TY - JOUR A1 - Andres, S. A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Niemann, B. A1 - Palavinskas, R. A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Determination of the isoflavone composition and estrogenic activity of commercial dietary supplements based on soy or red clover N2 - Dietary supplements high in isolated isoflavones are commercially available for human consumption primarily to alleviate menopausal symptoms in women. The isoflavone composition, quantity and importantly their estrogenic potency are poorly standardised and can vary considerably between different products. The aim of this study was to analyse the isoflavone composition of 11 dietary supplements based on soy or red clover using the HPLC/MS/MS technique. Furthermore, we investigated the transactivational potential of the supplements on the estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, performing luciferase reporter gene assays. As expected, we found that the isoflavone composition varies between different products. The measured total isoflavone contents in various supplements were mostly comparable to those claimed by the manufacturers in their product information. However expressing the isoflavone content as isoflavone aglycone equivalents, soy-based supplements had a clearly lower quantity compared to the manufacturer information. All supplements transactivated more or less ERα and ERβ with a preference for ERβ. The transactivational efficiency exceeded partly the maximal 17β-estradiol induced ER activation. While the different soy-based supplements revealed similar transactivation potential to both ERs, red clover-based supplements differed considerably. We conclude that different commercial dietary supplements based on soy or red clover vary in their isoflavone composition and quantity. They are estrogenically active, although especially the red clover-based supplements show considerable differences in their estrogenic potential to ERα and ERβ. Thus, different isoflavone-rich products cannot be necessarily compared regarding possible biological effects. KW - estrogenic activity KW - HPLC/MS/MS technique KW - Estrogen receptor (ER) KW - nutritional supplements PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-357093 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO00308C IS - 6 SP - 2017 EP - 2025 PB - The Royal Soc. of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-35709 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberemm, A. A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Meckert, C. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Proteomic responses of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to silver nanoparticles and ionic silver N2 - Even although quite a number of studies have been performed so far to demonstrate nanoparticle-specific effects of substances in living systems, clear evidence of these effects is still under debate. The present study was designed as a comparative proteomic analysis of human intestinal cells exposed to a commercial silver nanoparticle reference material and ions from AgNO3. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/MALDI mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was conducted after 24-h incubation of differentiated Caco-2 cells with non-cytotoxic and low cytotoxic silver concentrations (2.5 and 25 µg ml−1 nanosilver, 0.5 and 5 µg ml−1 AgNO3). Out of an overall number of 316 protein spots differentially expressed at a fold change of ≥ 1.4 or ≤ −1.4 in all treatments, 169 proteins could be identified. In total, 231 spots were specifically deregulated in particle-treated groups compared with 41 spots, which were limited to AgNO3-treatments. Forty-four spots (14 %) were commonly deregulated by both types of treatment. A considerable fraction of the proteins differentially expressed after treatment with nanoparticles is related to protein folding, synthesis or modification of proteins as well as cellular assembly and organization. Overlays of networks obtained for particulate and ionic treatments showed matches, indicating common mechanisms of combined particle and ionic silver exposure and exclusive ionic silver treatment. However, proteomic responses of Caco-2 cells treated with higher concentrations of silver species also showed some differences, for example regarding proteins related to fatty acid and energy metabolism, suggesting an induction of also some different molecular mechanisms for particle exposure and ionic treatment. KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nanosilver KW - Silver PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3231 SN - 1099-1263 VL - 36 SP - 404 EP - 413 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-35301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Considerations using silver nitrate as a reference for in vitro tests with silver nanoparticles N2 - Most in vitro tests regarding the cellular toxicology of nanoparticulate metals compare particle to associated metal ion exposure. However. it is also a fact. that for example silver ions are reduced by sugars or transformed to silver chloride by chloride salts which are abundant components of cell culture media. These reactions are likely to either complicate or even invalidate comparisons between effects of ions and particles. Here. we present a fast and quantitative method to determine particle formation and numbers in different cell culture media with non-destructive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Silver nitrate with a concentration of25 (.Jg Ag mL -I was dissolved for up to 24 h at 37 'C in Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with and without 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a solution ofO-glucose (4.5 (.Jg mL -1). respectively. Silver nanopartides were observed in all Solutions after 5 min. The cell culture media displayed a limited particle-growth. FBS showed an effect on the polydispersity of the generated particles but after 5 min the overall particle size was nearly equal in FBS and non FBS supplemented medium. Particles in D-glucose were precipitating after 10 min. Particulate silver concentration was between 3 and 4 (.Jg mL -1 in both cell culture media (CCM). These results should be taken into account when performing silver ion-toxicity experiments in relevant media. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - In vitro tests KW - Silver nitrate KW - SAXS KW - DLS KW - SEM PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.014 SN - 0887-2333 VL - 34 SP - 120 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Harwardt, T. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Lichtenstein, D. A1 - Horzowski, S. A1 - Girod, Matthias A1 - Niemann, B. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Physikochemische Charakterisierung kommerziell erhälticher Slbernanopartikel und Untersuchung der Zytotoxizität an einer humanen Darmzelle T2 - 50. wissenschaftlicher Kongress der DGE CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2012-03-20 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26919 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Hansen, Ulf T1 - Silbernanopartikel und Silberionen: Physikalisch-chemische Charakterisierung und molekulare proteomische Effekte auf humane Enterozyten N2 - Silbernanopartikel (Ag-NP) können, bedingt durch ihre wachsende Anwendung im Lebensmittelbereich, vermehrt oral aufgenommen und über den Intestinaltrakt resorbiert werden. Die Diversität der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften, der in toxikologischen Studien eingesetzten Nanopartikel (NP), macht eine allgemein gültige Aussage zu ihren physiologischen Wirkungen nicht trivial. Auch die Ursachen ihrer zytotoxischen Eigenschaften werden weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Basierend auf diesen Fragestellungen, wird in dieser Arbeit die physikalisch-chemische Charakterisierung von toxikologisch relevanten Partikeleigenschaften vorgestellt, welche das Zellkulturmedium (ZKM) als chemische Umgebung der NP berücksichtigt. Durch in-vitro Experimente mit dem humanen Modell des Intestinaltraktes (Caco-2 Zellen) wurden anschließend die relevanten molekularen Effekte des charakterisierten Ag-NP Referenzmaterials hinsichtlich partikulärer, ionischer oder synergistischer Wirkung untersucht. Mittels einer Kombination aus Asymmetrischer-Fluss-Feldflussfraktionierung (A4F) sowie dynamischer Licht- und Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung konnte eine Zunahme des hydrodynamischen Radius der Partikel im ZKM beobachtet werden. Dieser ließ sich durch nachfolgende energiedispersive Röntgenfluoreszenz Spektroskopie und zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese mit der Bildung einer Proteinkorona beschreiben, die hauptsächlich aus bovinem Serumalbumin bestand. Die Trennung von ungebundenen Proteinen und Partikeln mit Korona wurde sowohl mittels A4F als auch Zentrifugation durchgeführt, wobei sich die A4F als die sensitivere Methode herausstellte. Die 24-stündige Exposition der Caco-2 Darmzellen mit jeweils zwei nicht zytotoxischen Konzentrationen des Ag-NP-Referenzmaterials sowie Silberionen aus Silbernitrat (SN) zeigte einen signifikanten Unterschied der Anzahl deregulierter Proteine zwischen partikulärer und ionischer Behandlungsgruppe. Die NP führten im Gegensatz zu den Ionen zu einer vermehrten Herunterregulation der Proteine. Die Auswertung der Proteinderegulationen deutete auf eine Inhibierung pro-inflammatorischer Proteine wie Nuclear Facor Kappa Light Chain Enhancer of Acivated B-Cells (NFκB) durch die NP Behandlungsgruppe hin. SN führte zu einer aktivierten inflammatorischen Antwort. Im Gegensatz zu den SN Behandlungsgruppen zeigten die NP eine vorhergesagte Inhibierung des Nrf2-Signalweges, der oxidativen Stress induziert. Beide NP-Konzentrationen führten in den Zellen zu einer Suppression tumorassoziierter Proteine wie z.B. ADP-sugar Pyrophosphatase (NUDT5). Die Konzentration tumorassoziierter Proteine nach Inkubation mit SN blieb entweder unverändert oder stieg leicht an. N2 - The oral uptake of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) and their resorption in the intestine has increased due to their widespread application in the food sector. The diverse physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles (NP) in toxicological studies make a common prediction of their physiological impact impossible. Additionally, the cause of the cytotoxicity of the NPs is discussed controversely. Based on these questions one aim of this work is to establish a physico-chemical characterization of relevant NP properties regarding the special chemical environment in cell culture medium (CCM). Cell culture experiments with human Caco-2 cells as a model for the intestine were conducted to determine whether the origin of the NP-toxicity was based on the ion release, the particles or a combination of both. An increase of the hydrodynamic particle-radius after exposure to CCM was observed using a combination of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F), dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis confirmed this observation and revealed a protein corona mainly consisting of serum albumin. The separation of unbound proteins from particles with a corona was conducted with A4F as well as centrifugation resulting in less false-positive protein findings for A4F. A 24 h exposure of Caco-2 cells with two non-cytotoxic concentrations of Ag-NPs and Ag ions from silver nitrate (SN) each revealed a significant difference in protein regulation for each treatment. Ag-NPs showed prevalence for down regulated proteins compared to the ionic treatment. The analysis of the deregulation patterns revealed the inhibition of proinflammatoric proteins like Nuclear Factor Kappa Light Chain Enhancer of Acivated B-Cells (NFκB) for both NP treatments. However, both SN treatments induced inflammatory Responses and led to the activation of cytokines like TNF-α in the cells. In contrast to the SN treated cells, an inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway was detected for the NP treated cells, which indicated reduced oxidative stress. Proteins associated with cancerous cells, e.g ADP-sugar Pyrophosphatase (NUDT5), were significantly suppressed due to NP treatment, while SN treatment resulted in a slight increase of those proteins. Exposure of Caco-2 cells to Ag-NPs and SN caused the formation of a protein corona and thereby altered particle properties which have to be considered in the assessment of their toxicity. Neither did NP significantly induce inflammation nor oxidative stress, while SN induced both. Additionally, NP-treatment led to a decrease of tumor-associated proteins. Summing up, Ag-NPs and SN caused very different proteomic answers and different toxicodynamics in the intestinal cell model making a differentiated toxicological evaluation necessary. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 131 KW - Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung KW - Feldflußfraktionierung KW - Proteomik KW - intestinale Zelllinie PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-5077 SN - 978-3-9817149-1-3 VL - 131 SP - 1 EP - 164 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-507 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Characterization of silver nanoparticles in cell culture medium containing fetal bovine serum N2 - Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in consumer products worldwide, and their toxicological effects are currently being intensely debated. In vitro tests play a significant role in nanoparticle risk assessment, but reliable particle characterization in the cell culture medium with added fetal bovine serum (CCM) used in these tests is not available. As a step toward filling this gap, we report on silver ion release by silver nanoparticles and on changes in the particle radii and in their protein corona when incubated in CCM. Particles of a certified reference material, p1, and particles of a commercial silver nanoparticle material, p2, were investigated. The colloidal stability of p1 is provided by the surfactants polyethylene glycol-25 glyceryl trioleate and polyethylene glycol-20 sorbitan monolaurate, whereas p2 is stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone. Dialyses of p1 and p2 reveal that their silver ion release rates in CCM are much larger than in water. Particle characterization was performed with asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. p1 and p2 have similar hydrodynamic radii of 15 and 16 nm, respectively. The silver core radii are 9.2 and 10.2 nm. Gel electrophoresis and subsequent peptide identification reveal that albumin is the main corona component of p1 and p2 after incubation in CCM that consists of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum added. PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-335510 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00687 SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 31 IS - 24 SP - 6842 EP - 6852 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-33551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Girod, Matthias A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Niemann, B. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Analytically monitored digestion of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity on human intestinal cells N2 - Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects. However, ingested nanoparticles have to pass through different physicochemical environments, which may alter their properties before they reach the intestinal cells. In this study, silver nanoparticles are characterised physicochemically during the course of artificial digestion to simulate the biochemical processes occurring during digestion. Their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells was investigated using the Caco-2 cell model. Using field-flow fractionation combined with dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, the authors found that particles only partially aggregate as a result of the digestive process. Cell viabilities were determined by means of CellTiter-Blue® assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining and real-time impedance. These measurements reveal small differences between digested and undigested particles (1–100 µg/ml or 1–69 particles/cell). The findings suggest that silver nanoparticles may indeed overcome the gastrointestinal juices in their particulate form without forming large quantities of aggregates. Consequently, the authors presume that the particles can reach the intestinal epithelial cells after ingestion with only a slight reduction in their cytotoxic potential. The study indicates that it is important to determine the impact of body fluids on the nanoparticles of interest to provide a reliable interpretation of their nano-specific cytotoxicity testing in vivo and in vitro. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - In vitro digestion KW - Field-flow fractionation KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Dynamic light scattering KW - Caco-2 cells PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.815284 SN - 1743-5390 SN - 1743-5404 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 631 EP - 642 PB - Informa Healthcare CY - London AN - OPUS4-29926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -