TY - GEN A1 - Stephan, H. A1 - Gloe, K. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Spies, H. A1 - Johannsen, B. A1 - Wichmann, K. A1 - Reck, Günter A1 - Chand, D. K. A1 - Bharadwaj, P. K. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Müller, W. M. A1 - Vögtle, F. ED - Moyer, B. A. T1 - Binding and extraction of pertechnetate and perrhenate by azacages T2 - Symposium Fundamentals and Applications of Anion Separations ; American Chemical Society national meeting CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 2001-08-25 PY - 2004 SN - 0-306-47911-7 SP - 151 EP - 168 PB - Kluwer Acad./Plenum Publ. CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-3667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Critical review of the current status of thickness measurements for ultrathin SiO2 on Si - Part V: Results of a CCQM pilot study N2 - Results are reported from a pilot study under the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) to compare measurements of and resolve any relevant measurement issues in, the amount of thermal SiO2 oxide on (100) and (111) orientation Si wafer substrates in the thickness range 1.5 - 8 nm. As a result of the invitation to participate in this activity, 45 sets of measurements have been made in different laboratories using 10 analytical methods: medium-energy ion scattering spectrometry (MEIS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), RBS, elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS), XPS, SIMS, ellipsometry, grazing-incidence x-ray reflectrometry (GIXRR), neutron reflectometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurements are made on separate sets of 10 carefully prepared samples, all of which have been characterised by a combination of ellipsometry and XPS using carefully established reference conditions and reference parameters. The results have been assessed against the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) data and all show excellent linearity. The remaining data sets correlate with the NPL data with average root-mean-square scatters of 0.15 nm, half being better than 0.1 nm and a few at or better than 0.05 nm. Each set of data allows a relative scaling constant and a zero thickness offset to be determined. Each method has an inherent zero thickness offset between 0 nm and 1 nm and it is these offsets, measured here for the first time, that have caused many problems in the past. There are three basic classes of offset: water and carbonadeous contamination equivalent to ~1 nm as seen by ellipsometry; adsorbed oxygen mainly from water at an equivalent thickness of 0.5 nm as seen by MEIS, NRA, RBS and possibly GIXRR; and no offset as seen by XPS using the Si 2p peaks. Each technique has a different uncertainty for the scaling constant and consistent results have been achieved. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy has large uncertainties for the scaling constant but a high precision and, critically, if used correctly, has zero offset. Thus, a combination of XPS and the other methods allows the XPS scaling constant to be determined with low uncertainty, traceable via the other methods. XPS laboratories returning results early were invited to test a new reference procedure. All showed very significant improvements. The reference attenuation lengths thus need scaling by 0.986 ± 0.009 (at an expansion factor of 2) deduced from the data for the other methods. Several other methods have small offsets and, to the extent that these can be shown to be constant or measurable, then these methods will also show low uncertainty. Recommendations are provided for parameters for XPS, MEIS, RBS and NRA to improve their accuracy. KW - Calibration KW - Ellipsometry KW - GIXRR KW - Interlaboratory study KW - MEIS KW - Neutron reflectometry KW - NRA KW - RBS KW - Silicon dioxide KW - SIMS KW - XPS PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1909 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 36 IS - 9 SP - 1269 EP - 1303 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-5549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Ultra-thin SiO2 on Si, Part V: Results of a CCQM Pilot Study of Thickness Measurements KW - SiO2 KW - Thin films KW - Thickness KW - XPS KW - Ellipsometry KW - TEM PY - 2003 SN - 1473-2734 SP - 57 pages AN - OPUS4-4118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Thieme-Hack, M. A1 - Berghaus, U. A1 - Brümmer, F. A1 - Elsner, U. A1 - Färber, C. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Illgas, M. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kathage, J. A1 - Leers, A. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Röger-Göpfert, C. A1 - Russland, H.-J. A1 - Schnabel, B. A1 - Schneider, O. A1 - Schockmann, D. A1 - Schomakers, H. A1 - Schwalbe, D. A1 - Stegemann, D. A1 - van den Berg, T. A1 - Kramps, S. T1 - Fachbericht Kunststoffsportböden - Nachhaltige Kunststoffbelagsauswahl für Sportfreianlagen N2 - Kunststoff- und Kunststoffrasenflächen kommt bei intensiv genutzten Flächen als Allwetterbeläge eine große Bedeutung zu. Sie leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Absicherung eines ganzjähriger Sportangebote. Gerade Kunststoffrasen ist aber in den letzten Jahren häufig in die Kritik geraten, insbesondere durch gefährliche Inhaltsstoffe und andere negative Einflüsse auf die Umwelt. Dies hat bei Bauherren zu einer Verunsicherung geführt und Fragen aufgeworfen, die erst teilweise beantwortet sind. Die Diskussionen rund um diesen Allwetterbelag haben bereits dazu geführt, dass von Seiten der Industrie viel verändert wurde und neue innovative Lösungen gefunden werden. Der Fachbericht stellt eine Handreichung für Fachleute und interessierte Laien dar, um mehr Klarheit besonders hinsichtlich der Umweltanforderungen zu erzielen. KW - Kunststoffsportbeläge KW - Kunstrasen KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Mikroplastik PY - 2022 UR - https://shop.fll.de/de/fachbericht-kunststoffsportboeden-broschuere.html SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL) CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-54390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Johansson, G. A1 - Zandi, K. A1 - Portal, Natalie Williams A1 - Müller, U. T1 - Numerical modelling of UHPC and TRC sandwich elements for building envelopes N2 - ln this paper a modelling approach is presented to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of sandwich panels via finite element analysis. Two types of panels were investigated in this scope of work. The first sandwich element was a textile reinforced concrete (TRC) panel with cellular lightweight concrete insulation and the second configuration was an ultra-high performances concrete (UHPC) panel with aerated autoclaved concrete insulation. The goal was to obtain a reliable numerical strategy that represents a reasonable compromise in terms of sufficient accuracy of the element characteristics and the computational costs. The results show the possibility of describing the composite action in a full sandwich panel. The achieved modelling approach will later be used for the optimization of TRC and UHPC panels in terms of minimizing the thickness, identifying the number and location of connectors, as well as evaluating varying anchorage Systems. T2 - IABSE conference - Structural engineering: Providing solutions to global challenges CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 23.09.2015 KW - Sandwich elements KW - Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) KW - Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) KW - Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) KW - Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) KW - Finite element analysis (FEA) PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-85748-140-6 SP - 195 EP - 203 AN - OPUS4-34552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Garofano, A. A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, U. T1 - Experimental testing and finite element modelling of earth block masonry N2 - The current paper focuses on the determination of reliable numerical models of earth block masonry wallettes under different loading conditions. Uniaxial compression and diagonal compression tests were performed. Experimental behaviour was modelled with a non-linear model able to describe the cracking behaviour. The simplified approach based on macro-modelling shows a satisfactory accuracy and low computational costs. The results reproducing the uniaxial compression are in good correspondence with the post-elastic behaviour observed in the experimental campaign. The micro-modelling approach adopted to reproduce the shear behaviour, even with high computational cost, represents a suitable tool to predict the masonry collapse mechanism. KW - Earth block masonry KW - Uniaxial compression test KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Numerical modelling KW - Macro-modelling approach KW - Micro-modelling approach PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.020 SN - 0141-0296 VL - 104 SP - 80 EP - 94 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-34553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Conclusions of the 6th European American workshop on reliability of NDE N2 - The principles of Open Space Technology (OST) were again applied to discuss burning issues in the field of NDE reliability. The results of the discussions among NDE professionals concerning new reliability methods, human factors and integrated solutions will be presented. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.20155 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection KW - Human factors KW - POD PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940452 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 020006-1 EP - 020006-9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-36637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Drachenberg, E. A1 - Müller, W. A1 - Schaaf, U. ED - Roemich, H. ED - Fair, L. T1 - Protection of stained-glass windows - case studies in Poland N2 - Several restoration projects of stained-glass windows have been performed in Lower Silesia (Poland) since 2010. The aim of the projects was to protect stained-glass windows against environmental impact of industial pollutants and acid rain by installing a protective glazing. The usefulness of protective glazing has been proved by climate measurements and determination of environmental impact before and after installation. T2 - Recent Advances in Glass and Ceramics Conservation 2016, ICOM-CC Working Group “Glass and Ceramics” Interim Meeting CY - The Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Art and Design, Wrocław, Poland DA - 25.05.2016 KW - weathering KW - stained glass KW - protective glazing KW - glass dosimeters KW - outdoor pollutants PY - 2016 SN - 978-83-64419-80-5 SP - 53 EP - 62 PB - International Council of Museums - Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC) CY - Paris, France AN - OPUS4-36678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Gardei, Andre T1 - Begutachtung Berliner Tuffsteinfassaden - Turmruine der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche und Charlottenburger Tor N2 - Am Ende des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden auch in Berlin vermehrt Bauwerke mit einer Fassadenverblendung aus Eifeler Tuffsteinen errichtet. Die Eifeler Tuffsteine zeichnen sich aufgrund ihrer hohen Porosität einerseits durch eine gute Verarbeitbarkeit aus. Andererseits sind sie nur schwach gebunden und besitzen deshalb eine geringe Verwitterungsbeständigkeit. T2 - Workshop Kulturguterhaltung - Vom Dampfkessel zu Nanomaterialien CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.11.2021 KW - Fassade KW - Tuffstein KW - Schalenbildung PY - 2021 SN - 2567-1251 VL - 3 SP - 107 EP - 123 PB - Druckerei G. Bohm CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54461 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falchi, L. A1 - Zendri, E. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - The influence of water-repellent admixtures on the behaviour and the effectiveness of Portland limestone cement mortars N2 - Water-repellent mortars were prepared using different hydrophobic compounds as admixtures. Calcium and zinc stearates, silane/siloxane products (as liquid solution and powder) were mixed into limestone cement mortars for obtaining in-bulk water-repellent mortars suitable for building protection and resistant to the degrading action of water. The influences of the admixtures on the hydration and structure of the designed mortars were investigated by SEM, TG–DSC, FT-IR, XRD, and isothermal calorimetry. The effectiveness of these agents against water action was evaluated by using techniques and methods such as mercury intrusion porosimetry, water absorption tests and contact angle measurements. Siloxane products conveyed good water-repellent effectiveness, without strongly influencing the setting and hydration of the binder, while the zinc stearates slowed down the hydration reactions. KW - Water repellent admixtures KW - Portland limestone cement mortars KW - Hydration products KW - Pore size distribution KW - Siloxanes KW - Stearates PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.004 SN - 0958-9465 SN - 1873-393X VL - 59 SP - 107 EP - 118 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Barking, Essex AN - OPUS4-33169 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Brömel, Philip A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Attenuation dependent detectability at ultrasonic inspection of copper N2 - This report describes the progress in understanding and describing the detectability of the ultrasonic inspection technique developed by SKB for the inspection of copper tubes used for the final disposal of the Swedish spent nuclear fuel. In former research activities dedicated to the different parts of the canister, the probability of detection (POD) evaluation technique, as developed for thin aircraft components, was further developed for the application on complex hick-walled components. The result of this development was the introduction of a “multi-parameter” POD framework. In contrast to taking only the defect size into consideration (as for aircraft components) additional influencing factors, relevant for thick components, such as depth position, orientation and part geometry, were included. Furthermore, the variation of ultrasonic attenuation due to various material properties was included. PY - 2014 SP - ID 1411328, 1 EP - 54 AN - OPUS4-32522 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falchi, L. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Balliana, E. A1 - Zendri, E. ED - Charola, A.E. ED - Rodrigues, J.D. T1 - Artificial weathering of water-repellent mortars suitable for restoration applications N2 - The study evaluates Portland limestone cement mortars, natural hydraulic lime mortars and pozzolan-lime mortars modified with water-repellent admixtures (metal soaps and siloxanes) for their use in the maintenance of historic buildings. The chemical-physical characteristics, the durability and the resistance to artificial weathering (exposure to UV light and artificial rain) were examined. The exposure conditions used in the ageing test were chosen in order to simulate outdoor environmental conditions, in particular the processes caused by UV-light and thermal shock induced by rain water. T2 - Hydrophobe VII - 7th International conference on water repellent treatment and protective surface technology for building materials CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 11.09.2014 KW - Water repellent admixtures KW - Mortars KW - Portland limestone cement KW - Natural hydraulic lime KW - Pozzolana-lime KW - Artificial weathering PY - 2014 SN - 978-972-49-2270-6 SP - 123 EP - 132 AN - OPUS4-32138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Oliveira, D.V. A1 - Silva, R.A. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Schueremans, L. T1 - Static behaviour of rammed earth: experimental testing and finite element modelling N2 - The paper presents an experimental program aiming at assessing the mechanical performance of rammed earth walls, namely under compression and shear loading. Axial compression and diagonal compression tests were carried out for this purpose, which allowed determining important mechanical parameters, such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear strength and shear modulus. Furthermore, it allowed assessing the level of non-linear behaviour of the respective stress–strain relationships as well as the failure modes. The experimental results were then used in the calibration of numerical models (finite element method) for simulating the non-linear behaviour of rammed earth under shear loading. Both macro- and micro modelling approaches were considered for this purpose. The total strain rotating crack model was used to simulate the behaviour of the rammed earth material, while the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion was used to simulate the behaviour of interfaces between layers. In general, the numerical models achieved good agreement with the experimental results, but uncertainties related to the definition of the input parameters required to perform a sensitivity analysis. The compressive strength, the Poisson's ratio, the tensile strength and the tensile fracture energy revealed to be the most important parameters in the analyses. KW - Rammed earth KW - Compression behaviour KW - Shear behaviour KW - Finite element analysis PY - 2015 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-014-0411-7/fulltext.html DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0411-7 SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 48 IS - 10 SP - 3443 EP - 3456 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-31329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Garofano, A. A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, U. ED - Lourenco, P.B. ED - Haseltine, B.A. ED - Vasconcelos, G. T1 - Static behaviour of earth block masonry: experimental testing and finite element modelling N2 - In this paper an extensive research campaign aimed to define the mechanical performance of earth block masonry panels is presented. Uniaxial compression and diagonal compression tests were performed. The test results confirmed the brittle behaviour of earth block masonry under uniaxial compressive load and showed that the failure of earth block masonry under shear load occurs by sliding of the earth blocks along the mortar joints after initial cracking in mortar joints and earth blocks. For diagonal compression test results showed that building technique practice is one of the key factors affecting the structural performances. Experimental behaviour was modelled with a non-linear model capable of describing cracking behaviour. Both micro-modelling and macro-modelling implementing isotropic or orthotropic material laws were used to assess the reliability of different modelling strategies. The model calibration was carried out by sensibility analysis of the input parameters to understand the influence of unit strength on the shear behaviour of masonry. T2 - 9th IMC - International Masonry Conference CY - Guimaraes, Portugal DA - 07.07.2014 KW - Earthen materials KW - Compression test KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Numerical modelling KW - Earth block masonry KW - Uniaxial compression test PY - 2014 SN - 978-972-8692-85-8 SP - Paper ID 1484, 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-31138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Calmon, P. A1 - Carter, L. A1 - Fischer, J. A1 - Forsyth, D. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Rummel, W. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Summary of the "open space technology discussions" on reliability of NDE N2 - Since the beginnings of the European American Workshops (EAW) in 1997, the aim was to gather the experts in NDE reliability and discuss burning topics with the aim of identifying crucial problems and suggesting ways to move forward. This was usually achieved during the so-called break-out sessions, in which predetermined topics were discussed. During the 5th EAW, held in Berlin in 2013, this approach was replaced by an Open Space Technology (OST) approach. The benefit of this approach is seen in the freedom of topic choices, i. e., the topics are not predetermined but rather arise at that moment in that space and by the participants’ choice. The following topics arose: new reliability methods (Bayesian, MAPOD, …), structural health monitoring, definition of requirements of NDE by customer versus provider, what value of POD is good enough?, human factors, manual versus automated inspection, and basic concepts of reliability of NDE. The participants were encouraged to walk from one session to another and openly express their opinions. These were in the end summarized by a chosen group of moderators and presented in this paper. N2 - Seit den Anfängen der europäischen amerikanischen Workshops (EAW) im Jahr 1997 war es das Ziel, Experten auf dem Gebiet der ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit zusammenzuführen und aktuelle Themen zu diskutieren, um wichtige Probleme zu identifizieren und Wege für deren Lösung vorzuschlagen. Dies wurde in der Regel während der sogenannten „Break-out Sessions“ erreicht, in denen vorgegebene Themen diskutiert wurden. Während des 5. EAW, der in Berlin im Jahr 2013 stattfand, wurde dieser Ansatz durch einen Open Space Technology (OST) Ansatz ersetzt. Open Space ist eine Methode der Gruppenmoderation, die sehr gut geeignet ist, um neue Ideen zu entwickeln und selbstständiges Arbeiten zu fördern, d. h. die Themen werden nicht vorgegeben, sondern ergeben sich in diesem Moment in diesem Raum und durch die Wahl der Teilnehmer. Die folgenden Themen wurden herausgearbeitet: neue Zuverlässigkeitsmethoden (Bayes, MAPOD, ...…), Structural Health Monitoring, Definition von Anforderungen der Kunden gegenüber den ZfP-Anbietern, Welcher Wert der POD ist gut genug?, der Einfluss menschlicher Faktoren, manuelle gegenüber automatisierte Prüfung, sowie Grundkonzepte der ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit. Die Teilnehmer wurden aufgefordert, von einer Sitzung zur anderen zu wechseln und offen ihre Meinung zu äußern. Diese Meinungen wurden am Ende von einer ausgewählten Gruppe von Moderatoren zusammengefasst und werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt. KW - NDE reliability KW - POD KW - Bayesian approach KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Human factors KW - Open space technology PY - 2014 UR - http://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/120.110604 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110604 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 7-8 SP - 602 EP - 606 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-31269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Holistic risk assessment and risk prevention approach to the mechanized NDT and the inspection procedure N2 - The difficulty to deal with human factors in non-destructive testing (NDT) stems from their diversity and complexity – no single human or organizational factor is responsible for the entire fluctuations in the NDT performance. The typical approach to decrease the variability in the inspection results had been found in replacing manual NDT with mechanized methods. However, even though some human errors can be avoided by automating the process, there are new risks that can arise from its application and need to be further investigated. To address this problem, a combination of theoretical and practical approaches should be applied, where the source of error is not seen only in the inspector, but also in his interaction with social and technical systems, as well as the organization. An analysis of potential risks in the use of mechanized inspections methods for spent fuel canisters has shown potential for human error in acquisition, as well as in the evaluation of the gathered results. Assessed causes of those errors lay in the inspector, but also in the organization and in shortcomings of the inspection procedure. The aim of the analysis was to provide with preventive measures and optimization recommendations. Those include further automation of the process, application of human redundancy, improvements of the inspection procedure, hardware and software improvements etc. Before improvements can be made, there is a need to understand the resulting processes and the influence of their interaction on the inspection results. The results have shown that when working with an automated system, one must avoid over relying on its proper functioning and form appropriate trust towards automation. Furthermore, human redundancy should be applied only in cases where the redundant inspectors are completely unaware of each other, in order to avoid the effects of social loafing and shirking. The inspection procedure is one of the most important tools in the application of NDT. On an example of ultrasonic data evaluation, the results will show an improvement of an NDT instruction as a result of consideration of the effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 20, 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Calmon, P. A1 - Carter, L. A1 - Fisher, J. A1 - Forsyth, D. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Rummel, W. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Summary of the open space technology discussions N2 - The highlight of 5th European American Workshop on Reliability of NDE (5th EAW) was the “Open Space Technology“(OST) discussion. The aim of the 5thEAW and, in particular, of the OST discussion - was to shed light on the reasons, which create a “deltcT between all the qualifications and reliability models and the real reliability in the field. In the previous 4 Workshops, the different topics of interest were discussed in the so-called break-out sessions, in which a specific goal for each working group was defined beforehand. In order not to move on “the old rails” in search for an answer, the break-out sessions were this year replaced by an open space approach. The reason for this was not to restrict the participants to a certain number of topics, but rather to allow the topics to arisefrom the interests of the participants and the needs of both the researchers and the NDT practitioners. This was achieved through setting up a wall of ideas. Each of the participantswas asked to write down as many questions or topics as they wanted, and pin them up on the wall throughout the duration of the entire Workshop. Finally, when the participants gathered for the discussion, those ideas were organized into 6 main topics: A. New reliability methods: Multiparameter POD, MAPOD, Bayesian B. Structural health monitoring C. Applications in industry D. Human factors E. Integrated Solutions and “delta" F. Basic concepts of reliability of NDE As in the spirit of the OST, in which the participants themselves determine the topics and decide how the discussion will flow, the participants from the topics C, D and E joined their forces and disused together. The groups separated and, under the moderation of several experts in different NDT reliability fields, the different issues have been discussed. At the end of the day the Groups were asked to present the content and the results of their work. Every group wrote a summary of the discussion. The purpose of this paper is to present the summaries of the held discussions and, therewith, share with the NDT community the main conclusions. T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: A comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob N2 - Earth represents one of the oldest construction materials, which is still utilised both in developed and in developing countries. In this paper a comparison of the mechanical performance of structural elements built in three basic techniques, earth block (adobe) masonry, rammed earth and cob, is presented. In order to gain better knowledge on the structural behaviour under static loads an extensive compression and diagonal compression (shear) test campaign was performed. First compression results showed brittle mechanical behaviour in the case of earth block masonry and rammed earth elements, whereas cob exhibited a very different stress–strain pattern: cob can deform beyond the elastic range with a gradual drop in capacity. Despite its low compressive strength, cob thus presents a relatively good performance within the earthen material range as far as shear behaviour is concerned. The data here reported represents a base for a further investigation on the dynamic behaviour of the three materials considered. The study was carried out within the framework of the project NIKER funded by the European Commission dealing with improving immovable Cultural Heritage assets against the risk of earthquakes. KW - Earthen materials KW - Compression test KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Initial shear strength PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.009 SN - 0950-0618 VL - 61 SP - 327 EP - 339 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-30550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Pospisil, S. T1 - Rammed earth walls strengthened with polyester fabric strips: Experimental analysis under in-plane cyclic loading N2 - This study analyses the mechanical behaviour under pseudo-dynamic loading of structural elements built in rammed earth and strengthened with polyester fabric strips. This strengthening technique was developed to exploit the strength potential of rammed earth and to solve its lack of tensile strength. For this reason, in-plane cyclic tests were carried out to investigate the shear behaviour of unstrengthened and strengthened walls. The strengthening technique requires low-tech equipment and workmanship, uses readily available, not expensive and industrially standardised materials. The experimental results were analysed in terms of stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity and equivalent viscous damping. Although the unstrengthened and strengthened walls confirmed a limited ductile behaviour, the findings confirm that the strengthening contributes to limit the spread of the diagonal cracks and provide an increase of strength in terms of horizontal load and displacement capacity. KW - Rammed earth KW - Pseudo-dynamic loads KW - Shear-compression tests KW - Strengthening KW - Polyester fabric strips PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.115 IS - 149 SP - 29 EP - 36 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-40497 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - Ein Kalkeinpressmörtel für die Instandsetzung von Lehmbauten T1 - A lime-based grouting material for the repair of earthen structures N2 - Die Instandsetzung von Lehmbauwerken ist keine einfache Aufgabe. Der Baustoff Lehm hat vergleichsweise schwache mechanische Eigenschaften. Er ist außerdem anfällig gegenüber eindringendem Wasser, wobei er sehr schnell seinen Zusammenhalt verlieren kann, wenn gewisse Feuchtegehalte überschritten werden. Instandsetzungskonzepte für Bauwerke aus solchen Materialien stellen deshalb eine Herausforderung dar. Historische Lehmbauwerke zeigen oft Schäden in Form von starker Rissbildung, die durch statische oder dynamische Lasten hervorgerufen sein kann. Häufig werden solche Risse wegen mangelnder Fachkenntnis und / oder fehlender Techniken nur ungenügend instandgesetzt. Die Rissinstandsetzung mit Einpressmörteln birgt insbesondere für Lehmbaustoffe eine Herausforderung und erfordert spezifische Anforderungen an den Einpressmörtel, wie z. B. niedriger Wassergehalt, gutes Wasserrückhaltevermögen, niedriges Schwindmaß, an das instandzusetzende Material angepasste Festigkeit und E-Modul sowie eine gute Haftung am Lehmuntergrund. Zusätzlich müssen Einpressmörtel eine ausreichende Fließfähigkeit aufweisen, um kleine Risse und Hohlräume ohne Entmischung zu füllen. Deshalb muss das rheologische Verhalten des Einpressmörtels gut untersucht und kontrolliert werden, um die gewünschte Wirkung zu erzielen. Die Rissinstandsetzung bei Lehmbauwerken erfolgt traditionell durch manuelles Stopfen mit einem Mörtel. Natürlich können auf diese Weise nur Risse mit einer großen Breite verfüllt werden. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist, dass Risse, die durch dickere Wände verlaufen, nicht vollständig mit den für das Stopfen verwendeten Werkzeugen erreicht werden können. Kalkgebundene Einpressmörtel für Lehmbaustoffe werden gewöhnlich für die Wiederbefestigung von Putzen und weniger aus statisch-konstruktiven Gründen eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Eigenschaften von Lehm, müssen Einpressmörtel auf Basis von hydraulischem Kalk nach EN 459-1 [4] wesentliche Anforderungen an eine Reihe von Eigenschaften erfüllen, die sich auf die Verträglichkeit, die Dauerhaftigkeit und insbesondere die Injektionsfähigkeit beziehen. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Untersuchungen war einen Einpressmörtel zu herzustellen, mit dem die strukturelle Kontinuität in Lehmmauerwerk oder anderen massiven Lehmwänden (Stampf- und Wellerlehm) durch Rissverpressung wiederhergestellt werden kann. Das Material bestand aus Kalkhydrat mit Zusätzen von Puzzolanen und Kalksteinfüller. N2 - The repair of earthen structures is not an easy task. Earth as a construction material has comparatively weak mechanical properties. It is also susceptible towards liquid water, were it can lose cohesion very quickly if certain moisture contents are exceeded. Repair concepts of structures built with such materials are therefore challenging. Historical earthen structures often exhibit damages in form of extensive cracking, which may have been caused by static or dynamic loads. Frequently these cracks are insufficiently or inappropriately repaired because of lack of knowledge and / or technology. In particular, the behaviour of crack repair by grouting poses a challenge in earthen materials and demands specific requirements for the grouting mortar, such as low water content, good water retention, low shrinkage. Grouting materials require additional specifications such as compatible strengths and Young’s modulus as well as good adhesion to the earthen substrates. In addition, grouts have to be sufficiently flowable to fill small cracks and voids without segregation or bleeding. Therefore, the rheological behaviour has to be well understood and controlled to gain the desired effects. The repair of cracks in earthen buildings is traditionally done by stuffing manually mortar into the gap. Naturally, this method is only usable for cracks with large widths. Another disadvantage is that cracks going through thicker walls cannot be completely reached by the tools used for stuffing the mortar into the crack. Lime based grouts for earthen materials were usually used for re-attachment of plasters but less for structural reasons. Due to the nature of earthen materials grouts based on formulated or hydraulic lime (according to the definition in EN 459-1 [4]) have to meet considerable demands on a variety of properties, which are related to compatibility, durability and in particular to the ability of being injected. The goal of this study was to create a grout, which can be used to re-establish structural continuity in cracked earthen masonry or other massive earth walls (rammed earth and cob) with the focus on grouting cracks. The grout material was based on hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) with additions of pozzolana and lime stone filler. T2 - Lehm 2016 - 7. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau - 7th International Conference on Building with Earth CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 12.11.2016 KW - Baustoffe KW - Einpressmörtel KW - Kalkhydrat KW - Lehmbau KW - Instandsetzung KW - Historische Bauwerke KW - Building materials KW - Grout mortar KW - Hydraulic lime KW - Earth construction KW - Repair KW - Historical buildings PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Eigenverlag Dachverband Lehm e. V. CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-38992 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, U. ED - Van Balen, K. ED - Verstrynge, E. T1 - In-plane shear behaviour of earthen materials panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips N2 - An experimental investigation was carried out to study the in-plane shear behaviour of earthen material Panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips. Strengthened panels were developed to exploit the strength potential of earthen materials and to solve its lack of tensile strength, significantly improving not only strength but also ductility. Three earthen materials were considered: cob, earth block masonry (EBM) and rammed earth (RE). As first approach the strengthening configuration, based on different adhesive materials, was tested only for cob panels. As part of the study the results of a big testing campaign of unstrengthened Panels were considered. Seven strengthened panels were tested in diagonal compression/shear.A unique reinforcement orientation was used. The results of these tests are presented in this paper, and include the load-displacement behaviours, crack patterns, failure modes. The results showed that the reinforcement was the most effective in EBM panels, with increase in strength and ductility observed. In RE and cob panels the reinforcement did not likely contribute significantly to the shear resistance, due to a lack of embedment length of the strips. Instead, in EBM it was likely that the vertical reinforcement acted in tension to restrain shear induced dilation and to restrain sliding. T2 - 10th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC 2016) CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 13.09.2016 KW - Earthen materials KW - Strengthening KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Shear strength PY - 2016 SN - 978-1-138-02951-4 SP - 1099 EP - 1105 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-38993 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - Ein Kalkeinpressmörtel für die Instandsetzung von Lehmbauten N2 - Die Instandsetzung von Lehmbauwerken ist keine einfache Aufgabe. Der Baustoff Lehm hat vergleichsweise schwache mechanische Eigenschaften. Er ist außerdem anfällig gegenüber eindringendem Wasser, wobei er sehr schnell seinen Zusammenhalt verlieren kann, wenn gewisse Feuchtegehalte überschritten werden. Instandsetzungskonzepte für Bauwerke aus solchen Materialien stellen deshalb eine Herausforderung dar. Historische Lehmbauwerke zeigen oft Schäden in Form von starker Rissbildung, die durch statische oder dynamische Lasten hervorgerufen sein kann. Häufig werden solche Risse wegen mangelnder Fachkenntnis und / oder fehlender Techniken nur ungenügend instandgesetzt. Die Rissinstandsetzung mit Einpressmörteln birgt insbesondere für Lehmbaustoffe eine Herausforderung und erfordert spezifische Anforderungen an den Einpressmörtel, wie z. B. niedriger Wassergehalt, gutes Wasserrückhaltevermögen, niedriges Schwindmaß, an das instandzusetzende Material angepasste Festigkeit und E-Modul sowie eine gute Haftung am Lehmuntergrund. Zusätzlich müssen Einpressmörtel eine ausreichende Fließfähigkeit aufweisen, um kleine Risse und Hohlräume ohne Entmischung zu füllen. Deshalb muss das rheologische Verhalten des Einpressmörtels gut untersucht und kontrolliert werden, um die gewünschte Wirkung zu erzielen. Die Rissinstandsetzung bei Lehmbauwerken erfolgt traditionell durch manuelles Stopfen mit einem Mörtel. Natürlich können auf diese Weise nur Risse mit einer großen Breite verfüllt werden. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist, dass Risse, die durch dickere Wände verlaufen, nicht vollständig mit den für das Stopfen verwendeten Werkzeugen erreicht werden können. Kalkgebundene Einpressmörtel für Lehmbaustoffe werden gewöhnlich für die Wiederbefestigung von Putzen und weniger aus statisch-konstruktiven Gründen eingesetzt Aufgrund der Eigenschaften von Lehm, müssen Einpressmörtel auf Basis von hydraulischem Kalk nach EN 459-1 wesentliche Anforderungen an eine Reihe von Eigenschaften erfüllen, die sich auf die Verträglichkeit, die Dauerhaftigkeit und insbesondere die Injektionsfähigkeit beziehen. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Untersuchungen war einen Einpressmörtel zu herzustellen, mit dem die strukturelle Kontinuität in Lehmmauerwerk oder anderen massiven Lehmwänden (Stampf- und Wellerlehm) durch Rissverpressung wiederhergestellt werden kann. Das Material bestand aus Kalkhydrat mit Zusätzen von Puzzolanen und Kalksteinfüller. T2 - Lehm 2016 - 7. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 12.11.2016 KW - Baustoffe KW - Einpressmörtel KW - Kalkhydrat KW - Lehmbau KW - Instandsetzung KW - Historische Bauwerke PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Eigenverlag Dachverband Lehm e. V. CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-38824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - A lime-based grouting material for the repair of earthen structures N2 - The repair of earthen structures is not an easy task. Earth as a construction material has comparatively weak mechanical properties. It is also susceptible towards liquid water, were it can lose cohesion very quickly if certain moisture contents are exceeded. Repair concepts of structures built with such materials are therefore challenging. Historical earthen structures often exhibit damages in form of extensive cracking, which may have been caused by static or dynamic loads. Frequently these cracks are insufficiently or inappropriately repaired because of lack of knowledge and / or technology. In particular, the behaviour of crack repair by grouting poses a challenge in earthen materials and demands specific requirements for the grouting mortar, such as low water content, good water retention, low shrinkage. Grouting materials require additional specifications such as compatible strengths and Young’s modulus as well as good adhesion to the earthen substrates. In addition, grouts have to be sufficiently flowable to fill small cracks and voids without segregation or bleeding. Therefore, the rheological behaviour has to be well understood and controlled to gain the desired effects. The repair of cracks in earthen buildings is traditionally done by stuffing manually mortar into the gap. Naturally, this method is only usable for cracks with large widths. Another disadvantage is that cracks going through thicker walls cannot be completely reached by the tools used for stuffing the mortar into the crack. Lime based grouts for earthen materials were usually used for re-attachment of plasters but less for structural reasons. Due to the nature of earthen materials grouts based on formulated or hydraulic lime (according to the definition in EN 459-1) have to meet considerable demands on a variety of properties, which are related to compatibility, durability and in particular to the ability of being injected. The goal of this study was to create a grout, which can be used to re-establish structural continuity in cracked earthen masonry or other massive earth walls (rammed earth and cob) with the focus on grouting cracks. The grout material was based on hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) with additions of pozzolana and lime stone filler. T2 - Lehm 2016 - 7th International Conference on Building with Earth CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 12.11.2016 KW - Building Materials KW - Grout mortar KW - Hydraulic lime KW - Earth construction KW - Repair KW - Historical buildings PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Eigenverlag Dachverband Lehm e. V. CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-38825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Garofano, A. A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, U. ED - Jäger, W. T1 - Modellierung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter statischer Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden numerische Analysen der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung vorgestellt. Ergebnisse von einachsigen Druck- und Schubversuchen an Wandprüfkörpern lieferten dafür grundlegende mechanische Kennwerte im elastischen Bereich und im nichtelastischen Versagenszustand.Die Testergebnisse zeigten, dass verschiedene Vorlasten keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Schubfestigkeit haben. Außerdem bestätigten die Ergebnisse das spröde Verhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter einachsiger Druckbelastung und es zeigte sich, dass das Versagen des Lehmsteinmauerwerks unter Scherbelastung entlang der Mörtelfugen erfolgt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden verwendet, um das Verhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk durch nichtlineare Finite-Elemente-Methoden auf der Basis von Makro- und Mikro-Modellierungsansätzen zu simulieren. Entsprechendes konstitutives Materialverhalten und Zwängungen, die in den Versuchen durch die Art der Lasteinleitung in Form von Stahlprofilen und Stahlschuhen verursacht wurden, wurde in den Modellen berücksichtigt. Es wurde zuerst ein auf der Grundlage der experimentellen Daten kalibriertes Makro-Modell entwickelt, was zu einer brauchbaren Vorhersage des Versagensverhaltens der Mauerwerksprüfkörper führte. Die simulierten Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurven, berechnet unter einachsiger Druckbelastung, zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen der geprüften Mauerwerkskörper, sowohl im elastischen als auch im nichtelastischen Bereich. Ein vereinfachter Ansatz, basierend auf der Makro-Modellierung und einem homogenisierten Prüfkörper, kann für die Untersuchung größerer Tragsysteme oder ganzer Gebäude angewendet werden, wobei eine zufriedenstellende Genauigkeit bei geringerem Rechenaufwand erreicht wird. Obwohl das globale Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten zufriedenstellend wiedergegeben wurde, ist ein solches nichtlineares isotropes Kontinuumsmodell für Lehmsteinmauerwerk nicht in vollem Umfang geeignet, um das bei den Versuchen beobachtete Rissbild an den Prüfkörpern zu simulieren. Eine detailliertere Analyse des mechanischen Verhaltensdes Mauerwerks wurde mit einem Mikro-Modellierungsansatz durchgeführt. Das Modell, in dem ein Wandabschnitt nicht mehr homogenisiert, sondern in konkrete Stein- und Fugenelemente diskretisiert wird, hat sich insbesondere für das Verhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter Schubbeanspruchung als geeignet erwiesen. Die Auswertung der Spannungsverteilungen bei der nichtlinearen Analyse lieferte Informationen über die tatsächlichen Mechanismen der Lastübertragung zwischen Steinen und Mörtelfugen. Mit dem Mikro-Modell war es möglich, das nichtlineare Verhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk vorherzusagen. Es stellt somit ein geeignetes Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Versagensmechanismen von Lehmsteinmauerwerk dar. Allerdings sind aufgrund der Komplexität des Modells für die Beschreibung der Stein/Mörtel-Schnittstelle und die hohe Anzahl an erforderlichen mechanischen Parametern umfassendere Untersuchungen notwendig. Die zukünftige Forschung wird sich daher einerseits auf die Verfeinerung der numerischen Modelle und andererseits auf die Simulation komplexer Belastungssituationen und Gebäudekomponenten konzentrieren. KW - Lehmsteinmauerwerk KW - Mechanische Eigenschaften KW - Statische Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung KW - Lehmbau KW - Baustoffe PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-433-03161-2 SP - 195 EP - 208 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39631 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gianneo, A. A1 - Carboni, M. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - PAUT inspection of copper canister: structural attenuation and POD formulation N2 - For inspection of thick-walled (50mm) copper canisters for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden, ultrasonic inspection using phased array technique (PAUT) is applied. Because thick-walled copper is not commonly used as a structural material, previous experience on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing for this type of application is limited. The paper presents the progress in understanding the amplitudes and attenuation changes acting on the Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing inspection of copper canisters. Previous studies showed the existence of a low pass filtering effect and a heterogeneous grain size distribution along the depth, thus affecting both the detectability of defects and their "Probability of Detection" determination. Consequently, the difference between the first and second back wall echoes were not sufficient to determine the local attenuation (within the inspection range), which affects the signal response for each individual defect. Experimental evaluation of structural attenuation was carried out onto step-wedge samples cut from full-size, extruded and pierced&drawn, copper canisters. Effective attenuation values has been implemented in numerical simulations to achieve a Multi Parameter Probability of Detection and to formulate a Model Assisted Probability of Detection through a Monte-Carlo extraction model. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY - Minneapolis, MN, USA DA - 26.07.2015 KW - Phased array ultrasonic testing KW - POD KW - Copper PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940649 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - Article: 200005, 1 EP - 13 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-37592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Drougkas, T. A1 - Müller, U. T1 - In-plane behaviour of rammed earth under cyclic loading: experimental testing and finite element modelling N2 - The purpose of this paper is to numerically simulate the in-plane behaviour of rammed earth walls under cyclic shear-compression tests. The experimental testing allowed obtaining the maximum horizontal loads, the displacement capacity and the level of non-linear behaviour of the respective loaddisplacement relationships as well as the failure modes. The calibration of the numerical model (finite element method) was carried out based on the experimental results. Within this framework, a micromodelling approach was considered. The behaviour of the rammed earth material was simulated using a total strain rotating crack model. A Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was used to reproduce the behaviour of the interfaces between the layers. Although the numerical results achieved a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results a sensitivity analysis of the parameters involved was performed. The sensitivity analysis aimed at determining which parameters of the model have a significant impact in the model’s results. As expected the sensitivity analysis pointed out that the sliding failure occurrence is mainly influenced by two parameters of the interface elements: the interface tensile strength fit and the friction angle u. Moreover the cohesion c and the layers thickness showed a limited effect on the shear behaviour. It should be noted that the results mentioned above are related to the cases where a significant level of vertical compressive stress r is employed. KW - rammed earth KW - in-plane loads KW - shear behaviour KW - cyclic shear-compression tests KW - finite element modelling KW - pseudo-dynamic tests PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.010 SN - 0141-0296 SN - 1873-7323 VL - 125 SP - 144 EP - 152 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - Development of a lime based grout for crack repair in earthen constructions N2 - The study presents the results from the development of a grouting material based on hydrated lime with addition of pozzolana, which is referred to as hydraulic lime, suitable for the repair of cracks in a variety of earthen building techniques. The goal was to develop a material also compatible with earthen structures exposed to dynamic loads. The grouting mortar was designed to be adaptable in strength properties and at the same time to have sufficient robustness for preparation and use on the construction site. Results showed a satisfactory performance of the grout concerning fresh and hardened mortar properties as well as injectability. KW - Earthen construction KW - Lime based grout KW - Cracks grouting KW - Rheology KW - Strength KW - Adhesion PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.030 SN - 0950-0618 VL - 110 SP - 323 EP - 332 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-37064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Fontana, Patrick ED - Mazzolani, F. M. ED - Lamas, A. ED - Calado, L. ED - Proenca, J. M. ED - Faggiano, B. T1 - Strengthening of rammed earth structural elements. Mechanical behaviour under shear and cyclic loading N2 - An experimental investigation was carried out to study the in-plane shear behaviour of rammed earth structural elements strengthened with polyester fabric strips. The original idea for the retrofitting with polyester fabric strips was to introduce a vertical element for walls in order to take up horizontal loads resulting in a shear response of the building element. It has to be considered that vertical slits into the walls for fixing the strips are points of weakness and have to be mitigated by the adhesive. In this case a base coat mortar was employed. Strengthened elements were tested to exploit the strength potential of earthen materials and to solve its lack of tensile strength, significantly improving not only strength but also ductility. As part of the study results of a testing campaign of unstrengthened structural elements were considered. Strengthened elements were tested in diagonal compression/shear and cyclic shear-compression. A unique reinforcement orientation was used. The results of these tests are presented in this paper and include the load-displacement behaviours, crack patterns, failure modes. The results showed that the reinforcement was the most effective under cyclic shear-compression tests, with increase in load and displacement capacity observed. Under diagonal compression the reinforcement did not likely contribute significantly to the shear resistance, due to a lack of embedment length of the strips. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Protection of Historical Constructions (PROHITECH 2017) CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 12.07.2017 KW - Rammed earth KW - Diagonal compression tests KW - Shear-compression tests KW - Strengthening KW - Polyester fabric strips PY - 2017 SN - 978-989-8481-58-0 SP - 157 EP - 158 PB - IST-Press AN - OPUS4-41263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Takahashi, Kazunori A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Böhm, R. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - POD Evaluation of NDE Techniques for Canister-Components for Risk Assessment of Nuclear Waste Encapsulation T2 - 6th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurised Components CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2007-10-08 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2008 SN - 978-92-79-08897-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.2790/1274 SN - 1018-5593 SP - 168 EP - 179 AN - OPUS4-18589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Debatin, F. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Kelling, A. A1 - Hedin, N. A1 - Bacsik, Z. A1 - Senkovska, I. A1 - Kaskel, S. A1 - Junginger, M. A1 - Müller, H. A1 - Schilde, U. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Friedrich, A. A1 - Holdt, H.-J. T1 - In situ synthesis of an imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate ligand and formation of a microporous zinc-organic framework with H2-and CO2-storage ability KW - Metal-organic framework KW - Synthesis KW - XRD KW - FTIR KW - NMR KW - Gas sorption KW - Microporous materials KW - N,O ligands KW - Solvothermal synthesis PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906188 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 SN - 0570-0833 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 1258 EP - 1262 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-21132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ziegert, C. A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Röhlen, U. T1 - Standardization of earth blocks in Germany T2 - 8th International masonry conference 2010 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-07-04 KW - Standardization KW - Earth blocks KW - Testing procedures PY - 2010 SP - 981 EP - 988 AN - OPUS4-22306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Ebert, H.-P. A1 - Reichenauer, G. A1 - Brandt, R. A1 - Braxmeier, S. A1 - Bauer, T. A1 - Tamme, R. A1 - Langer, W. A1 - Hudler, B. A1 - Christ, M. A1 - Sextl, G. A1 - Müller, G. A1 - Helbig, U. A1 - Houbertz, R. A1 - Voigt, W. A1 - Schmidt, H. A1 - Zehl, T. A1 - Mach, Reinhard A1 - Maneck, Heinz-Eberhard A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Oleszak, Franz A1 - Keuper, M. A1 - Reisert, M. A1 - Burkhardt, H. A1 - Günther, E. A1 - Mehling, H. T1 - Netzwerk zur Überwindung grundlegender Probleme bei der Entwicklung hocheffizienter Latentwärmespeicher auf Basis anorganischer Speichermaterialien KW - Latentwärmespeicher KW - Materialforschung KW - Plasmaverfahren KW - Graphit PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-00-024699-9 SP - 1 EP - 217 CY - Würzburg AN - OPUS4-18273 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kind, L. A1 - Plamper, F.A. A1 - Göbel, R. A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Müller, A. H. E. A1 - Pieles, U. A1 - Taubert, A. A1 - Meier, W. T1 - Silsesquioxane/polyamine nanoparticle-templated formation of star- or raspberry-like silica nanoparticles KW - Silica nanoparticles KW - 3D TEM KW - Star-shaped nanoparticles KW - Raspberry-shaped nanoparticles PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/la900229n SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - 7109 EP - 7115 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-19580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Heidt, Heinrich A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Progress in evaluating the reliability of NDE systems - Paradigm shift N2 - The paper will give an overview of new methodology for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems accurately, reliably and efficiently in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application. After a review of the substantive issues from the previous workshops, the go forward guidance from these interactions is considered. At the beginning of the reliability analysis, the actual safety demands have to be defined in order to fit the investigation to the level of risk when the component would fail. Next, all the essential influencing parameters need to be documented and transferred to an appropriate design of experiments (DOE) to determine the reliability in terms of a qualitative assessment for lower risk or in terms of a quantitative probability of detection (POD) or ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for higher safety demands. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and use it for optimisation rather than for a final judgement. An advantage for the end user is also to sample all single PODs to an integral 'Volume POD' of a part. Among the influencing parameters, the human factor is the most important one. A systematic psychological approach shall help to find out where the bottlenecks are but most importantly to provide best possible working conditions for the human inspectors. T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen KW - Multiparameter POD PY - 2009 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/reliability2009/Inhalt/we1a2.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-20616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Probability of detection from C-scan data for reliability analysis of ultrasonic non-destructive testing T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - POD KW - UT KW - Reliability KW - C-scan PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-20617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Multi-parameter influence on the response of the flaw to the phased array ultrasonic NDT system. The volume POD. T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - POD KW - Reliability KW - Multi-parameter signal response PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-20618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Heidt, Heinrich A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Fortschritte bei der Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen N2 - Es werden die Fortschritte bei der Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen in den vergangenen 10 Jahren vorgestellt. Der modulare Ansatz bzw. die systematische Auflistung aller wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren stehen am Anfang jeder Bewertung, die jeweils spezifisch für einen industriellen bzw. Feldeinsatz angelegt wird. Weiterhin legt die zu Grunde liegende Sicherheitsanforderung fest, ob ein exaktes quantitatives statistisches Ergebnis z. B. für die Fehlergröße, die mit hoher Sicherheit detektiert wird angestrebt wird oder ob man sich mit einer qualitativen Abschätzung zufrieden geben kann. Moderne Werkzeuge wie das 'Design of Experiments' (Statistische Versuchsplanung), die Volumen-POD für ein Bauteil als ganzes oder auch die systematische psychologische Betrachtung des menschlichen Faktors unterstützen die Treffsicherheit der Untersuchung für den gewünschten Einsatzfall. Die Ergebnisse der ZfP-Prüfungen können immer nur so gut sein, wie der Mensch mit den Bedingungen zurechtkommt. Weiterhin kann die POD im Zusammenhang mit den Prozessparametern als helfendes Optimierungswerkzeug eingesetzt werden und nicht als endgültige Be(Ver)urteilung. Es werden Beispiele aus Bereichen der Energieerzeugung und Endlagerung präsentiert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2009 CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2009-05-18 KW - POD KW - ROC KW - Paradigmenshift KW - Optimierung KW - Human factor PY - 2009 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2009/Inhalt/mo3c2.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-16-0 IS - DGZfP-BB 115 (Mo.3.C.2) SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-20619 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Boehm, Rainer A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - NDT Reliability - Final report - Reliability in non-destructive testing (NDT) of the canister components N2 - This report describes the methodology of the reliability investigation performed on the ultrasonic phased array NDT system, developed by SKB in collaboration with Posiva, for inspection of the canisters for permanent storage of nuclear spent fuel. The canister is composed of a cast iron insert surrounded by a copper shell. The shell is composed of the tube and the lid/base which are welded to the tube after the fuel has been place, in the tube. The manufacturing process of the canister parts and the welding process are described. Possible defects, which might arise in the canister components during the manufacturing or in the weld during the welding, are indentified. The number of real defects in manufactured components have been limited. Therefore the reliability of the NDT system has been determined using a number of test objects with artifical defects. The reliability analysis is based on the signal response analysis. The conventional signal response analysis is adopted and further developed before applied on the modern ultrasonic phased-array NDT system. The concept of multi-parameter a, where the response of the NDT system is dependent on more than just one parameter, is introduced. The weakness of use of the peak signal response in the analysis is demonstrated and integration of the amplitudes in the C-scan is proposed as an alternative. The calculation of the volume POD, when the part is inspected with more configurations, is also presented. The reliability analysis is supported by the ultrasonic simulation based on the point source synthesis method. KW - POD KW - Reliability KW - Nuclear waste KW - Final disposal PY - 2008 UR - http://www.skb.se/upload/publications/pdf/R-08-129webb.pdf SN - 1402-3091 SP - 1 EP - 56 CY - Stockholm AN - OPUS4-20620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Ziegert, Christof A1 - Röhlen, U. A1 - Schroeder, H. T1 - Standardization of a sustainable and eco-efficient building material: Earth - a german perspective T2 - CESB '10 - Central Europe Towards Sustainable Building CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2010-06-30 KW - Earthen materials KW - Standardization KW - Sustainability KW - Quality control KW - Normierung KW - Lehmbaustoffe KW - Prüfverfahren KW - Qualitätskontrolle KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Stoffkreislauf PY - 2010 SN - 978-80-247-3624-2 SP - 711 EP - 714 PB - Czech Technical University CY - Prague AN - OPUS4-21980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gross, U. A1 - Müller-Mai, Ch. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Ploska, Ute T1 - Do Calcium Zirconium Phoshate Ceramics Inhibit Mineralization? KW - Calcium zirconium phosphate ceramics KW - Rabbit model KW - Tissue response KW - Impaired mineralisation KW - Inhibition of matrix vesicles PY - 2004 SN - 1013-9826 VL - 254-256 SP - 635 EP - 638 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Aedermannsdorf AN - OPUS4-2746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gross, U. A1 - Müller-Mai, Ch. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Ploska, Ute T1 - The Tissue Response to a Novel Calcium Zirconium Phosphate Ceramics T2 - 15th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine ; 15th Annual meeting of the International Society for Ceramics in Medicine ; 15th Bioceramics CY - Sydney, NSW, Australia DA - 2002-12-04 KW - Ceramics KW - Calcium Zirconium Phosphate KW - Rabbit model KW - Tissue response KW - Impaired mineralisation PY - 2003 SN - 1013-9826 VL - 240-242 SP - 629 EP - 632 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Aedermannsdorf AN - OPUS4-2116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gross, U. A1 - Müller-Mai, C. A1 - Knabe, C. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Ploska, Ute A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate ED - Vincenzini, P. T1 - Animal experiments with biomaterials for direct bone contact displaying higher or lower solubility in comparison to TCP and HA products T2 - 10th International Ceramics Congress ; 3rd Forum on New Materials ; 10th CIMTEC 2002 CY - Florence, Italy DA - 2002-07-14 PY - 2004 SP - 369 EP - 376 PB - Techna CY - Faenza AN - OPUS4-3500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tscharntke, D. A1 - Boehm, Rainer A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Rydén, H. T1 - Ultrasonic Investigations on Copper Canister Welds in Preparation for the Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel in a Deep Repository T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Ultrasonic measurement and modelling KW - Copper canister weld KW - Spent nuclear fuel KW - Encapsulation KW - Deep repository PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 7(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Scharmach, Katrin A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Ryden, H. T1 - Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Verfahren zur Gewährleistung der Integrität von Cu-Schweißnähten zur sicheren Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 18 (Vortrag 44) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16007 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bahlmann, Stefanie A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Hauer, B. A1 - Klein, H. A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Ruppert, J. A1 - Schäfer, S. A1 - Spanka, G. A1 - Wassing, W. A1 - Zunzer, U. T1 - Potenziale des Sekundärstoffeinsatzes im Betonbau - Teilprojekt B1 KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung KW - Rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung KW - Betonbrechsand KW - Müllverbrennungsasche PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-410-65772-9 SN - 0171-7197 N1 - Geburtsname von Bahlmann, Stefanie: Ramolla, S. - Birth name of Bahlmann, Stefanie: Ramolla, S. IS - 572 SP - 131 EP - 222 PB - Beuth AN - OPUS4-16361 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Boehm, Rainer A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Investigation of the influence of the material attenuation on the POD of the flaws T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - POD KW - NDT KW - Attenuation KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.2.B.2) SP - 1 EP - 9 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Progress in evaluating the reliability of NDE systems - paradigm shift N2 - The paper will give an overview of new methodology for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems accurately, reliably and efficiently in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application. After a review of the substantive issues from the previous workshops, the go forward guidance from these interactions is considered. At the beginning of the reliability analysis, the actual safety demands have to be defined in order to fit the investigation to the level of risk when the component would fail. Next, all the essential influencing parameters need to be documented and transferred to an appropriate design of experiments (DOE) to determine the reliability in terms of a qualitative assessment for lower risk or in terms of a quantitative probability of detection (POD) or ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for higher safety demands. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and use it for optimisation rather than for a final judgement. An advantage for the end user is also to sample all single PODs to an integral 'Volume POD' of a part. Among the influencing parameters, the human factor is the most important one. A systematic psychological approach shall help to find out where the bottlenecks are but most importantly to provide best possible working conditions for the human inspectors. T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - ROC KW - Safety PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.3.A.4) SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Human factors approach to the reliability of NDT in nuclear waste management in Sweden and Finland N2 - Nuclear power industry has the responsibility to manage and dispose of all radioactive waste from its plants. Finnish Posiva and Swedish SKB are leading in the world in the development of disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Their method consists of encapsulating spent nuclear fuel in copper canisters and depositing them in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters for the next 100 000 years, leaving the radioactivity to decrease naturally through the decay of the radioisotopes in it. The copper canisters, consisting of a copper tube, a lid and a bottom (which make the outer shell) and an insert made of a cast iron, need to be inspected for their structural integrity to ensure no critical defects are present in the materials and welds that could lead to a leakage of the waste into the environment. Data acquired by 4 different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods (i.e. UT, ET, RT and VT with a remote camera) are evaluated by skilled human operators and therefore could be subject to human error. Human Factors approach lies in identifying potential errors made by the human, their causes and ways of preventing them. A customized Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted to anticipate possible human failures during the data evaluation. The results led to designing several experiments (e.g. diffusion of responsibility within the 4-eye principle, over trust in automated systems) which are being experimentally tested in ongoing projects. The results are expected to lead to the optimization of the procedures followed by the NDT operators and consequently to the improvement of the overall NDT reliability. T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - Human factors KW - Reliability KW - NDT KW - Nuclear waste PY - 2010 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/jrc-nde2010/papers/32.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.3.A.2) SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Takahashi, Kazunori A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Application of POD to complex industrial problems: new approaches N2 - Ultrasonic phased array NDE has been applied to ensure the integrity of canisters for encapsulation of spent nuclear fuel. The performance of the NDE system is evaluated by the POD analysis. The POD analysis using a common method, â versus a, has been modified for the phased array ultrasonic inspections by two approaches: to take more influencing parameters into a, and to use a more sophisticated quantity as â. The POD with new a allows more detailed interpretation of POD for each parameter, and the new â gives more realistic POD. The methods are discussed and demonstrated with experimental data. In addition, an investigation of human factors is being planned and the plan is discussed. KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Probability KW - Ultrasonics KW - Ultrasonic KW - Phased array KW - Probability of Detection (POD) KW - Reliability KW - Nuclear waste PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-7354-0629-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3114180 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 28 SP - 1824 EP - 1831 AN - OPUS4-26086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Paradigm shift in the holistic evaluation of the reliability of NDE systems N2 - Das Ziel des Artikels ist es eine Übersicht über neue methodische Ansätze und Verfahren zur Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen in Übereinstimmung mit den spezifischen Anforderungen verschiedener industrieller Anwendungen zu geben. Nach einem Überblick über die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erreichten Fortschritte, wird der Fokus auf die gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen gerichtet. Für hohe Sicherheitsanforderungen wurde die quantitative Fehlerauffindwahrscheinlichkeit (probability of detection, POD) basierend auf 'hit/miss'- oder 'Signal-Response'-Analysen und die ROC-Analyse (Receiver Operating Characteristics) als typische Werkzeuge entwickelt. Im Rahmen des modularen Modells für die ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit unterscheidet man zwischen den rein physikalisch-technischen Einflussfaktoren, den industriellen Anwendungsfaktoren und den menschlichen Faktoren. Es hilft zum Beispiel zu erkennen, welche dieser Faktoren man in Modellierungsrechnungen bzw. mittels offenen oder Blindversuchen untersuchen kann. Ein neues Paradigma wird für die Betrachtung der POD als eine Funktion der gewählten Systemparameter und somit als Optimierungswerkzeug verwendet, anstelle sie für die endgültige Beurteilung zu nehmen. Zur Handhabung der Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchung von realen Defekten in einer realistischen Umgebung werden ökonomisch vertretbare, aber dennoch präzise genug arbeitende Methoden, wie der Ansatz von Bayes oder modellbasierte Methoden vorgestellt. Die menschlichen Faktoren sind oft von ausschlaggebender Wichtigkeit für die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit. Hier hilft ein systematischer psychologischer Ansatz die Engpässe und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zu finden. KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Modulares Modell KW - POD KW - Human factors PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110433 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 261 EP - 269 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-28831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Boller, C. T1 - Safe product design - the role of the NDT reliability analysis N2 - Im Zuge der Anwendung des Schadens-Toleranz-Prinzips wird ein adäquates zerstörungsfreies Prüfsystem benötigt um strukturelle Integrität sicher zu stellen. Wenn ein zerstörungsfreies Prüfsystem jedoch bis zu den Grenzen der Detektionsfähigkeit beansprucht wird, liefert es keine übereinstimmende Indikationen der Defektentdeckung (Hit/Miss). Deshalb wird dessen Fähigkeit Defekte zu entdecken als Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit (POD Probability of Detection) ausgedrückt. In der herkömmlichen 'Signal Response' Signal-Antwort-Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse wird die Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit als eine Funktion der Defektgröße angegeben. Die Eignung des Prüfsystems wird durch den Vergleich der Größe des Defektes, der zuverlässig entdeckt wird, mit der des größten zulässigen Defektes, der die strukturelle Integrität nicht gefährdet, verifiziert. Analysen moderner Strukturen zeigen aber, dass auch andere Parameter den Schweregrad des Defektes bzgl. der Integrität der Struktur bestimmen können. Im Rahmen der Multi-Parameter-Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse kann die Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit als eine Funktion verschiedener Einflussparameter ausgedrückt werden. Wenn die Eignung des zerstörungsfreien Prüfsystems bestimmt wird, muss die Fähigkeit des Systems Defekte zu entdecken gegenüber dem kritischen Wert genau des Parameters ausgedrückt und geprüft werden, der den Schweregrad des Defektes für die Integrität der Struktur bestimmt. Die Nichterfüllung dieser Forderung kann zur Ablehnung von intakten Teilen oder der Akzeptanz von schlechten Teilen führen. Das Prinzip wird anhand von longitudinalen Ultraschall-Sende-Empfangs-Prüfdaten der Gußeisenmatrix mit oberflächenoffenen, semi-elliptischen, rißartigen Defekten demonstriert. KW - POD KW - TRL-UT PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110434 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 270 EP - 275 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-28829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Schombach, D. T1 - Human factors approach to the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data N2 - This paper gives an introduction to the field of human factors with the focus on their influence on the reliability of NDT in the nuclear energy production (in-service inspections) and final storage of highly radioactive nuclear waste. A set of methodological tools has been developed in the scope of three projects, namely: 1) a theoretical model describing potential human factors influencing manual ultrasonic inspection performance during inservice inspections in nuclear power plants; 2) a method for identifying potential human errors during acquisition and evaluation of data gathered with mechanized ultrasonic, radiographic and eddy-current systems, as well as visual testing with a remote camera (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMEA); and 3) use of eye tracking methodology to optimize existing procedures and practices. The experimental results have shown that time pressure, mental workload and experience influence the quality of the inspection performance. Noticeable were influences from the organization of the working schedule, communication, procedures, supervision and demonstration task. Implementing human redundancy in critical tasks, such as defect identification, as well as using an automated aid (software) to help operators in decision making about the existence and size of defects, could lead to other kinds of problems, namely social loafing (excerpting less effort when working on tasks collectively as compared to working alone) and automation bias (uncritical reliance on the proper function of an automated system without recognizing its limitations and the possibilities of automation failure) that might affect the reliability of NDT in an undesired manner. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - Human Factors KW - Time Pressure KW - 4-Eye Principle KW - Automation Bias KW - Nuclear Waste Storage KW - In-Service Inspection (ISI) KW - Nuclear Power Plants KW - Eye Tracking KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 198) AN - OPUS4-27583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -