TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich T1 - Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Gas Releases Between Buildings PY - 1999 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 24 SP - 479 EP - 488 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-1712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Würsig, Gerd T1 - Lagerung und Seetransport großer Mengen flüssigen Wasserstoffs am Beispiel des "Euro-Quebec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Projekts". Überblick über die in Deutschland anzuwendenden Gesetze, Verordnungen und technischen Regeln N2 - Es wäre von großem Nutzen, fossile Brennstoffe zumindest zu einem Teil durch Wasserstoff zu ersetzen, besonders durch verflüssigten tiefkalten Wasserstoff (LH2). Dafür müssen rechtzeitig geeignete Verfahren und Techniken ausgewählt oder entwickelt werden. Das obige Projekt soll diese Entwicklung fördern, indem es Transport, Lagerung und Verteilung großer Mengen flüssigen Wasserstoffs demonstriert. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 195 PY - 1993 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2557 SN - 978-3-89429-331-4 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 195 SP - 1 EP - 64 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-255 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich T1 - European position towards hydrogen economy T2 - Fortbildungskurs des EU-IP Story zur Speicherung von Wasserstoff CY - Ingolstadt, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Hensel, Christina A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Preventing the explosion of acetylene cylinders involved in fire with help of numerical modeling N2 - The current paper describes a mathematical model, which was developed to simulate the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during exposure to a fire. The cases of a direct engulfment of the cylinder in the flames and of exposure to a distant fire were considered. Furthermore, the model was also applied to the prediction of the heat transfer during the cooling with water of heated acetylene cylinders, in order to assess the effectiveness of this procedure as a measure to prevent the burst of the cylinder. To provide data for the definition and validation of the model a total of 13 bonfire tests with 8.9-, 10- and 50-dm³-cylinders were performed, where pressure and temperature measurements in the samples were performed. During 5 experiments the fire was extinguished before the expected cylinder burst and a cooling with water was applied. In the paper a short description of the experimental set-up and of the test results is given. Finally, a comparison with the model predictions is provided, showing reasonable agreement. KW - Acetylene cylinders KW - Fire KW - Explosion KW - Cooling KW - Numerical model PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.10.006 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 364 EP - 372 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-25137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich T1 - Acetylenflaschen im Feuer N2 - Acetylen ist eines der wichtigsten technischen Gase und findet insbesondere Anwendung beim Schweißen und Schneiden verschiedener Werkstoffe. Damit Acetylen in entsprechenden Mengen vor Ort zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann, wird es in Druckgasbehälter abgefüllt. Im Falle eines Brandes stehen Acetylenflaschen im Verdacht, jederzeit – auch nach Löschen des Feuers – aufgrund einer möglicherweise initiierten Zerfallsreaktion zu bersten. Um insbesondere Personenschäden zu vermeiden, evakuieren und sperren die Rettungskräfte einen Sicherheitsbereich mit einem Radius von mindestens 200 m um die verdächtige Flasche ab. Gleichzeitig wird umgehend mit der Kühlung der Flasche begonnen. Wie lange muss aber eine Acetylenflasche gekühlt werden, bis sie sicher abtransportiert werden kann, und wie lange muss der Sicherheitsbereich mit dem großen Radius aufrecht erhalten werden? Diesen Fragen ist die BAM in den vergangenen Jahren im Rahmen verschiedener Untersuchungen und Projekte nachgegangen. KW - Acetylen KW - Druckbehälter KW - Poröses Material KW - Lösungsmittel PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 19 EP - 25 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25902 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Modeling the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during and after the exposure to fire N2 - In this paper two different approaches for predicting the heating-up of an acetylene cylinder involved in a fire and the afterward cooling with water are presented. In the simulations polynomial functions were used to describe the temperature dependency of the thermal properties of the cylinder interior, which is a complex system composed by a solid porous material, a solvent (typically acetone) and acetylene dissolved in it. Model equations covered heat conduction in the cylinder interior and at its walls. In the first approach the cylinder surroundings were simulated as a further domain constituted by CO2, during the fire exposure, and for water, during the cooling. In this domain the coupled heat transfer (convection and conduction) and the momentum equation (Navier-Stokes) were solved. In the second approach no further domain was considered but boundary conditions were set directly on the cylinder walls. Results of the calculations performed with both approaches are presented. This work could prove helpful in predicting to which extent the interior of an acetylene cylinder exposed to fire reaches temperatures capable of initiating the decomposition of acetylene and to determine how long a water cooling should be applied, so that the system is brought again under non-critical conditions. KW - Safety KW - Acetylene KW - Heat transfer KW - Fire KW - Water cooling PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2010.06.012 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 23 SP - 654 EP - 661 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-21808 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich ED - Luschtinetz, T. ED - Lehmann, J. T1 - Ist Wasserstoff gefährlich? T2 - Klimaschutzkongress m-v / 17. Energie-Symposium "Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen und Wasserstofftechnik" CY - Stralsund, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-04 KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-9813334-1-1 SP - 137 EP - 141 AN - OPUS4-22332 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Hensel, Christina A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Unterfeuerung von Acetylendruckgasbehältern T2 - 10. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-04 KW - Sicherheit KW - Acetylen KW - Feuer KW - Wasserkühlung KW - Wärmeübertragung PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-119-2 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. IS - Paper N-02 SP - 1 EP - 20 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-22351 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Pahl, Robert A1 - Noack, Jennifer A1 - Kolvitz, Kristian A1 - Runge, Thomas A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Hensel, Christina A1 - Bönig, Jürgen A1 - Schulze, Uwe A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Frank, M. A1 - Thornton, D. T1 - Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen des Verhaltens von Acetylenflaschen im Feuer T2 - 12. Kolloquium zu Fragen der chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2010-06-15 KW - Acetylendruckgasbehälter KW - Unterfeuerung KW - Aufheizverhalten KW - CFD-Modellierung PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-9813550-1-7 SN - 0938-5533 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. SP - 70 EP - 72 PB - BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-21488 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Hensel, Christina A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - The behavior of acetylene cylinders involved in fire: An experimental and numerical analysis N2 - Fire exposure tests of acetylene cylinders were performed. The purpose of the experiments was to gather information on the behavior in fire of such vessels, depending on the initial charge of acetylene. In fact "empty" acetylene cylinders still contain the solvent in which acetylene is dissolved plus the amount of acetylene to saturation at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature and may still constitute a threat to safety. In the fire exposure tests performed the hazardousness of these vessels was demonstrated, since it was observed that not only fully charged acetylene cylinders but also cylinders with saturated solvent can explode, provided the heat transfer to the vessel is sufficient. The times to explosion were shorter for fully charged cylinders, due to the higher initial pressure and to the faster pressure increase. The effects of the explosions are comparable for both fully charged cylinders and for cylinders with saturated solvent, except for the smaller fireball which is produced in the second case, due to the smaller amount of fuel available. In both cases the cylinder walls or at least fragments can fly further than 100 m away from the burst location. Results of the experiments are presented in the paper. During the tests, temperature measurements at the cylinder walls and in the cylinder interior were performed. Furthermore, the pressure in the cylinder was recorded. The collected data will serve for the validation of a numerical model for the simulation of the heating of acetylene cylinders involved in fire and of the afterward cooling with water, which has been developed. The constitutive model equations and the results of some simulations are presented in the paper. T2 - 19th International congress of chemical and process engineering (CHISA 2010) / 7th European congress of chemical engineering (ECCE-7) CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2010-08-28 KW - Safety KW - Acetylene KW - Heat transfer KW - Fire KW - Simulation PY - 2010 SN - 978-80-02-02210-7 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. IS - F3.1 / 0973 SP - 1 EP - 13 CY - Prague, Czech Republic AN - OPUS4-21923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Prevention of the explosion of acetylene cylinders involved in fire: experiments and simulations N2 - In order to assess the effectiveness of water cooling of acetylene cylinders involved in fire, a total of 13 bonfire tests with 8.9-, 10 and 50-l-cylinders were performed. During the experiments the pressure in the cylinder and the temperature at different locations within the porous material and on the Shell surface as well as the flame temperature were measured. Overall 8 burst tests were performed, in order to determine the times to explosion for the cylinders. Cylinders failed not later than 15 minutes from the ignition of the bonfire, often with generation of a fireball. During the other 5 tests, the fire was extinguished before the expected burst and the cylinder was cooled with water. In 2 of the 5 extinction experiments, the explosion of the cylinder could be prevented. Noticeably, in one case the on-set of the decomposition of acetylene had already been observed, before the cooling was started. In spite of that, the cooling was still effective. The interpretation of the current results and of the data from previous tests with 40-l-cylinder suggests that single acetylene cylinders involved in fire might be saved by cooling, if their pressure does not exceed a value of about 45 bara. The recorded values of pressure and temperature were used to develop and validate a mathematical model for the prediction of the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during the exposure to fire and the afterward cooling. The predictions agreed well with the experimental results. T2 - 23rd ICDERS 2011 CY - Irvine, CA, USA DA - 24.07.2011 KW - Acetylene KW - Gas cylinders KW - Fire exposure KW - Decomposition PY - 2011 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. IS - Paper 132 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-24153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich T1 - Wasserstoffenergie, Power-to-Gas - aktuelle Normung T2 - Forschungsbeirat "Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Wasserstoff-Erdgas-Gemischen" CY - BG ETEM, Köln DA - 2015-09-02 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34063 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -