TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence: A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibers N2 - The thermo-oxidative degradation of a polymeric optical cable is investigated by chemiluminescence, The results are reliable and reproducible. Two distinct processes are reported marked by a peak and a plateau behavior versus the time, respectively. Both processes are ruled by thermally activated processes. Beside the dependencies of temperature and time, the influence of absorbed water is discussed. Chemiluminescence is proposed as a promising candidate for a suitable testing method assessing the thermo-oxidative stability of plastic optical fibers and cables. it requires not more than a simple one-day testing procedure and has the advantage that it can be carried out even within the lo cv temperature ranges of the cables' intended use. KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Chemilumineszenz PY - 1999 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/50.803022 SN - 0733-8724 SN - 1558-2213 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 2291 EP - 2296 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Chemiluminescence of polyethylenes as accelerated test for the efficiency of stabilisers and of the effect of recycling procedures T2 - Workshop on chemiluminescence CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2000-10-19 PY - 2000 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred A1 - Grell, M. A1 - Bradley, D.D.C. T1 - Polarized fluorescence and orientational order parameters of a liquid-crystalline conjugated polymer N2 - We report a study of the orientational order of aligned thin films of the liquid crystalline conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). Steady state polarized fluorescence measurements were used to determine the orientational order parameter and . The influence of intermolecular and intramolecular excitation energy transfer on the degree of polarization is discussed. The role of film morphology is also examined by comparison of the results for glassy and crystalline films. KW - Liquid-cristalline conjugated Polymer KW - Polarized fluorescence measurements PY - 1999 SN - 1098-0121 SN - 0163-1829 SN - 0556-2805 SN - 1095-3795 SN - 1550-235X VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 277 EP - 283 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krafft, Bernd A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Rybak, Thomas T1 - Multilayer graphene rubber nanocomposites N2 - Multilayer Graphene (MLG), a nanoparticle with a specific surface of BET = 250 m²/g and thus made of only approximately 10 graphene sheets, is proposed as a nanofiller for rubbers. When homogenously dispersed, it works at low loadings enabling the replacement of carbon black (CB), increase in efficiency, or reduction in filler concentration. Actually the appropriate preparation yielded nanocomposites in which just 3 phr are sufficient to significantly improve the rheological, curing and mechanical properties of different rubbers, as shown for Chlorine-Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (CIIR), Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR), Natural Rubber (NR), and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR). A mere 3 phr of MLG tripled the Young’s modulus of CIIR, an effect equivalent to 20 phr of carbon black. Similar equivalents are observed for MLG/CB mixtures. MLG reduces gas permeability, increases thermal and electrical conductivities, and retards fire behavior. The later shown by the reduction in heat release rate in the cone calorimeter. The higher the nanofiller concentration is (3 phr, 5 phr, and 10 phr was investigated), the greater the improvement in the properties of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the MLG nanocomposites improve stability of mechanical properties against weathering. An increase in UV-absorption as well as a pronounced radical scavenging are proposed and were proved experimentally. To sum up, MLG is interesting as a multifunctional nanofiller and seems to be quite ready for rubber development. T2 - TOP 2016, VIII International Conference on “Times of Polymers and Composites” CY - Naples, Italy DA - 19.06.2016 KW - Graphene KW - Nanocomposite KW - Rubber PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1390-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4949621 SN - 0094-243X SN - 1551-7616 VL - 1736 SP - 020046, 1 EP - 4 PB - AIP AN - OPUS4-36864 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Zanotto, M. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Impact of biodiesel sorption on tensile properties of PE-HD for container applications N2 - In previous papers, we investigated the influence of biodiesel or diesel on mechanical properties of a high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) for tank applications using Charpy impact tests and dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA). In this work, covering two more PE-HD materials, we extend our study to addressing the tensile properties, especially changes of Young's modulus, after immersion in biodiesel or diesel at 60 °C. As we cover sorption and desorption behavior, during desorption, i.e. storage at 60 °C in a circulating air oven, ageing or degradation phenomena were also observed and characterized in some detail using spectral reflectance measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results obtained here support the concept of co-oxidation, i.e. the faster oxidation of the PE-HD matrix if the samples were previously saturated with biodiesel, itself easily oxidizable. KW - polyethylene KW - biodiesel KW - biofuels KW - sorption KW - plasticization KW - degradation PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.01.025 SN - 0142-9418 VL - 50 SP - 315 EP - 324 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Hally, S. T1 - Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tyre granules N2 - Scrap tyres are widely reused in the form of granules as infill materials or component of sub-base layers in construction of sporting grounds such as synthetic turf areas and athletic track surfaces. The recycled rubber may contain organic and inorganic pollutants due to the presence of vulcanisation catalysts, stabilisers and other additives which can be released into soil and groundwater in the case of outdoor sports facilities. In order to evaluate the amount of potentially mobile pollutants, leaching tests can be employed. This study aimed particularly at the investigation of the feasibility of column tests using complete synthetic surface flooring or turf system assemblies. The release of zinc and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) leached from components of sports surfaces containing recycled rubber granules was considered. Additionally, batch tests on coated and uncoated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) granules aged by artificial weathering were performed to indicate its possible influence on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH. The chosen approach of column tests simulating typical complete synthetic sports surface installations has been proven to be feasible and robust. The time-dependent leaching behaviour and interactions between single components can be evaluated by column tests. Zinc was the most relevant contaminant in the eluates and its leachability was enhanced after accelerated ageing by artificial weathering. Leachable PAH were found in relatively low but well detectable amounts which increase by ageing as well. KW - Waste rubber KW - SBR KW - Artificial turf KW - Leaching KW - behaviour KW - Column test KW - Batch test KW - Weathering PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9248-5 SN - 1877-2641 SN - 1877-265X VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 745 EP - 757 PB - Springer Science + Business Media CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-29454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Bandow, Nicole ED - Brown, R. ED - Gedde, U.W. ED - Hedenqvist, M.S. T1 - Influence of weathering on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH from synthetic sports surfaces N2 - Synthetic materials used for outdoor sports grounds consist of a mix of inorganic, organic and polymeric compounds that show ageing due to weathering and a complex leaching behaviour by percolation of rainwater, which can limit its lifetime. Additionally, weathering exposure induces degradation processes in the polymers, which leads to the formation of new surfaces allowing water to access additional reservoirs of leachable compounds. A laboratory test comprising artificial weathering, ozonisation and subsequent leaching was developed to investigate this behaviour in a reproducible and controllable way. The experiments showed a general decline of Zn, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations after an initial increase. Within this general trend, the course of concentration over exposure duration is very specific for individual sample materials and the analyte under investigation. The results indicate that weathering and degradation behaviour cannot be predicted from initial material conditions. Thus, weathering experiments are recommended to fill this gap of knowledge. KW - Athletic tracks KW - Artificial turf KW - Ageing KW - Artificial weathering KW - Polymer degradation KW - Rubber granules KW - Leaching KW - Contamination PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.09.021 SN - 0142-9418 SN - 1873-2348 VL - 63 IS - October SP - 621 EP - 631 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-42205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schütter, Jan David A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Photo-oxidation of PE-HD affecting polymer/fuel interaction and bacterial attachment N2 - In the present study, a simple approach was used to investigate the effect of UV-exposure on two high density Polyethylene materials (PE-HD), commonly used for storage tanks, on fuel sorption behavior and colonization by microorganisms. The aim was to investigate whether the sorption behavior of the fuels (diesel/biodiesel) and the colonization by microorganisms, frequently occurring in the fuel, is affected and may lead to undesirable or safety-relevant material changes. We showed that the UV-irradiation leads to significant changes of the sorption behavior due to chemi-crystallization and crosslinking. The fuel Sorption is affected by the UV-induced formation of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl groups predominantly occurring at the surface. With respect to microbial colonization behavior for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from a contaminated diesel sample, differences of the initial adhesion could be shown depending on the initial type of polyethylene as well as on the degree of UV-induced degradation. KW - High density polyethylene KW - Bacterial attachment KW - UV-irradiation KW - Fuel sorption PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510001 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-020-0122-1 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 18 PB - Nature Partner Journals AN - OPUS4-51000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krafft, Bernd A1 - Rybak, Thomas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Multilayer Graphene/Carbon Black/Chlorine Isobutyl Isoprene Rubber Nanocomposites N2 - High loadings of carbon black (CB) are usually used to achieve the properties demanded of rubber compounds. In recent years, distinct nanoparticles have been investigated to replace CB in whole or in part, in order to reduce the necessary filler content or to improve performance. Multilayer graphene (MLG) is a nanoparticle made of just 10 graphene sheets and has recently become commercially available for mass-product nanocomposites. Three phr (part for hundred rubbers) of MLG are added to chlorine isobutyl isoprene rubber (CIIR)/CB composites in order to replace part of the CB. The incorporation of just 3 phr MLG triples the Young’s modulus of CIIR; the same effect is obtained with 20 phr CB. The simultaneous presence of three MLG and CB also delivers remarkable properties, e.g. adding three MLG and 20 phr CB increased the hardness as much as adding 40 phr CB. A comprehensive study is presented, showing the influence on a variety of mechanical properties. The potential of the MLG/CB combination is illustrated to reduce the filler content or to boost performance, respectively. Apart from the remarkable mechanical properties, the CIIR/CB/MLG nanocomposites showed an increase in weathering resistance. KW - nanocomposites KW - rubber KW - multilayer graphene KW - carbon black PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-358569 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8030095 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 8 SP - 95 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-35856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Wirkung simulierter Sonnenstrahlung auf Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gefüllte Polymerkomposite T2 - 43. Jahrestag der GUS 2014 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 2014-03-26 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30647 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus ED - Reichert, T. T1 - Irradiation-induced surface changes on CNT-filled polymeric materials N2 - The present study examines weathering-related degradation mechanisms of CNT-containing polymers and discusses whether and under what conditions degradation might lead to the release of nanoscale components. For this purpose, the study used accelerated artificial aging. The photodegradation of composites based polycarbonate containing multi-walled CNTs of type "Baytubes C150P" was studied under irradiation with a Xenon-arc irradiation device (λ-cut-off at 290 nm). Resulting surface modifications were evaluated with complementary chemical and microscopic characterization techniques. At sufficiently high radiation dose, a significant degradation of the matrix was observed for some of the polymers under examination which led to entangled networks of uncovered CNT at the composite surface. By investigation of potential exposure mechanisms of CNTs in polymer composites, the present work contributes to the risk assessment of CNT-containing products. T2 - 6th European weathering symposium Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Bratislava, Slovak Republic DA - 11.09.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-9813136-8-0 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 16 SP - 295 EP - 308 AN - OPUS4-31161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Wirkung simulierter Sonnenstrahlung auf Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gefüllte Polymerkomposite N2 - Durch das Füllen von Polymeren mit Nanopartikeln oder Nanoröhren werden verbesserte Materialeigenschaften z.B. bezüglich mechanischer Stabilität, Witterungsbeständigkeit, elektrischer Leitfähigkeit und Flammschutz angestrebt. Mit dem vermehrten Einsatz derartiger Nanokomposite gewinnen aber auch Fragen des Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutzes an Bedeutung. Es gilt zu klären, ob durch Herstellung, Benutzung und Witterungsbeanspruchung möglichweise nanoskalige Partikel freigesetzt werden können. Zu diesem Zweck wurden mit Kohlenstoffnanoröhren, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), gefüllte Polymerkomposite spektral breitbandig wie auch quasimonochromatisch unter variierter klimatischer Beanspruchung bestrahlt. Die sich vor allem an der Oberfläche mit der Alterung abzeichnenden Veränderungen wurden mikroskopisch und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. T2 - 43. Jahrestagung der GUS 2014 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 26.03.2014 KW - Nanokomposit KW - Nanopartikel KW - CNT KW - Bewitterung KW - Bestrahlung KW - Simulierte Sonnenstrahlung KW - Alterung PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9816286-0-9 SP - 65 EP - 74 AN - OPUS4-31160 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Maßgeschneiderte künstliche Bewitterungstests zur Untersuchung der alterungsbedingten Freisetzung von Produkten in die Umwelt N2 - Genormte künstliche Bewitterungstests sind häufig nicht spezifisch für die Anwendungssituation oder das Material. Das macht die Entwicklung spezifischer Tests erforderlich. Für deren Entwicklung müssen Maximalparameter der Anwendungssituation bekannt sein, womit dann der künstliche Test formuliert wird und dessen Bedingungen werden dann solange optimiert, bis die Korrelation der Effekte von natürlichem und künstlichem Test ausreichend ist. Für Untersuchungen der Freisetzung kann der verbleibende Rest in der Probe und/oder die freigesetzte Menge in Luft, Boden, Wasser bestimmt werden. Im ersten Beispiel der Witterungswirkung wurde die Freisetzung von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen (CNT) aus Polymer-Kompositen untersucht (unter Verwendung von empfindlich-nachweisbarer radioaktiver 14C-Markierung für einzelne CNT-Partikel), in einem zweiten die Freisetzung von anorganischen und organischen Bestandteilen aus elastomeren Bestandteilen von Sportböden (Bahnen und Kunstrasen) in Wasser. T2 - SKZ-Tagung: Bewitterung van Kunststoffen CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 06.07.2022 KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - UV KW - Degradation KW - Freisetzung KW - CNT KW - Carbo-Nanotubes KW - Composite KW - Nano-Partikel KW - 14C-Markierung KW - Sportböden KW - Kunstrasen KW - Grundwasser PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55219 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rhiem, S. A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Hennig, M. P. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schäffer, A. A1 - Maes, H. M. T1 - Release of 14C-labelled carbon nanotubes from polycarbonate composites N2 - Waste disposal of carbon nanotube (CNT) containing products is expected to be the most important pathway for release of CNTs into the environment. In the present work, the use of radiolabelled CNTs (14C-CNT) for polycarbonate polymer nanocomposites with 1 wt% 14C-CNT content allowed for the first time to quantify and differentiate the CNT release according to the type of impact along the materials' ageing history. After an initial exposure of the nanocomposite by solar-like irradiation, further environmental impacts were applied to composite material. They aimed at mimicking disposal site conditions that may induce further ageing effects and CNT release. This study included shaking in water, rapid temperature changes, soaking in humic acid solution as well as waste water effluent, and, finally, gentle mechanical abrasion. All ageing impacts were applied sequentially, both on pristine (control) and on solar-irradiated nanocomposites. All experiments were accompanied by absolute quantification of radioactive release as well as chemical and morphological analyses of the nanocomposite surfaces using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphological analysis showed that spectral irradiation can uncover CNT networks on the outer nanocomposite surface layers by polymer degradation. After having subjected the solar-irradiated nanocomposite to all studied disposal site effect, the total radioactive release was quantified to amount to 64 mg CNT/m2, whereas only 0.8 mg CNT/m2 were found for the un-irradiated control sample. Solar degradation of polymers was thus found to significantly increase the propensity of the studied polymer nanocomposites to release CNTs during ageing effects at the product's end-of-life typical for disposal sites. KW - Weathering KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Nanocomposites KW - Release KW - Quantification PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116303748 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.098 SN - 0269-7491 VL - 215 IS - August SP - 356 EP - 365 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-36899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Die komplexe Wirkung von Schimmelpilz und Klima auf Polymeroberflächen und ihre Simulation im Labor T2 - 33. Jahrestagung der GUS, "Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten" CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2004-03-17 PY - 2004 SN - 3-9808382-4-2 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - GUS CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-4880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Chatzigiannakis, E. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - von der Ehe, Kerstin A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Discoloration Effects of High-Dose gamma-Irradiation and Long-Term Thermal Aging of (U) HMW-PE N2 - Two polyethylene types with ultra-high (UHMWPE) and high molecular weight (HMW-PE) used as neutron radiation shielding materials in casks for radioactive waste were irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy using a 60Co gammasource. Subsequently, thermal aging at 125∘C was applied for up to one year. Degradation effects in the materials were characterized using colorimetry, UV-Visspectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and DSC. Both materials exhibited a yellowing upon irradiation.The discoloration of UHMW-PE disappeared again after thermal aging.Therefore, the yellowing is assumed to originate fromannealable color centers in the formof free radicals that are trapped in the crystalline regions of the polymer and recombine at elevated temperatures. For the antioxidantcontaining HMWPE, yellowing was observed after both irradiation and thermal aging. The color change was correlated mainly to decomposition products of the antioxidant in addition to trapped radicals as in UHMW-PE. Additionally, black spots appeared after thermal aging of HMW-PE. KW - Irradiation KW - UHMWPE KW - Colour center KW - Yellowness index PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-423992 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1362491 SN - 1687-9422 VL - 2017 IS - Article ID 1362491 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Hindawi AN - OPUS4-42399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Metz, Christian A1 - Franz, Philipp A1 - Fischer, C. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Charakterisierung der Alterung additiv gefertigter Kunststoffbauteile N2 - Das vorgestellte Projekt beschäftigt sich mit den optischen, thermophysikalischen und mechanischen Materialeigenschaften von additiv gefertigten Kunststoffteilen und deren Alterung. Dazu wurden mittels Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) Probekörper aus ABS hergestellt, die anschließend für drei Monate einer künstlichen Bewitterung unterzogen wurden. Die dabei erzeugte definierte Alterung wurde nach drei Zeitabschnitten jeweils mit zerstörungsfreien Methoden charakterisiert. Dabei wurde neben den spektroskopischen Standardmethoden auch die aktive Thermografie eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich mittels der Thermografie sowohl chemische Veränderungen als auch mechanische Schädigungen (Fehlstellen) darstellen lassen. Die Bewitterung beeinflusst die Teiltransparenz der Proben zumindest im sichtbaren Spektralbereich, was bei der Charakterisierung der Fehlstellen, die mittels optisch angeregter aktiver Thermografie detektiert wurden, berücksichtigt werden muss. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2019 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - 3D Druck KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Thermografie KW - Polymere KW - Künstliche Bewitterung PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-491561 UR - https://jt2019.dgzfp.de/Portals/jt2019/bb/Di.3.B.1.pdf SN - 978-3-947971-02-2 VL - 171 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-49156 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Metz, Christian A1 - Franz, Philipp A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Fischer, C. ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Untersuchung der Beständigkeit additiv gefertigter Bauteile durch Thermografie nach künstlicher Bewitterung N2 - Additiv gefertigte Prüfkörper aus Polyamid 12 (Laser Sinter Verfahren) und Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol (Fused Layer Modeling Verfahren) wurden über 2000 Stunden künstlich bewittert und ihr Alterungsverhalten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden anschließend mit denen von Prüfkörpern verglichen, welche auf dieselbe Weise künstlich bewittert, aber mittels konventionellem KunststoffSpritzguss hergestellt wurden. T2 - 48. Jahrestagung der GUS 2019 CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 27.03.2019 KW - Polymere KW - Additive Fertigung KW - 3D Druck KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Thermografie PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-3-4 VL - 48 SP - 207 EP - 216 CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-48502 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Metz, Christian A1 - Franz, Philipp A1 - Fischer, C. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - Active thermography for quality assurance of 3D-printed polymer structures N2 - Additively manufactured test specimens made of polyamide 12 (PA 12) by Laser Sintering as well as of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) by Fused Layer Modelling, were characterised with active thermography directly after manufacturing and after artificial weathering. For this, two different excitation methods (flash and pulse heating) were used and compared, regarding their suitability for the detection of constructed and imprinted defects inside the test specimens. To increase the quality of the thermograms, data processing methods like thermal signal reconstruction (TSR) and Fourier Transformation after TSR were applied. To further investigate the long-term stability of the additively manufactured test specimens towards environmental stress, like UV radiation, heat, humidity, water contact and frost with active thermography, an artificial weathering test over 2000 hours (~3 months) was applied to the specimens. The monitoring of the changes in the optical properties of the weathered plastics was supplemented by spectral reflectance and UV/VIS spectroscopy. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Polymers KW - Artificial weathering KW - Active thermography KW - UV/VIS spectroscopy PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2019.1686896 SN - 1768-6733 (Print) 2116-7176 (Online) VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 50 EP - 72 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-49817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vega Puga, E. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Brendelberger, S. A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Sattler, C. T1 - Lifetime prediction and degradation assessment of FKM and FFKM O-rings under high temperature thermo-oxidative ageing N2 - To support the development of solar reactor technologies for hydrogen production, this study investigates the thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms of fluorinated elastomers and predicts their lifetimes at high temperatures (200–300 ◦C) consistent with the application requirements. An accelerated ageing programme is conducted with FKM and FFKM O-rings and flat samples for up to 21 days. Optical microscopy is used to analyse the exposed seals’ morphological changes, while IR microscopy is utilised to investigate the underlying chemical degradation mechanisms of both elastomers. Findings suggest that FKM’s degradation arises from dehydrofluorination of the polymer, followed by chain scission and backbone cleavage as a result of the oxidation of newly formed C=C double bonds. FFKM’s degradation is primarily associated with chain scission, but there is also indication that post-curing processes may occur during material ageing. Furthermore, hardness, equilibrium compression set (CS), continuous compression stress relaxation (CSR) and leakage rate tests are used to evaluate changes in the mechanical properties and sealing performance of the elastomers. Equilibrium CS data is extrapolated using time-temperature shifts (TTS) and used to derive an end-of-life criterion of 75 % equilibrium CS, which correlates to leakage rates higher than a predetermined threshold. Service lifetime predictions of FKM and FFKM O-rings at several temperatures are performed and a seal operating temperature of 200 ◦C is suggested, which ensures reasonable O-ring replacement intervals of more than half a year in the solar reactor for both considered materials. KW - Fluoroelastomer KW - Perfluoroelastomer KW - Thermo-oxidative ageing KW - Lifetime prediction KW - Compression set PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630112 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108820 SN - 1873-2348 VL - 147 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Elsevier BV CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, S. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Qian, Lijun A1 - Dong, Y. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Enhanced flame-retardant effect of montmorillonite/phosphaphenanthrene compound in an epoxy thermoset N2 - A phosphaphenanthrene and triazinetrione group containing flame retardant (TAD) is combined with organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) in epoxy resin thermosets (EP) to improve the performance of the flame-retardant system. When only 1 wt% OMMT/4 wt% TAD is introduced into the EP, the limited oxygen index (LOI) rises from 26% to 36.9% and a V-0 rating is achieved in a UL 94 test. The decomposition and pyrolysis products in the gas phase and condensed phase were characterized using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The influence on the decomposition of EP, such as the increase in char yield, is limited with the incorporation of OMMT; a large amount of the phosphorus is released into the gas phase. The flame-retardant effect evaluation based on cone calorimeter data testified that OMMT improves the protective-barrier effect of the fire residue of OMMT/TAD/EP on the macroscopic scale, while TAD mainly causes flame inhibition. The fire residues showed a corresponding macroscopic appearance (digital photo) and microstructure (scanning electron microscope [SEM] results). The protective barrier effect of OMMT and the flame-inhibition effect of TAD combined to exert a superior flame-retardant effect, resulting in sufficient flame-retardant performance of OMMT/TAD/EP KW - Flame retardant KW - Nanocomposite KW - DOPO KW - Thermoset KW - Epoxy resin KW - TG-FTIR PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388865 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25070j SN - 2046-2069 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 720 EP - 728 AN - OPUS4-38886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Marschall, Niklas A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Unveiling Effects of Biodiesel and Diesel on Environmental Stress Cracking of PE-HD N2 - The behavior of high‐density polyethylene with respect to resistance against environmental stress cracking (ESC) is usually regarded as an inherent material property being specific for respective types of PE‐HD and tested using standardized methods, conditions, and also standard testing liquids (usually aqueous surfactant solutions). On the other hand, for practical applications the ESC behavior of those polymeric materials, commonly used for pipes or containers, in contact with other liquids (e.g., fuels) is often of relevant interest, but for a reasonable assessment, where consistent benchmark data for a direct comparison are often missing, it is essential to determine the actually prevailing failure mode and classify it related to crack propagation or other mechanisms. Using the well‐established Full Notch Creep Test, which favorably allows for a detailed microscopic fracture surface analysis after failure, the behavior of two typical PE‐HD types for container applications is investigated in biodiesel and diesel and compared to a standard surfactant solution. This enables a clear identification of characteristic features of the interaction of biodiesel and diesel as sorptive fuels in contact with the polymer, revealing the complex interplay of sorption and plasticization as well as ESC inducing effects on PE‐HD, which could be clearly shown for both fuels. KW - Biodiesel KW - Confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM) KW - Diesel KW - Full notch creep test (FNCT) KW - Plasticization PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650525 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.70239 SN - 0032-3888 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken (NJ) AN - OPUS4-65052 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramanujam, Maalolan A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Purohit, Purv A1 - Mix, Renate A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - A detailed dielectric relaxation spectroscopy study of artificial UV weathered low density polyethylene N2 - Artificial weathering of LDPE under dry conditions (<10% of relative humidity) by UV radiation was monitored by dielectric spectroscopy. For an apolar polymer like LDPE, dielectric study yields Information about the change in structure and dynamics of the system. The fluctuations of the polar groups which are generated as a result of photooxidation such as carbonyl groups can be monitored as characteristic relaxation processes like the αc or β mode. The dielectric loss characterized by typical dielectric parameters like the activation energy and dielectric strength are strongly dependent upon changes induced by photooxidation in the amorphous and crystalline domains. This paper discusses in detail how the foil reached its mechanical disintegration. It was found that initial stages of weathering induce chain scission and/or crosslinking in the amorphous domains of the polymer and the motional processes in the crystalline regions are not affected. After this induction period, an increase in the degree of crystallization was observed by employing differential calorimetry. The increasing crystallinity is considered as one of the reasons for embrittlement which finally leads to the complete loss of the structural integrity. KW - Artificial weathering KW - UV radiation KW - Dielectric relaxation KW - LDPE PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.12.003 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 530 SP - 73 EP - 78 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Fengler, Petra A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Interlaboratory Comparison Reveals State of the Art in Microplastic Detection and Quantification Methods N2 - In this study, we investigate the current accuracy of widely used microplastic (MP) detection methods through an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) involving ISO-approved techniques. The ILC was organized under the prestandardization platform of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) and gathered a large number (84) of analytical laboratories across the globe. The aim of this ILC was (i) to test and to compare two thermo-analytical and three spectroscopical methods with respect to their suitability to identify and quantify microplastics in a water-soluble matrix and (ii) to test the suitability of the microplastic test materials to be used in ILCs. Two reference materials (RMs), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) as powders with rough size ranges between 10 and 200 μm, were used to press tablets for the ILC. The following parameters had to be assessed: polymer identity, mass fraction, particle number concentration, and particle size distribution. The reproducibility, SR, in thermo-analytical experiments ranged from 62%−117% (for PE) and 45.9%−62% (for PET). In spectroscopical experiments, the SR varied between 121% and 129% (for PE) and 64% and 70% (for PET). Tablet dissolution turned out to be a very challenging step and should be optimized. Based on the knowledge gained, development of guidance for improved tablet filtration is in progress. Further, in this study, we discuss the main sources of uncertainties that need to be considered and minimized for preparation of standardized protocols for future measurements with higher accuracy. KW - Microplastics KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - PlasticsFatE KW - PET KW - PE KW - Reference materials KW - VAMAS KW - Thermo-analytical methods KW - Spectroscopical methods PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630462 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05403 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 97 SP - 8719 EP - 8728 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-63046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Wimmer, Lukas A1 - Alcolea-Rodriguez, Victor A1 - Waniek, Tassilo A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Matzdorf, Kay A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Fengler, Petra A1 - Milczewski, Frank A1 - Otazo-Aseguinolaza, Itziar A1 - Ferrer, Manuel A1 - Bañares, Miguel A. A1 - Portela, Raquel A1 - Dailey, Lea Ann T1 - Quality-by-design and current good practices for the production of test and reference materials for micro- and nano-plastic research N2 - Understanding the environmental and human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastic pollutants is currently a high priority, stimulating intensive methodological research work in the areas of sampling, sample preparation and detection as well as intensive monitoring and testing. It is challenging to identify and quantify microplastics in complex organic matrices and concepts for nanoplastic detection are still in their infancy. All analytical techniques employed in studying micro- and nanoplastics require suitable reference materials for validation measurements, with requirements as diverse as the analytical tools used, ranging from different polymer types, size distributions and shapes of the material to the concentrations employed in different experimental set ups (ng to g amounts). The aim of this manuscript is to outline current good practices for small-scale laboratory production and characterization of suitable test and reference materials. The focus is placed on top-downfragmentation methods as well as bottom-up precipitation methods. Examples using polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate with size distribution classes of mainly 10–1000, 1–10 and <1 μm particles will be provided. Experiences and suggestions on how to produce well-characterized micro- and nano-plastics for internal research needs will ensure that studies using the materials have robust and informative outcomes. KW - Mmicroplastics KW - Nanoplastics KW - Reference materials KW - Standard validation method PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139595 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 497 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-63958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - A new irradiation device for medium scale plastic products N2 - A new irradiation device for the exposure of plastic products is presented. Developed in the BAM division 3.1 "Dangerous Goods Packaging" it can be used for artificial UV irradiation of plastic Containers filled with hazardous liquids. Present regulations and tests only investigate the exposure effects of UV and of media separately, but as the damaging effect is expected to be synergistic for at least some media, a combined test was looked for. A chamber of 60 cm by 60 cm base area and 1 m height gives space for up to 40 cm wide objects. Two fluorescent UV lamp arrays are arranged on opposite walls, separated from the chamber by quartz glass panes. By continuously rotating the exposure object by means of a rotary disc that the object is placed on, spatial irradiation homogeneity is achieved over the exposure duration. The spectral irradiance of the chosen UVA 340 nm lamps gives the best match of global solar radiation in the short wavelength ränge. The close arrangement of the UVA lamps (15 each side) results in 60 W m'2 UV irradiance. Constant temperature is adjusted to typically 40 °C by the control of the fan speed. This temperature is chosen, as it is the required temperature for three week storage of filled polyethylene Containers, for proving Chemical compatibility in the field of dangerous goods. To ensure homogeneity, an interiorfan provides for air circulation. T2 - 7th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Naples, Italy DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Weathering KW - UV irradiation PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-6-1 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 17 SP - 91 EP - 96 AN - OPUS4-34353 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Pinholes - the negative impact of mildew growth PY - 2004 SN - 0930-3847 VL - 5 SP - 26 EP - 30 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-21350 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Simulationsdaten zur photooxidativen Beanspruchung an verschiedenen geografischen Freibewitterungs-Standorten N2 - Freibewitterungen weisen grundsätzlich eine hohe Variabilität der jeweiligen Intensität der Beanspruchungsparameter auf; sie sind nicht einfach wiederholbar. Um dennoch die Ergebnisse einer Beanspruchung vergleichen zu können, ist eine aussagekräftige Charakterisierung der Freibewitterung wichtig. Traditionell werden Daten bekannter Einflussgrößen wie Globalstrahlung, Temperatur oder Feuchtewerte herangezogen. Obwohl man weiß, dass diese Größen an den exponierten Oberflächen wechselwirken und kombiniert als Mikroklima Einfluss auf Degradationsprozesse nehmen, werden schon aus Praktikabilitätsgründen diese separat als klimatische Messgrößen angegeben. Die Aussagekraft dieser Daten ist mäßig. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Aussagekraft und damit Vergleichbarkeit zu erhöhen, indem diese Messdaten als Stundendaten zu Wirkintegralen vorverarbeitet und jahresweise akkumuliert werden. Betrachtet wird dafür der Prozess der Photooxidation, da dieser Alterungs-mechanismus bei allen Kunststoffen auftritt. Für eine einfache Modellierung wird die wirksame UV-Bestrahlung, gewichtet mit einer Arrhenius-abhängigen Ober¬flächen-temperatur (TOF), über den Beanspruchungszeitraum von hier je einem Jahr akkumuliert. Die Idee einer solchen Messgröße für photooxidative Ober¬flächen¬alterung wurde bereits vorgestellt [1]. Dort wurde ein Gerät vor¬geschlagen, mit dem dieser Wert für verschieden absorbierende Oberflächen für die Dauer einer Exposition akkumuliert wird, und ergänzend eine Abschätzung der Betauungs¬zeiten dieser Referenz-Oberflächen erfolgen könnte. Hier soll es um eine rechnerisch generierte Zusammenstellung dieser photo¬oxidativen 1-Jahres-Alterungswerte für verschiedene Standorte gehen. Ein Temperaturfaktor erfasst dabei den Einfluss der Strahlungserwärmung auf eine weiße, graue bzw. schwarze Referenzoberflächen, spiegelt also die Kopplung von solarer Strahlung und Temperatur wider [1]. Ermittelt wird er aus Stunden¬daten der Globalstrahlung und der Lufttemperatur. Die spektrale Wirkung wird aus Sonnenhöhenständen entsprechend der geografischen Breite mit Hilfe der FastRT-Oberfläche [2] als PiT·h-Wert abgeschätzt [3]. Anhand der errechneten Jahreswerte können die Schweregrade der photo¬oxidativen Beanspruchung an den verschiedenen Standorten unmittelbar verglichen werden. Die gezeigten Simulationsdaten für ein solches „elektronisches Referenzmaterial“ für photooxidative Degradation zeigen die prinzipielle Möglichkeit einer Kartografierung solcher Daten auf. T2 - 53. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 26.03.2025 KW - Polymer 3R, UV, Bestrahlung, Bewitterung PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-9826129-2-8 VL - 53 SP - 19 EP - 28 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - 76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-62902 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Significance of new data pairs for irradiance and (surface) temperature N2 - There is consent that UV irradiance and temperature at the place of photodegradation are the most important environmental parameters in weathering, along with humidity. This contribution shows how an improvement in the measurement data situation can improve the significance and comparability of outdoor exposures. Photooxidative ageing is calculated using sample polymers for which the corresponding modelling data (Exposure Response Functions, ERF) is available. The mean square deviations are estimated, which result from using different spectral irradiances and different spectral sensitivities, both of the sensors and the polymers. It will be shown here how the significance of the irradiance values increases with increasing approximation of the spectral sensitivities of the sensor and polymer. Also, the mean square deviations are estimated, which result from using different activation energies and surface temperatures. A selection of different variables to describe the weathering exposure is created. The potential of either individual values or data pairs is evaluated in terms of significance or correlation to the calculated photooxidative ageing. Recording hourly data also enables subsequent evaluations of individual test specimens, adapted to the respective colour or to determine activation energies. An accumulated value, calculated from PIT-radiometer irradiance and a suited surface temperature, can provide a comparison of different outdoor exposures over different locations or years. Thus, a characterisation of the weathering exposure would be related to a reference spectral sensitivity (much closer to a polymer than that of a common UV radiometer), one reference activation energy, and different surface temperature scenarios with, on the one hand, graded solar absorptions (white / grey / black) and, on the other hand, different thermal couplings (coated metal / thick plastic). This results in three values each for plastic samples and coated metals (light / grey / dark). It will never be possible to accurately predict the weathering tests for individual samples (with their specific sensitivities), but the proposed approaches can go a long way towards the comparability of outdoor weathering exposures. T2 - 10th European Weathering Symposium EWS CY - Graz, Austria DA - 11.09.2024 KW - Polymer 3R KW - Outdoor weathering PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-9826129-1-1 SP - 121 EP - 133 PB - Stober Medien GmbH CY - Eggenstein AN - OPUS4-61291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Goedecke, Thomas ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Beanspruchung von HDPE-Verpackungsproben durch UV-Strahlung und Salpetersäure N2 - Transport und Lagerung flüssiger Chemikalien erfolgen häufig in HDPE-Behältern. Diese Behälter müssen Bauteilprüfungen bestehen, die mechanische und chemische Beanspruchungen kombinieren. UV-Beanspruchungen sind kein Bestandteil der Zulassungsprüfungen; gefordert wird aber eine ausreichende UV-Stabilisierung. Inwiefern diese UV-Stabilisierung aber abhängig vom jeweiligen Füllgut ist, soll hier untersucht werden. Vorgestellt wird der experimentelle Aufbau zur kombinierten Beanspruchung von Kunststoffproben durch UV-Strahlung und flüssige Chemikalien. Aufgrund des Gefährdungspotenzials sind dabei entsprechende Sicherheitsvorgaben einzuhalten. Ziel ist die Bewertung synergistischer Effekte beider Einzelbeanspruchungen. Die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Stabilisierungskonzepte bei Beanspruchung durch 55 %-ige Salpetersäure wird beleuchtet. Es wird anschaulich gezeigt, dass nur pigmentiertes HDPE ausreichende Stabilität aufweist. T2 - 43. Jahrestagung der GUS 2014 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 26.03.2014 PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9816286-0-9 SP - Kap. V 5, 45 EP - 51 AN - OPUS4-31136 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüthi, A. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Recent Proposals for Weathering Reference Materials as Discussed by DIN and VDA T2 - 1st European Weathering Symposium EWS CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Die Kunst der Fuge im Glasfassadenbau N2 - Ingenieurbauwerke wie Brücken, hoch beanspruchte Verkehrsflächen oder auch Hochhäuser und deren Bauwerksteile wie z.B. Hochhausfassaden werden aus technischen und ästhetischen Gründen durch Fugen in Einzelabschnitte unterteilt. Zur Sicherstellung der Gebrauchsfähigkeit und zum Schutz des Gesamtbauwerks, aber in zunehmendem Maße auch zur statisch-konstruktiven Anbindung der Bauwerksteile, werden diese Fugenspalte in aller Regel durch spezielle Fugenfüllsysteme verschlossen. Aufgrund der hohen Sicherheitsrelevanz bei Fugenfüllungen im Glasfassadenbau fordert das Baurecht auch bei diesen Bauprodukten als Voraussetzung für die baupraktische Verwendbarkeit neben dem Nachweis der Funktionsfähigkeit auch den Nachweis der Dauerhaftigkeit. Da die hierfür bekannten Nachweismethoden zur Dauerhaftigkeit keine allgemeine Zulassungsakzeptanz finden, kann das ästhetische, bauphysikalische und ökonomische Potential von modernen geklebten Ganzglasfassaden (sogenannte SSG-Fassaden) in der Baupraxis der Bundesrepublik Deutschland derzeit nicht ausgenutzt werden. Grund dafür sind die ungenügend erfassten und in den Bewertungsverfahren simulierten Wechselwirkungen derartiger Baukonstruktionen mit der Umwelt. In diesem Beitrag soll am Beispiel moderner Fugen im Glasfassadenbau (SSG-Fassaden) eine ganzheitliche gebrauchsbezogene Versuchsmethodik zur kontrollierten Ansprache der Funktionsfähigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von Fugensystemen unter realitätsnah und reproduzierbar simulierten Umwelteinwirkungen vorgestellt werden. Dazu werden die maßgebenden Umwelteinflüsse und die Quantifizierung der daraus folgenden Beanspruchungen auf derartige Fugensysteme dargestellt. Basierend darauf werden eine repräsentative Beanspruchungsfunktion zur Nachstellung der maßgebenden Umwelteinflüsse und Beanspruchungen auf das System Tragrahmen - Fugenfüllung- Glasscheibe sowie eine geeignete Probendimensionierung abgeleitet. In der Konsequenz werden die Erkenntnisse in den Aufbau einer neuartigen komplexen Versuchseinrichtung überführt. Funktionsprinzip und Leistungsparameter dieser Anlage zur Umweltsimulation werden vorgestellt. Die Möglichkeiten der Systemkennzeichnung werden vorgestellt. Erste Versuchsergebnisse zeigen das Potential der neuartigen Bewertungsmethodik auf, die Kunst der Fuge im Bauwesen gebrauchsorientiert weiter zu entwickeln. T2 - 44. Jahrestagung der GUS 2015 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 25.03.2015 KW - Umweltsimulation KW - Dauerhaftigkeit KW - Funktionsverhalten KW - Neue Untersuchungsmethodik PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-4-7 SP - 125 EP - 139 AN - OPUS4-33040 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Discussion on Weathering Reference Materials N2 - Weathering reference materials (WRMs) are used to characterize the harshness of an exposure, aiming on either reproducibility of a specific exposure or on the comparability between various kinds of natural or artificial weathering exposure. The materials that are used as weathering reference materials differ in their sensitivities (as well as in interactions and interferences of the latter), conditioned by the different processes which lead to the respective property change. It is also essential to take into account the necessary measurement equipment for the respective property change, in order to allow timely intervention. What are the key issues on choosing a weathering reference material? What can be learned from the weathering reference materials, investigated so far? Possibilities and limitations are discussed on the basis of existing weathering reference materials. Conclusions are drawn, for establishing new weathering reference materials. T2 - 9th European Weathering Symposium CY - Basel, Switzerland DA - 18.09.2019 KW - Temperature dependency KW - Weathering KW - Irradiation KW - Spectral sensitivity PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-5-8 SP - 283 EP - 292 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik-Design CY - Karlsruhe, Germany AN - OPUS4-49150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Reichert, T. T1 - The influence of mildew growth on automotive coatings on the results of outdoor weathering T2 - 1st European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-5-0 VL - 5/2004 IS - Session 7 SP - 357 EP - 374 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Using Chemiluminescence as Sensitive Detector of Early Stages Weathering Effects on Car Coatings to shorten Weathering Tests T2 - 2nd European Weathering Symposium CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 2005-06-15 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Applying Artificial Endurance Tests for the Performance of Vehicle Coatings T2 - Tagung "International Best Practice in Vehicle Coatings" CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 2005-02-23 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7350 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Giehl, A. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Feil, F. T1 - Normenvorschlag zur Bewitterung transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe N2 - Aufgrund des tieferen Eindringens der solaren Strahlung treten bei transparenten und bei transluzenten (durchscheinenden) Kunststoffen veränderte Bedingungen gegenüber opaken Proben auf. Dies kann zu speziellen Effekten und damit zu einem abweichenden Bewitterungsverhalten führen. Auch aus Mangel an geeigneten Normen werden diese Effekte häufig vernachlässigt. Deshalb initiiert der DIN-FNK auf ISO-Ebene ein entsprechendes Dokument. Die Norm ist in der Form eines Technical Reports geplant. In einem ersten Teil sollen die Besonderheiten transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe erläutert werden, um den Nutzer für mögliche Probleme zu sensibilisieren. Im zweiten Teil werden Empfehlungen für Bestrahlung oder Bewitterung herausgearbeitet. In einem dritten Teil geht es dann um Besonderheiten bei der Messung von Eigenschaftsänderungen transparenter bzw. transluzenter Kunststoffe. In informativen Anhängen sollen verschiedene Beispiele die Thematik illustrieren. T2 - 51. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 29.03.2023 KW - Bewitterung KW - Polymer 3R KW - Bestrahlung KW - UV PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-9818507-8-9 SP - 39 EP - 46 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-57271 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Sek, M.A. ED - Rouillard, V. ED - Bigger, S.W. T1 - Outdoor weathering of HDPE containers filled with nitric acid N2 - Jerrycans made from three different types of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were exposed outdoors, for one Berlin summer season. They were filled with a 55 percent nitric acid solution (HN03), pure water, or air, and half of them were protected from sunlight by an UV absorbing canvas. Thus, the separate effects of UV radiation and nitric acid could be compared to the combined impact. Combined impact was mainly affected by decomposition of nitric acid, resulting in presence of reactive nitrogen oxides, increased oxygen partial pressure, and UV radiation energy, simultaneously in vapour phase. To investigate the degradation effects after the outdoor exposure, jerrycans were exposed to a so called hydraulic internal pressure test, similar to an approval test for dangerous goods packaging. After combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid, internal pressure tests showed very fast failures, whereas after separate impacts no remarkable deteriorations were observed, compared to unaged jerrycans. T2 - 19th IAPRI World conference on packaging CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 15.06.2014 KW - High-density polyethylene HDPE KW - Nitric acid HNO3 KW - Outdoor exposure KW - UV radiation KW - Weathering PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-86272-699-4 SP - 556 EP - 560 AN - OPUS4-31222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Gedanken, Tipps & Tricks zu künstlichen Bewitterungsprüfungen N2 - Die Fragestellung kann nur exemplarisch dargestellt werden, aber ist hoffentlich auch für langjährige Praktiker in den ausgewählten Punkten interessant. Es sollen für folgende Bereiche Beispiele gegeben werden: Probenvorbereitung, Testvorbereitung, Testdurchführung und Auswertung. T2 - 53. Jahrestagung der GUS 2025; Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten. CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 26.03.2025 KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Umweltsimulation KW - Wechseltemperaturen KW - Prüfung KW - UV KW - Feuchte KW - Beregnung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62862 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chemiluminescence Detection for the Shortening of Weathering Tests T2 - "INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP on practical applications of chemiluminescence at the oxidation of chemical systems" CY - Smolenice, Slovakia DA - 2005-10-09 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-12504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Saito, T. ED - Smith, L. T1 - Materials and the environment KW - Weathering KW - Total material requirement KW - Polymer PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-642-16640-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9 SP - Chapter 15.1, 845 EP - 860 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-24154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Lebensdauerabschätzungen für Polypropylen durch Dosis-Wirkungsfunktionen bezüglich Bestrahlungsstärke und Temperatur (ViPQuali-Projekt) N2 - Für Polypropylen unterschiedlicher Stabilisierung wurden in künstlichen Bestrahlungstests sowohl die spektrale Empfindlichkeit als auch die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Rissbildung quantitativ ermittelt. Dafür wurde die Dauer bis zur Rissbildung sowohl bei spektraler Bestrahlung als auch bei Bestrahlung in einem UV-Leuchtstofflampengerät bei verschiedenen Temperaturen bestimmt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit konnte als Arrhenius-Abhängigkeit beschrieben werden; das Wirkungsspektrum wurde an eine Stufenfunktion angepasst. Anschließend wurde auch noch der Einfluss des Stabilisatorgehalts als Potenzfit parametrisiert. Die Einzelabhängigkeiten wurden zu einer Gesamtfunktion der Wirkungen in Abhängigkeit der Dosis zusammengesetzt, die es ermöglicht die Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Dosiskombinationen abzuschätzen. Zur Validierung der Dosis-Wirkungsfunktionen wurden Freibewitterungsergebnisse aus Phoenix/Arizona herangezogen. Mit der Dosis, die sich aus den Wetterdaten dieser Freibewitterung ergibt, wurden anhand der Dosis-Wirkungs-Funktionen die jeweiligen Lebensdauern errechnet und mit dem experimentell bestimmten Versagen in der Freibewitterung verglichen. Die Arbeiten erfolgten im Rahmen des ViPQuali-Projektes mit dem Ziel der Bestimmung der Materialkenngrößen. T2 - 40. Jahrestagung der GUS 2011 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch/Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 30.03.2011 KW - Bewitterung KW - UV KW - Lebensdauer KW - Simulation KW - Polypropylen PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9813136-1-1 IS - V17 SP - 227 EP - 237 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-23474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Alterungseffekte bei Polymerwerkstoffen messen N2 - Bei der Auswahl von Werkstoffen spielt deren Alterung oft eine untergeordnete Rolle, stattdessen wird häufig der ungealterte Ausgangszustand optimiert. Materialien altern aber unterschiedlich. Der Effekt der molekularen Alterung spiegelt sich in den Eigenschaften mehr oder weniger stark und in unterschiedlichem zeitlichen Verlauf wider. Da es kein physikalisch-chemisches Modell dafür gibt, sind Alterungseffekte empirisch zu bestimmen. KW - Alterung KW - Polymerwerkstoff KW - Eigenschaftsänderung PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201290356 SN - 1439-9598 SN - 1521-3854 VL - 60 IS - 10 SP - 1018 EP - 1022 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-26666 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Mildew growth on automotive coatings influencing the results of outdoor weathering N2 - As the results of a 14 weeks outdoor exposure of a series of automotive coatings in South Florida, the panels were found to be overgrown with an almost closed layer of mildew. Pinholes remained as permanent surface damage after removing the mildew mycelium. The extent of the damage differed in dependence of the kind of the coating. By tracing the images and profiles of the coating surfaces systematically over all phases of weathering and the subsequent cleaning procedure, a connection between formation of pinholes and mildew growth could be found. Outdoor weathering tests in other regions of Florida as well as in Europe and Australia showed that pinholes caused by mildew attack could also be found in all other locations, but always to a lower extent than in South Florida. The standardised mildew tests EN ISO 846 and MIL-STD 810F for laboratory exposure failed to reproduce the formation of pinholes. KW - Coatings KW - Mildew KW - Weathering KW - South Florida PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005784 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 140 EP - 147 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-25467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Wägner, Yannick A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Gedanken, Tipps & Tricks zu künstlichen Bewitterungsprüfungen N2 - Die Fragestellung kann nur exemplarisch dargestellt werden, aber ist hoffentlich auch für langjährige Praktiker in den ausgewählten Punkten interessant. Es sollen für folgende Bereiche Beispiele gegeben werden: Probenvorbereitung, Testvorbereitung, Testdurchführung und Auswertung. T2 - 53. Jahrestagung der GUS 2025 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch bei Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 26.03.2025 KW - Wechseltemperaturen KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Prüfung KW - UV KW - Feuchte KW - Beregnung PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-9826129-2-8 VL - 53 SP - 253 EP - 257 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - 76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-62861 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Berger, Wolfgang T1 - Umweltverträglichkeit von Kunststoff- und Kunststoffrasenbelägen auf Sportfreianlagen N2 - Auf vielen Sportfreianlagen werden aktuell Sportböden aus Kunststoffen verwendet. Kunstrasenkomponenten und Verbundmaterialien wie Sportbeläge aus Kunststoff können gezielt für die Anforderungen der jeweiligen Sportart optimiert werden und werden daher immer beliebter. Auf modernen Hockeyanlagen kommen beispielsweise ausschließlich Kunststoffrasenbeläge zur Anwendung. Bei Laufbahnen hat der Kunststoff schon seit längerem die Tennenbeläge abgelöst und auch auf Fußballplätzen finden Kunststoffrasenbeläge mehr und mehr Akzeptanz. KW - Sportboden KW - Sportbodenbelag KW - Kunststoffbelag KW - Kunststoffrasenbelag KW - Kunstrasen KW - Schadstoff KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Ökotoxizität PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-86884-522-8 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 261 PB - Sportverlag Strauß CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-26997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - 40 Years of Global-UV-Test weathering device: with fluorescent UV lamps and a precise microclimatical control into the future N2 - On the basis of a lot of investigation on the spectral sensitivity of photo degradation of plastics and on the underestimated influence of temperature and relative humidity on degradation processes a new type of weathering device was presented at the end of the seventies: It was a combination of a radiation source with fluorescent UV lamps and a precise climatic cabinet. The radiation emission from a combination of four different types of fluorescent UV lamps was superimposed on the specimen surfaces in the climatic cabinet to match the UV part of solar radiation as closely as possible. Air temperature was controlled to within ± 1 °C, and relative humidity to within ± 5 %RH. As the lamps’ emission is focussed on the UV range almost no radiation heating of the sample occurs. Therefore, the temperature of the sample, which is the quantity of consideration for the degradation, is nearly identical with the chamber’s air temperature, which is the quantity to be controlled. Also, therefore, high humidity can be obtained on the sample surface. The limitation of the emission to the UV range is sufficient for the study of the polymer matrix. This type of weathering device offers an exactness of microclimatic control of the sample’s surface, which should be a standard for weathering devices. Even now it is the only weathering device which generates pure relative humidity (without aerosol). T2 - 9th European Weathering Symposium CY - Basel, Switzerland DA - 18.09.2019 KW - Weathering KW - Irradiation PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-5-8 SP - 37 EP - 47 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik-Design CY - Karlsruhe, Germany AN - OPUS4-49151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Evaluation of outdoor exposures by means of exposure response functions N2 - Outdoor exposure tests are a common tool to evaluate the weathering resistance of a polymeric material or component. However, they have only a limited validity, mainly due to the limited reproducibility of the weather as well as of the bad adaptability to other exposure sites. Typically, an outdoor exposure is characterized by the measured radiant exposure; sometimes averaged temperature data are added. These can be – separately – related to long-term annual means, to get an idea on the severity of the exposure. However, as for polymeric ageing, irradiance and temperature act simultaneously, such severity of an outdoor exposure could be better described by a computed property change of a similar material, which is calculated from the hourly irradiance and temperature values on the base of established exposure response functions. In this way, various outdoor exposures are evaluated. For several exposure sites, annual deviations of the ageing amount are related to annual mean values, to evaluate the weathering reproducibility at the exposure site. Additionally, correlations to relevant weather parameters are illuminated. Also some specific exposure conditions, such as tilt angle, are tested. Compared to the use of weathering reference materials, this procedure unfavourably depends on the availability of a suited control as well as on the quality of the established exposure response function. In contrast, it enables a later exposure evaluation, on the base of documented weather data, if for instance no reference material was exposed. T2 - 8th European Weathering Symposium CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 20.09.2017 KW - Weathering KW - Service life prediction KW - Photodegradation PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9818507-1-0 VL - 18 SP - 127 EP - 135 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik Design CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-42126 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Artificial weathering including acidic deposition T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 487 EP - 500 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Principles and limitations in the acceleration of artificial weathering tests T2 - Paint 2006, VI. International Paint, Varnish, Ink & Auxiliary Products Industry Congress & Exhibition, "Smart Coatings and new Technologies" CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 2006-05-17 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Referenzmaterialien für Bewitterungsprüfungen von polymeren Werkstoffen KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Bestrahlen KW - Bewitterern KW - Polymer PY - 2003 SN - 0341-230X SN - 1431-827X VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 35 EP - 39 PB - Baltz CY - München AN - OPUS4-2864 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -