TY - RPRT A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Abusafia, A A1 - Bannick, C-G A1 - Braun, U A1 - Crasselt, Claudia A1 - Dittmar, S A1 - Fuchs, M A1 - Gehde, M A1 - Hagendorf, C A1 - Heller, C A1 - Herper, D A1 - Heymann, S A1 - Kerndorff, A A1 - Knefel, M A1 - Jekel, M A1 - Lelonek, M A1 - Lunkenbein, T A1 - Obermaier, N A1 - Manhart, M A1 - Meurer, Maren A1 - Miclea, P-T A1 - Paul, A A1 - Richter, S A1 - Ricking, M A1 - Rohner, C A1 - Ruhl, A A1 - Sakai, Y A1 - Saravia Arzabe, C A1 - Scheid, C A1 - Schmitt, M A1 - Schnarr, M A1 - Schwertfirm, F A1 - Steinmetz, H A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Zechmeister, L T1 - RUSEKU - Repräsentative Untersuchungsstrategien für ein integratives Systemverständnis von spezifischen Einträgen von Kunststoffen in die Umwelt : Abschlussbericht N2 - Im Verbundprojekt RUSEKU wurde die Probenahme von Wasserproben entscheidend weiterentwickelt. Wichtig ist hierbei zu gewährleisten, dass genügend Merkmalsträger in jeder Probe untersucht werden. Es muss daher eine für den Probenahmeort repräsentative Beprobung hinsichtlich des Wasservolumens in Abhängigkeit der Partikelanzahl gewährleistet sein. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag im vorliegenden Projekt auf einer praxisnahen Beprobungsstrategie. Es wurden verschiedene Konzepte ausprobiert. • Grundsätzlich hat sich gezeigt, dass eine Stichprobe eine Momentaufnahme des MP-Massengehaltes zeigt. Es wird eine hohe Statistik, also eine Vielzahl an Messungen am gleichen Probenahmeort, benötigt, um eine valide Aussage über den MP-Gehalt zu machen. • Es zeigt sich, dass eine integrale Probenahme über mehrere Wochen mit dem SK routinemäßig möglich ist. Die erfassten MP-Massen sind reproduzierbar und robust. • Die DFZ ist für Stichproben geeignet. Partikel < 50 µm werden eventuell unterschätzt • Die fraktionierte Filtration kann für Stich- und Mischproben direkt im Feld genutzt werden. Fraktionen von 10 und 5 µm werden später im Labor Vakuum filtriert. Es erfolgt eine Fraktionierung der Probe mit Siebmaschenweiten von 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10 und 5 µm. • Die fraktionierte Filtration kann auch anschließend an die Beprobung mit dem SK zur Anwendung kommen. Wird die mit dem SK gewonnene Wasserprobe fraktioniert filtriert, kann neben einem MP-Gesamtgehalt auch eine Einschätzung über die Partikelgrößen gewonnen werden. • Für Wässer mit geringen Partikelzahlen wurde ein Messfiltertiegel entwickelt. Dieser hat eine Maschenweite von 6 µm. Seine Anwendung kann mögliche Verluste beim Transferieren vom Probenahmetool zum Messgefäß und mögliche Kontaminationen reduzieren. Die Optimierung der Probenahmestrategie wurde durch Modellversuche und Simulationen unterstützt. Modellversuche zum Sinkverhalten und Simulationen von MP in realen Gewässern verdeutlichten das komplexe Verhalten der Partikel. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Partikel ab einer bestimmten Größe (und kleiner) bei genügend starker Turbulenz sich in der Wassersäule unabhängig von ihrer Dichte verhalten und so auch MP mit kleiner Dichte (z.B. PE) in der gesamten Wassersäule zu finden sind. Es konnte mit dem TEM die Existenz von NP gezeigt werden. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt des RUSEKU Projektes war die Beprobung realer Kompartimente. Beprobt wurde neben Oberflächengewässern, das urbane Abwassersystem der Stadt Kaiserslautern, Waschmaschinenabwasser und Flaschenwasser. • In Oberflächengewässern wurde hauptsächlich PE gefunden. Je nach Probe und Gewässer konnten auch PP, PS, PET, PA, SBR und Acrylate nachgewiesen werden. • Im urbanen Abwassersystem der Stadt Kaiserslautern konnte an allen Probenahmestandorten MP nachgewiesen werden. Es wurde hauptsächlich PE, neben geringeren Mengen an PP, PS und SBR gefunden. Nach einem Regenereignis war der SBR Anteil deutlich erhöht. • Die Beprobung eines realen Wäschepostens, bestehend aus T-Shirts und Hemden mit PA/CO oder PES/CO Mischgewebe, zeigte einen PA- und PES-Austrag im Waschwasser. Der überwiegende Teil der detektierten Fasern ist aber auf Baumwolle zurückzuführen. Reine gravimetrische Messungen zur Detektion von MP führen zu einer starken Überschätzung. • In Flaschenwasser (PET-Flaschen) konnte MP detektiert werden. PET wurde nur im stillen Mineralwasser, nicht in Mineralwasser mit Kohlensäure gefunden werden. Teilweise wurde auch das MP-Material des Verschlusses im Wasser detektiert. • Für Luftproben konnte ein Aufbau zur größenselektiven Beprobung getestet werden. Neben der Probenahme hat das Projekt auch gezeigt, dass die TED-GC/MS geeignet für die MP-Detektion im Routinebetrieb ist. Die TED-GC/MS konnte weiter optimiert werden. Es wurden MP-Massen bestimmt. Im Projekt wurden erste realitätsnahe Referenzmaterialien für die MP Detektion hergestellt. Die Herstellung von realitätsnahen Polymeren in ausreichender Homogenität und Menge hat sich als große Herausforderung herausgestellt. KW - Mikroplastik KW - Probennahme KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Fraktionierte Filtration KW - Mikroplastikreferenzmaterial PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 201 AN - OPUS4-57800 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Drago, C A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Braun, U A1 - Giovannozi, A A1 - Fadda, M A1 - Putzu, Mara A1 - Lorenzo, S A1 - Moscoso-Pérez, C A1 - Benismail, N A1 - Palma, C A1 - Almeida, J A1 - Mattarozzi, M A1 - Barbaresi, M A1 - Piergiovanni, M A1 - Masino, M A1 - Bianchi, F A1 - Careri, M A1 - v Bavel, B A1 - Maltseva, A A1 - Sillanpää, M A1 - Pröfrock, D A1 - Wippermann, D A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Harmonisation of sample preparation for microplastic analysis: Recovery rates of tablets containing microplastics as reference material for food and environmental matrix N2 - Microplastic are found ubiquitarians in the environment and food products. Up to now, their impact of risks on health and environment is still controversially discussed, but based on the precautionary principle alone, their presence should be monitored and emission should be reduced (see here also the status of existing EU regulations ). The crucial point is not only the reduction of microplastics pollution but also the introduction of legally binding, standardized procedures for their analysis. The limited availability of certified reference material as well as absence of standard operating procedures to identify, characterize and quantify microplastics according to number and mass have generated lack of comparability between different analytical methods and laboratories; but also, the need of time-consuming development of own protocols for each laboratory. Further on, harmonisation and standardisation of microplastics analysis requires specific reference materials that are used to validate the measurement and to ensure the comparability of results. In the first step, we developed tablets of a water-soluble matrix, containing defined numbers of microplastic particles or mass contents. These can be solved in water and can be handled as reference materials in bottled drinking water without additional sample preparation. These samples can be measured, using mass-based methods as thermo-analytical methods like thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) or pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and using umber-based methods as vibrational spectroscopy like Infrared and Raman directly after filtration. The aim of this work was to delevop standard operating procedure to measure microplastics in more complex matrices and to harmonise and compare different detection and characterization methods. In fact, these matrices require different additional treatments to allow a reliable quantification and identification of microplastics. T2 - SETAC Europe 2025 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Microplastics KW - Nanoplastics PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Afantitis, A. A1 - Melagraki, G. A1 - Isigonis, P. A1 - Tsoumanis, A. A1 - Varsou, D. D. A1 - Valsami-Jones, E. A1 - Papadiamantis, A. A1 - Ellis, L.-J. A. A1 - Sarimveis, H. A1 - Doganis, P. A1 - Karatzas, P. A1 - Tsiros, P. A1 - Liampa, I. A1 - Lobaskin, V. A1 - Greco, D. A1 - Serra, A. A1 - Kinaret, P. A. S. A1 - Saarimäki, L. A. A1 - Grafström, R. A1 - Kohonen, P. A1 - Nymark, P. A1 - Willighagen, E. A1 - Puzyn, T. A1 - Rybinska-Fryca, A. A1 - Lyubartsev, A. A1 - Jensen, K. A. A1 - Brandenburg, J. G. A1 - Lofts, S. A1 - Svendsen, C. A1 - Harrison, S. A1 - Maier, D. A1 - Tamm, K. A1 - Jänes, J. A1 - Sikk, L. A1 - Dusinska, M. A1 - Longhin, E. A1 - Rundén-Pran, E. A1 - Mariussen, E. A1 - El Yamani, N. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Tropsha, A. A1 - Cohen, Y. A1 - Lesczynski, J. A1 - Hendren, C. O. A1 - Wiesner, M. A1 - Winkler, D. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Yoon, T. H. A1 - Choi, J.-S. A1 - Sanabria, N. A1 - Gulumian, M. A1 - Lynch, I. T1 - NanoSolveIT Project: Driving nanoinformatics research to develop innovative and integrated tools for in silico nanosafety assessment N2 - Nanotechnology has enabled the discovery of a multitude of novel materials exhibiting unique physicochemical (PChem) properties compared to their bulk analogues. These properties have led to a rapidly increasing range of commercial applications; this, however, may come at a cost, if an association to long-term health and environmental risks is discovered or even just perceived. Many nanomaterials (NMs) have not yet had their potential adverse biological effects fully assessed, due to costs and time constraints associated with the experimental assessment, frequently involving animals. Here, the available NM libraries are analyzed for their suitability for integration with novel nanoinformatics approaches and for the development of NM specific Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for human and environmental risk assessment, all within the NanoSolveIT cloud-platform. These established and well-characterized NM libraries (e.g. NanoMILE, NanoSolutions, NANoREG, NanoFASE, caLIBRAte, NanoTEST and the Nanomaterial Registry (>2000 NMs)) contain physicochemical characterization data as well as data for several relevant biological endpoints, assessed in part using harmonized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) methods and test guidelines. Integration of such extensive NM information sources with the latest nanoinformatics methods will allow NanoSolveIT to model the relationships between NM structure (morphology), properties and their adverse effects and to predict the effects of other NMs for which less data is available. The project specifically addresses the needs of regulatory agencies and industry to effectively and rapidly evaluate the exposure, NM hazard and risk from nanomaterials and nano-enabled products, enabling implementation of computational ‘safe-by-design’ approaches to facilitate NM commercialization. KW - Nanoinformatics KW - Hazard assessment KW - (Quantitative) Structure-Active Relationships KW - Safe-by-design KW - Predictive modelling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505952 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.023 VL - 18 SP - 583 EP - 602 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Xing, Na A1 - Er, Jasmin A1 - Vidal, Ricardo M. A1 - Khadka, Sandhya A1 - Schusterbauer, Robert A1 - Rosentreter, Maik A1 - Etouki, Ranen A1 - Ahmed, Rameez A1 - Page, Taylor A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Bawadkji, Obida A1 - Wiesner, Anja A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ludwig, Kai A1 - Trimpert, Jakob A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen T1 - Scalable covalently functionalized black phosphorus hybrids for broadspectrum virucidal activity N2 - At the onset of viral outbreaks, broad-spectrum antiviral materials are crucial before specific therapeutics become available. We report scalable, biodegradable black phosphorus (BP) hybrids that provide mutation-resilient virucidal protection. BP sheets, produced via an optimized mechanochemical process, are covalently functionalized with 2-azido-4,6-dichloro- 1,3,5-triazine to form P=N bonds. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with intrinsic antiviral activity, and hydrophobic chains are then incorporated to achieve irreversible viral deactivation. The material exhibits strong antiviral inhibition and complete virucidal activity against multiple viruses, including recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. It maintains high biocompatibility, remains effective against viral mutations, and is shelf stable for at least five month. The combination of biodegradability, scalable synthesis, and synergistic antiviral and virucidal mechanisms establishes BP-conjugates as a new class of highly efficient antivirals. They offer a broad spectrum antiviral solutions that could bridge the gap between antiviral medicines and general antiseptics. KW - Black phosphorus KW - Antiviral materials KW - Functionalization KW - Biodegradability KW - Sheets PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652941 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.12854 SN - 2331-8422 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-65294 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putzu, Mara A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Weimann, Christiane A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Muniategui Lorenzo, Soledad A1 - Fernández-Gonzáles, Verónica A1 - Booth, Andy M. A1 - Igartua, Amaia A1 - Benismail, Nizar A1 - Coïc, Laureen A1 - Chivas-Joly, Carine A1 - Fenoglio, Ivana A1 - Rossi, Andrea Mario A1 - Giovannozzi, Andrea Mario A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Optimization of tablet processing as a reference material for microplastic detection methods N2 - Reference materials (RMs) are essential and highly demanded tools for the development and validation of methods for microplastic (MP) quantification in complex matrices, to ensure comparable and harmonized approaches aligned with EU commission criteria for monitoring MPs (e.g., Drinking Water Directive and Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive). This study investigates different approaches for optimizing the production of polypropylene (PP) RMs in the form of water-soluble tablets, which were carefully evaluated for their homogeneity and stability according to ISO Guide 30, ISO 33401, and ISO 33405. PP particles (1–100 μm) were produced by cryomilling and embedded in a lactose/PEG matrix, then pressed into tablets (18 µg theoretical PP mass). The production process was optimized by varying (i) the size distribution of the matrix components and (ii) the mixer instrument. The materials obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis to assess the homogeneity distribution of MPs with respect to PP mass in the individual tablets and their stability over a 4-month period. The most promising approach, with a homogenous mass of 19 μg (standard deviation of 4 μg), relative standard deviation of 19%, was further investigated for homogeneity by comparison with thermo-analytical mass determination methods, such as TED-GC/MS (thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and Py-GC/MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and for number-based characterization using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Material characterization was also examined using laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ATR-FTIR. Based on the results, the optimized processing protocol yields a PP RM suitable for quality control and method performance studies supporting standardization. KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Reference materials KW - Polypropylene PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653290 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06271-7 SN - 1618-2642 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Jekel, M A1 - Ruhl, A S A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Specific adsorption sites and conditions derived by thermal decomposition of activated carbons and adsorbed carbamazepine N2 - The adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon is a favourable solution for the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. However, these adsorption processes are not sufficiently understood to allow for the appropriate prediction of removal processes. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis, alongside evolved gas analysis, is proposed for the characterisation of micropollutants adsorbed on activated carbon. Varying amounts of carbamazepine were adsorbed onto three different activated carbons, which were subsequently dried, and their thermal decomposition mechanisms examined. The discovery of 55 different pyrolysis products allowed differentiations to be made between specific adsorption sites and conditions. However, the same adsorption mechanisms were found for all samples, which were enhanced by inorganic constituents and oxygen containing surface groups. Furthermore, increasing the loadings led to the evolution of more hydrated decomposition products, whilst parts of the carbamazepine molecules were also integrated into the carbon structure. It was also found that the chemical composition, especially the degree of dehydration of the activated carbon, plays an important role in the adsorption of carbamazepine. Hence, it is thought that the adsorption sites may have a higher adsorption energy for specific adsorbates, when the activated carbon can then potentially increase its degree of graphitisation. KW - Aktivkohle KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Adsorption KW - Thermoanalytik PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506946 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63481-y VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 6695 PB - Nature Publishing Group AN - OPUS4-50694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -