TY - CONF A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Natural versus artificial weathering of polymers – main differences in climatic conditions N2 - Different climatic conditions and weather variables during natural and artificial exposure of polymers may be reasons for an unsatisfying correlation between the ageing results. Here the main differences are discussed for: - Global solar radiation In weathering devices there is a constant spectral irradiance which is 5 times higher than the averaged spectral irradiance outdoors, which is strongly varying in its diurnal course. Intensified weathering using Fresnel reflectors concentrates only the direct solar radiation with a relatively low UV proportion. Problems of reciprocity may arise from the different mean of irradiance levels. - Temperatures at specimen surfaces. Because of the high irradiance levels mentioned above, artificial exposures may lead to high surface temperatures and large temperature differences between differently coloured specimen surfaces, if the artificial radiation source emits much VIS- and IR-radiation. Outdoors the surface temperature and temperature differences of exposed specimens are influenced by considerably lower irradiance levels and additionally by an effective radiation loss in the night. - Relative humidity at specimen surfaces In weathering devices the relative humidity at specimen surfaces is very low if it is uncontrolled. If controlled by ultrasonic humidifiers or spray nozzles, the additional exposure to water droplets is quite likely. - Wetness on specimen surfaces All usual spray programs prescribed in weathering standards recommend frequently changing of short spray/dry periods and result in total times of wetness (TOW) of the exposed specimen surfaces which is only about 30 % of the outdoor TOW. - Acidic precipitation and bio films Acidic precipitation and bio films are usual outdoor conditions which are only considered in special weathering tests. T2 - 8th European Weathering Symposium CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 20.09.2017 KW - Artificial weathering KW - Natural weathering KW - Weathering parameters PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9818507-1-0 VL - 18 SP - 63 EP - 75 CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-42127 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Reichert, T. T1 - Using chemiluminescence as sensitive detector of early stages weathering effects on car coatings to shorten weathering tests T2 - 2nd European Weathering Symposium "Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers" CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 2006-06-16 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Artificial weathering KW - Natural weathering KW - Automotive KW - Coating KW - Weathering KW - ADF test KW - Chemilumineszenz KW - Künstliche Alterung KW - Natürliche Alterung KW - Auto KW - Lack PY - 2005 SN - 3-9808382-9-3 VL - 6 SP - 63 EP - 73 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-7623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics N2 - The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Weathering resistance KW - Degradation KW - Intumescence KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 2421 EP - 2429 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - The Principle of Reciprocity and its Limits T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 243 EP - 258 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Combined impact of ultraviolet and chemical fluids on high-density polyethylene packaging material N2 - To investigate the ageing behaviour of filled plastic containers outdoors, square cuts of the wall of two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) types were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at their front side and to specific liquid chemicals (de-ionized water, surfactant or White Spirit) at their back. The UV radiant exposure at the front side was 80 MJ/m². To compare the actions of the different exposures, separate dark backside fluid exposures were performed, in parallel. Besides, UV weathering was carried out until a UV radiant exposure of 325 MJ/m², being roughly comparable to outdoor exposure of one year in Northern Australia. An unpigmented HDPE included in the investigation gave no sufficient protection for the White Spirit. In addition, it showed clear degradation after several of these exposures. In combination with the White Spirit, an increase of carbonyl bonds was measured, presumably assignable to degradation products of the White Spirit. For a pigmented HDPE material, with the implemented combined exposures, no relevant damage was observed, within applied the exposure period. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - HDPE KW - Packaging PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.959 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-25417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Referenzmaterialien für Bewitterungsprüfungen T2 - 32. Jahrestagung der GUS, Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2003-03-26 KW - Referenzmaterialien KW - Bewitterung PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-1-8 SP - 61 EP - 72 PB - GUS CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-3360 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Accelerated weathering test for plastics and coatings that are exposed to acidic precipitation N2 - Due to the occurrence of acidic precipitation, and due to the fact that polymers and stabilizers may be sensititve to acids, it is important to have a laboratory test that combines weathering exposure with acidic exposure. The loss of stabilization caused by an acid damage of stabilizing system gets evident only over the weathering progress. For solid samples, for wich mostly the surface properties are relevant, the "Acid Dew and Fog Test" (ADF test) was established. For woven or tufted materials, the "Acid Rain Test" (AR test) was developed. The proposed weathering tests aim at plastics as well as at coatings. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Weatherability (7th ISW) CY - Kanagawa, Japan DA - 2008-10-23 KW - Acid rain KW - ADF KW - Acid Dew and Fog test KW - Artificial Weathering test PY - 2009 SN - 1346-0633 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 69 EP - 73 PB - Materiaru-Raifu-Gakkai CY - Tokyo AN - OPUS4-18270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Jonathan W. Martin, ED - Rose A. Ryntz, ED - J. Chin, ED - Ray A. Dickie, T1 - Chemiluminescence detection: Principles, chances and limitations for the shortening of weathering tests T2 - 4th International Symposium on Service Life Prediction CY - Key Largo, FL, USA DA - 2006-12-03 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Accelerated test KW - Automotive coating KW - PE Chemilumineszenz KW - Bewitterung KW - Quantenausbeute KW - Beschleunigter Test KW - Automobillacke PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-387-84875-4 SP - 309 EP - 326 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-18245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Beispiele für die Nutzung des Energietransports durch langwellige (thermische) Strahlung T2 - 35. Jahrestagung der GUS 2006 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2006-03-22 PY - 2006 SN - 3-9810472-0-6 SP - 205 EP - 214 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21347 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Accelerated weathering test for plastics and coatings that are exposed to acidic precipitation T2 - 7th International Symposium on Weatherability (Proceedings ) CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 2008-10-23 KW - Acid rain KW - ADF KW - Acid dew and fog test KW - Artificial weathering test PY - 2008 SP - 49 EP - 54 CY - Yokohama AN - OPUS4-21116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Chancen und Grenzen der Verkürzung von Bewitterungstests durch empfindliche Chemilumineszenz-Detektion T2 - DFO Qualitätstage 2008, Appearance, Bewitterung, Korrosion, Farbe CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2008-10-07 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18710 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - The influence of humidity and wetness on weathering results T2 - Konferenz ATCAE (Atlas Technical Conference for Accelerated Ageing and Evaluation) CY - Oxford, England DA - 2008-09-15 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18000 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -