TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and polymer based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. T2 - Advances in Coatings Technology CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 08.11.2016 KW - Biocide KW - Coating KW - Leaching PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B. T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. T2 - 12th International Conference 'Advances in Coatings Technology ACT´16' CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 08.11.2016 KW - Biocide KW - Leaching KW - Coating PY - 2016 SN - 978‒83‒63555‒50‒4 SP - Paper 51, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Ratte, M. T1 - Empfehlungen für eine Testbatterie zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit von Bauprodukten N2 - Die Europäische Bauprodukteverordnung (EU) Nr. 305/2011 ermöglicht den Mitgliedstaaten Vorschriften zur Bewertung der Umweltauswirkungen ihrer Bauwerke zu erlassen. Ziel des Pro-jektes war es, Empfehlungen für eine Testbatterie zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung der Um-weltverträglichkeit von Bauprodukten für die Außenanwendung zu erarbeiten, die zur Europä-ischen Harmonisierung von Prüfmethoden beitragen. Aus einer Auswahlliste von 39 Produkten wurden 20 Produkte in das ökotoxikologische Untersuchungsprogramm einbezogen. Monoli-thische und flächige Bauprodukte wurden in der horizontalen dynamischen Oberflächenaus-laugprüfung (DSL-Test) nach CEN/TS 16637-2, granulare Produkte im Schütteltest nach DIN EN 12457-1 eluiert. Die Eluate wurden in vier aquatischen Toxizitätstests (Algen, Daphnien, Leuchtbakterien, Fischeier), einem Gentoxizitätstest (umu-Test) und im Respirometertest (OECD 301 F) untersucht. Hierbei wurden niedrige bis sehr hohe Ökotoxizitäten (bis Verdün-nungsstufe 1536) bestimmt. Zudem wurde ein Europäischer Ringversuch mit 17 Teilnehmern und zwei Bauprodukten konzeptionell vorbereitet, durchgeführt und gemäß DIN ISO 5725 ausgewertet. Nach Ausschluss der nicht validen bzw. als Ausreißer identifizierten Biotests war die laborübergreifende Streuung des Gesamtverfahrens zur ökotoxikologischen Charakterisie-rung von Bauprodukten akzeptabel. Der Variationskoeffizient für die Konzentration, die einen 50%igen Effekt induziert (EC50) lag für die verschiedenen Tests und Bauprodukte zwischen 9 und 110% und beschreibt die Variabilität des gesamten, komplexen Verfahrensablaufs vom Elutionsprozess über Probenlagerung bis hin zur eigentlichen Biotestdurchführung. Es wurden Empfehlungen zur Planung und Durchführung von Ökotoxizitätstests zur Bewertung von Bau-produkten erarbeitet und bei der für die europäische Harmonisierung von Auslaugtests für Bauprodukte zuständigen CEN-Arbeitsgruppe eingereicht. KW - Freisetzung KW - Schadstoffe KW - Umweltbewertung KW - Ökotoxikologische Testverfahren KW - Bauprodukte PY - 2016 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/empfehlungen-fur-eine-testbatterie-zur SN - 1862-4804 VL - 74/2016 SP - 1 EP - 161 CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-38559 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Jürgens, Frederike A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Beregnete Bauteile und Bauprodukte: Entwicklung von Vergabekriterien für den Blauen Engel mit Hilfe von Auslaugtests N2 - Auslaugversuche wurden mit verschiedenen Bauprodukten durchgeführt, die unter Anwendungsbe-dingungen mit Niederschlägen in Kontakt kommen können. In das Testprogramm wurden Lacke für Außenanwendungen, Wärmedämmverbundsysteme, Dachziegel und polymere Dachfolien einbezogen. Mit diesen Produkten wurden der von CEN TC 351 entwickelte dynamische Oberflächenauslaugtest (DSLT) und Immersionstests nach EN 16105 durchgeführt. Emissionsverläufe wurden sowohl für an-organische Komponenten als auch für organische Substanzen in den Eluaten ermittelt. Auslaugbare organische Substanzen wurden zuvor in Screeningtests identifiziert. Um die mögliche Freisetzung von Stoffen aus Bauprodukten beurteilen zu können, ist es erforderlich, Emissionsverläufe zu beschreiben. Dazu sind die verwendeten Testverfahren geeignet. Um Baupro-dukte mit einem Blauen Engel als „Produkte mit geringer Auslaugung“ auszuloben, müssen die aus-laugbaren Substanzen komplett bekannt sein. Für organische Verbindungen ist das noch eine Heraus-forderung. Außerdem erfordert die Bewertung der Testergebnisse sowohl Übertragungsmodelle, die Vorhersagen über freisetzbare Stoffmengen unter Anwendungsbedingungen ermöglichen, als auch Vorgaben zu tolerierbaren Umweltkonzentrationen. Hier besteht noch Handlungsbedarf. N2 - Leaching tests were performed on different construction products that can be exposed to precipitation during service life. Varnishes for outdoor application, exterior thermal insulation systems, roof tiles and polymeric roof membranes were included in the test program. Leaching tests according to the dynamic surface leaching test (DSLT) as developed by CEN TC 351 and the immersion test according to EN 16105 were performed using these products. Emission curves were determined for inorganic as well as organic substances in the eluates. Leachable organic sub-stances in the eluates were identified by screening tests prior to the leaching tests. It is necessary to describe emission curves to be able to evaluate possible release of substances from construction products. The applied leaching tests are suitable to describe leaching processes. All leach-able substances need to be known in order to award the ecolabel ‘Blue Angel’. This is still challenging in case of organic substances. In addition, evaluation of the test results requires transfer models to predict leachable amounts under service conditions as well as requirements on concentrations that can be tolerated in environmental compartments. There is still need for action to solve these topics. KW - Bauprodukte KW - Auslaugtests KW - Blauer Engel KW - Construction Products KW - Leaching PY - 2018 SN - 1862-4359 VL - 67/2018 SP - 1 EP - 89 CY - Dessau-Rosslau AN - OPUS4-45799 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Transformation of biocides in organic coatings due to UV radiation and water contact N2 - Transformation of carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone and terbutryn was investigated in two paints containing either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment. Test specimens of these coatings on glass were exposed to water contact and UVA-radiation under laboratory conditions. Panels of birch plywood were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Water contact, UVA radiation as well as pigments in the paints affected the pattern and amount of transformation products. T2 - Advanced Coationgs Technology '18 CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 13.11.2018 KW - Biocide KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - UV radiation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Ilvonen, O. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances N2 - Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another Task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, nontargeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds—including Degradation products—are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests’ suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment. KW - Prospective risk assessment KW - Groundwater KW - Surface water KW - Soil KW - Ecotoxicological tests KW - Targeted and nontargeted PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0144-2 SN - 2190-4715 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 30 SP - Article 14, 1 EP - 12 PB - SpringerOpen CY - London AN - OPUS4-44914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Auswaschversuche zur Charakterisierung der Umweltverträglichkeit von Bauprodukten N2 - Im Vortrag werden Auswaschversuche mit Bauprodukten vorgestellt, die dazu dienen sollen, Bauprodukte mit geringer Auswaschung zu erkennen. Zu verschiedenen Bauprodukten (Lacke für Außenanwendungen, Wärmedämmverbundsystemen, Dachziegel und Dachfolien) werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die Eignung der Auswaschverfahren und die Testergebnisse werden bewertet. T2 - Umwelteigenschaften von Bauprodukten: Schnellbewitterung, Leaching, Modellierung CY - Holzkirchen, Germany DA - 17.04.2018 KW - Testverfahren KW - Auswaschversuche KW - Bauprodukte PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44734 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Tietje, O. A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Rohr, M. A1 - Borho, N. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Emissions- und Übertragungsfunktionen für die Modellierung der Auslaugung von Bauprodukten N2 - Auslaugung von Stoffen aus Bauteilen kann zu einer Belastung von Boden und Gewässern führen. Das Simulationsmodell COMLEAM (COnstruction Material LEAching Model) wurde eingesetzt, um die Stoffauswaschung besser zu verstehen und das damit verbundene Umweltrisiko besser einschätzen zu können. Emissionsfunktionen sind Bestandteil dieses Modells. Hier werden fünf verschiedenen Funktionen beschrieben, getestet und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für Prognosemodelle bewertet. KW - Emissionsfunktionen KW - Auswaschverlauf KW - Bauprodukt KW - Biozid KW - Modellierung PY - 2018 SN - 1862-4359 VL - 28 SP - 1 EP - 57 CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-44735 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Emissionen aus holzschutzmittelbehandeltem Holz - Anforderungen der Bauproduktenverordnung T2 - Holzschutztagung CY - Fulda DA - 2014-11-20 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32362 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Coors, A. A1 - Weisbrod, B. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Sacher, F. A1 - Kehrer, A. T1 - Predicting acute and chronic effects of wood preservative products in Daphnia Magna and Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata based on the concept of concentration addition N2 - The current European legislation requires that combined effects of the active substances and any substance of concern contained in biocidal products are taken into account in environmental risk assessment. The hypothesis whether the consideration of active substances together with all formulation additives that are labeled as presenting an environmental hazard is sufficient for a reliable environmental risk assessment was tested in the present study by investigating 3 wood preservative products. Relevant single substances in the products, some of their generic mixtures, the biocidal products themselves, and aqueous eluates prepared from the products (representing potential environmental mixtures) were tested for effects on algal growth and Daphnia acute immobilization as well as reproduction. Predictions for the products and the eluates were based on the concept of concentration addition and were mostly found to provide reliable or at least protective estimates for the observed acute and chronic toxicity of the mixtures. The mixture toxicity considerations also indicated that the toxicity of each product was dominated by just 1 of the components, and that assessments based only on the dominating substance would be similarly protective as a full-mixture risk assessment. Yet, there remained uncertainty in some cases that could be related to the toxicity of transformation products, the impact of unidentified formulation additives, or synergistic interaction between active substances and formulation additives. KW - Mixture toxicity KW - Biocide KW - Coformulant KW - Adjuvant PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2431 SN - 0730-7268 SN - 1552-8618 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 382 EP - 393 PB - SETAC Press CY - Pensacola, Fla., USA AN - OPUS4-30056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Ratte, M. A1 - Ilvonen, O. T1 - Recommendation for a test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of the environmental safety of construction products N2 - The European Construction Products Regulation allows Member States to adopt rules for evaluating the environmental impact of their buildings. The aim of the project was to develop recommendations for a test battery for the ecotoxicological assessment of the environmental impact of construction products for outdoor use and contribute to the European harmonization of test methods. From a shortlist of 39 products 20 products were included in the ecotoxicological testing program. Monolithic and plate-like construction products were eluted in the Dynamic Surface Leaching test (DSLT) in accordance with CEN/TS 16637-2, granular products were eluted in a one stage batch test in accordance with DIN EN 12457-1. The eluates were examined in four aquatic toxicity tests (algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs), a genotoxicity test (umu test) and in the respirometer test (OECD 301 F). Here, low to very high ecotoxicity was observed (up to a dilution factor of 1536). Six out of 8 eluates, whose TOC exceeded 10 mg L⁻1 showed a good biodegradability above 75%. The intra-laboratory repeatability of the Lowest Ineffective Dilution (LID) usually was within ±1 dilution steps (ecotoxicity tests) and ±2 dilution steps (leaching and ecotoxicity tests). This is acceptable, when considering that the overall variability of sample preparation, leaching test, and bioassays add up. The conclusions lead to practical recommendations for a suitable combination of leaching and ecotoxicity tests. KW - Biodegradability KW - Construction products KW - Leaching tests KW - Exotoxicity PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.115 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 171 SP - 580 EP - 587 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-38861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leaching tests for determination of the mobile fraction in construction products N2 - Construction products are often complex materials and often contain a large number of additives like plasticizers, solvents, stabilizers and pigments, which can be released to the environment during usage by leaching when the product is in contact with water. The impact of potentially hazardous substances on the environment depends on actual release rather than the total content in the products. Depending on the compound and on the matrix, only a small portion is transferred to the environment and becomes bioavailable. Leaching tests were developed and standardized by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) to determine the potential release of construction products. T2 - Meeting International Biodeterioration Research Group CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.04.2017 KW - Leaching, Risk assessment, construction products PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gartiser, S. A1 - Heisterkamp, I. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Ratte, M. A1 - Ilvonen, O. A1 - Brauer, F. A1 - Brückmann, J. A1 - Dabrunz, A. A1 - Egeler, P. A1 - Eisl, A.-M. A1 - Feiler, U. A1 - Fritz, I. A1 - König, S. A1 - Lebertz, H. A1 - Pandard, P. A1 - Pötschke, G. A1 - Scheerbaum, D. A1 - Schreiber, F. A1 - Soldán, P. A1 - Weiß, R. A1 - Weltens, R. T1 - Results from a round robin test for the ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products using two leaching tests and an aquatic test battery N2 - A European round robin test according to ISO 5725-2 was conceptually prepared, realised, and evaluated. The aim was to determine the inter-laboratory variability of the overall process for the ecotoxicological characterization of construction products in eluates and bioassays. To this end, two construction products BAM-G1 (granulate) and HSR-2 (roof sealing sheet), both made of EPDM polymers (rubber), were selected. The granular construction product was eluted in a one stage batch test, the planar product in the Dynamic Surface Leaching test (DSLT). A total of 17 laboratories from 5 countries participated in the round robin test: Germany (12), Austria (2), Belgium (1), Czech Republic (1) and France (1). A test battery of four standardised ecotoxicity tests with algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria and zebrafish eggs was used. As toxicity measures, EC50 and LID values were calculated. All tests, except the fish egg test, were basically able to demonstrate toxic effects and the level of toxicity. The reproducibility of test results depended on the test specimens and the test organisms. Generally, the variability of the EC50 or LID values increased with the overall level of toxicity. For the very toxic BAM-G1 eluate a relative high variability of CV ¼ 73%e110% was observed for EC50 in all biotests, while for the less toxic HSR-2 eluate the reproducibility of EC50 varied with sensitivity: it was very good (CV ¼ 9.3%) for the daphnia test with the lowest sensitivity, followed by the algae test (CV ¼ 36.4%). The luminescent bacteria test, being the most sensitive bioassay for HSR-2 Eluate, showed the highest variability (CV ¼ 74.8%). When considering the complex overall process the reproducibility of bioassays with eluates from construction products was acceptable. KW - Round robin test KW - Construction products KW - Leaching tests KW - Eluates KW - Ecotoxicity tests PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.146 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 175 SP - 138 EP - 146 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-39174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. KW - Leaching KW - Biozid KW - Beschichtung PY - 2016 SN - 1230-3321 IS - 4 SP - 3 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-38909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Beschreibung der Auswaschverläufe von Bioziden aus bewitterten Materialien anhand eines Regressionsmodells T2 - 20. Jahrestagung der SETAC GLB CY - Zürich, Schweiz DA - 2015-09-07 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35006 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Beobachtungen aus Freilandversuchen mit biozidhaltigen Materialien T2 - 20. Jahrestagung der SETAC GLB CY - Zürich, Schweiz DA - 2015-09-07 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Junghans, M. A1 - Zuleeg, S. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Lamani, X. A1 - Bester, K. A1 - Vonbank, R. A1 - Simmler, H. A1 - Boller, M. T1 - Biozide in Gebäudefassaden - ökotoxikologische Effekte, Auswaschung und Belastungsabschätzung für Gewässer N2 - Hintergrund, Ziel und Zweck Die Belastung von Flie?gewässern durch organische Mikroverunreinigungen wirft häufig die Frage der Quellenzuordnung auf. Baumaterialien als Quellen problematischer Spurenstoffe finden in der Gewässerbeurteilung bisher wenig Beachtung, obwohl bereits heute biozide Wirkstoffe aus Materialschutzanwendungen zu einer Belastung des Regenwasserabflusses führen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden (1) die ökotoxikologischen Kenngrößen für typische Biozide in Fassadenbeschichtungen ermittelt, (2) die Auswaschung von besonders problematischen Bioziden aus Fassaden quantifiziert und (3) das Belastungsrisiko für Gewässer mittels Stofftransportmodellierung abgeschätzt. PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12302-008-0033-1 SN - 0934-3504 SN - 1865-5084 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 36 EP - 47 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-18691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leachingtests für Beschichtungen - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen T2 - Seminar der Technischen Akademie Esslingen "Auswaschung aus beregneten Fassaden" CY - Ostfildern, Germany DA - 2011-02-21 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23084 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Auswaschung von Bioziden im Labor und Wege zur Normierung T2 - Fachtagung "Biozide und Nanopartikel in Fassaden" (Empa-Akademie) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 2008-09-29 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17934 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Auswaschbarkeit von Bioziden unter Laborbedingungen T2 - Fachtagung "Biozide und Nanopartikel in Fassaden" (Empa-Akademie) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 2008-09-29 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17936 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leachingtests for coatings and treated wood T2 - Tagung "Leaching of Biocides from Facade Coatings" CY - Rapperswil-Jona, Switzerland DA - 2011-05-24 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23613 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Fürhapper, C. A1 - Gunschera, J. A1 - Härtner, H. A1 - Hill, R. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Schwarz, G. A1 - Spetmann, P. A1 - Wilken, U. A1 - Wittenzellner, J. A1 - Wobst, M. T1 - Bestimmung von Permethrin in Holz - Ergebnisse von Vergleichsanalysen N2 - Vergleichsanalysen zur Bestimmung von Permethrin aus Holz ergaben, dass sich sowohl Extraktion mit Methanol im Ultraschallverfahren als auch Soxhlet-Extraktion mit Ethylacetat gut eignen, um Permethrin aus behandeltem Holz zu lösen. Verschiedene andere Extraktionsverfahren führen zu Minderbefunden. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Permethrin können sowohl Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie als auch Gaschromatographie eingesetzt werden. KW - Permethrin KW - Holz KW - Extraktion KW - Gaschromatographie KW - Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie KW - Analyse PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-007-0208-2 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 61 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17167 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schoknecht, Ute ED - Venzmer, Helmuth T1 - Auswaschbarkeit von Biozidwerkstoffen aus Fassadenbeschichtungen - welche Erkenntnisse bringen Laboruntersuchungen? T2 - 8. Dahlberg-Kolloquium CY - Wismar, Deutschland DA - 2008-09-25 KW - Biozidemissionen KW - Fassadenbeschichtungen KW - Laborverfahren PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-410-16871-3 VL - 4 SP - 111 EP - 120 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verl. AN - OPUS4-18262 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Gruycheva, J. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Bergmann, Hannelore A1 - Burkhardt, M. T1 - Leaching of biocides used in facade coatings under laboratory test conditions PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es9019832 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 43 IS - 24 SP - 9321 EP - 9328 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-20560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Bornkessel, C. A1 - Fürhapper, C. A1 - Gunschera, J. A1 - Härtner, H. A1 - Hill, R. A1 - Kochan, J. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Wilken, U. A1 - Wittenzellner, J. A1 - Wobst, M. T1 - Bestimmung des Wirkstoffes Fenoxycarb in Holz mittels Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie N2 - Fenoxycarb ist ein insektizider Wirkstoff, der wegen seiner hormonähnlichen Wirkung in sehr geringen Konzentrationen in Holzschutzmitteln eingesetzt werden kann. Das hat zur Folge, dass aus Extrakten von behandeltem Holz relativ geringe Fenoxycarb-Mengen vor dem Hintergrund ebenfalls extrahierter Holzinhaltsstoffe zu bestimmen sind. In Vergleichsanalysen verschiedener Laboratorien wurde gezeigt, dass Fenoxycarb durch Methanol mit hoher Ausbeute aus Holz extrahierbar ist und in den Extrakten durch Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie in Kopplung mit UV-Detektion bestimmt werden kann. Fenoxycarb-Konzentrationen im unteren Bereich der erforderlichen Einbringmengen können mit dem erprobten Verfahren nur nach zusätzlicher Probenaufarbeitung bestimmt werden. Bedingt durch schwer auswertbare Chromatogramme sind die Abweichungen der Ergebnisse zwischen verschiedenen Laboratorien relativ hoch. KW - Analyse KW - Biozid KW - Fenoxycarb KW - Holz KW - Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie PY - 2010 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/67kjwv763p3l72g9/fulltext.pdf DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-009-0387-0 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 469 EP - 474 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-20669 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bagda, E. A1 - Borho, N. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Measuring the release - Leaching of biocides from facade coatings N2 - Facades are attacked by algae and fungi during weathering, impairing the surfaces visually and leading to long-term damage. To prevent this, appropriate biocides are used in facade coatings. These can be washed out during weathering, especially when it rains. A standardized laboratory procedure to determine the amount of biocides released under practical conditions has been developed and is accessible as European Standard FprEN 16105. KW - Leaching KW - Fassadenbeschichtungen KW - prEN 16105 KW - Testparameter KW - INS-Projekt PY - 2011 SN - 0930-3847 VL - 06 SP - 33 EP - 37 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-23829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Experiences with the OECD guideline proposals for the estimation of emissions from preservative treated wood in the environment T2 - International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 35th Annual Meeting (IRG/WP/04-50209) CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 2004-06-06 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4495 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Emissions OECD guidelines T2 - Workshop der COST Action E 37 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 2004-09-11 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Wirksamkeitsprüfungen für Materialschutzmittel T2 - 5. Fresenius Konferenz "Die Biozid Produkte Richtlinie" CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2004-10-19 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Melcher, E. T1 - Experiences with the OECD guideline proposals for the estimation of emissions from preservative treated wood in the environment T2 - 35th Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 2004-06-06 PY - 2004 SP - 13 pages PB - International Research Group on Wood Preservation CY - Stockholm AN - OPUS4-5490 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Characterization and differentiation of wood rotting fungi by protein and enzyme patterns N2 - Standardized tests for wood preservatives are performed with defined fungal strains to ensure comparability between laboratories. However, changes of virulence and variation of results are well known events. Suitable and reliable measures to control the stability of the test organisms are necessary.Comparison of protein patterns produced by SDS-electrophoresis was already described by several authors as a possible way to identify and to characterize fungal species and strains, i.e. for Serpula, Coniophora and Poria. We compared protein patterns of several strains of Antrodia vaillantii, Poria placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Lentinus lepideus, and Coniophora puteana. Isoelectric focussing and detection of esterase isoenzymes proved to be an alternative method. The investigations resulted in species-specific protein and enzyme patterns. By comparing the strains of single species it was possible to form groups with similar patterns. Possible misidentifications could be detected. The described methods will be further developed and used to follow possible changes in our test strains. T2 - 30th Annual meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG) CY - Rosenheim, Germany DA - 1999-06-06 KW - Basidiomycetes KW - Strains KW - Standardization KW - SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis KW - Isoelectric focussing KW - Proteins KW - Enzymes PY - 1999 IS - IRG-WP 99-20177, Section 2 SP - 1 EP - 9(?) PB - IRG Secretariat CY - Stockholm AN - OPUS4-5491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Comparison of laboratory tests and field experiments of the estimation of emissions from treated wood T2 - 6th International Symposium "Environment and wood preservation" CY - Cannes-Mandelieu, France DA - 2005-02-07 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-6978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Comparison of laboratory tests and field experiments for the estimation of emissions from treated wood T2 - 6th International Symposium "Environment and wood preservation" CY - Cannes-Mandelieu, France DA - 2005-02-07 KW - Leaching KW - Emission KW - Copper KW - Triazoles KW - Test procedures PY - 2005 SP - 2 EP - 14 PB - IRG Secretariat CY - Stockholm AN - OPUS4-7028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Testverfahren zur Bestimmung von Biozidemissionen aus behandeltem Holz. T2 - 24. Holzschutztagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Holzforschung e.V. CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2005-04-12 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7330 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Testverfahren zur Bestimmung von Biozidemissionen aus behandeltem Holz T2 - 24. Holzschutztagung "Sicherung von Produktqualität und -leistung" CY - Leipzig, Deutschland DA - 2005-04-12 KW - EU-Biozidrichtlinie KW - OECD guideline KW - Biozide KW - Emissionen KW - Testverfahren KW - Holzschutzmittel PY - 2005 SP - 49 EP - 56 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-7340 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Morsing, N. A1 - Lindegaard, B. A1 - van der Sloot, H. A1 - van Zomeren, A. A1 - Deroubaix, G. A1 - Legay, S. A1 - Tadeo, J. L. A1 - García-Valcárcel, A. I. A1 - Gigliotti, G. A1 - Zadra, C. A1 - Hajslová, J. A1 - Tomaniová, M. A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Bornkessel, C. A1 - Fürhapper, C. T1 - Inter-laboratory evaluation of laboratory test methods to estimate the leaching from treated wood - Agreement No. 04/375757/C4 KW - Emission KW - Leaching KW - Wood preservatives KW - Inter-laboratory evaluation KW - Test methods KW - OECD guideline proposals PY - 2005 SP - 1 EP - 211 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-7365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - CEN/OECD leaching test methods T2 - Leaching Workshop des European Chemicals Bureau CY - Arona, Italy DA - 2005-06-13 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Fixation of chromium in wood treated by chromate T2 - Workshop der COST-Action E 37, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-12-04 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-14085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Auswaschbarkeit von Biozidwirkstoffen aus Fassadenbeschichtungen - welche Erkenntnisse bringen Laboruntersuchungen? T2 - 8. Dahlberg-Kolloquium "Baustoffoberflächen mit neuen Eigenschaften" CY - Wismar, Germany DA - 2008-09-25 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16516 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit von biozid ausgerüsteten Materialien T2 - 21. Chemisches Kolloquium "Baumaterialien und Oberflächengewässer CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 2012-06-19 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26305 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Töpfer, Antje A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. T1 - Characterisation of leaching of biocidal active substances of main group 2 'preservatives' from different materials under weathering conditions (Project No. (FKZ) 3708 65 404, Report No. (UBA-FB) 001641/E) N2 - Anwendungen von Bioziden in Materialien für Außenanwendungen sind mögliche Quellen für Biozide in Umweltkompartimenten infolge von witterungsbedingten Auswaschprozessen. Im Bericht werden Leachingprozesse und -parameter als auch Methoden zu deren Untersuchung unter Labor- und Freilandversuchsbedingungen beschrieben. Vorteile und Grenzen der verschiedenen Herangehensweisen zur Untersuchung von Leachingprozessen werden diskutiert. Standardisierte Auswaschtests sowie in der Fachliteratur publizierte Auswaschexperimente werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. Es wird beschrieben, wie Leachingdaten gemäß Technischem Leitfaden zur Biozidprodukten-Richtlinie 98/8/EG für eine Risikobewertung genutzt werden. Ein alternativer Ansatz zur mathematischen Modellierung von Leachingtest-Daten wurde erprobt und wird im Bericht erläutert. Potentiell lassen sich mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz bestimmte gegenwärtig auftretende Schwierigkeiten bei der Risikobewertung umgehen. Applications of biocides in outdoor materials are potential sources of biocides in environmental compartments due to leaching processes under weathering conditions. Leaching processes and parameters as well as methods to investigate leaching processes under laboratory and semi-field conditons are described in the report. Benefits and limitations of different test approaches are discussed. Standardised leaching tests as well as leaching experiments reported in scientific literature are listed. The application of leaching data for risk assessments according to the Technical Guidance Documents for the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) is described. An alternative approach for mathematical modelling of leaching data was tested and is Explained in the report. Certain difficulties that currently appear during risk assessments may be circumvented by the proposed approach. KW - Test procedures KW - Biocide KW - EU biocidal products directive 98/8/EC KW - Material preservatives KW - In-can preservatives KW - Film preservatives KW - Fibre KW - Leather KW - Rubber and polymerised materials preservatives KW - Masonry preservatives KW - Weathering KW - Leaching KW - Mathematical modelling KW - Risk assessment KW - Biozid KW - EU Biozidproduktenrichtlinie 98/8/EG KW - Materialschutzmittel KW - Topf-Konservierungsmittel KW - Beschichtungsschutzmittel KW - Schutzmittel für Fasern KW - Leder KW - Gummi und polymerisierte Materialien KW - Schutzmittel für Mauerwerk KW - Bewitterung KW - Auswaschung KW - Testverfahren KW - Laborversuche KW - Freilandversuche KW - Mathematische Modellierung KW - Risikobewertung PY - 2012 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/characterisation-of-leaching-of-biocidal-active SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 62 SP - 1 EP - 118 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-26520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lupsea, M. A1 - Tiruta-Barna, L. A1 - Schiopu, N. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Modelling inorganic and organic biocide leaching from CBA-anime (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood based on characterisation leaching tests N2 - Numerical simulation of the leaching behaviour of treated wood is the most pertinent and less expensive method for the prediction of biocides' release in water. Few studies based on mechanistic leaching models have been carried out so far. In this work, a coupled chemistry-mass transport model is developed for simulating the leaching behaviour of inorganic (Cu, B) and organic (Tebuconazole) biocides from CBA-amine treated wood. The model is based on experimental investigations (lab-scale leaching tests coupled with chemical and structural analysis). It considers biocides' interactions with wood solid components and with extractives (literature confirmed reactions), as well as transport mechanisms (diffusion, convection) in different compartments. Simulation results helped at identifying the main fixation mechanisms, like (i) direct complexation of Cu by wood-phenolic and -carboxylic sites (and not via monoethanolamine; complex) on lignin and hemicellulose and strong dependence on extractives' nature, (ii) pH dependent binding of tebuconazole on polarized –OH moieties on wood. The role of monoethanolamine is to provide a pore-solution pH of about 7.5, when copper solubility is found to be weakest. The capability of the developed model to simulate the chemical and transport behaviour is the main result of this study. Moreover, it proved that characterization leaching tests (pH dependency and dynamic tests), combined with appropriate analytical methods are useful experimental tools. Due to its flexibility for representing and simulating various leaching conditions, chemical-transport model developed could be used to further simulate the leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood at larger scales. KW - CBA-amine treated wood KW - Leaching tests KW - Chemical-transport model KW - Surface complexation PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.037 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 461-462 SP - 645 EP - 654 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-28835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit von biozid ausgerüsteten Materialien T2 - 6. N.I.Ke.-Workshop "Segen und Fluch - Biozide, I. Verwendung, Analytik, Bewertung", BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2012-11-19 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27286 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Borho, N. A1 - Bagda, E. T1 - Interlaboratory comparison for a laboratory leaching test procedure with facade coatings N2 - Façade coatings are exposed to weathering. Driving rain events can cause façade runoff bearing the potential to release substances from the coating. In order to derive reliable and reproducible information about this so-called leaching (emission into water), a laboratory test method has been developed, that has been published as European Standard EN 16105:2011. An interlaboratory comparison has been performed with 8 participants in order to validate the test method. This article describes the test results that reveal statistics on the quality of the test method and allows further insights to the leaching mechanism in coatings. KW - Biocide KW - Leaching test KW - Façade coating KW - Construction Products Regulation KW - Biocidal Products Directive PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.10.001 SN - 0300-9440 SN - 1873-331X SN - 0033-0655 VL - 76 IS - 2-3 SP - 351 EP - 359 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-27554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lupsea, M. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Tiruta-Barna, L. A1 - Schiopu, N. T1 - Biocide leaching from CBA treated wood - A mechanistic interpretation N2 - Treated wood is frequently used for construction. However, there is a need to ensure that biocides used for the treatment are not a threat for people or environment. The paper focused on Pinus sylvestris treated with copper–boron–azole (CBA), containing tebuconazole as organic biocide and monoethanolamine (Mea). This study investigates chemical mechanisms of fixation and mobilisation involved in the leaching process of the used inorganic and organic biocides in CBA. A pH dependent leaching test was performed, followed by a set of complementary analysis methods in order to identify and quantify the species released from wood. The main findings of this study are: -Organic compounds are released from untreated and treated wood; the quantity of released total organic carbon, carboxylic and phenolic functions increasing with the pH. -Nitrogen containing compounds, i.e. mainly Mea and its reaction products with extractives, are released in important quantities from CBA treated wood, especially at low pH. -The release of copper is the result of competitive reactions: fixation via complexation reactions and complexation with extractives in the liquid phase. The specific pH dependency of Cu leaching is explained by the competition of ligands for protonation and complexation. -Tebuconazole is released to a lesser extent relative to its initial content. Its fixation on solid wood structure seems to be influenced by pH, suggesting interactions with –OH groups on wood. Boron release appears to be pH independent and very high. This confirms its weak fixation on wood and also no or weak interaction with the extractives. KW - CBA treated wood KW - Biocide leaching KW - Leaching mechanism KW - pH dependency test PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.089 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 444 SP - 522 EP - 530 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Bagda, E. T1 - Leaching of substances from facades - current knowledge and activities T2 - European coatings conference on facade coatings and plasters CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2013-10-29 PY - 2013 SP - 131 EP - 140 PB - Vincentz AN - OPUS4-29474 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Bergmann, Hannelore T1 - Eindringtiefenbestimmungen für Holzschutzmittelwirkstoffe PY - 2000 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 58 SP - 380 EP - 386 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-1204 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Lisec, Jan T1 - Leaching and transformation of film preservatives in paints induced by combined exposure to ultraviolet radiation and water contact under controlled laboratory conditions N2 - Stormwater from urban areas can transport biocidally active substances and related transformation products from buildings into the environment. The occurrence of these substances in urban runoff depends on the availability of water, and on ultraviolet radiation exposure that causes photolytic reactions. In a systematic laboratory study, painted test specimens were exposed to either ultraviolet radiation, water contact, or a combination of both. Leaching of the biocidally active substances carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and selected transformation products of terbutryn and diuron were observed under various exposure conditions. Remaining concentrations of these substances in the paint were quantified. It was demonstrated that the distribution of active substances and transformation products in eluates and in the coatings themselves differs with exposure conditions. Strategies for environmental monitoring of biocide emissions need to consider the most relevant transformation products. However, environmental concentrations of biocidally active substances and transformation products depend on earlier exposure conditions. As a consequence, monitoring data cannot describe emission processes and predict expected leaching of biocidally active substances from buildings if the data are collected only occasionally. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - UV radiation KW - Water contact PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532114 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172390 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 13 IS - 17 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Gunschera, Jan A1 - Marx, Hans-Norbert A1 - Marx, Gabriele A1 - Peylo, André A1 - Schwarz, Gabriele T1 - Holzschutzmittelanalytik – Daten- und Literaturzusammenstellung für Wirkstoffe in geprüften Holzschutzmitteln N2 - Im DIN-Normenausschuß NMP 412 wurden in der Vergangenheit verschiedene Verfahren zur Holzschutzmittelanalytik genormt, die vorrangig einige der klassischen Holzschutzmittelkomponenten betreffen. Für die zunehmend auf den Markt drängenden neuen Wirkstoffe fehlen genormte Analysenverfahren. Der Bericht enthält einen Überblick zu gegenwärtig verfügbaren und angewandten Analyseverfahren. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 225 PY - 1998 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2257 SN - 978-3-89701-160-3 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 225 SP - 1 EP - 164 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-225 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emission of Biocides from Treated Materials N2 - Methods for the determination of biocide emissions from treated materials into water and air were developed and tested in order to support a comparative ecological assessment of biocidal products. Leaching tests, experiments with simulated rain, extraction cleaning of carpets and emission chamber tests were performed with a series of treated materials. The experiments focused on the effect of changes in the procedure as well as characteristics of the specimens and demonstrate the suitability of the proposed methods for biocides of different product types. It was demonstrated that emissions of biocides into water can be compared on the basis of leaching tests in which the emission kinetics of the active ingredients are recorded. However, the water volume per surface area and the timetable for water changes have to be defined in such tests. Functions of flux rates related to time can be well described for inorganic compounds, whereas modelling of the data is more complicated for organic substances. Emission chamber tests using 20-litre and 23-litre glass exsiccators, originally developed to study volatile organic compounds, were successfully adapted for the investigation of the emission of biocides from treated materials which are usually semi volatile organic compounds. However, test parameters and the method of analysis have to be adapted to the substances to be determined. Generally, it was found that the emission curves for the semi volatile organic compounds investigated differ from those of volatile organic compounds. KW - Air KW - Biocidal products KW - Biocides KW - Biocides directive KW - Emission KW - Emission test chambers KW - Environmental exposure assessment KW - Leaching procedure KW - Simulated rain KW - SVOC KW - Test procedures KW - VOC KW - Water KW - Wood preservatives PY - 2003 SN - 0944-1344 SN - 1614-7499 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 154 EP - 161 PB - Ecomed Publ. CY - Landsberg AN - OPUS4-5492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Wegner, R. T1 - Biozidemissionen aus Materialien - Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit PY - 2002 SP - 1 EP - 139 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-7299 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -