TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Long-term performance of metal seals for transport and storage casks N2 - Dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials require very high leak-tightness of lid closure Systems under accident conditions as well as in the long-term to prevent activity release. For that purpose metal seals of specific types with an inner helical spring and outer metal liners are widely used and have shown their excellent performance if certain quality assurance requirements for fabrication and assembling are satisfied. Well defined surface roughness, clean and dry inert conditions are therefore essential. No seal failure in a loaded cask happened under these conditions until today. Nevertheless, the considered and licensed Operation period is limited and all safety assessments have been performed and approved for this period of time which is 40 years in Germany so far. But in the meantime longer storage periods might be necessary for the future and therefore additional material data will be required. BAM is involved in the qualification and evaluation procedures of those seals from the early beginning. Because long-term tests are always time consuming BAM has early decided to perform additional tests with specific test seal configurations to gain a better understanding of the long-term behavior with regard to seal pressure force, leakage rate and useable resilience which is safety relevant mainly in case of accidental mechanical loads inside a storage facility or during a subsequent transport. Main test parameters are the material of the outer seal jacket (silver or aluminum) and the temperature. This paper presents the BAM test program including an innovative test mock-up and most recent test results. Based on these data extrapolation models to extended time periods are discussed, and also future plans to continue tests and to investigate seal behavior for additional test parameters are explained. T2 - PATRAM 2013 - 17th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 18.08.2013 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-30136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Ulrich, A. T1 - Transport of RAM in Tanks - How to fit into the IAEA safety philosophy T2 - 7th International symposium Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - New Orleans, La., USA DA - 15.05.1983 PY - 1983 VL - 1 SP - 54 EP - 58 AN - OPUS4-36464 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Long term performance of metal seals for transport and storage casks N2 - Dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials require very high leak tightness of lid closure systems under accident conditions as well as in the long term to prevent activity release. For that purpose metal seals of specific types with an inner helical spring and outer metal liners are widely used and have shown their excellent performance if certain quality assurance requirements for fabrication and assembling are satisfied. Well defined surface roughness, clean and dry inert conditions are therefore essential. No seal failure in a loaded cask happened under these conditions until today. Nevertheless, the considered and licensed operation period is limited and all safety assessments have been performed and approved for this period of time which is 40 years in Germany so far. However, in the meantime longer storage periods might be necessary for the future and therefore additional material data will be required. BAM is involved in the qualification and evaluation procedures of those seals from the early beginning. Because long term tests are always time consuming BAM has early decided to perform additional tests with specific test seal configurations to gain a better understanding of the long term behaviour with regard to seal pressure force, leakage rate and useable resilience which is safety relevant mainly in case of accidental mechanical loads inside a storage facility or during a subsequent transport. Main test parameters are the material of the outer seal jacket (silver or aluminium) and the temperature. This paper presents the BAM test program including an innovative test mock-up and most recent test results. Based on these data extrapolation models to extended time periods are discussed, and also future plans to continue tests and to investigate seal behaviour for additional test parameters are explained. KW - Metal Seal KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Ageing KW - Cask KW - Leak tightness PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/1746510914Y.0000000057 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 8 EP - 15 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-32327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Hagenow, Peter A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Wossidlo, Peter A1 - Abbasi, Behboud A1 - Achelpöhler-Schulte, Andreas A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Investigation of seal effects according to axial compression variation of metal seals for transport and storage casks N2 - Casks for the transport and storage of heat generating radioactive waste in Germany are normally provided with screwed lid systems, which are in most cases equipped with double jacket metal seals with an inner spring wire to provide long term resistance to the seal compression force. Preservation of the high sealing quality of those seals under operational and accidental stress conditions is essentially important to the safety of those casks. Relative displacements of the lid system surfaces caused by specific impact scenarios cannot be excluded and have to be evaluated with respect to a possible increase in the leakage rate. To get representative data for such metal sealed lid systems, BAM has developed a special conceptualised flange system placed in an appropriate testing machine for relevant mechanical loading of the metal seals under static and cyclic conditions. Furthermore, the flange system enables continuous measurement of the standard helium leakage rate during each test. The primary aim of the investigation is to identify the correlation between variation of installation conditions (axial displacements) caused by external loads and the standard helium leakage rate. An essential parameter in this case is the useable resilience ru of a metal seal under relevant stress conditions. The useable resilience ru is the vertical difference in the cross-section between the seal's assembling status and the point where the leakage rate, by means of external load relieving, exceeds the quality criterion of 10-8 Pa m3 s-1. Load relieving can instantly occur due to modification of the seal groove dimension caused by accident impacts and deformation of the lid system. Furthermore, component specific basis data for the development of finite element calculation models should be collected. In the tests, seals are subjected to static and cyclic loads. All tests are performed at ambient temperature. This paper presents the test configuration, different test series and results of the current experiments. Typical load-displacement-leakage rate correlations are presented and discussed. KW - Seal effects KW - Axial compression variation KW - Metal seals KW - Helium leakage rate KW - Cyclic load PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/174651008X278948 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 52 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-17540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Hagenow, Peter A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Wossidlo, Peter A1 - Abbasi, Behboud A1 - Achelpöhler-Schulte, Andreas A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Investigation of seal effects according to axial compression variation of metal seals for transport and storage casks T2 - PATRAM 2007, 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Miami, Florida, USA DA - 2007-10-21 KW - Metal Seals KW - Axial Compression KW - Cycling Tests KW - Helium Leakage Rate PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management AN - OPUS4-17542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruckschen, Walther A1 - Schmidt, Sascha A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Ludwig, Jörg A1 - Ulrich, Armin T1 - Wir sind Dienstleister! PY - 1998 SN - 0944-6117 IS - 7 SP - 24 EP - 25 PB - Vogel CY - München AN - OPUS4-20027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Bertus, Angela A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Möller, B. T1 - Characterization of fluorinated polyethylene surfaces N2 - Polyethylene foils, used as greenhouse foils stabilized with various types of sterically hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), showed an extraordinary prolonged lifetime on exposure to natural or artificial weathering if a gas-phase fluorination under low-pressure conditions was applied. The fluorination was performed using F2/N2 mixtures and provided ca. 50 F/100 C (fluorination degree ap25%). The lifetimes of fluorinated PE foils on exposure to artificial or natural weathering were increased at least by a factor of 2-4 as measured in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break. KW - Gas phase fluorination of PE KW - Fluorination kinetics KW - Weathering PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/156856103322113832 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 1127 EP - 1143 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-2707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Adaption of the acid dew and fog (ADF) test for service life predicitons of aircraft coatings T2 - 1st European Weathering Symposium (EWS-1) ; 23rd Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 KW - Acid dew and fog test KW - Aircraft coatings KW - Service life prediction KW - Climatic resistance KW - Säure KW - Klima KW - Flugzeuglack PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-3-4 SP - 1 EP - 16(?) PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-2689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Autolacke im sauren Regen - künstliche Bewitterung mit saurer Benässung im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Prüfverfahren T2 - XXIII FATIPEC Congress. Volume D CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 1996-06-10 PY - 1996 AN - OPUS4-3333 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Erdmann, Jessica A1 - Möller, B. T1 - Glanzerhaltung von Autolacken - Verbessern der Lebensdauer eines 2K-Klarlacks durch Gasphasen-Fluorierung PY - 1999 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 41 SP - 375 EP - 378 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-7284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Simulation der Wirkung einer sechsjährigen Freibewitterung auf Flugzeuglackierungen T2 - 33. Jahrestagung der GUS 2004 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2004-03-17 KW - Freibewitterung KW - Flugzeuglackierung KW - ADF KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - pH KW - Beschleunigung KW - Natural weathering KW - Aircraft coating KW - Artificial weathering KW - Acceleration PY - 2004 SN - 3-9808382-4-2 SP - 199 EP - 209 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-3560 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Shortening of Weathering Tests for Automotive Coatings by Chemiluminescence Detection T2 - 27th FATIPEC Congress CY - Aix-en-Provence, France DA - 2004-04-19 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Artificial weathering KW - ADF KW - Automotive coatings KW - Chemilumineszenz KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Automobillacke PY - 2004 VL - 3 SP - 931 EP - 940 PB - Association Francaise des Techniciens des Peintures, Vernis,Encres CY - Aix en Provence AN - OPUS4-3561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Efficiency of UV-Stabilisers in PE-Films under the Influence of Acid Precipitation T2 - 12th International Conference Additives 2003 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2003-04-06 PY - 2003 UR - http://www.executive-conference.com/conferences/archives/add03.php SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - ECM CY - Plymouth, Mich. AN - OPUS4-2881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Maßgeschneiderte Alterungsprüfung transparenter Kunststoffdächer T2 - 32. Jahrestagung der GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2003-03-26 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4069 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinecke, K. A1 - Mischke, Wolf-Dietrich A1 - Ulrich, Armin A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd T1 - Tankcontainer für gefährliche Güter im Unfallfeuer PY - 1977 SN - 0016-5808 VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 37 EP - 39 PB - Storck CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-8600 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trathnigg, B. A1 - Maier, B. A1 - Schulz, G. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Just, Ulrich T1 - Characterization of Polyethers using different methods: SFC, LAC and SEC with different detectors, and MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 1996 SN - 1022-1360 SN - 0258-0322 SN - 1521-3900 VL - 110 SP - 231 EP - 240 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-11332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Investigations on the long term behavior of metal seals for spent fuel storage casks N2 - Metal seals are in common use as an essential component for the leak tight closure of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and vitrified high active waste from reprocessing. They are placed between the massive monolithic cask body made of ductile cast iron or forged steel and the primary and secondary lids, which are fixed with screws around the lid circumference, in order to ensure long term safe enclosure of the radioactive cask inventory. Hereby, long term reliable pressure forces in combination with a tight surface contact are as important as well maintained seal and surface qualities and dry and clean conditions during seal assembly and operation. A few years ago BAM started systematic investigation on the long term seal behavior with re-spect to longer storage periods and seal behavior in accidental cask scenarios with dynamic de-formations of the seal groove geometry or short term drop in pressure force up to lid lifting. BAM has developed test flanges for seals with full scale cross section diameter but much small-er outer diameter to gain representative data for metal-sealed lid systems. They are placed in appropriate testing machines for relevant mechanical loading under static and dynamic condi-tions with the ability to measure the standard helium leakage rate continuously during each test phase. This paper focuses on BAM long term tests of different seal types with aluminum and silver jackets at three different temperatures of +20°C, +100°C and +150°C under static conditions over longer periods of time. Due to creeping effects, a reduction of the pressure force does ap-pear during loading and unloading depending on prior holding times. So far, test results of up to 2 years indicate a clear correlation between seal pressure forces and holding time, temperature and seal type allowing for extrapolating to much longer periods of time. The paper presents basic correlations, test and evaluation procedures as well as important provisional results and gives an outlook on further investigations. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24173 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Chemilumineszenzuntersuchungen an PE-HD als Schnelltest für die Wirksamkeit von Stabilisatoren unter Bewitterung und für den Einfluß einer Chemikalienbehandlung T2 - 29. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2000-03-29 PY - 2000 SN - 3-9806167-6-2 SP - 10-1-10-12 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-1081 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Prüfung des Einflusses saurer Niederschläge auf die Lebensdauer von Gewächshausfolien T2 - 31. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2002-03-13 PY - 2002 SN - 3-9806167-8-9 SP - 18-1-18-17 PB - GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-1316 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Gaszner, K. A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Aufklärung der Ursachen für Lackschäden durch Umwelteinflüsse und Entwicklung praxisgerechter Prüfmethoden - Teil 1: Übertragung der Jacksonville Bewitterung auf eine Labor-Prüfmethode am Beispiel dekorative Eigenschaften und Kratzbeständigkeit T2 - DFO-Technologie-Tage Neue Entwicklungen zur Qualitätsprüfung in der Lackiertechnik CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2002-03-19 PY - 2002 SN - 3-932287-50-9 IS - 50 SP - 55 EP - 63 PB - DFO CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-1317 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - A new method to investigate Weathering Effects of Greenhouse Coverings T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-1448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Möller, B. A1 - Fischer, S. T1 - Fluorination of Polymer Surfaces PY - 2002 SN - 0947-076X SN - 1522-2454 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 285 EP - 290 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schulz, Ulrich ED - Adler, H.-J. T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects of automotive coatings T2 - 26th FATIPEC Congress CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2002-09-09 PY - 2002 SN - 3-527-30477-0 SN - 1022-1360 N1 - Serientitel: Macromolecular symposia – Series title: Macromolecular symposia IS - 187 SP - 44 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Testing the influence of acid precipitation on service life of greenhouse films T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-1544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Tjandraatmadja, G. T1 - Combining artificial weathering with chemiluminescence for lifetime predictions of polymeric materials N2 - While artificial weathering is a long-established tool to investigate long-term behaviour of polymers at outdoor conditions, the use of chemiluminescence as a highly sensitive and broadly applicable sensor for the effected change is a recent addition. This combination of artificial weathering with chemiluminescence could already be successfully applied to differentiate and evaluate long-term stability of various real use polymeric building materials relatively to each other and promises to be a useful tool for a variety of other polymeric materials as well. T2 - 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components ; 9dbmc CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2002-03-17 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Lifetime assessment KW - Weathering KW - Polymer PY - 2002 SN - 0-643-06827-9 VL - 3 IS - 239 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CY - Collingwood, VIC AN - OPUS4-1549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Klimmasch, T. ED - Storey, R. F. T1 - The Influence of Natural and Artificial Weathering on the Scratch and Mar Resistance of Automotive Coatings T2 - 29th International Waterborne, High-Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 2002-02-06 PY - 2002 PB - Univ. CY - Hattiesburg, Miss. AN - OPUS4-1644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Braig, A. ED - Marosi, G. J. T1 - Light stabilizers under attack by acid rain T2 - 2nd International Conference on Modification, Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers ; 2nd MoDeSt CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 SN - 3-527-30706-0 SN - 1022-1360 N1 - Serientitel: Macromolecular symposia – Series title: Macromolecular symposia IS - 202 SP - 1 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Tjandraatmadja, G. T1 - The influence of rain and humidity on the lifetime of transparent polymeric roof materials N2 - PMMA and PC undergo photochemical aging leading to a gradual loss of material transparency and appearance during service life, which is desired to reach 50 years or more. Available artificial weathering test methods are unable to distinguish materials in terms of the speed of aging in outdoor use as roof materials. In order to design an appropriate accelerated or time-compressed test method, the 'worst case' scenario of the respective climatic conditions must be found. Therefore, samples of PMMA and PC were exposed to artificial weathering tests using different climatic conditions in terms of relative humidity and surface wetness. In the case of PMMA, it was found that water accelerates the photo degradation enormously. The fastest aging occurred when liquid water and UV radiation acted simultaneously on the sample surface and the PMMA reached its highest water content during weathering. In the case of PC, it was found that both vapour and liquid water speed up the photoaging, similarly to PMMA. But differently from PMMA, the worst case scenario for PC proved to be weathering conditions with high relative humidity. A test method has to be able to run artificial weathering under the different moisture conditions which can occur in the field. T2 - 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components ; 9th dbmc CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2002-03-17 PY - 2002 UR - http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB9871.pdf SN - 0-643-06827-9 IS - paper 028 SP - 1(?) PB - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CY - Collingwood, VIC AN - OPUS4-1646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Jansen, Kirsten A1 - Braig, A. T1 - Stabilizers in Automotive Coatings under Acid Attack N2 - To examine the action of acid atmospheric precipitation on the light stabilisers in automotive coatings two common clearcoat types (TSA and 2K-PU) blended with commercially available HALS and UVA were subjected to artificial weathering (Acid Dew and Fog test and Acid-free weathering test) and natural weathering outdoors in Jacksonville, FL. Tracing gloss and haze during weathering the test results showed that the influence of acid stress on the long-term performance of the clearcoats depended on the kind of the stabilisation system. T2 - 26th FATIPEC Congress CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2002-09-09 KW - Coatings KW - Ageing KW - Stabilisation KW - HALS KW - Gloss KW - Acid resistance PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200209)187:1<835::AID-MASY835>3.0.CO;2-Y SN - 1022-1360 SN - 0258-0322 SN - 1521-3900 VL - 187 SP - 835 EP - 844 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich ED - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Influence of temperature, humidity and wettness on photodegradation T2 - 22nd Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2001-09-16 PY - 2001 SP - 1(?) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-1648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich ED - Trubiroha, P. T1 - Simulation of acid precipitation and their influence on photodegradation T2 - 22nd Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2001-09-16 PY - 2001 SP - 1(?) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-1649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ludwig, Jörg A1 - Pötzsch, Klaus-Michael A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Ulrich, Armin T1 - The effectiveness of pressure relief devices on cylinders and tanks from a German point of view N2 - Fire accidents during road and rail transport are not occurring very often. In particular fire accidents with total fire engulfment of tanks seem to be rather rare. Up to now authorities in Europe officially are of the opinion that in densely populated regions like Europe in the space of time between the beginning of a fire and the rupture of a tank measures could be taken like cooling of the heated tank surface and evacuation of the area probably affected by an explosion. Therefore, no requirements with regard to fire protection measures concerning transport tanks for land mode like the application of safety relief devices have to be met. Due to some catastrophic accidents being discussed in public even European authorities are considering the pros and cons of fire protection measures. Nevertheless in sparsely populated regions and during transport at sea fire accidents have been looked at since ever as seriously dangerous events. Therefore, multi modal tanks for the transport of dangerous goods have to be fitted with safety relief devices. The delivery capacity of these devices has to be such that, in the event of total fire engulfment, the pressure inside the tank does not exceed certain limits. With regard to accident records and results of fire tests it has to be stated that portable tanks may rupture violently, even if the tanks are fitted with pressure-relief devices adequately designed for the heat flux of full fire engulfment. Therefore, the lecture will be dealing with the results of fire testing of tanks and conclusions to be drawn and considerations on: the advantages of different fire protection measures for transport tanks, the pros and cons of safety relief devices for cylinders and transport tanks, improvement of regulations and recommendations. T2 - International Symposium on Protection of Dangerous Goods Tanks and Cylinders in Fire CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 2002-10-22 PY - 2002 UR - http://www.tc.gc.ca/tdg/consult/symposium/abstracts.htm AN - OPUS4-1785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Probst, Ulrich T1 - Investigation of a Spent Fuel Cask Beside an Exploding Propane Tank T2 - PATRAM 2001 ; Annual International Symposium on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 2001-09-03 PY - 2001 IS - CD-ROM PB - PATRAM CY - Chicago, Ill. AN - OPUS4-1888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Seal and closure performance in long term storage N2 - In Germany thick walled metallic transport and storage casks are the established concept for dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high active waste from reprocessing. For the long term safe and leak tight closure of the casks metal seals (consisting of an inner helical spring and two outer jackets made of Steel and aluminum or silver) together with screwed lids are major components. So far 40 years storage periods are evaluated and licensed but extended storage periods are expected in the future due to delays in final repository siting and licensing procedures. For that reason additional knowledge of the long term performance of the lid seal Systems is required and BAM has started investigation programs on these issues. Technically, long term reliable pressure forces in combination with a tight surface contact is as important as well maintained seal and surface qualities and dry and clean conditions during seal assembly and Operation to ensure sufficient seal function. To gain representative data BAM has developed test flanges for seals with full scale cross section diameter but much smaller outer diameter to be placed in appropriate testing machines for relevant mechanical loading under static and dynamic conditions with the ability to measure the Standard helium leakage rate continuously during each test phase. This paper presents an update on running long term seal tests at different temperatures (+20°C, +100°C, +15O°C) under static conditions over longer periods with different seal types. Due to creeping effects a reduction of the pressure force over deflection during loading and unloading does appear depending on prior holding times. Analytical approaches on basis of test data are developed and discussed to extrapolate seal performance (pressure force, elastic recovery, leak tightness) to longer periods of cask operation. T2 - PSAM 11 ESREL 2012 - 11th International Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference & The Annual European Safety and Reliability Conference CY - Helsinki, Finland DA - 25.06.2012 KW - Metal seal KW - Interim storage KW - Long term performance PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - European Safety and Reliability Association (ESRA) CY - Bruxelles, Belgium AN - OPUS4-26175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Autolacke im sauren Regen - künstliche Bewitterung mit saurer Benässung im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Prüfverfahren T2 - 23. FATIPEC Congress CY - Brüssel, Belgien DA - 1996-06-10 KW - Autolack KW - Bewitterung, künstlich KW - Prüfverfahren KW - ADF-Test KW - Regen, saurer PY - 1996 VL - D SP - D-89-D-104 CY - Brussels AN - OPUS4-694 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Chemiluminescence of polyethylenes as accelerated test for the efficiency of stabilisers and of the effect of recycling procedures T2 - Workshop on chemiluminescence CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2000-10-19 PY - 2000 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Zwick, W. ED - Roller, D. T1 - Environmental etch resistance of automotive coatings-predicted by the ADF-weathering test T2 - 30th International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation (ISATA) CY - Florence, Italy DA - 1997-06-16 KW - Lack KW - Fahrzeug KW - Bewitterung KW - Ätzen PY - 1996 PB - Automotive Automation Ltd. CY - Croydon AN - OPUS4-648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Die komplexe Wirkung von Schimmelpilz und Klima auf Polymeroberflächen und ihre Simulation im Labor T2 - 33. Jahrestagung der GUS, "Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten" CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2004-03-17 PY - 2004 SN - 3-9808382-4-2 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - GUS CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-4880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shirai, K. A1 - Namba, K. A1 - Wataru, M. A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Numerical evaluation of the long-term sealing performance of the silver gasket for dual purpose metal cask under high temperature N2 - It is important to evaluate the effect of thermal ageing on the sealing performance of metal gaskets under high temperature for long-term usage. Therefore, in order to gain representative data for this kind of metal-sealed lid System, BAM is currently performing laboratory tests of different gasket types with aluminum and silver jackets at three different temperatures under static conditions up to four years so far, using test flanges for gaskets with full scale cross section diameter but much smaller outer diameter. On the other hand, in order to investigate the applicability of the numerical methodology to evaluate the long-term behavior of the metal gaskets, such as a correlation between seal pressure force and holding time, CRIEPI is developing a modeling method including material tests (tensile and creep tests) at high temperature. In this paper, the applicability of the finite element method (ABAQUS) to predict the recovery displacement and residual seal pressure force of the gasket complex was verified by comparing the calculated values with BAM’s laboratory test results under the joint research agreement between BAM and CRIEPI. T2 - PATRAM 2013 - 17th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 18.08.2013 KW - Metal seals KW - Extended storage KW - Long-term storage KW - Dual purpose cask PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-31947 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Schulz, Sebastian A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Stark, Wolfgang ED - Berger, K.-F. ED - Kiefer, S. T1 - Elastomere - Untersuchung des Tieftemperaturverhaltens im Dichtungseinsatz N2 - Aufgrund ihrer einfachen und zuverlässigen Anwendung werden Elastomere für viele Dichtungsaufgaben eingesetzt. In vielen Anwendungsbereichen, wie z.B. Verkehr, Luftfahrt und Verfahrenstechnik, können während des Einsatzes tiefe Temperaturen auftreten, bei denen die Funktionsfähigkeit der Dichtung erhalten bleiben muss. Daher ist die Untersuchung des Verhaltens von Elastomerdichtungen bei tiefen Temperaturen wichtig, um ihren Temperatureinsatzbereich nach unten abzugrenzen und dadurch einen verlässlichen Betrieb zu sichern. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den sicheren Einschluss von gefährlichen Gütern unter verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen und über lange Zeiten zu ermöglichen bzw. die Materialauswahl entsprechend zu steuern. KW - Dichtung KW - Druckverformungsrest KW - Elastomer KW - Glasübergang PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-9811509-7-1 SP - 82 EP - 91 CY - Mannheim AN - OPUS4-29661 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Schulz, Sebastian A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Völzke, Holger ED - Berger, K.-F. ED - Kiefer, S. T1 - Langzeituntersuchungen an Metalldichtungen mit innen liegendem Federkern und doppelter Ummantelung N2 - In Deutschland werden in Transport- und Lagerbehältern (TLB) wärmeentwickelnde radioaktive Abfälle gegenwärtig über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 40 Jahren zwischengelagert. Aufgrund der Situation der noch nicht abgeschlossenen Endlagersuche werden hier möglicherweise Verlängerungen in Betracht zu ziehen sein. Im Deckeldichtsystem der TLB werden in der Regel Metalldichtungen vom Typ Helicoflex® eines französischen Herstellers verwendet, die aus einem innen liegenden Spiralfederkern und zwei Ummantelungen bestehen. Die Ermittlung der Fliess- und Relaxationseigenschaften der Dichtungskomponenten über den vorgesehenen langen Betriebseitraum sind vor dem Hintergrund des Erhalte eines geforderten hohen Dichtniveaus ein wichtiger Untersuchungsgegenstand. KW - Metalldichtung KW - Langzeiteignung KW - Dichtsysteme KW - Transport- und Lagerbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-9811509-7-1 SP - 1 EP - 11 CY - Mannheim AN - OPUS4-28912 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Mechtel, M. A1 - Klimmasch, T. A1 - Klinke, E. T1 - The action of outdoor weathering on the scratch resistance and reflow ability of automotive clearcoats T2 - 7th Nürnberg Congress CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2003-04-07 PY - 2003 SN - 3-87870-146-2 VL - 2 SP - 295 EP - 309 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-2820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Mechtel, M. A1 - Klimmasch, T. T1 - Reflow ability of automotive coatings T2 - 27th FATIPEC Congress CY - Aix-en-Provence, France DA - 2004-04-19 PY - 2004 VL - 1 SP - 279 EP - 289 PB - Association Francaise des Techniciens des Peintures, Vernis,Encres CY - Aix en Provence AN - OPUS4-21349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Pinholes - the negative impact of mildew growth PY - 2004 SN - 0930-3847 VL - 5 SP - 26 EP - 30 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-21350 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Reichert, T. T1 - The influence of mildew growth on automotive coatings on the results of outdoor weathering T2 - 1st European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-5-0 VL - 5/2004 IS - Session 7 SP - 357 EP - 374 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Klimmasch, Th. A1 - Mechtel, M. T1 - The action of weathering on the scratch behaviour of automotive clearcoats KW - Weathering KW - Scratch resistance KW - Reflow ability PY - 2003 SN - 0930-3847 SP - 14 pages PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-2821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Mildew growth on automotive coatings influencing the results of outdoor weathering N2 - As the results of a 14 weeks outdoor exposure of a series of automotive coatings in South Florida, the panels were found to be overgrown with an almost closed layer of mildew. Pinholes remained as permanent surface damage after removing the mildew mycelium. The extent of the damage differed in dependence of the kind of the coating. By tracing the images and profiles of the coating surfaces systematically over all phases of weathering and the subsequent cleaning procedure, a connection between formation of pinholes and mildew growth could be found. Outdoor weathering tests in other regions of Florida as well as in Europe and Australia showed that pinholes caused by mildew attack could also be found in all other locations, but always to a lower extent than in South Florida. The standardised mildew tests EN ISO 846 and MIL-STD 810F for laboratory exposure failed to reproduce the formation of pinholes. KW - Coatings KW - Mildew KW - Weathering KW - South Florida PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005784 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 140 EP - 147 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-25467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Mildew-caused Damage on Automotive Coatings T2 - European Coatings Conference "Novel Biocide Technology II" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-02-24 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Schulz, Ulrich T1 - Artificial weathering including acidic deposition T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 487 EP - 500 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Crewdson, M. A1 - Stephenson, J. ED - Reichert, T. T1 - The Southern Florida Acid Rain Test T2 - 2nd European Weathering Symposium - Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 2005-06-16 KW - Weathering Reference Materials PY - 2005 SN - 3-9808382-9-3 VL - 6 SP - 49 EP - 62 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-10375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - „Test Tailoring“ eines künstlichen Bewitterungstests am Beispiel der Entwicklung des „Acid Dew and Fog“ Testes N2 - Häufig ist es wünschenswert, für neue Materialien oder Anwendungen künstliche Bewitterungsverfahren zu benutzen, die auf die spezifischen Anforderungen besser zugeschnitten sind, als es bei bestehenden standardisierten Verfahren der Fall ist. Nachdem man die spezifischen Parameter der Beanspruchung unter Anwendungsbedingungen und die spezifische Empfindlichkeit des Materials erfasst hat, beginnt ein Prozess, der als „Test Tailoring“ häufig abstrakt verwendet, auf den aber nur selten näher eingegangen wird. Genau dieser Prozess soll hier am Beispiel der Entwicklung eines künstlichen Bewitterungstests unter saurer Beaufschlagung, dem in der BAM entwickelten Acid Dew and Fog Test, beispielhaft erläutert werden. T2 - 47. Jahrestagung der GUS 2018, Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany DA - 21.03.2018 KW - Test Tailoring KW - Bewitterung KW - Acid Dew and Fog KW - Umweltsimulation PY - 2018 VL - 47 SP - Vortrag V4, 45 EP - 54 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-45412 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Slomko, R. A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Mildew-caused Damage on Automotive Coatings T2 - European Coatings Conference "Novel Biocide Technology II" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-02-24 KW - Mildew KW - Fungi KW - Mould KW - Weathering KW - Coating KW - Pinholes KW - Damage PY - 2005 SP - 17 pages PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-11223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -