TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Improved Evaluation of Activation Spectra Determined by the Filter Technique T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 349 EP - 358 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - The Principle of Reciprocity and its Limits T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 243 EP - 258 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Rauth, W. A1 - Klimmasch, T. A1 - Krüger, P. T1 - Analysis of weathering effects in automotive coatings by thermoluminescence KW - Automotive coatings KW - Weathering KW - Thermoluminescence PY - 2006 SN - 0048-4225 N1 - Sprachen: Englisch/Italienisch - Languages: English/Italian VL - 82 IS - 17 SP - 5 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-14296 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Der Einfluss von Feuchte und Nässe bei der Bewitterung T2 - 36. Jahrestagung der GUS 2007 CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2007-03-14 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-1-9 VL - 36 SP - 247 EP - 256 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-14758 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Rauth, W. T1 - Kürzer in der Klimakammer - Rasche Beurteilung der Bewitterungsstabilität von 2K-PUR-Autolacken mittels Chemilumineszenz KW - Weathering KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Degradation KW - Coatings PY - 2007 SN - 0014-7699 VL - 113 IS - 9 SP - 46 EP - 49 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-15786 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Jonathan W. Martin, ED - Rose A. Ryntz, ED - J. Chin, ED - Ray A. Dickie, T1 - Chemiluminescence detection: Principles, chances and limitations for the shortening of weathering tests T2 - 4th International Symposium on Service Life Prediction CY - Key Largo, FL, USA DA - 2006-12-03 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Accelerated test KW - Automotive coating KW - PE Chemilumineszenz KW - Bewitterung KW - Quantenausbeute KW - Beschleunigter Test KW - Automobillacke PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-387-84875-4 SP - 309 EP - 326 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-18245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Principles and Limitations in the Acceleration of Artificial Weathering Tests T2 - 6th International Paint, Varnish, Ink & Auxiliary Products Industry Congress & Exhibition, 2006 Paint CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 2006-05-17 KW - Bewitterung KW - Verkürzung KW - Zeitraffung KW - Weathering KW - Shortening KW - Time-lapse PY - 2006 SN - 994-489125-8 SP - 48 EP - 54 PB - TMMOB CY - Istanbul AN - OPUS4-12391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Combined impact of ultraviolet and chemical fluids on high-density polyethylene packaging material N2 - To investigate the ageing behaviour of filled plastic containers outdoors, square cuts of the wall of two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) types were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at their front side and to specific liquid chemicals (de-ionized water, surfactant or White Spirit) at their back. The UV radiant exposure at the front side was 80 MJ/m². To compare the actions of the different exposures, separate dark backside fluid exposures were performed, in parallel. Besides, UV weathering was carried out until a UV radiant exposure of 325 MJ/m², being roughly comparable to outdoor exposure of one year in Northern Australia. An unpigmented HDPE included in the investigation gave no sufficient protection for the White Spirit. In addition, it showed clear degradation after several of these exposures. In combination with the White Spirit, an increase of carbonyl bonds was measured, presumably assignable to degradation products of the White Spirit. For a pigmented HDPE material, with the implemented combined exposures, no relevant damage was observed, within applied the exposure period. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - HDPE KW - Packaging PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.959 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-25417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Hally, S. T1 - Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tyre granules N2 - Scrap tyres are widely reused in the form of granules as infill materials or component of sub-base layers in construction of sporting grounds such as synthetic turf areas and athletic track surfaces. The recycled rubber may contain organic and inorganic pollutants due to the presence of vulcanisation catalysts, stabilisers and other additives which can be released into soil and groundwater in the case of outdoor sports facilities. In order to evaluate the amount of potentially mobile pollutants, leaching tests can be employed. This study aimed particularly at the investigation of the feasibility of column tests using complete synthetic surface flooring or turf system assemblies. The release of zinc and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) leached from components of sports surfaces containing recycled rubber granules was considered. Additionally, batch tests on coated and uncoated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) granules aged by artificial weathering were performed to indicate its possible influence on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH. The chosen approach of column tests simulating typical complete synthetic sports surface installations has been proven to be feasible and robust. The time-dependent leaching behaviour and interactions between single components can be evaluated by column tests. Zinc was the most relevant contaminant in the eluates and its leachability was enhanced after accelerated ageing by artificial weathering. Leachable PAH were found in relatively low but well detectable amounts which increase by ageing as well. KW - Waste rubber KW - SBR KW - Artificial turf KW - Leaching KW - behaviour KW - Column test KW - Batch test KW - Weathering PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9248-5 SN - 1877-2641 SN - 1877-265X VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 745 EP - 757 PB - Springer Science + Business Media CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-29454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Sek, M.A. ED - Rouillard, V. ED - Bigger, S.W. T1 - Outdoor weathering of HDPE containers filled with nitric acid N2 - Jerrycans made from three different types of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were exposed outdoors, for one Berlin summer season. They were filled with a 55 percent nitric acid solution (HN03), pure water, or air, and half of them were protected from sunlight by an UV absorbing canvas. Thus, the separate effects of UV radiation and nitric acid could be compared to the combined impact. Combined impact was mainly affected by decomposition of nitric acid, resulting in presence of reactive nitrogen oxides, increased oxygen partial pressure, and UV radiation energy, simultaneously in vapour phase. To investigate the degradation effects after the outdoor exposure, jerrycans were exposed to a so called hydraulic internal pressure test, similar to an approval test for dangerous goods packaging. After combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid, internal pressure tests showed very fast failures, whereas after separate impacts no remarkable deteriorations were observed, compared to unaged jerrycans. T2 - 19th IAPRI World conference on packaging CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 15.06.2014 KW - High-density polyethylene HDPE KW - Nitric acid HNO3 KW - Outdoor exposure KW - UV radiation KW - Weathering PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-86272-699-4 SP - 556 EP - 560 AN - OPUS4-31222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chemiluminescence for the early detection of weathering effects of coatings - Part I: Fundamentals KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Polymer KW - Oxidation PY - 2010 SN - 1547-0083 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 66 EP - 71 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Blue Bell, Pa. AN - OPUS4-21493 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chemiluminescence for the early detection of weathering effects of coatings - Part II: Experimental set-up and examination KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Polymer KW - Oxidation PY - 2010 SN - 1547-0083 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 38 EP - 44 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Blue Bell, Pa. AN - OPUS4-21494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Determination of the spectral sensitivity and temperature dependence of polypropylene crack formation caused by UV-irradiation N2 - For polypropylene of varied stabilization, spectral sensitivity as well as temperature dependence of irradiation caused crack formation was determined in artificial irradiation tests. UV radiant exposure HUV necessary to generate crack formation was measured both in spectrally dispersed irradiation and artificial irradiation in a Fluorescent UV lamp device. Dependencies were fitted to a plateau function and an Arrhenius function, respectively, to describe the action of irradiation by response functions. Applied to weather data from Phoenix, the results were compared with respective outdoor exposure results. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Temperature KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.014 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 10 SP - 2118 EP - 2123 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-21913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Zäh, M. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Reichert, T. T1 - Polypropylene life time estimation by developing dose response functions with respect to irradiation and temperature - ViPQuali project T2 - 8th International symposium on weatherability (8th ISW) CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 2010-10-14 KW - Life time estimation KW - Weathering KW - Polypropylene KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Temperature PY - 2010 SN - 1346-0633 VL - 22 SP - 58 EP - 63 PB - Uni Publishers Co., Ltd. AN - OPUS4-22182 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - A new irradiation device for medium scale plastic products N2 - A new irradiation device for the exposure of plastic products is presented. Developed in the BAM division 3.1 "Dangerous Goods Packaging" it can be used for artificial UV irradiation of plastic Containers filled with hazardous liquids. Present regulations and tests only investigate the exposure effects of UV and of media separately, but as the damaging effect is expected to be synergistic for at least some media, a combined test was looked for. A chamber of 60 cm by 60 cm base area and 1 m height gives space for up to 40 cm wide objects. Two fluorescent UV lamp arrays are arranged on opposite walls, separated from the chamber by quartz glass panes. By continuously rotating the exposure object by means of a rotary disc that the object is placed on, spatial irradiation homogeneity is achieved over the exposure duration. The spectral irradiance of the chosen UVA 340 nm lamps gives the best match of global solar radiation in the short wavelength ränge. The close arrangement of the UVA lamps (15 each side) results in 60 W m'2 UV irradiance. Constant temperature is adjusted to typically 40 °C by the control of the fan speed. This temperature is chosen, as it is the required temperature for three week storage of filled polyethylene Containers, for proving Chemical compatibility in the field of dangerous goods. To ensure homogeneity, an interiorfan provides for air circulation. T2 - 7th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Naples, Italy DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Weathering KW - UV irradiation PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-6-1 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 17 SP - 91 EP - 96 AN - OPUS4-34353 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Exposure response function for a quantitative prediction of weathering caused aging of polyethylene N2 - The exposure response function of the carbonyl formation over the bulk has been determined for a high-density polyethylene of a thickness of 200 μm, which was used as a weathering reference material according to ISO TR 19032. To this end, spectral sensitivity was studied by local measurement of the effect of spectrally dispersed irradiation. Both the exposure device and the methodology of determination are described. The temperature dependency of photooxidation was determined by UV exposure at various temperatures between 23 and 80 °C. Deviations from linearity and thus reciprocity below 40 °C are discussed and assumed to be related to diffusion limitations. An Arrhenius approach –based on data of linear carbonyl formation – has been incorporated into the exposure response function. Using this exposure response function, aging in terms of the distribution of a quantitative property change over a plastic component can be predicted for a specific outdoor location with real chronologic weather data as input for the exposure. Thus, artificial and natural weathering can be linked and compared. The established exposure response function has been validated by outdoor exposure results from the literature. If an estimated diffusion limitation is taken into consideration, calculations and published data are in good agreement. KW - Irradiation KW - Weathering KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Temperature dependency KW - Spectral irradiation PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111348 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 517 EP - 526 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG AN - OPUS4-48295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Discussion on Weathering Reference Materials N2 - Weathering reference materials (WRMs) are used to characterize the harshness of an exposure, aiming on either reproducibility of a specific exposure or on the comparability between various kinds of natural or artificial weathering exposure. The materials that are used as weathering reference materials differ in their sensitivities (as well as in interactions and interferences of the latter), conditioned by the different processes which lead to the respective property change. It is also essential to take into account the necessary measurement equipment for the respective property change, in order to allow timely intervention. What are the key issues on choosing a weathering reference material? What can be learned from the weathering reference materials, investigated so far? Possibilities and limitations are discussed on the basis of existing weathering reference materials. Conclusions are drawn, for establishing new weathering reference materials. T2 - 9th European Weathering Symposium CY - Basel, Switzerland DA - 18.09.2019 KW - Temperature dependency KW - Weathering KW - Irradiation KW - Spectral sensitivity PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-5-8 SP - 283 EP - 292 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik-Design CY - Karlsruhe, Germany AN - OPUS4-49150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - 40 Years of Global-UV-Test weathering device: with fluorescent UV lamps and a precise microclimatical control into the future N2 - On the basis of a lot of investigation on the spectral sensitivity of photo degradation of plastics and on the underestimated influence of temperature and relative humidity on degradation processes a new type of weathering device was presented at the end of the seventies: It was a combination of a radiation source with fluorescent UV lamps and a precise climatic cabinet. The radiation emission from a combination of four different types of fluorescent UV lamps was superimposed on the specimen surfaces in the climatic cabinet to match the UV part of solar radiation as closely as possible. Air temperature was controlled to within ± 1 °C, and relative humidity to within ± 5 %RH. As the lamps’ emission is focussed on the UV range almost no radiation heating of the sample occurs. Therefore, the temperature of the sample, which is the quantity of consideration for the degradation, is nearly identical with the chamber’s air temperature, which is the quantity to be controlled. Also, therefore, high humidity can be obtained on the sample surface. The limitation of the emission to the UV range is sufficient for the study of the polymer matrix. This type of weathering device offers an exactness of microclimatic control of the sample’s surface, which should be a standard for weathering devices. Even now it is the only weathering device which generates pure relative humidity (without aerosol). T2 - 9th European Weathering Symposium CY - Basel, Switzerland DA - 18.09.2019 KW - Weathering KW - Irradiation PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-5-8 SP - 37 EP - 47 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik-Design CY - Karlsruhe, Germany AN - OPUS4-49151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Evaluation of outdoor exposures by means of exposure response functions N2 - Outdoor exposure tests are a common tool to evaluate the weathering resistance of a polymeric material or component. However, they have only a limited validity, mainly due to the limited reproducibility of the weather as well as of the bad adaptability to other exposure sites. Typically, an outdoor exposure is characterized by the measured radiant exposure; sometimes averaged temperature data are added. These can be – separately – related to long-term annual means, to get an idea on the severity of the exposure. However, as for polymeric ageing, irradiance and temperature act simultaneously, such severity of an outdoor exposure could be better described by a computed property change of a similar material, which is calculated from the hourly irradiance and temperature values on the base of established exposure response functions. In this way, various outdoor exposures are evaluated. For several exposure sites, annual deviations of the ageing amount are related to annual mean values, to evaluate the weathering reproducibility at the exposure site. Additionally, correlations to relevant weather parameters are illuminated. Also some specific exposure conditions, such as tilt angle, are tested. Compared to the use of weathering reference materials, this procedure unfavourably depends on the availability of a suited control as well as on the quality of the established exposure response function. In contrast, it enables a later exposure evaluation, on the base of documented weather data, if for instance no reference material was exposed. T2 - 8th European Weathering Symposium CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 20.09.2017 KW - Weathering KW - Service life prediction KW - Photodegradation PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9818507-1-0 VL - 18 SP - 127 EP - 135 PB - Thomas Würtz Grafik Design CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-42126 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Mildew growth on automotive coatings influencing the results of outdoor weathering N2 - As the results of a 14 weeks outdoor exposure of a series of automotive coatings in South Florida, the panels were found to be overgrown with an almost closed layer of mildew. Pinholes remained as permanent surface damage after removing the mildew mycelium. The extent of the damage differed in dependence of the kind of the coating. By tracing the images and profiles of the coating surfaces systematically over all phases of weathering and the subsequent cleaning procedure, a connection between formation of pinholes and mildew growth could be found. Outdoor weathering tests in other regions of Florida as well as in Europe and Australia showed that pinholes caused by mildew attack could also be found in all other locations, but always to a lower extent than in South Florida. The standardised mildew tests EN ISO 846 and MIL-STD 810F for laboratory exposure failed to reproduce the formation of pinholes. KW - Coatings KW - Mildew KW - Weathering KW - South Florida PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005784 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 140 EP - 147 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-25467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Slomko, R. A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Mildew-caused Damage on Automotive Coatings T2 - European Coatings Conference "Novel Biocide Technology II" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-02-24 KW - Mildew KW - Fungi KW - Mould KW - Weathering KW - Coating KW - Pinholes KW - Damage PY - 2005 SP - 17 pages PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-11223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Saito, T. ED - Smith, L. T1 - Materials and the environment KW - Weathering KW - Total material requirement KW - Polymer PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-642-16640-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9 SP - Chapter 15.1, 845 EP - 860 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-24154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Daus, Lars-Hendrik A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Mangelsdorf, R. A1 - Korzen, Manfred T1 - A chain is no stronger than its weakest link: Weathering resistance of water-based intumescent coatings for steel applications N2 - A systematic approach was used to investigate the weathering-induced degradation of a common water–based intumescent coating. In this study, the coatings are intended for humid indoor applications on steel substrates. The coating contains ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, melamine, and polyvinyl acetate. By replacing each ingredient with a less water-soluble substance, the most vulnerable substances, polyvinyl acetate and pentaerythritol, were identified. Furthermore, the weathering resistance of the system was improved by exchanging the ingredients. The coatings were stressed by artificial weathering tests and evaluated by fire tests. Thermogravimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the thermal decomposition. This study lays the foundation for the development of a new generation of water-based intumescent coatings. KW - Intumescence KW - Fire resistance KW - Fire protective coatings KW - Weathering KW - Thermogravimetric analyses PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120961064 SN - 0734-9041 SN - 1530-8049 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 72 EP - 102 PB - SAGE AN - OPUS4-52015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Hochrein, T. A1 - Bastian, M. T1 - Langzeit- und Witterungsstabilität von halogenfreiem Flammschutz in Polymeren N2 - Die Forderung, dass der Flammschutz von Kunststoffen nicht nur zum bei der Herstellung der jeweiligen Produkte, sondern auch über die gesamte Einsatzdauer im geforderten Maß wirksam ist, stellt eine große Aufgabe dar. Ferner ist die Anforderung für viele Produkte in der Praxis neu, da bisher vor allem der Einfluss der Flammschutzmittel auf die Stabilität der Polymerwerkstoffe, nicht aber die Stabilität des Flammschutzes untersucht wurde. Das Langzeitverhalten halogenfreier Systeme ist bis heute wenig untersucht, insbesondere weil Phosphor- und Stickstoff-basierte Systeme die oxidative Beständigkeit von Polymeren weniger zu beeinflussen scheinen als halogenhaltige FSM. Die Frage, wie zuverlässig der Flammschutz wirkt, wenn Kunststoffe einige Jahre im Innen- und Außenbereich im Einsatz sind und dabei wechselnden Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt waren, wurde bislang nur vereinzelt untersucht. Mögliche Auswirkungen von Witterungseinflüssen auf flammgeschützte Polymerwerkstoffe sind, dass die Flammschutzmittel selbst abbauen, ausgewaschen werden, oder auch durch Wechselwirkung mit den eingesetzten Additiven oder mit den Alterungsprodukten der Polymermatrix in ihrer Wirkung nachlassen. Hier bestand großer Forschungsbedarf, um an den Punkt zu gelangen, die Beständigkeit der Flammschutzeigenschaften eines Produktes über seine gesamte Lebensdauer zuverlässig garantieren zu können. Diese Fragestellung greift das durchgeführte Forschungsvorhaben auf. Ziel war die Untersuchung der Langzeitstabilität der Flammschutzwirkung von halogenfrei flammgeschützten Polymerwerkstoffen unter diversen Witterungseinflüssen. Dazu wurden die Schädigungsmechanismen der Polymerwerkstoffe und der Flammschutzmittel sowie die auftretenden Wechselwirkungen analysiert, um ein Verständnis für die ablaufenden Prozesse zu entwickeln und Empfehlung für die Reduzierung der Alterung zu erarbeiten. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen waren anwendungsrelevante Flammschutz-Konzepte, die miteinander verglichen wurden. Die Erarbeitung von Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen ermöglichte die Beschreibung der Empfindlichkeiten und den Vergleich zwischen den Systemen. Darauf basierend wurden für die FSM spezifische Leitlinien für die Optimierung der Langzeitstabilität des Flammschutzes erstellt. N2 - The requirement that the flame retardancy of plastics is still effective to the required degree not only at the time of manufacture of the respective products, but also over the entire period of use, is a major challenge in view of the very long periods of time involved. In addition, the requirement is new for many products in practice, as up to now the influence of flame retardants on the stability of the polymer materials has been investigated, but not the stability of the flame retardant itself. The long-term behaviour of halogen-free systems has been little studied to date, especially because phosphorus- and nitrogen-based systems seem to have a much smaller influence on the oxidative stability of polymers than halogene containing flame retardants. The question of how reliable flame retardancy is when plastic products have been in use for several years indoors and outdoors and have been exposed to a wide range of climatic stresses has only been investigated in isolated cases. Possible effects of weathering on flame-retarded polymer materials are that the flame retardants themselves degrade, migrate or are washed out, or that their effect diminishes through interaction with other additives used or with the ageing products of the polymer matrix. At this point, there was a great need for research in order to reach the point where the stability of the flame retardant properties of a product can be reliably guaranteed over its entire service life. This question is taken up by the research project carried out. The aim of the research project was the systematic investigation of the long-term stability of the flame-retardant effect of halogen-free flame-retardant polymer materials under various weather conditions. For this purpose, the predominant damage mechanisms of the polymers and the flame retardants as well as the interactions occurring were analysed in order to develop an understanding of the processes taking place and to work out recommendations for reducing ageing. Subject of the investigations were different applicationrelevant flame retardant concepts, which were compared with each other. The development of structure-property relationships enabled the description of the specific sensitivities and the comparison between the different systems. Based on this, specific guidelines for the optimisation of the long-term stability of the flame retardants were developed for the different flame retardants. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Flammschutz KW - Weathering KW - Ethylene-vinyl acetate KW - Cables KW - Polyamid KW - Langzeitstabilität PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-8440-7781-0 SN - 2364-754X SP - 1 EP - 222 PB - Shaker CY - Düren AN - OPUS4-54274 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Influence of weathering on the stability of flame retardancy in polymeric materials for outdoor use T2 - 4th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2009-09-16 KW - Flame retardancy KW - Weathering KW - Stability KW - Polymeric material KW - Outdoor PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-8-8 IS - CEEES Publication No. 11 SP - 313 EP - 326 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-20060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Kukofka, Tobias A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Ruder, J. A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Degradation of flame retardance: A comparison of ethylene‐vinyl acetate and low‐density polyethylene cables with two different metal hydroxides N2 - The durability of flame retardancy is a challenge for cables over long lifetimes. The degradation of flame retardance is investigated in two kinds of exposures, artificial weathering and humidity. In this basic study, typical mineral flame retardants in two polymers frequently used in cable jackets are investigated to get the fundamental picture. Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) are compared in ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), and further in EVA and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) cables containing the same ATH. The changes in chemical structure at the surface are studied through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), the formation of cracks, and changes in color are investigated. The cone calorimeter and a bench scale fire testing cable module are utilized to evaluate the fire behavior of the cables. Although the flame retardancy deteriorated slightly, it survived harsh exposure conditions for 2000 h. Compared to EVA/MDH and LLDPE/ATH, the fire behavior of EVA/ATH is the least sensitive. Taken together, all of the results converge to estimate that there will be no problem with flame retardancy performance, for materials subjected to natural exposure for several years; the durability of fire retardancy is questionable for longer periods, and thus requires further investigation. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) KW - Magnesium hydroxide KW - Ethylene-vinyl acetate KW - Cables KW - Weathering PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519573 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50149 VL - 138 IS - 14 SP - 50149 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-51957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fornacon-Wood, C. A1 - Stühler, M. R. A1 - Gallizioli, C. A1 - Manjunatha, B. R. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Plajer, A. J. T1 - Precise construction of weather-sensitive poly(ester-alt-thioesters) from phthalic thioanhydride and oxetane N2 - We report the selective ring opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of oxetane and phthalic thioanhydride by a heterobimetallic Cr(III)K catalyst precisely yielding semi-crystalline alternating poly(esteralt- thioesters) which show improved degradability due to the thioester links in the polymer backbone. KW - Sulfur containing polymers KW - Durability KW - Weathering KW - Synthesis PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-590762 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc03315e SN - 1364-548X VL - 59 IS - 76 SP - 11353 EP - 11356 PB - RSC AN - OPUS4-59076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Kukofka, Tobias A1 - Ruder, J. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Durability of the flame retardance of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer cables: Comparing different flame retardants exposed to different weathering conditions N2 - Scientific publications addressing the durability of the flame retardance of cables during their long-term application are rare and our understanding lacks. Three commercial flame retardants, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi-Et), and intumescent flame retardant based on ammonium polyphosphate, applied in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) model cables, are investigated. Different artificial aging scenarios were applied: accelerated weathering (UV-irradiation/temperature/rain phases), humidity exposure (elevated temperature/humidity), and salt spray exposure. The deterioration of cables’ surface and flame retardancy were monitored through imaging, color measurements, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cone calorimeter investigations. Significant degradation of the materials’ surface occurred. The flame retardant EVA cables are most sensitive to humidity exposure; the cable with AlPi-Et is the most sensitive to the artificial aging scenarios. Nevertheless, substantial flame retardance persisted after being subjected for 2000 h, which indicates that the equivalent influence of natural exposure is limited for several years, but less so for long-term use. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Cable KW - Weathering KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.47548 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 137 IS - 1 SP - 47548 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rhiem, S. A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Hennig, M. P. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schäffer, A. A1 - Maes, H. M. T1 - Release of 14C-labelled carbon nanotubes from polycarbonate composites N2 - Waste disposal of carbon nanotube (CNT) containing products is expected to be the most important pathway for release of CNTs into the environment. In the present work, the use of radiolabelled CNTs (14C-CNT) for polycarbonate polymer nanocomposites with 1 wt% 14C-CNT content allowed for the first time to quantify and differentiate the CNT release according to the type of impact along the materials' ageing history. After an initial exposure of the nanocomposite by solar-like irradiation, further environmental impacts were applied to composite material. They aimed at mimicking disposal site conditions that may induce further ageing effects and CNT release. This study included shaking in water, rapid temperature changes, soaking in humic acid solution as well as waste water effluent, and, finally, gentle mechanical abrasion. All ageing impacts were applied sequentially, both on pristine (control) and on solar-irradiated nanocomposites. All experiments were accompanied by absolute quantification of radioactive release as well as chemical and morphological analyses of the nanocomposite surfaces using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphological analysis showed that spectral irradiation can uncover CNT networks on the outer nanocomposite surface layers by polymer degradation. After having subjected the solar-irradiated nanocomposite to all studied disposal site effect, the total radioactive release was quantified to amount to 64 mg CNT/m2, whereas only 0.8 mg CNT/m2 were found for the un-irradiated control sample. Solar degradation of polymers was thus found to significantly increase the propensity of the studied polymer nanocomposites to release CNTs during ageing effects at the product's end-of-life typical for disposal sites. KW - Weathering KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Nanocomposites KW - Release KW - Quantification PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116303748 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.098 SN - 0269-7491 VL - 215 IS - August SP - 356 EP - 365 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-36899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -