TY - JOUR A1 - Martin, Tina A1 - Nordsiek, S. A1 - Weller, Andreas T1 - Low-frequency impedance spectroscopy of wood N2 - The method of low-frequency impedance spectroscopy has been successfully applied in Earth sciences to characterize soils and rocks. The method uses the diagnosing power of complex electrical resistivity in a frequency range between 1 mHz and 1 kHz. In our study, the potential of this method has been explored for the investigation of wood. We observed remarkable differences in the resulting spectra of complex resistivity for different European and Tropical tree species. The data processing of the acquired low-frequency impedance spectra yields integrating parameters. The comparison of the integrating parameters with the mean pore diameter that has been separately determined for the tropical tree species indicates clear correlations. An additional investigation has revealed remarkable difference in the complex resistivity spectra between oil bearing and non-oil bearing sandal wood. This result and the relations between electrical parameters and structural parameters of wood indicate the prospective potential of low-frequency impedance spectroscopy. KW - Holz KW - Spektroskopie KW - ZfP KW - SIP KW - Nondestructive KW - Low-frequency impedance spectroscopy KW - Spectral induced polarization PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.910447 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IBIMA Publ. AN - OPUS4-34811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Raumbrände - Teil 2: Versuchsaufbau und Brandspurenanalytik N2 - Der vorliegende Bericht ist der 2.Teil eines Gesamtberichtes und schildert ausführlich die im Kontext des BAM-Innovationsoffensive-Projektes „Chemische Brandspurenanalytik“ durchgeführten Untersuchungen und fasst die gewonnenen analytischen Erkenntnisse zusammen. Der gesamte Bericht gliedert sich in drei Teile. Der erste Teil beinhaltet den Aufbau, die Durchführung und die brandtechnologische Auswertung der durchgeführten Raumbrandversuche, während in dem hier vorliegenden Teil die analytischen Methoden zum Nachweis des Brandbeschleunigers in den Brandrückständen vorgestellt und ausgewertet werden. Die Beurteilung von Brandspuren und daraus abgeleitet die Rekonstruktion eines Brandverlaufes beruhen auch auf der präzisen chemischen Analyse der Brandprodukte. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes wurde eine innovative Methodik entwickelt, wie verfügbare Analysetechniken in geeigneter Weise kombiniert werden können, um aus festen, flüssigen und gasförmigen Brandrückständen Rückschlüsse auf den Brandverlauf ziehen zu können. Neben der Untersuchung von Proben von realen Brandorten wurden verschiedene wohnungstypische Materialien unter Laborbedingungen unterschiedlichen Brandszenarien unterworfen. Die dabei entstehenden Brandgase, Aerosole sowie der verbleibende Brandrückstand wurden durch geeignete analytische Verfahren analysiert, um mögliche Brandursachen beurteilen zu können. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Berichtes liegt in dem Nachweis von Brandbeschleunigern. Es zeigte sich, dass mittels der Kombination aus HS-SPME-GC-MS sowohl in den festen Brandrückständen, als auch in den Kondensaten Brandbeschleuniger eindeutig und verlässlich nachgewiesen werden können. Anhand von 5 verschiedenen Zimmerbrandversuchen wurde der Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern auf den Brandverlauf experimentell untersucht. Es wurden verschiedene brandtechnologische Kennwerte, wie der Massenverlust des gesamten Brandraums, Brandraumtemperaturen, die Wärmefreisetzungen sowie die Rauchgasemissionen ermittelt und beurteilt. Die Rauchgasanalyse erfolgte im Schlot, im Brandraum sowie in der Brandraumöffnung mittels Fourier Transformierte Infrarot-FTIR-Spektroskopie. Neben diesen brandtechnologischen Untersuchungen, die im Bericht Teil 1 enthalten sind, erfolgten auch chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen nach dem Brand, mit dem Ziel, den eingesetzten Brandbeschleuniger nachzuweisen. Im Anschluss an die jeweiligen Zimmerbrandversuche wurden verschiedene Brandrückstandsproben aus dem Brandschutt, Wischproben von den Wänden und den übriggebliebenen Gegenständen genommen und mit Hilfe einer entwickelten HS-SPME-GC-MS-Methode (Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatographie-Massenspekrometrie) in Hinblick eines möglichen Brandbeschleunigernachweis analysiert. KW - Raumbrände KW - Rauchgase KW - Wärmefreisetzung KW - Rauchgastemperaturen KW - Analytik PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-301257 SN - 978-3-9815944-8-5 SP - 1 EP - 190 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-30125 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Evaluation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris N2 - The chemical analysis of fire debris represents a crucial part in fire investigations to determine the cause of a fire. A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure for the detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris using a fiber coated with a mixture of three different sorbent materials (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane, DVB/CAR/PDMS) is described. Gasoline and diesel fuel were spiked upon a preburnt matrix (wood charcoal), extracted and concentrated with HS-SPME and then analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The experimental conditions—extraction temperature, incubation and exposure time—were optimized. To assess the applicability of the method, fire debris samples were prepared in the smoke density chamber (SDC) and a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter. The developed methods were successfully applied to burnt particleboard and carpet samples. The results demonstrate that the procedure that has been developed here is suitable for detecting these ignitable liquids in highly burnt debris. KW - Forensic science KW - Arson analysis KW - Fire debris KW - Ignitable liquids KW - Solid-phase microextraction KW - Smoke density chamber KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12342 SN - 0022-1198 SN - 1556-4029 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 743 EP - 749 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-30038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Experimental studies on the effect of fire accelerants during living room fires and detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris N2 - Reconstructing the course of a fire and performing chemical analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris is an important tool to conduct fire investigations in suspected arson cases. Here, a total of five fire tests has been performed to investigate the effect of fire accelerants on the fire development of a room fire and to prove the capability of analytical methods. Different experimental scenarios have been realized (no accelerant, accelerant applied at different positions, and different amounts of fire accelerant). Each test room was equipped with an identical set of living room furnishing. The location and amount of the fire accelerant applied löschen varied in four of five tests. One experiment was carried out without fire accelerant. Fire quantities such as mass loss (of the entire room), gas temperatures (at several locations in the room), and heat release were determined during the experiments, and chemical-analytical studies were carried out. A headspace solid phase micro extraction procedure, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, was used to analyze fire debris samples to potentially detect ignitable liquids. Beside the analysis of fire debris samples, swipe soot samples were analyzed and the detectability of the fire accelerant used was demonstrated. Results show that it is possible to provide evidence of ignitable liquids in soot samples collected from walls. This allows an additional sampling strategy at potential crime scenes, besides taking fire debris samples. KW - Fire behavior KW - Room fire test KW - Heat release KW - Temperatures KW - Fire debris KW - Ignitable liquids KW - Solid phase microextraction KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2263 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 636 EP - 646 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-34550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martin, Tina T1 - Complex Resisitivity (CR) of Wood and Standing Trees T2 - NDTCE 2009 CY - Nantes, France DA - 2009-06-30 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19649 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Martin, Tina ED - Odile Abraham, ED - Dérobert, Xavier T1 - Complex resistivity (CR) of wood and standing trees N2 - Complex resistivity (CR) has been used to investigate the properties and the extent of damage in wood and standing trees. Our laboratory experiments have proved that wood´s anisotropy influences its electrical behaviour. It is a well-established fact that wood exhibits the lowest resistivity amplitudes in the axial direction compared to that in tangential and radial directions. It has been shown that anisotropy affects not only the amplitude but also the phase. Phase values are the highest in the axial direction, particularly in the lower frequency range. The changes in resistivity due to fungi-induced damage were investigated in a long-term laboratory test. With progressing damage, both resistivity and phase decrease. The phase also shows sensitivity to the changes in the structure of wood cell. CR Tomography (CRT) has been employed in the field to detect fungi-infected zones in fallen trees. A number of factors such as the type and age of the tree, and the season seem to influence the CRT results. Among those, the effect of seasonal changes has been demonstrated here. Furthermore CRT can be used to characterise fungi-infected zones in the tree. T2 - NDTCE `09 - 7th international symposium on non destructive testing in civil engineering CY - Nantes, France DA - 2009-06-30 KW - Tree investigation KW - Complex resistivity tomography KW - Wood anisotropy KW - Fungi KW - Oak PY - 2009 SN - 978-2-7208-2542-5 SN - 1628-4704 IS - Paper 77 SP - 963 EP - 968 AN - OPUS4-19707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martin, Tina ED - Zhang, Houjiang ED - Wang, Xiping T1 - Complex resistivity (CR) of wood and standing trees T2 - 16th International symposium on nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood CY - Beijing, China DA - 2009-10-12 PY - 2009 SP - 10 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-20313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martin, Tina T1 - Complex Resistivity of wood and standing trees T2 - 16th International Symposium on NDT/NDE of Wood CY - Beijing, China DA - 2009-10-12 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20294 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martin, Tina T1 - Complex Resistivity on Wood T2 - International Workshop on Induced Polarization in Near-Surface Geophysics CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2009-09-30 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20295 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Martin, Tina T1 - SIP - Tomografie an Bäumen T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG) CY - Kiel, Germany DA - 2009-03-23 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20296 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -