckphase zur Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für das Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel für Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (UFOPLAN 370895301) N2 - Das diesem Bericht zugrundeliegende Forschungsvorhaben konzentriert sich auf die Erfassung partikulärer Emissionen im Fein- und Ultrafeinstaubbereich aus Bürogeräten mit Laserdruckfunktion. Vor dem Hintergrund einer öffentlichen Diskussion über mögliche, mit diesen Emissionen verbundene Gefahren wurde die BAM vom ⁠UBA⁠ damit beauftragt, eine Messmethode für diese Emissionen zu entwickeln, die bestehende Vergabegrundlage für das Umweltzeichen „Blauer Engel“ um den Aspekt Partikelemission zu erweitern und die partikulären Emissionen physikalisch und chemisch zu analysieren. Eine daraus resultierende Vergabegrundlage wird dem RAL zur Vorbereitung einer Expertenanhörung mit den interessierten Kreisen in diesem Jahr vorgelegt werden. KW - Bürogeräte mit Laserdruckfunktion KW - Feine und ultrafeine Partikel KW - Chemische Emissionen KW - Blauer Engel PY - 2013 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/erfassung-zahl-feiner-ultrafeiner-partikel-aus SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 74 SP - 1 EP - 189 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-27523 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kalus, Sabine ED - Wai, T. K. ED - Sekhar, C. ED - Cheong, D. T1 - Do particleboards produced with recycled wood contribute to indoor air pollution with biocides? T2 - 7th Healthy Buildings Conference ; HB 2003 ; ISIAQ international conference CY - Singapore, Republic of Singapore DA - 2003-12-07 KW - SVOC KW - Biocide KW - Chamber study KW - Material emission KW - Wood PY - 2003 SN - 981-049974-4 VL - 1 SP - 367 EP - 372 CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-3419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Nohr, Michael A1 - Lau, Angelika A1 - Farke, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Überprüfung möglicher mikrobieller Belastungen in Vitrinenluft durch Kleinklimageräte N2 - Unterschiedliche Befeuchtungssysteme für Vitrinen, die die Ausstellungsobjekte bei definierter Luftfeuchtigkeit vor externen Einflüssen wie Staub bewahren sollen, wurden im Hinblick auf die Möglichkeit der potenziellen mikrobiologischen Kontamination untersucht. Ergänzend hierzu wurden Parameter wie pH-Wert und Leitfähigkeit des Wassers im Befeuchter untersucht und die mikrobiellen flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (MVOC, microbial volatile organic compounds) in der Modellvitrine bestimmt. Die Leitfähigkeitsmessung kann als Indikator für den Verunreinigungsgrad des Wassers dienen, weil sie mit der mikrobiologischen Belastung korreliert. Weiterhin war eine mikrobiologische Belastung der Luft in der Modellvitrine auch bei relativ hoher Verunreinigung des Befeuchtungswassers nicht nachzuweisen. KW - MVOC (microbial volatile organic compounds) KW - Schimmelpilze KW - Kleinklimagerät KW - Vitrinen KW - Essigsäure PY - 2011 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 378 EP - 381 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-24340 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Neues BAM-Zertifizierungsverfahren für emissionsarme Materialien zum Bau von Museumsvitrinen N2 - Museumsvitrinen sollen Kunst- und Kulturgut „ins rechte Licht“ setzen und vor Diebstahl oder Vandalismus schützen. Vergleicht man historische Schauvitrinen, die zumeist aus einfachen Glasscheiben in Holzrahmungen bestehen, mit heutigen Konstruktionen, lässt sich eine Entwicklung zu hochtechnisierten Gebilden ablesen, die deutlich mehr Ansprüchen genügen müssen als in der Vergangenheit. Zahlreiche Beispiele verdeutlichen, dass Kunstwerke nicht nur außerhalb, sondern auch innerhalb von Museen oder Archiven ungünstigen Umwelteinflüssen ausgesetzt sind. So können Einbauten bzw. Dekorationen in Ausstellungsräumen, Aufbewahrungsbehältnisse in Depoträumen oder Ausstellungsvitrinen flüchtige Substanzen, sogenannte VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) freisetzen, die zu irreversiblen Veränderungen an den Objekten führen und diese schädigen. Hierzu zählen organische Säuren, wie Ameisen- oder Essigsäure, aber auch Verbindungen, die Sulfide enthalten. Hier wird die an der BAM entwickelte BEMMA-Bewertungsmethode vorgestellt, die von Museen verwendet werden kann Materialien mit einem geringeren Emissionspotential auszusuchen. KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrine PY - 2020 SN - 2194-3648 VL - 2020 IS - zwei SP - 80 EP - 81 PB - SchmittART CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-51489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klinge, Andrea A1 - Mönig, Julian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Ziegert, Christof A1 - Röhlen, Ulrich A1 - Roswag-Klinge, Eike T1 - upMIN 100 – upcycling MINeralischer Bau- und Abbruchabfälle zur Substitution natürlicher Gesteinskörnungen in Lehmbaustoffen T1 - upMIN 100 – Upcycling mineral construction and demolition debris as a substitute for natural aggregates in earth building materials N2 - Um zukünftig die Entnahme von Primärrohstoffen und die Deponierung von geeignetem Bodenaushub zu vermeiden, wurde im Forschungsvorhaben «upMIN100» der Einsatz von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen < 2 mm in Lehmbaustoffen untersucht. Diese Korngrößen aus Rezyklaten, die je nach Ausgangsstoffen und Produkt 5 – 70 % des fertigen Baustoffs ausmachen, waren zum Zeitpunkt des Projektstarts in den gültigen Lehmbaustoff-Normen DIN 18945 – 18948 nicht zugelassen, da diese als Zusatzstoffe nur natürliche Gesteinskörnungen nach DIN EN 12620, Mehl aus mörtelfreien Ziegeln sowie Blähperlit etc. nach DIN EN 13055-1 und als Bindemittel nur Baulehm aus natürlichen Vorkommen vorsahen. Um den Einsatz von rezyklierten Bau- und Abbruchabfällen für Lehmbaustoffe in der Norm zu ermöglichen, mussten daher die technische Durchführbarkeit, Qualitätsanforderungen an Ausgangsstoffe (z.B. Schadstoffgrenzwerte in Bezug auf Gesundheits- und Umweltverträglichkeit) sowie zulässige Anteile der Rezyklate geregelt werden. Aktuelle Sortier- und Aufbereitungsmethoden wurden im Hinblick auf die technische sowie die wirtschaftliche Machbarkeit überprüft und auf eine mögliche Optimierung untersucht. Um Fragen zur technischen Machbarkeit beantworten zu können, wurde im Vorhaben die exemplarische Entwicklung von zwei wiederverwendbaren Lehmbaustoffen (Lehmstein, Lehmputzmörtel) angestrebt, um zukünftig sowohl das Abfallaufkommen als auch die Rohstoffinanspruchnahme zu reduzieren. Zum einen sollten die Zuschläge bis zu 100% aber auch das natürliche Bindemittel Ton zu 80% – 100% substituiert werden. Der Machbarkeitsnachweis für beide Entwicklungen wurde in Form eines Prototyps mit einem Technologie-Reifegrad 4–5 (TRL 4–5) erbracht. N2 - To avoid the extraction of primary raw materials and the landfilling of suitable excavated soil in the future, the use of recycled aggregates < 2 mm in earth building materials was investigated in the “upMIN 100” research project. These grain sizes from recycled materials, which make up 5–70 % of the finished building material depending on the source materials and product, were not permitted in the applicable earth building material standards DIN 18945–18948 at the time the project started, as these only allow natural aggregates in accordance with DIN EN 12620, flour from mortarfree bricks and expanded perlite etc. as additives in accordance with DIN EN 13055-1 and only building clay from natural sources as a binder. For the use of recycled construction and demolition waste for earth building materials in the standard, the technical feasibility, quality requirements for source (e. g. limit values for harmful substances in terms of health and environmental compatibility) and permissible proportions of recyclates had to be regulated. Current sorting and processing methods were reviewed in terms of technical and economic feasibility and examined for possible optimisation. To ascertain the technical feasibility of the use of recycled construction demolition waste for earth building materials, the project developed two reusable earth building materials (earth blocks, clay plaster mortar) as examples of both waste reduction and of the use of raw materials in the future. On the one hand, up to 100 % of the aggregates and 80–100 % of the natural binder clay should be substituted. The proof of concept for both developments was provided in the form of a prototype with a technology readiness level 4–5 (TRL 4–5). T2 - Lehm 2024 Fachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Recycled aggregates KW - Earthen building materials KW - Contaminants KW - Reuse KW - Resources PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-62612 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Lüdicke, M. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymer Capsules with Volatile Organic Compounds as Reference Materials for Controlled Emission N2 - Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate at a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERMs). Polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules with various VOC active ingredients (limonene, pinene, and toluene) were successfully produced by interfacial polymerization with Shirasu porous glass membrane emulsification in a size range between 10 and 50 μm. The effect of surfactant, VOC, monomer(s) type, and ratio has a great effect on the formulation process and morphology of capsules. The type of VOC played a significant role in the encapsulation efficiency. Due to the difference in vapor pressure and VOC/water interfacial tension, the formulation for encapsulation was optimized for each individual VOC. Furthermore, to achieve effective stability of the large droplets/capsules, a combination of ionic and nonionic surfactants was used. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to characterize the optimized microcapsules. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules exhibited a spherical shape and core–shell morphology and featured characteristic urethane-urea bonds. The amount of encapsulated VOC ranges between 54 and 7 wt %. The emission tests were performed with the help of the emission test chamber procedure (EN 16516). The limonene-loaded polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules show a change in emission rate of less than 10% within 14 days and can be considered as a potential candidate for use as an ERM. KW - Polymer microcapsules KW - Membrane emulsification KW - Polyaddition KW - Volatile organic compound (VOC) KW - Emission testing PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-619227 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c12826 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 16 IS - 50 SP - 69999 EP - 70009 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-61922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Krom, I. A1 - Heikens, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Baldan, A. T1 - Metrological generation of SI-traceable gas-phase standards and reference materials for (semi-) volatile organic compounds N2 - EN 16516 sets specifications for the determination of emissions into indoor air from construction products. Reliable, accurate and International System of Unit (SI)-traceable measurement results of the emissions are the key to consumer protection. Such measurement results can be obtained by using metrologically traceable reference materials. Gas-phase standards of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air can be prepared by a variety of dynamic methods according to the ISO 6145 series. However, these methods are not always applicable for semi-VOCs (SVOCs) due to their high boiling point and low vapour pressure. Therefore, a novel dynamic gas mixture generation system has been developed. With this system gas-phase standards with trace level VOCs and SVOCs in air can be prepared between 10 nmol mol−1 and 1000 nmol mol−1. The VOCs and SVOCs in this study have normal boiling points ranging from 146 °C to 343 °C. Metrologically traceable reference materials of the gas-phase standard were obtained by sampling of the VOC gas-phase standard into Tenax TA® sorbent material in SilcoNert® coated stainless steel tubes. Accurately known masses between 10 ng and 1000 ng per VOC were sampled. These reference materials were used to validate the dynamic system. Furthermore, the storage and stability periods of the VOCs in the reference materials were determined as these are crucial characteristics to obtain accurate and SI-traceable reference materials. In a round robin test (RRT), the reference materials were used with the aim of demonstrating the feasibility of providing SI-traceable standard reference values for SVOCs for interlaboratory comparison purposes. Based on the results from the validation, the storage and stability studies and the RRT, gas-phase standards and reference materials of VOCs and SVOCs with relative expanded uncertainties between 5% and 12% (k = 2) have been developed. These reference standards can be used as calibrants, reference materials or quality control materials for the analysis of VOC emissions. KW - SVOC KW - Dynamic calibration gas mixtures KW - Reference materials KW - Indoor air KW - Thermal desorption PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565978 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aca704 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-56597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Farke, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Assessment of emissions from materials for museum equipment N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d'1 (Torge, 2000), which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful immissions inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially high concentrations of organic acids, which can emit from e.g. sealing materials, can produce damage of cultural objects, as shown in Figure 1. To minimize such risks emissions must be reduced. T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 - 10th International conference CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 08.07.2012 KW - Assessment of emissions from materials for museum equipment KW - BEMMA display case KW - Protection of cultural object KW - Emissions PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-921897-40-5 SP - 1 EP - 2 (7G.3) AN - OPUS4-27525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Different possibilities for the statistical evaluation of round robin tests for volatile organic compounds in emission test chambers N2 - Emission testing of products is currently a rapidly increasing field of activity. The amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which emit from products in emission test Chambers are used to evaluate these products. Typically labelling procedures for construction products are based on emission test chamber measurements. This performance should be verified. Possibly this can be performed due to testing of one material at different laboratories within a round robin test. Therefore it is necessary that a reference material exists which can be used for such round robin tests or as part of the quality management System to ensure comparable results. The different Statistical evaluation possibilities of a round robin test with a constant reference material for VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in emission test Chambers are the main focus of the presented paper. T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 - 10th International conference CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 08.07.2012 KW - Reference material KW - Round robin test KW - Emission test chamber KW - VOC-emission KW - Product emission testing PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-921897-40-5 SP - 1 EP - 2 (8B.6) AN - OPUS4-27526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -