TY - THES A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Wirkungsmechanismen von Rotem Phosphor als Flammschutzmittel in Thermoplasten N2 - Das Brandverhalten von Rotem Phosphor in HIPS, PBT und PA66 wurde untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, wie die Wirksamkeit von Rotem Phosphor in HIPS and PBT durch Kombination mit anderen Flammschutzmitteln zu verbessern ist. N2 - Polymers are flammable due to their chemical nature. As a consequence they must be treated with flame-retardants before they can be used in fields with high flammability risks, such as transport, electronic devices and building construction. The use of red phosphorus as a fire retardant has been encouraged because it is an environmentally friendly alternative to halogenated compounds. The intention of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of red phosphorus as a flame retardant and to determine its fire-retardant mechanisms in different thermoplastics. The thermal decomposition and combustion behaviour of HIPS, PBT and PA66 containing red phosphorus was studied. It further investigated how the activity and efficiency of red phosphorus in HIPS and PBT was influenced by additional flame retardants such as melamine polyphosphate, melamine cyanurate and magnesium hydroxide. The decomposition process was characterized by means of different thermogravimetric methods (TG-FTIR, TG-MS), and the combustion behaviour by cone calorimeter measurements at various external heat fluxes. The flammability was investigated with LOI and the residue of combustion was analysed by means of XPS. Based on these results models for decomposition process were postulated. Red phosphorus can act both by promoting char formation in the condensed phase, and through radical trapping in the gas phase. Red phosphorus acts in the condensed phase in PA66, and in the gas phase in HIPS. In PBT both mechanisms were observed, depending on the pH value. When red phosphorus is combined with fuel-dilution additives such as melamine species in HIPS and PBT, both flame retardants act independently. The combustion behaviour of the combined material can be described by superposition of the distinct flame-retarded materials. In the presence of a barrier former, such as magnesium hydroxide in HIPS, the gas-phase mechanism of red phosphorus remains unaffected; however, a slight anti-synergism results. This is based on formation of a magnesium phosphate barrier, which influences the efficiency of phosphorus as a radical trap. The results showed that the activity of phosphorus as a flame retardant in thermoplastics depends on the water content of the polymer, the pH value and the presence of functional groups in the polymer. The efficiency of phosphorus as a flame retardant in the condensed and gas phases depends on combustion conditions. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 10 KW - Roter Phosphor KW - Flammschutzmittel KW - Thermoplasten PY - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1486 SN - 978-3-86509-303-5 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 164 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-148 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Wirkungsmechanismen von Rotem Phosphor als Flammschutzmittel in Polymeren T2 - Disputation im Rahmen des Promotionsverfahrens am Institut für Chemie der FU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2004-12-01 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-6370 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics N2 - The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Weathering resistance KW - Degradation KW - Intumescence KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 2421 EP - 2429 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free fire retardant polymeric materials T2 - MODEST CY - Liège, Belgium DA - 2008-09-06 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Selinka, Hans-Christoph A1 - Bannick, Claus Gerhard A1 - Fretschner, Till A1 - Kerndorff, Alexander A1 - Marquar, Natalie A1 - Obermaier, Nathan A1 - Schneider, Beater A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Konthur, Zoltán T1 - Von der Kläranlage in das Labor N2 - Im Vorhaben „MARKERIA - Bestimmung von anthropogenen Markerkonzentrationen für die SARS-CoV-2 Quantifizierung mittels eines Hochdurchsatzverfahrens (ELISA)“ geht es um die Bestimmung von Carbamazepin, Diclofenac, Koffein und einer endogenen Gallensäure als potentielle Marker für die Kalibrierung der SARS-CoV-2 Quantifizierung im Abwasser. Es ist ein Teilvorhaben des übergeordneten Projektes ESI-CorA und wird von der BAM im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes durchgeführt. Der Vortrag wurde gehalten im Rahmen der Abschlussveranstaltung des Projektes ESI-CorA. Er gab den Projektstand wieder, den UBA und BAM bis dahin erzielt hatten, das SARS-CoV-2 Virus und die anthropogenen Marker in 20 Kläranlagenzuläufen zu bestimmen und miteinander zu korrelieren. T2 - Abschlussveranstaltung des EU-Projekts ESI-CorA CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 22.03.2023 KW - Wastewater-based epidemiology KW - Abwasser KW - ELISA KW - Coronavirus KW - COVID-19 PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59204 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Lucke, T. A1 - Ruhl, A. S. A1 - Winzenbacher, R. A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Untersuchungen zu biologischen, organischen und anorganischen Veränderungen granulierter Aktivkohlen während der Trinkwasseraufbereitung N2 - Untersuchungen zu biologischen, organischen und anorganischen Veränderungen granulierter Aktivkohlen während der Trinkwasseraufbereitung des Landeswasserversorgers Langenau. KW - Thermogravimetrie KW - Trinkwasser KW - Wasseraufbereitung KW - Aktivkohle PY - 2020 SN - 0083-6915 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 47 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA AN - OPUS4-51434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Bajer, Kamila A1 - Kneip, Gisela A1 - Rybak, Thomas T1 - Understanding the molecular degradation behaviour of polyolefin using autoclave tests at various pressures and temperatures T2 - Polymer Degradation and Discussion Group (PDDG) CY - Paris, France DA - 2013-09-01 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Understanding the Molecular Degradation Behavior of Polymers T2 - BASF Flammschutztag CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 2013-10-28 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Understanding Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Composites: A Key for Future Development T2 - 5th International Conference on Composites In Fire (CIF5) CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom DA - 2008-07-10 KW - Fire retardancy KW - Composites KW - Flame Retardants KW - Phosphinate PY - 2008 SP - 01-1 - 01-10 CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, UK AN - OPUS4-17716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Ruhl, A. A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Albrecht, M. A1 - Gehde, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Two Birds with One Stone-Fast and Simultaneous Analysis of Microplastics: Microparticles Derived from Thermoplastics and Tire Wear N2 - Analysis of microplastic particles (MP) in environmental samples needs sophisticated techniques and is time intensive due to sample preparation and detection. An alternative to the most common (micro ) spectroscopic techniques, FTIR or Raman spectroscopy, are the thermoanalytical methods, where specific decomposition products can be analyzed as marker compounds for different kind of plastics types and mass contents. Thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) allows the fast identification and quantification of MP in environmental samples without sample preparation. Whereas up to now only the analysis of thermoplastic polymers was realized, this is the first time that even the analysis of tire wear (TW) content in environmental samples is possible. Various marker compounds for TW were identified. They include characteristic decomposition products of elastomers, antioxidants and vulcanization agents. Advantages and drawbacks of these marker substances were evaluated. Environmental samples from street run off were exemplarily investigated and presented. KW - TED-GC-MS KW - Microplastic KW - Tire wear PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00446 VL - 5 IS - 10 SP - 608 EP - 613 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-46460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -